Back to the Moon IV Spacecraft
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Back to the Moon IV Spacecraft
Jim Rauf
OLLI Spring 2023 1
Artemis Program
• Artemis Program uses three spacecraft in its
missions to the moon
• Orion crew capsule for 4 astronauts’ trip to the
moon
• Launch Abort System (LAS)
• Service Module (SM)
• Uses the same basic configuration as the Apollo
command and service module (CSM)
• With an increased diameter, updated thermal
protection system, and other modern technologies
• Human Landing system (HLS) for descent to and
ascent from the moon
• SpaceX Starship
• Second HLS contract being considered
• Gateway lunar orbiting space station
OLLI Spring 2023 2
Artemis Program Orion Spacecraft
• Orion spacecraft is capable of supporting
long-duration deep space missions with up to
21 days of active crew time plus 6 months'
quiescent spacecraft life
• During the quiescent period crew life support
would be provided by another module, such
as the proposed Gateway
• The spacecraft's life support, propulsion,
thermal protection, and avionics systems can
be upgraded as new technologies become
available
• The Orion spacecraft includes both crew and
service modules, a spacecraft adapter and an
emergency launch abort system
• The European service module propels and
powers the spacecraft as well as storing
oxygen and water for astronauts, Orion relies
on solar energy rather than fuel cells, which
allows for longer missions
OLLI Spring 2023 3
Artemis Program Orion Spacecraft
• Orion’s crew module or capsule is built by main contractor
Lockheed Martin aat NASA’s Michoud Assembly Facility in • NASA committed to ordering between six
New Orleans and 12 Orion spacecraft
• It can support four astronauts for up to 21 days or carry six • NASA ordered three Orion spacecraft in
astronauts to ISS 2019 for Artemis III through V
• It can be “upgraded “ with new component technology • NASA plans to order three additional Orion
capsules for Artemis VI through VIII
OLLI Spring 2023 4
Artemis Program Orion Spacecraft
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Artemis Program Orion Spacecraft
OLLI Spring 2023 6
Artemis Program Orion Spacecraft Components
• The pressure vessel is the main structure of the
crew module
• It consists of seven large aluminum alloy pieces
that are joined together using friction-stir welding
• The backshell made up of 1,300 thermal
protection system tiles covers the pressure vessel
• The tiles are made of a silica fiber material similar
to those used for more than 30 years on the space
shuttle, and will protect the spacecraft from both
the cold of space and the extreme heat of re-entry
OLLI Spring 2023 7
Artemis Program Orion Spacecraft
• The heat shield covers the bottom of the capsule
and is the world’s largest ablative heat shield,
measuring 16.5 feet in diameter
• The heat shield will protect Orion as it enters
Earth’s atmosphere initially travelling about 25,000
mph and endures temperatures of nearly 5,000°F
• The outer surface of the heat shield is made of
blocks of a material called Avcoat, a reformulated
version of the material used on the Apollo capsules
• During descent, the Avcoat ablates, or burns off in
a controlled fashion, transporting heat away from
Orion capsule
OLLI Spring 2023 8
Artemis Program Orion Spacecraft
• Reaction Control System Thrusters • A number of crew accommodations will help
astronauts feel at home
• The Orion crew module has a propulsion system
composed of 12 small engines called reaction • Tanks and a dispenser provide drinking water and a
control system thrusters simple way to rehydrate and warm food
• When the crew module separates from the service • Orion’s hygiene bay will have a new compact toilet,
module for re-entry, the 12 thrusters are used to with a design that makes use in space easier for
guide the crew module, ensure that it’s properly both men and women
oriented with the heat shield facing downward,
• A built-in exercise device provides both aerobic and
and keep the spacecraft stable during its descent
strength training for astronauts
• In case of a radiation event, such as a solar flare,
crew members will shelter themselves in two large
stowage lockers on the floor of the capsule, using
the dense materials on board as shielding
OLLI Spring 2023 9
Artemis Program Orion Spacecraft
• Environmental control and life support systems
make the crew module habitable for astronauts
• A new regenerable system removes carbon
dioxide and humidity from the N2/O2 atmosphere
and keeps the cabin air clean
• The system maintains the spacecraft’s temperature
and pressure and detects if the internal
environment becomes unsafe
• Orion’s Crew Survival System spacesuits interface
with life support to keep astronauts alive for up to
six days to allow them to return home in the event
of cabin depressurization
OLLI Spring 2023 10Artemis Program Orion Spacecraft
• Astronauts will operate Orion using a sophisticated
display and control system that uses advanced
software to aid the crew
• The crew will be able to command the spacecraft
with
• Three display screens
• 60 physical switches
• Two rotational hand controllers
• Two translational hand controllers
• Two cursor control devices
• Electronic procedures are programmed into the
system to aid the crew in daily and emergency
processes, saving the crew time and space and
replacing large paper operations manuals
OLLI Spring 2023 11Artemis Program Orion Spacecraft
• The crew module houses Orion’s. parachute system
• The parachutes ensure a safe landing for astronauts
returning to Earth at high speeds in the spacecraft
• Earth’s atmosphere acting as a brake on Orion will initially
slow the spacecraft down from about 25,000 mph to 325
mph
• The system of 11 parachutes must deploy in precise
sequence to slow Orion to a relatively gentle 20 mph for
splashdown in the Pacific Ocean
OLLI Spring 2023 12Artemis Program Orion Launch Abort System
• Orion’s LAS is on top of the spacecraft
• It minimizes mass by leaving the service
module behind
• LAS has two parts:
• The fairing assembly, which is a shell
composed of a lightweight composite
material that protects the capsule from the
heat, air flow and acoustics of the launch,
ascent, and abort environments
• The launch abort tower includes the abort
motor, attitude control motor, and jettison
motor
• The LAS also has the highest thrust and
acceleration escape system ever tested
OLLI Spring 2023 13Artemis Program Orion Launch Abort System
OLLI Spring 2023 14Artemis Program Orion Service Module
• Orion’s service module supplies it with the
electricity, propulsion, thermal control, air and
water it needs in space
• For the first time, NASA will use a European-built
system as a critical element to power an American
spacecraft
• Provided by European Space Agency (ESA) and its
partner Airbus Defence and Space
• The service module extends NASA’s international
cooperation from the International Space Station
into deep space exploration
OLLI Spring 2023 15Artemis Program Orion Service Module
• The service module provides in-space maneuvering • The European Service Module is built by main contractor Airbus
capability, power, and other commodities necessary for Defence and Space, with many companies all over Europe
life support, including consumables for the astronauts, supplying components
like water, oxygen and nitrogen • The final product is assembled in Europe before being shipped to
NASA for launch preparations
• Radiators and heat exchangers keep the astronauts and
equipment at a comfortable temperature, while the • Solar array wings to provide enough electricity to power
module’s structure is the backbone of the entire vehicle, two three-bedroom homes or about 11 kW
like a car chassis
• 11 European countries work to assemble the service
• It utilizes three different types of engines push Orion to module as part of an international agreement between
its destination and can maneuver in all directions to align NASA and ESA
the spacecraft as needed
• Number of engines on the ESM: One Main Engine (NASA-
• The cylindrical module is unpressurised and provided refurbished Orbital Maneuvering System-Engine
approximately three meters long, including the main (OMS-E) from the Space Shuttle Orbiter), eight Auxillary
engine and tanks for gas and propellant Engines (NASA-provided Aerojet R4D-11, 110 pounds of
thrust), 24 Reaction Control Engines (ESA-provided
• The module weighs almost 8,000 pounds and carries engines that are the same model as those used on the
almost 19,000 pounds of propellant ATV, 50 pounds of thrust).
• Once Orion is above the atmosphere and the rocket • The service module’s main engine develops 6000 lbs of
fairing is jettisoned, the service module’s solar array thrust
unfolds to span 19 meters
• The service module is comprised of some 20,000 parts
OLLI Spring 2023 16Artemis Program Orion Service Module
OLLI Spring 2023 17Artemis Program Orion Service Module
• Electrical power (120 V) 11KW for Orion provided
by four solar cell wings
• All units are connected via an Onboard Data
Network (ODN) to the Crew Module and its
adapter
• The vehicle control and management software is in
the Crew Module computers
• The thermal control system includes radiators and
heat exchangers to keep the astronauts and
equipment at a comfortable temperature
• The consumable storage system provides potable
water, nitrogen, and oxygen to the crew module,
stored in tanks
• Oxygen and nitrogen are provided by the gas
delivery system, with the amount of gases in each
tank adjustable based on the mission profile
OLLI Spring 2023 18Human Landing System (HLS) Concepts
OLLI Spring 2023 19Human Landing System (HLS)
• NASA is focusing on landing sites around the South • NASA awarded a contract to SpaceX, for its
Pole, establishing a lunar orbiting platform called Starship HLS that will put the first Artemis
the Gateway, and increasing astronauts time on astronauts on the Moon
the surface
• SpaceX will perform one uncrewed demonstration
• The Human Landing System (HLS) is the spacecraft mission prior to use of their system on the Artemis
that will take astronauts to the lunar surface III mission
• Crews will board the HLS in lunar orbit and
descend to the surface where they will collect
samples, perform science experiments, and
observe the lunar environment before returning to
orbit in the HLS
• HLS must have capabilities include docking with
multiple systems, landing in a range of geographic
regions, and acting as a crew habitat on the surface
for the duration of early expeditions
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Gateway
• Gateway is a small, human-tended space station
orbiting the Moon
• Built with international and commercial
partnerships
• Its include docking ports for a variety of visiting
spacecraft, space for crew to live and work, and on-
board science investigations to study helio-physics,
human health, and life sciences, etc
• Gateway is to be a platform for developing
technology and capabilities to support future
Moon and Mars exploration
• NASA has focused development on the first two
elements of Gateway –
• Power and Propulsion Element (PPE)
• Habitation and Logistics Outpost (HALO)
• They will launch together on a commercially
procured launch vehicle Lockheed Martin Lunar Gateway Animation #IAC
2018 - YouTube
OLLI Spring 2023 24Gateway
• PPE is a 60-kilowatt solar electric propulsion
spacecraft that will provide power, high-rate
communications, attitude control, and orbital
transfer capabilities for Gateway
• In May 2019, NASA selected Maxar Technologies to
develop and build the PPE
• HALO is where astronauts will live and conduct
research
• The pressurized living quarters will provide
command and control systems for the lunar
outpost, and docking ports for visiting spacecraft
(Orion, lunar landers, and logistics resupply
spacecraft)
• HALO module will serve as the backbone for
command and control and power distribution
across Gateway
• July 2021 NASA signed final contract with Northrop
Grumman
OLLI Spring 2023 25Gateway – International Partners
• October 2020, ESA signed an agreement with
NASA to contribute habitation and refueling
modules, enhanced lunar communications to the
Gateway and two more Orion Service Modules
• The ESA- International Habitation module ( I-HAB)
will enhance capabilities for research, life support
systems and crew living quarters enabling longer
duration crewed missions
• December 2020, CSA signed an agreement with
NASA to provide advanced external robotics
• December 2020, JAXA finalized an agreement with
NASA to provide added capabilities to I-HAB’s
environmental control and life support system,
batteries, thermal control, and imagery
components, which will be integrated into the
module by ESA prior to launch
• The capabilities are critical for sustained
operations during crewed and uncrewed time
periods.
OLLI Spring 2023 26Gateway
• The Gateway is planned to be deployed in a
highly elliptical seven-day near-rectilinear halo
orbit (NRHO) around the Moon, which would
bring the station within 930 mi over the lunar
north pole surface at closest approach and as
far away as 43,000 mi over the lunar south pole
• The NRHO would allow lunar expeditions from
the Gateway to reach a low polar orbit with a
half a day of transit time
• Spacecraft launched from Earth would have
total travel time of 5 dsys
• One of the advantages of an NRHO is the
minimal amount of communications blackout
with the Earth
• Gateway will be the first modular space station
to be both human-rated, and autonomously
operating most of the time in its early years, as
well as being the first deep-space station, far
from low Earth orbit
OLLI Spring 2023 27Next Session
• Infrastructure
• Testing
OLLI Spring 2023 28You can also read
