Associate Member Webinar Series - FPrimeC Solutions Inc - Concrete Ontario

Associate Member Webinar Series – FPrimeC Solutions Inc.

Facilitator

 Camille Richer

 Office Manager

 Concrete Ontario

 cricher@concreteontario.org

Facilitator

 Oliver Xiao

 Technical Services Engineer

 Concrete Ontario

 oxiao@concreteontario.org

Housekeeping

 Approximately 45 minute webinar with Q & A at the end, followed by
 a Kahoot! Pop Quiz
 All participants are muted
 Questions? Use the GoToWebinar ‘Questions’ Pane
 Webinar will be recorded and posted on the Concrete Ontario
 website along with a PDF copy of the presentation.
 https://www.rmcao.org/publications/webinar-presentations/

Presenter

 Dr. Hamed Layssi, P.Eng.

 Structural Engineer & Co-Founder

 FPrimeC Solutions Inc.

 hamed@fprimec.com

Nondestructive Testing
For Concrete Construction

WEBINAR | 14 Jan 2021, 10:00 AM EDT
Hamed Layssi, PEng

Disclaimer: The material in this presentation reflects best judgement in light of the information
available at the time of preparation. Any use which a third party makes of this presentation, or any
reliance on or decisions made based on it, are the responsibilities of such third parties. FPrimeC
Solutions Inc. accepts no responsibility for damages, if any, suffered by any third party as a result of
decisions made or actions based on this report.

@2021, FPrimeC Solutions Ind., All rights reserved

Agenda

1. Quality Control and Quality Assurance Plan
 • Why do we need one ?
 • Which parties are involved?
 • Review of Current Practice – CSA A23.2
2. How can Nondestructive Testing Help ?
3. Applications on and off the filed
4. Q & A
 7

Standards and Guidelines

 8

Standards and Guidelines

 9

Materials Selection

• Contaminated Water (Saline
 Water-Chloride)
• Alkali-Aggregate Reactions
• Presence of Sulfides (i.e.
 Pyrite, pyrrhotite)
• Presence of Sulphates (i.e.
 gypsum)

 Ref: Introduction to Concrete – Portland Cement
 Association (PCA)

Construction Errors

• Water Content – Adding Extra
 “Extra Water” On-Site
• Inadequate Consolidation
• Poor Thermal Practices
• Improper cleaning before
 placement
• Improper Curing
 • Heating System malfunction
 • Poor quality/installation of
 Insulations

Construction Errors

 Free Fall Method in Pile Construction (left) vs Tremie Pipe (right)

Which Parties are Involved ?

 Owner Structural
 Engineer

 Supplier

 General
 Contractor

Regulator
 Architect

 Testing
 Sub- Agency
 Placing
 Finishing

 Inspector
 13

Review of Current Practice
• Slump Test CSA A23.2 5C

• Strength Test CSA A23.1-3C
 Good, but might
• Air Content CSA A23.2 4C not be Enough !
• Unit Weight CSA A23.2 6C

• Special Tests

 14

When Things Go Wrong !

Poor Consolidation Cold Joints (Significant delay between concrete lifts)

 15

When Things Go Wrong

 Excessive Cracking in Post-Tensioned
Poor Concrete Placement in Piles Girders
 16

NDT Methods - Overview

• Mechanical Methods Rebound Hammer, Pull-Out
• Acoustic Methods Ultrasonic Testing
• Electromagnetic Methods GPR, Eddy Current
• Electrical Methods Surface Electrical Resistivity
• Thermal Methods Maturity Method, IR
• Electrochemical Methods Half-Cell Potential Mapping
 Ref: ACI 228.2R
 17

Guidelines on NDT for Concrete

 18

How Can NDT Methods Help ?

1. Assess Quality and Uniformity of Concrete
2. Determine Crack Depth – Verify Quality at Cold Joints
3. Estimate In-Place Strength of Concrete
4. Verify Structural Details (Built vs Design)
5. Determine Location and Extent of Potential Defects
6. Evaluate Durability Performance
7. Integrity In Deep Foundations and Piles
 19

1- Concrete Quality and Uniformity

• Durability Performance

• Structural Integrity

• Comparative Assessment
 of Quality over Large
 Areas

 20

Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity - UPV
 
 Sound Concrete 1 =
 1

 Poor Quality Concrete 2 =
 2

 UPV – Semi-Direct Method (Take into account Effect of
 Rebar
 X
 1 < 2 ⟹ 1 > 2 21

Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity - UPV
 
 Sound Concrete 1 =
 1
 ASTM C597 - 16
 Standard Test Method for Pulse Velocity
 Through Concrete

 Quality of concrete UPV (m/s)

 Excellent greater than 4,500
 
 Poor Quality Concrete 2 =
 2 Good 3,500 – 4,500

 Mediocre/Fair 3,000 – 3,500

 Poor 2,000 – 3,000

 Very poor less than 2,000

 X
 1 < 2 ⟹ 1 > 2 22

Rebound (Schmidt) Hammer

 23

Rebound (Schmidt) Hammer

 24

Combined Use of UPV & Rebound Hammer

 500 5000 { 5 @ 1000 } 500

 EL 6040

 5

 1200 {4 @ 300}
 4

 3

 2 EL 4840

 1
 (500,4840)

 A B C D E F

 1000 100

 25

2- Concrete Cracks // Cold Joints

• Depth and Extent of Cracks

• Crack Opening and Severity

• Determine the Root Cause

• Design Proper Remedy
 Action

 27

2- Concrete Cracks // Cold Joints

Construction Error – Delay between placing Structural Cracks – Premature Post-
concrete lifts Tensioning of Concrete Girder

 28

2- Concrete Cracks // Width & Depth

 29

3- Concrete Strength

• Low Breaks

• How Strong is Strong ?

• Did It Finally Make It ?

 30

3- Concrete Strength

• Early Age Strength • In-Place Estimating of
 • Maturity Method – Good Strength
 for real-time monitoring,
 • Not Practical for In-Situ
 Strength Evaluation

 31

3- Concrete Strength

Determine Concrete Strength Class (EN 13791) – Needs Project Specific Calibration to Comply with
Codes, But yields relatively consistent results if done properly
 32

RN: Rebound Number UPV: Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity

 ′
 , = ( , � = . . 

 33

3. Concrete Strength – Large Concrete Slab
 WA WB WC

 700
 9625 8355

 700
W1

 1500
 T19 S19 P17 P16 P15 P14 P13 P12 P11 P10 P9 P8 P7 P6 P5 P4 P3 P2 P1

 T18 S18 Q17 Q16 Q15 Q14 Q13 Q12 Q11 Q10 Q9 Q8 Q7 Q6 Q5 Q4 Q3 Q2 Q1

 I10 H10 G10 F10 EF10 E10 D10 C10 B10 A10
 M1 N1

 1500
 T17 S17 I9
 1500
 H9 G9 F9 EF9 E9 D9 C9 B9 A9 M2 N2
 Minimize Remedy Work

 2000
 that might be needed.
 T16 S16 M3 N3

 700 2000 1000 1000
 T15 S15 H8 H8 G8 F8 EF8 E8 D8 C8 B8 A8 M4 N4

 11680 T14 S14 M5 N5
 700

 T13 S13 I7 H7 G7 F7 EF7 E7 D7 C7 B7 A7
 M6 N6

 1500 S12
 T12

 I6 H6 G6 F6 EF6 E6 D6 C6 B6 A6
 M7 N7
 Pin-Point Location of
 T11 S11 M8 N8

 T10 S10 M9 N9 Defects or Poor-Quality
 Low Strength Concrete
 T9 S9 I5 H5 G5 F5 EF5 E5 D5 C5 B5 A5 M10 N10

W2.1
 T8 S8 M11 N11

 T7 S7 EF4 E4 D4 C4 B4 A4 M12 N12

 T6 S6 M13 N13

 T5 S5 EF3 E3 D3 C3 B3 A3 M14 N14
 I3 H3 G3 F3

 8060
 T4 S4 M15 N15

 T3 S3 I2 H2 G2 F2 EF2 E2 D2 C2 B2 A2 M16 N16
 1000

 T2 S2 M17 N17

 Y T1 S1 I1 G1 F1 EF1 E1 D1 C1 B1 A1 M18 N18

 X 600
W2.8

 2190 1500 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2420

 18400

 A Finer test grid was considered at the edges of the slab and shorings.
 A larger grid was adapted in the interior section to speed up test

 34

4. Verify Structural Details

• Rebar Scanning using
 • GPR
 • Eddy-Current

• Applications:
 • Locate Steel bars,
 • Locate conduits and other buried components
 • Cover thickness
 • Calibrate thickness measurements
 35

5. Determine Extent of Sub-Surface Defects

• Ultrasonic Pulse Echo Tomography
• Ground Penetrating Radar
• Impact-Echo Test

 36

6. Subsurface Imaging and Scanning

 37

4. Durability Checks

• Surface Electrical Resistivity
 • Permeability Characteristics
 • Estimate Resistance Against
 Penetration of Aggressive Agents
 • Can be performed on:
 • Concrete Cylinders
 • Concrete Cores
 • In-Place Concrete
 Ref: Layssi et al. “Electrical Resistivity of
 Concrete”, CI – Magazine of American
 Concrete Institute Vol 37(5) pp 41-46
 38

7- QC/QA for Deep Foundations

• Low Strain Pile Integrity Test
• Crosshole Sonic Logging
• Thermal Integrity Profiling

More to Read: Layssi, Moradi, and Zuloaga,” Application of Non-Destructive
Testing Solutions”, Piling Canada Magazine, 2019-Q4 Defects are common in construction of
“http://www.pilingcanada.ca/tagged/q4-2019/application-of-non-destructive- Deep Foundations
testing-solutions” 39

7- QC/QA for Deep Foundations

• Low Strain Pile Integrity Test – ASTM D 5882
 • Identify Major Defects
 • Rapid and Cost-Effective

 • Limitations:
 • Affected by Soil condition
 • No info on Pile Capacity
 • Requires knowledge of pile depth PIT Pile Setup, Toronto, ON
 40

7- QC/QA for Deep Foundations

• Crosshole Sonic Logging– ASTM D 6760
 • Identify Major Defects
 • Identify Extent of Defects
 • Not Affected by Soil Conditions

 • Limitations:
 • No information beyond steel cage
 • No info on Pile Capacity CSL Test Setup – Montreal Canada

 41

Summary
• NDT methods are great for Quality Control and Quality
 Assurance
• When Intrusive Testing is “NOT AN OPTION”, NDT
 methods can be VIALBLE OPTION
• NDT Methods can be used to assess:
 • Concrete Quality/Uniformity
 • Concrete Strength
 • Verify Structural Details
 • Locate Potential Defects
 • QC/QA for Deep Foundations

 42

Thank You !

2 Simcoe St. S., Suite 300
Oshawa, ON, L1H 8C1

(647) 933 6633
fprimec.com
info@fprimec.com

Questions?

Concrete Ontario Pop Quiz

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Next Webinar

 February 11, 2021 at
 10:00 am – 11:00 am
 Tecwill presents
 Greening Concrete
 Production for
 Improved Profitability

Thank you!