Are we putting our fish in hot water?
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Are we putting our fish in hot water? Global warming and the world’s fisheries • Hot, hungry, and gasping for air • Shrinking fish and fewer babies? • Global warming puts fish on the run • Warm water beckons to unwelcome guests • Watery layers that refuse to budge • A warm welcome for diseases and toxins • How much are fish worth? • Which fish are feeling the heat? • How will fisheries change? • 2°C is too much! • What needs to be done?
Dashing through sparkling water, probing
muddy depths, or weaving through a maze
of corals, fish inhabit nearly every watery
corner of the planet. With at least 27,000
known species living in oceans, lakes and
rivers, fish are a cornerstone of global bio-
diversity, as well as an essential resource for
humans – 132 million metric tons of fish are
captured or raised each year, and more than
75% of this catch is eaten directly by people.
Global warming and the world’s fisheries
Worldwide, marine and freshwater fisher-
ies generate over US$130 billion annually,
employ at least 200 million people, and feed
billions of people who rely on fish as their
primary source of protein, particularly in some
of the most populous and poorest countries
on the planet.
But fish are increasingly threatened by
global warming. Greenhouse gases released
mainly by humans burning coal, oil, and
natural gas have led to a sharp rise in mean
global temperatures over the last 50 years.
Temperatures are expected to rise 1.4-5.8°C
more by the end of the century. As a result,
the water in rivers and lakes is heating up,
and even the oceans have warmed in the
last 50 years.
Warmer waters, as well as changes in
rainfall, currents, and sea level, are already
affecting the world’s fish and fisheries. As
global warming continues, the pressure on
populations already strained by overfishing,
pollution, and habitat loss will increase. And
while slightly warmer water may not sound
so bad to many of us, its effect on fish and
aquatic ecosystems, and ultimately on the
Large image: Merja Zerga National Park, Morocco
Top: Cast net fishing in Ituqui Island, Para, Brazil
global food supply and economic stability,
Below: Fish carvings in Angkor Wat, Cambodia could be severe.
2 3
Hot, hungry, and gasping for air Shrinking fish and
fewer babies?
Some unlucky fish may
< Fish are more sensitive to temperature
be killed by even a slight still expected to starve by the end of their Warmer fish tend to mature more quickly,
than many animals because they cannot rise in temperature. first year. This lake has in fact warmed by but the cost of this speedy lifestyle is often a
maintain a constant body temperature like several degrees during the last few dec- smaller body size. Ninety percent of aquat-
we do – in most cases, their body is exactly If there is not enough food, all of a fish’s ades, and young fish have begun to lose ic animals like fish raised in warm water
the same temperature as the water they available energy goes to fuelling its high weight during August, the month when end up smaller than their peers raised at
are swimming in. Different species can live metabolism, and less energy is available they normally grow the most – so arctic cooler temperatures. Southern calamari,
in very cold or very hot water, but each for growth and reproduction. Rainbow trout trout may already be suffering the effects of for example, grow more quickly at higher
species has a range of temperatures that it grow significantly more slowly when their climate change. temperatures, but they also hatch much
prefers, and fish can’t survive in tempera- water temperature is raised only 2°C and To make matters worse, fish may not earlier (and smaller), and reach sexual
tures too far out of this range. food is limited, and fish such as salmon, have enough oxygen to breathe as the maturity earlier, so they can’t catch up in
When fish encounter water that is too whitefish, and perch are all expected to water grows warmer. Fish filter oxygen size to squid who have more time to grow
cold for them, their metabolism – the chem- grow more slowly if food supply does not from the water they are swimming in, but in cool water.
ical engine that drives their body – slows increase as temperatures rise. the amount of oxygen dissolved in water Many fish will also have less offspring
down and they become sluggish. As the Even if there is more food to eat, it decreases as temperatures rise. So many as temperatures rise, and some may not water. Temperate species like salmon, cat-
surrounding water warms up, their meta- may no be enough to satisfy the ravenous fish will experience an “oxygen squeeze” be able to reproduce at all. Tropical fish fish, and sturgeon cannot spawn at all if
bolism speeds up – they digest food more appetites of warmed-up fish. Experiments as the climate warms – they will need more like guppies produce smaller broods, and winter temperatures do not drop below a
rapidly, grow more quickly, and have more in Toolik Lake, Alaska ( US ), suggest that oxygen to support their elevated metabo- grass carp ovulate less frequently in warmer certain level.
energy to reproduce. a warming of 3°C will double the food lisms, but may not be able to get it from the
But fish need more food and more supply for arctic trout, but their metabolism warmer, oxygen-poor water around them.
oxygen to support this higher metabolism. will increase so much that young trout are And some unlucky fish may be killed
by even a slight rise in temperature. Many
tropical species already suffer near-lethal
temperatures during the hottest part of
the day. An increase of 1-2°C could cause
massive fish kills, especially in tropical
aquaculture ponds or shallow pools of the
Amazon and Mekong rivers. Ponds and
lakes supporting lots of fish also experience
critically low levels of oxygen overnight,
when aquatic plants stop releasing oxygen
through photosynthesis. As these waters
warm, the combination of increased meta-
bolic demand and reduced dissolved oxy-
gen could lead to lethal oxygen shortages. From top:
Cod in the Atlantic is moving
northwards
Overfished and Amur sturgeon need low
Overheated! temperatures for spawning
North-West Mediterranean Gulf of Mannar, India and
Overfishing is a massive threat to ocean-
Butterfly fish live in corals which are Fisheries the false trevally
threatened by global warming
life and to the food and livelihoods of over
Salmon harvests have gone down Climate change threatens the sustainability of False trevally is an economically and culturally
a billion people. Over 76% of the world’s north-western Mediterranean fisheries due to important fish in India. It ranks as one of the most
in unusually warm years
fisheries are already fished to their limit or rising ocean temperature, sea-level rise, and preferred, high-quality fish in the Gulf of Mannar
overfished, and as many as 90% of all the reduced river flow. Declines in fisheries will have region. But climate change has contributed
oceans’ large fish have been fished out. massive impacts on the region’s commercial to a drastic decline of the fishery over the last
fishing, tourism, and biodiversity. For example, few years because of increased water tempera-
Global warming threatens to push already
Top: Fisherman in Mekong River, Laos warmer water temperatures will likely cause cold tures and decreased rain (which flushes critical
over-exploited and stressed fish poputions
Below: Giant Catfish, Mekong River, Thailand water fish, e.g. economically important species nutrients from the land into the Gulf of Mannar).
and habitats over the brink. To combat over- such as hake and poor cod, to disperse and shift
fishing and global warming, responsible fish- the range in which they live. They may be unable
eries management and networks of Marine to survive in north-western Mediterranean waters.
Protected Areas are urgently needed to help
marine life and habitats survive the impacts
of global warming.
4 5
Global warming puts Warm water beckons
Naturally, when fish find themselves in
hot water, they head out in search of cooler
locales. As global temperatures rise, some
fish on the run unwelcome guests
fish may be able to shift locally – by mov-
ing deeper or by heading upriver towards
cool headwaters. Fish in the Gulf of Alaska
ride out unusually hot weather by shifting
to deeper waters, but this can leave other
animals with few options. When fish in the As cool and cold water species decline
Gulf moved deep in 1993, 120,000 sea- or move poleward, fish that don’t mind the
birds starved to death, most likely because heat will become much more common.
they could not dive deep enough to catch Forty years of data from the Great Lakes
Many fish that cannot (US and Canada) suggest that warm
their relocated prey.
find a local solution are Many fish that cannot find a local solu- water species such as smallmouth bass will
already heading tion are already heading towards the poles become 14 times more abundant than
as the water becomes too warm. Capelin species like northern pike and lake trout
towards the poles
– a cold water fish that marine mammals, if temperatures rise 2°C.
as the water becomes And the fish that stick around – and
seabirds, larger fish and humans rely on for
too warm. food – will travel long distances to remain are already taxed by living in warmer
in water that is between minus 1 and 2°C. water – will also have to deal with new
As the Bering Sea warmed in the 1970s, species showing up on their doorstep. Tilapia from Africa competes with
capelin shifted their range well north of Many areas have been colonized by new native species in Florida
seabird and marine mammal colonies on species as water has warmed in the last
the Pribilof Islands, and essentially disap- few decades, and invasions are likely to
peared from the diets of these animals. increase, for example:
Off the coast of south-west Britain, entire
marine communities have shifted north by • In the north-western Mediterranean, • Twenty-seven fish species living in
as much as 120 miles during periods of which is traditionally cooler than nearby waterways south of the Great Lakes (US)
ocean warming over the last 70 years, and areas, new species such as the ornate are expected to invade the lakes as water
pilchard, the dominant fish in warm years, is wrasse, dusky grouper, and Senegalese temperatures rise.
less valuable for fishermen than the herring sole have become common in recent dec-
that they catch in cooler years. ades, and tropical fish like the blunthead Newly arrived species can wreak havoc
puffer have been spotted for the first time. in a number of ways. Introduced tropical
fish in Florida (US) already harm native fish,
Even a slight increase in global • In the temperate reefs of North Carolina and could move further north as water tem-
temperature is expected to shift (US) , two new families and new species peratures rise. Tilapia, a freshwater fish from
the ranges of many economically of tropical fish have moved in during Africa, competes with native fish for food
valuable fish, including: the last two decades, while no new and spawning habitat, and gobbles up eggs
• Pacific and Atlantic salmon – unusually temperate species have been and juveniles, while larger predators like the
warm years have already led to poor observed. jaguar guapote prey on native adults.
Pacific salmon harvests in the southern part
of their range.
• Cod, plaice, and halibut – these ground-
fish are expected to become scarce in US South Africa Anchovy fishery
and southern Canadian waters, and cod are
likely to disappear from the southern North Cape anchovy has dominated fish catches off
Sea, one of their main spawning areas. of the South Africa Cape from the mid 1960s
• Trout, whitefish, and bass – suitable habi- until fairly recently, generating revenues of
tat for these and more than 20 other cool about $ 50 million per year. However, climate
and cold water fish in the US is expected change threatens to alter wind patterns in this
to decline by as much as 50% due to the region, affecting the anchovy fishery. It is pro-
effects of global warming. jected that climatic changes over the western
Agulhas Bank will decrease the frequency of
Lasker events (periods of calm) by 20-27%
and will likely be detrimental for anchovy
spawning.
School of big-eye trevally
in the Indian Ocean
6 7
Watery layers that
refuse to budge
Water may all look the same to us, but by aquatic plants. The cool bottom lay- mixed by seasonal winds. Temperature
for fish, the world is made up of very distinct ers have less oxygen but lots of nutrients increases over the last century have tripl-
layers – each with its own temperature and from decaying plant and animal matter, ed the strength of stratification in Lake
supply of food and oxygen. In temperate and they provide a thermal refuge Tanganyika (Africa), and with less mix-
lakes, as water near the surface heats up for fish that find the summer surface ing the overall food supply has declined.
in the spring, it becomes lighter and floats waters too warm. As surface waters cool Nearby Lake Victoria began experiencing
on top of the cooler, denser layers below. in the fall, they become heavy enough to decreased turnover in the 1980s, leading
More plants and animals live in the top drop down and mix with the bottom layers Even the ocean cont ains layers that are affected by climate change. to low oxygen levels and huge fish kills.
layers, where nutrients are used up quick- – this “turnover” moves nutrients up to the The stratification of this lake now appears
ly, but oxygen diffuses in and is produced surface and sends oxygen below. permanent.
As global temperatures rise, the top lay- mixing, resulting from a predicted 1°C rise tion for prey will intensify, and the stresses Even the ocean contains layers that are
ers will become even warmer and lighter, in European air temperatures. of low oxygen, low food supply, and crowd- affected by climate change. Both tempera-
making mixing harder. Earlier arrival of When lakes remain layered, animals are ing, combined with an increased chance of ture and salinity contribute to the density of
spring also increases the period of time starved of the nutrients and oxygen present disease transmission, will make fish more seawater – cold, salty water is heavier than
when lakes remain layered, or stratified in well-mixed lakes, and the fish that take susceptible to disease. warm, fresh water. In the Gulf of Alaska,
– lakes in Canada are now stratified for sev- refuge in cool bottom layers begin to suffer. Not only temperate lakes are stuck with surface temperatures have risen and more
eral weeks more each year. As temperatures continue to climb, fishes stubborn layering. Although temperatures freshwater is flowing into the sea from melt-
Some lakes are even becoming like arctic char, lake trout and whitefish in the tropics don’t change much during ing glaciers and increased precipitation.
permanently layered – Lake Ammersee will have no choice but to crowd into bot- the year, large, tropical lakes can become This lighter layer of warm, fresh water has
(Germany), which has been well-mixed for tom refuges that are smaller and have less stratified because of their great depth, reduced vertical mixing in the Gulf, and
the past 15,000 years, is expected to ex- oxygen, due to reduced mixing and their and lakes that remain stratified have less there are now less nutrients to feed the
Water layers according to temperature – coral reefs and many lakes perience a dramatic and persistent lack of own increased metabolic needs. Competi- productive fisheries than those that are small organisms that fish depend upon.
are susceptible even to small temperature changes.
A warm welcome for diseases and toxins
As water warms up, many parasites and prey, and humans who consume the fish. ter through their gills to meet increased and fish in warmer water accumulate
microbes that cause fish diseases grow Fish die-offs and human illness can also metabolic needs, they also collect more mercury more rapidly, even if only
faster and become more virulent. Parasites be caused by ciguatera fish poisoning, in pollutants. While warmer fish can flush small amounts are present. Mercury
in cooler climates are more likely to survive which fish are poisoned by tiny organisms out the extra load of some types of toxins, poisoning is already a major eco-
the winter and produce multiple generations called dinoflagellates. A positive correlation cadmium and lead levels remain higher in nomic problem for fisheries in Canada, South-Eastern United States Tasmanian Calamary
of offspring each year, so more fish may has been found between sea-surface tem- arctic char exposed to high temperatures, Japan, and Scandinavia, and poses Rivers and Streams
become infected. And as harmful microbes perature and ciguatera fish poisoning in the a significant public health risk. A
and parasites become stronger and more South Pacific, and an increase in ciguatera recent study of 1700 American women Commercial and recreational fishing are big busi- Elevated temperatures accelerate the life
numerous, fish whose immune systems poisoning in the Indian Ocean was linked to of childbearing age found that blood ness in this part of the country. Catfish and trout histories of squid, increasing their growth rates
are already stressed by warm water, low climate-related coral bleaching. mercury concentrations were seven are two of the biggest commercially cultured and shortening their life-spans. The process of
oxygen, and crowding, become even more Warmer water increases the toxicity times higher in women who ate fish freshwater fisheries in the United States. Cat- climate change will likely result in squids that
susceptible to diseases and parasites. of pollutants, and as fish pump more wa- more than twice a week, and because fish alone are worth US$ 8 billion annually. High hatch out smaller and earlier, undergo faster
Massive fish die-offs due to toxic algae mercury is transferred directly to the summer temperatures are already starting to growth over shorter life-spans, and mature
and the risk of human illness from eating fetus during pregnancy, 300,000 ba- limit their production in this region. A 2°C (3.6°F) younger and at a smaller size. Individual squid
poisoned fish will also increase as tempera- bies born each year in the US alone rise in global average temperature is expected will require more food per unit body size, require
tures climb. Lakes that remain stratified Massive fish die-offs may be exposed to levels of mercury to shift many of the native species attractive to more oxygen for faster metabolisms, and have
longer tend to have more blue-green algae, due to toxic algae and high enough to harm their neurologi- recreational anglers north out of this region as a reduced capacity to cope without food. The
which produce toxins harmful to fish, their cal development. well. Invasive aquatic weeds (a US$ 13.2 million southern calamary comprises about 8% of the
the risk of human illness dollar problem in Florida already) are expected to total regional fishery but for the smaller coastal
from eating poisoned spread throughout the region, as warmer winters fishing towns on the east coast, it is considered
allow for range expansions. very important.
fish will increase
as temperatures climb.
8 9
How much are fish worth? Which fish
are feeling
the heat?
From left: Polar marine fish
Trawler catch, Malaysia Polar species are uniquely adapted to
Woman holds dried narrow, cold temperature ranges and
salmon, Russia well-oxygenated water, making them
Pink salmon in Canada vulnerable to even slight increases in
temperature. Some species, such as the
emerald rockcod and striped rockcod,
are killed when temperatures climb only
a few degrees above 0°C, and many
Antarctic fish lack heat shock proteins
– molecules that most animals have to
repair cellular damage caused by heat.
Arctic cod and other species associated
with rich ice-edge communities already
appear to be declining as polar ice melts
and their habitats disappear.
Freshwater fish
that are geographically
isolated
Freshwater species that cannot mi-
grate to cooler waters as temperatures
rise may be stuck in hot water. Migra-
tion is impossible from many isolated
lakes and wetlands, and many major
river systems worldwide run from east
Fish are food Fish are big business
to west, making poleward migration im-
possible. Nearly all major river systems
in the southern Great Plains and south-
western US for instance run from east
Billions of people throughout the world study in Ghana revealed that during years The world’s fisheries generate over on fishing as their primary source of in- to west, and native fishes are already
rely on fish as a primary source of protein, when fish supply was low, sales of bush- US$130 billion annually, and contribute come. In the Tamil Nadu region of south- living near their thermal tolerance limits
particularly in developing countries with meat (meat from a variety of wild animals) significantly to the economies of many eastern India, one third of the population in some of the hottest free-flowing water
rapidly expanding populations. Worldwide, soared, poaching increased, and 41 spe- countries. Fisheries products dominate the depends on the sea for their livelihood, and on earth. Increased warming could lead
fish provide over 2.6 billion people with cies of wild, terrestrial mammals experi- exports of Greenland, New Zealand, Ice- average incomes declined by 50% when to the extinction of up to 20 species that
Fisheries exports are are found nowhere else in the world.
more than 20% of their animal protein, and enced sharp population declines. land, and many small island nations, and false trevally (the most valuable local fish)
are even more critical regionally; in Bang- Indigenous peoples in the arctic, where especially important for make up a substantial fraction of exports suffered a sharp decline blamed partly on
ladesh, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, The temperatures have risen dramatically, are for countries in Central and South America, climate change. Worldwide, over 38 million
Gambia, Ghana, Indonesia, Japan, Sierra already feeling the effects of global warm- developing countries, Africa, and Southeast Asia. Fisheries ex- people earn an income by fishing or rais-
Leone, and Sri Lanka, more than 50% of ing. Many communities have experienced ports are especially important for develop- ing fish, and if activities associated with Coral reef fish
the population’s annual animal protein recent changes in the distribution, abun- as these countries ing countries, as these countries provide fisheries production are included, fisheries Coral reefs support a huge diversity
comes from fish, while in Cambodia and dance, and quality of fish they have his- about 50% of the total fish that are traded support over 200 million people. of fish and contribute about one quar-
p r o v i d e a b o u t 5 0% o f t h e
Manaus (Brazil) this figure is as high as 70%. torically relied upon. For example, de- internationally. In many developing coun- In industrialized countries, recreational ter of the total fish catch in developing
China, the most populous country on the creases in arctic char and arctic cod have total fish that are tries, fisheries now top other agricultural fishing also provides a large source of in- countries. Climate warming leads to
planet, relies heavily on fish – it produces been reported in Hudson Bay, Canada. commodities like rice, cocoa, tobacco, and come. Forty-four million anglers in the US coral bleaching – the loss of symbiotic
the world’s largest supply of freshwater fish Residents of Baker Lake, Canada, have t r a d e d i n t e r n a t i o n a l l y. tea. Overall, fisheries trade tends to flow spent US$41.5 billion during 2001, pro- bacteria that corals depend upon. In
through aquaculture and consumes nearly reported declines in the quality of local trout, from less developed to more developed ducing over a million jobs in tourism and 1998, mass coral bleaching destroyed
one-third of the total fish eaten by humans and char-fish have less fat, smell different nations, with Japan, the US, and countries recreation, and providing nine times the over- 16% of the world’s coral reefs. Signifi-
worldwide. – “earthy” – and contain mushy meat. of the EU importing the most fish. all economic input of commercial fishing. cant changes in the abundance of some
Declining numbers of fish could have Even where fisheries are not impor- In the UK, recreational anglers spend approx- fish have been observed where intense
a devastating impact on human popula- tant on a national level, they can be criti- imately US$3.4 million per year, and in South bleaching has occurred, and fish that
tions that rely on fish for protein, and may cal for regional employment, where entire Africa, recreational fishing provides over rely on live coral to survive have shown
even endanger other wildlife. An 18-year communities of small-scale fishermen rely 80% of the income from all fishing activities. little recovery from these events.
10 11
How will fisheries
change?
Fisheries resources may become Some of the most severe impacts of dustry in the southern US by shifting the
global warming (at least from a fish’s per- southern limit of viable catfish production
less predictable as extreme weather spective) may be related to changes in 240 km north, away from dependent local
hits more often. climatic variables other than temperature communities and established infrastructure.
– changes in rainfall and evaporation that Fisheries resources may become less pre-
alter lake levels and river flow, changes in dictable as extreme weather hits more often.
ocean and wind currents, and increases Events like the 1972-73 El Niño that put 1500
in mean sea level. But even based on the boats, 200 processing plants, and 100,000
effects of temperature alone, it seems likely people out of work in the Peruvian anchoveta
that fish will become smaller and harder fishery are likely to increase in frequency and
to find, and valuable cool and cold water severity because of climate change.
species will begin to be replaced by more And many fisheries resources will perma-
adaptable (and often less valuable) warm nently shift location as water temperatures
water fish. rise. Large, commercial fleets that can
Aquaculture, which supplies over 30% follow the fisheries may not be as strongly
of the fish consumed by humans, may affected as local, small-scale fishermen,
suffer as certain areas lose the ability to who will have to adapt their gear and
culture species that they currently farm. methods, travel further, and fish longer to
A temperature increase of only 1°C could continue providing enough food for their
devastate the US$100 million catfish in- families and local markets.
Large image: Rocky shore in the
Bering Sea, Arctic
Top: Fisherman in Zanzibar Island,
Tanzania
Below: Fishermen in Bazaruto Island,
Mozambique
Right: Pacific Halibut on fishing boat
in Alaska, USA
12 13
2°C is too much! What needs to be done?
In order to preserve the diversity and • Industrialized countries need to cut their • The single largest source of man-made
abundance of fish – one of our most valu- CO2 emissions as obliged under the Kyo- CO 2 is electricity generation, accounting
able biological, nutritional, and economic to Protocol, and all must agree to much for 37% of worldwide CO 2 emissions. The
assets – we must keep global warming more serious emission reductions in the first step to move to a clean energy future
below dangerous levels. This is also crucial next period, after 2012. To stay well below is to clean up the power sector – the aim of
to help fish recover from threats like over- the 2°C danger threshold they must reduce WWF’s PowerSwitch! campaign. The cam-
fishing and the destruction of their habi- their emissions by 60-80%. The rapidly in- paign challenges the coal-burning power
tats. WWF seeks to limit global warming dustrializing countries also need to lower sector to cut climate pollution and aims at
of average global temperature to below their emissions while meeting their devel- sparking a major switch to clean power by
2°C (3.6°F) over pre-industrial levels. opment goals by ‘leapfrogging’ into clean 2006 in at least 12 countries.
Carbon dioxide ( CO 2) is the main pollutant and efficient technologies. This will only be
causing climate change. It rises through the possible when developed economies – gov- • Governmental and private aid agencies
atmosphere and captures heat, intensifying ernments as well as the business and finan- are starting to take climate-related impacts
the effect of the greenhouse gases that keep cial communities – engage in this endeavor. and catastrophes seriously. Comprehen-
the earth warm. This has dramatic conse- sive strategies to build resistance and
quences for the globe’s climate system – resilience to climate change impacts need to
more extreme weather like droughts, floods, be developed – for threatened communities
and storms; rising sea levels and changes as well as for nature reserves. All this must
of large ocean currents, and changes of happen while curbing CO 2 emissions rapidly,
regional weather systems during events as resilience building can only buy some time
like El Niño. and becomes an insurmountable challenge
if global temperatures are allowed to rise
Top left: Veranda with solar panels,
too high.
NSW, Australia
Top right: Modern windmill
in Castilla-La Mancha, Spain
Below: Solar power station
in Chiang Mai, Thailand
14 15
Young Aleutian girl, Alaska, USA Tuna fishing, Spain Horned puffin, Alaska, USA
WWF THANKS THE FOLLOWING
PHOTOGRAPHERS:
Climate change threatens fish
Cover: Michel Roggo
Page 9: Steve Mason, Gettyimages
WWF-Canon:
and fisheries as temperatures rise Page 2/3: Michel Gunther, Edward Parker,
Zeb Hogan; Page 4: Zeb Hogan,
Michèle Depraz; Page 5: Ian Hudson,
Thomas Neumann, Jürgen Freund,
in oceans, lakes and rivers. Michel Roggo (2), Isaac Vega, Internet;
Page 6: Carlos Vallecillo, Jürgen Freund;
Page 7: Edward Parker, Stefan Wassmer,
Michel Gunther; Page 8,9: Jürgen Freund,
Dr Gretta Pecl, Michel Roggo, Hartmut Jungius,
J.C. del Olmo; Page 10,11: Jürgen Freund,
Vladimir Filonov, Michel Roggo;
Page 12,13: Kevin Schafer (2),
Martin Harvey, Frederick J. Weyerhaeuser;
Page 14,15: Adam Oswell (2),
Carlos Vallecillo; Backcover: Kevin Schafer (2),
Jorge Bartolome
Author: Stacey Combes
The text of this brochure includes contributions
from Chris Myrick, Joe Cech, Michael Case
and Lara Hansen.
WWF Climate Change Programme
Editor: Martin Hiller
Design: Wassmer Graphic Design Nyon
Jennifer Morgan Martin Hiller Printed by: RichArts Graphiques, Gland
Director Communications manager Paper quality: Aconda FSC 170gm2
morgan@wwf.de mhiller@wwfint.org Published in July 2005 by WWF, the global
conservation organization, Gland, Switzerland.
Any reproduction in full or in part of this publication
must mention the title and credit the above-
mentioned publisher as the copyright owner.
More information, the two scientific WWF reports and
© text (2005) WWF All rights reserved.
the case studies are available at www.panda.org/climate/fish
The list of references for this brochure
can also be found on this website.
Take action at www.panda.org/powerswitch
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