COVID-19 VACCINATION STRATEGIES - A scoping review of international approaches COVID-19 POLICY SERIES GLOBAL HEALTH GOVERNANCE PROGRAMME - global ...
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COVID-19 VACCINATION STRATEGIES A scoping review of international approaches COVID-19 POLICY SERIES GLOBAL HEALTH GOVERNANCE PROGRAMME 21 November 2020
Global Health Governance Programme
21 November 2020
Contributors:
Gabrielle Geonnotti
Kavya Anchuri
Jay Patel
Maartje Kletter
Genevie Fernandes
2Global Health Governance Programme
21 November 2020
BACKGROUND:
We conducted a scoping review of grey literature reports, peer-reviewed articles and news media reports to
summarise the COVID-19 related vaccination strategies of 15 countries across North America, Europe and East
Asia. In our searches, we tried to locate information for four broad areas i.e. (i) procurement, (ii) governance in
terms of decision-making bodies and plans, (iii) vaccine distribution and administration strategies, and (iv)
public attitudes and efforts for public information and communication. We have listed the key findings under
each area below. Please see table 1 for a detailed summary of each country case based on the available
information.
SUMMARY:
Vaccine procurement:
▪ Countries have undertaken four predominant routes to secure vaccine doses for their populations:
o First, all the countries except for the US have joined the COVAX Facility coordinated by Gavi, the
Vaccine Alliance, the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) and the WHO. European
countries including Austria, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, and Spain have joined the COVAX Facility
as ‘Team Europe’ which is the European Commission on behalf of the 27 European Union member
states as well as Norway and Iceland, negotiating for vaccine doses proportional to each country’s
population.
o Second, apart from the COVAX agreement, countries have also struck separate deals with the leading
pharmaceutical companies developing the COVID-10 vaccine viz. Pfizer and BioNTech, AstraZeneca,
Moderna, Johnson & Johnson, Valneva, and Sanofi and GlaxoSmithKline, for securing millions of
vaccine doses for advance financial commitments. The first COVID-19 vaccines will require doses 3-4
weeks apart, which explains the increased number of doses being secured by some countries.
However, Oxfami has warned that such dealmaking by richer countries representing just 13 per cent
of the world’s population has already bought more than half of the leading vaccine candidates’
promised doses. Canada for instance has a population of 38 million, but has secured close to 358
million doses; Japan has 126 million citizens and has brokered deals securing 521 million doses.
Contrastingly, South Korea intends to vaccinate 70% of its 51 million population to attain herd
immunity, and accordingly has secured 60 million doses.
o Third, countries are also funding local vaccine candidates, currently in the early stages of
development and testing.
o Fourth, countries like Mexico for instance, have agreed to host human trials of Covid-19 vaccines to
strengthen relations with pharmaceutical companies in case limited production capacity leads to a
battle for doses.
▪ Phase 3 trials are being conducted in the United Kingdom (UK) (AstraZeneca and Oxford University and
Novavax) and the United States of America (USA) (Moderna and Johnson & Johnson). Additionally, a Phase
3 trial is being conducted in Canada with a focus on prevention of COVID-19 in cancer patients. Further,
preparations for the start of a Phase 3 trial are undertaken in Austria. Phase 1 and/or Phase 2 trials are
being conducted in Canada (n=3), Taiwan (n=2), South Korea (n=1), Singapore (n=1), Japan (n=1), Mexico
(n=1), Austria (n=1) and Italy (n=1). Finally, pre-clinical vaccines were developed in Germany (n=2) South
Korea (n=2), Hong Kong (n=1) and Spain (n=4).
▪ Germany added an additional 100 million euros to COVAX aimed at providing vaccine access in Low- and
Middle Income Countries (LMIC). The UK provided £500 million aimed at providing access to vaccines in
LMIC whereas Canada invested 440 million in COVAX of which half will go to vaccines for Canadians
specifically.
▪ Several countries have invested in improving infrastructure in order to manufacture sufficient number of
effective and approved vaccines. The UK, Canada and the US have invested to advance domestic
manufacturing capabilities in order to have sufficient vaccine available. Further, in the US, distributors of
vaccine components were identified and invested in. Singapore intends to ramp up to production of
vaccine when they become available. Japan has obtained a licence to manufacture as well as
commercialise the Novavax vaccine.
Governance:
3Global Health Governance Programme
21 November 2020
▪ For most of the countries (n=13), we found information about established national-level taskforces or
committees overseeing the vaccine procurement and vaccination plans. Countries including UK, US and
Canada have set up their vaccine taskforce as a public-private partnership embedded within government
departments.
▪ We found detailed vaccination strategies released by the US, Germany, and France, outlining the
complete process of distribution, public communication, administration, and monitoring of vaccination.
Germany has laid out a national strategy for three phases as the availability of doses, experience with the
vaccine increases. Further, the health ministers of the 16 federal states of Germany have also drawn up
vaccination plans including delivery and administration of vaccines.
Vaccine distribution and administration:
▪ All countries have identified priority populations that will receive vaccination in the first phase when
vaccines get approved and become available, followed by general population in the next phases.
▪ Health and social care workers, older adults (>60), and those with chronic health conditions were
commonly identified by all countries as being at high-risk and priority population groups for vaccinations.
Additionally, Canada’s guidelines for priority populations also included those who live/ work in settings
where physical distancing is challenging, healthcare infrastructure is lacking, and/ or where infection could
have disproportionate consequences compared to the general population (e.g. Indigenous reservations),
while US guidelines also included people with limited access to routine vaccination services.
▪ In terms of vaccine delivery, the German government will deliver vaccines to 60 delivery locations
(wholesalers, pharmacies) in all federal states. Health ministers of the 16 federal states have drawn up
plans to create one to two centers per administrative district — totaling hundreds of centers — as well as
employing mobile vaccination teams. Similarly, Austria will also employ mobile vaccination teams.
▪ With respect to vaccination settings, US guidelines have listed healthcare provider offices and other
outpatient clinics, public health clinics, chain and independent pharmacies, school-based health centers,
worksites and other occupational health clinics, hospitals, temporary or off-site vaccination clinics and
mobile vaccinators. In France, target populations will be vaccinated as close as possible to the people
concerned – i.e. “in the field” Outpatient vaccination in doctors’ offices is also expected. Italy’s vaccine
task force is reportedly planning where injections will be carried out: as well as at existing vaccination
clinics and doctors' offices, the health service could set up large-scale, temporary centres in the same way
it has created drive-through coronavirus testing sites.
▪ In Germany digital appointments are being planned, real time surveys and applications for monitoring
safety and effectiveness also in pipeline. In Japan, those wishing for a vaccine will be inoculated for free at
health care facilities by submitting special coupons to be distributed by local municipalities; they will also
receive a certificate upon vaccination.
Public attitudes and communication:
▪ In a global surveyii with 13,426 people in 19 countries, around 71% of participants reported that they
would be very or somewhat likely to take a COVID-19 vaccine, and 61% reported that they would accept
their employer’s recommendation to do so. Differences in acceptance rates ranged from almost 90% (in
China) to less than 55% (in Russia). Respondents reporting higher levels of trust in information from
government sources were more likely to accept a vaccine and take their employer’s advice to do so.
▪ Surveys conducted in Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and the US found that one-third of participants had
doubts about a new vaccine and were not willing to receive it. While surveys in South Korea, Taiwan and
Singapore revealed high levels willingness to accept a vaccine and high levels of trust in the government.
▪ These findings raise the issue of public hesitancy and skepticism over a new vaccine that needs to be
urgently addressed through rapid, clear, transparent and multipronged communication from government
authorities.
4Global Health Governance Programme
21 November 2020
COUNTRY DEVELOPMENT AND PROCUREMENT GOVERNANCE STRATEGY PUBLIC ATTITUDES AND
(Population) (Taskforce, Plans) (Doses, Target groups, Timelines, COMMUNICATION
Delivery)
UK The UK Government has secured access to 355 Two government bodies advising and JCVI has released a provisional list for Vaccine Task Force has
(67 million) million doses of six vaccines across four different playing a lead role in decision-making: vaccine prioritisation which indicates that launched a series of podcasts
formats: adenoviral vectors, mRNA, adjuvanted (i) Joint Committee of Vaccine and older adults living in care homes, their on Amazon and Spotify with
proteins, and whole inactivated viral vaccines, Immunisation (JCVI) care workers, all adults over 80, all health experts discussing all key
developed by AstraZeneca and Oxford (100 (ii) Vaccine Taskforce (VT) and social care workers, should rank first aspects of vaccine
million doses), BioNTech and Pfizer (40 million to receive the vaccine. After this, risk (and development to inform the
doses), Janssen (30 million doses), Moderna (5 JCVI is an existing government body. The priority for receiving the vaccine) is public about what to expect
viii
million doses), GSK/ Sanofi (60 million), Valneva Vaccine Taskforce, a public-private stratified by age and presence of pre- from COVID-19 vaccines.
iii vi
(60 million). iv partnership, has been recently set up in existing chronic disease.
May 2020 by Sir Patrick Vallance. It is
v embedded in the Department for Business,
UK has pledged £500 million to COVAX. Kate Bingham, head of the UK
Energy and Industrial Energy, and is Government’s Vaccine Taskforce,
UK also has an agreement with AstraZeneca to responsible for identifying and securing indicated in early October 2020 that less
neutralising antibody cocktail as a prophylactic access to effective and safe vaccines, than half of the UK population will receive
treatment once clinical trials are completed and supporting clinical studies and funding the coronavirus vaccine—only the most “at
manufacturing of vaccines. vii
it is approved by regulators, for those who risk”.
iv
cannot receive a vaccine.
Germany Germany has 2 vaccine candidates in pre-clinical In Germany, the Standing Committee on Phase 1 will inoculate high-risk groups and A World Economic Forum
ix
(83 million) development Vaccination in the Robert Koch Institute populations at higher risk of exposure; survey, however, found that
develops national recommendations for phase 2 will open vaccination up to the 69% of respondents in
xii xv
Germany has joined the COVAX Facility as a the use of licensed vaccines. general population. Germany would be willing to
member of “Team Europe”, on behalf of the 27 get a vaccine for COVID-19, if
xviii
EU members states as well as Norway and The Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, the national Vaccines will be delivered by the German available.
Iceland.x Team Europe has secured doses from regulatory authority for vaccines, is government to 60 delivery locations
Oxford University and AstraZeneca (300 million), responsible for the release of vaccine (wholesalers, pharmacies) in all federal
xiii xvi
Sanofi and GlaxoSmithKline (300 million), batches in Germany. states. Health ministers of the 16
CureVac candidate (225 million), BioNTech and federal states have drawn up plans to
Pfizer (200 million), Johnson & Johnson Germany has a vaccination strategy in create one to two centers
subsidiary (200 million). The bloc is also in talks xiv
place, which outlines 3 phases: per administrative district — totaling
with Moderna about a potential deal for an initial 1. Targeted, centralised inoculation hundreds of centers — as well as
80 million doses. Germany will receive 18% of 2. Advanced, centralised inoculation employing mobile vaccination teams.
doses secured by this bloc. 3. Width, decentralized routine Digital appointments are being planned,
inoculation real time surveys and applications for
Germany has committed an additional 100 monitoring safety and effectiveness also
xi xviixv
million euro to the COVAX AMC. in pipeline.
5Global Health Governance Programme
21 November 2020
COUNTRY DEVELOPMENT AND PROCUREMENT GOVERNANCE STRATEGY PUBLIC ATTITUDES AND
(Population) (Taskforce, Plans) (Doses, Target groups, Timelines, COMMUNICATION
Delivery)
France France has joined the COVAX Facility as a In France, COVID-19 vaccine policy is being France has outlined conditions to be taken In their strategy document,
(67 million) member of “Team Europe”, and will secure doses shaped by two key advisory bodies into account for prioritising populations, French health leaders state
in proportion to its population. including: such as duration of protection to COVID- that their strategy hinges on
xxii
19 and amounts of vaccine available. their ability to promote the
In June, Italy, Germany, France and the 1. le Conseil scientifique With these in mind, they have identified vaccine, support the people
Netherlands agreed to pay AstraZeneca 750 2. le Comité analyse, recherche et the following priority populations: to receive it, and promote
xxv
million euros for 300 million doses (with the expertise (CARE) good adherence, also
option to buy an additional 100 million) of the First priority stating that vaccine
vaccine they are developing with Oxford CARE has published draft guidelines, which ▪ Those at risk due to potential reluctance has been
xix
University details who will qualify for the vaccination occupational exposure documented in France and
first, and highlights people due to their job, ▪ People aged ≥ 65 years or those at authorities cannot take this
In October, France called for 25,000 adult risk category, age, or the presence of any risk due to their health for granted when preparing
xxi
volunteers on Thursday to enrol in a series of chronic illnesses. ▪ People living in precarious situations their campaign.
large-scale clinical trials aimed at evaluating the (e.g. homeless)
safety and efficacy of several COVID-19 vaccine The number of vaccinations that will be Second priority The three main difficulties
xxvi
candidates. France’s public research body ordered is still unknown, but it is expected ▪ Departments and overseas regions, if they foresee are : (i) Doubts
Inserm, which is in charge of the project, did not to have tens of millions of doses there is a risk of a shortage of about the effectiveness and
name the vaccines that would be assessed and (potentially of 2-5 different products) resuscitation safety of some (or all)
said it was currently holding discussions with available between the last trimester of ▪ People living in closed facilities (e.g. vaccines, (ii) Controversies on
drugmakers, adding it would pick the “most 2020 and the first trimester of 2021, which prisons) public strategies or
promising” candidates for the trials. xx could be deployed in case of a second wave ▪ Those with strategic jobs (e.g. police) pharmaceutical products, (iii)
of Covid-19. The COVID-19 vaccine
Target populations will be vaccinated as specifically might raise a
close as possible to the people concerned number of uncertainties.
xxiii
– i.e. “in the field” Outpatient
vaccination in doctors’ offices is also
expected. France anticipates training
those giving the vaccinations and expects
that this workforce will consist of doctors,
nurses, and pharmacists, as well as
workers from occupational medicine,
xxiv
hospitals, and the medico-social world
COUNTRY DEVELOPMENT AND PROCUREMENT GOVERNANCE STRATEGY PUBLIC ATTITUDES AND
(Population) (Taskforce, Plans) (Doses, Target groups, Timelines, COMMUNICATION
Delivery)
6Global Health Governance Programme
21 November 2020
Italy Italy has joined the COVAX Facility as a member A task force of 15 experts has been working Leaders from the Italian Ministry of health The Italian population has a
(60 million) of “Team Europe”, and will secure doses in on Italy's immunisation strategy since have said that priority groups, such as history of vaccine skepticism.
proportion to its population. Italy will receive November 4th, particularly examining ways healthcare workers, the elderly, and those In 2018, their lawmakers
13.5% of the secured doses that entitles the to distribute the various possible vaccines, with conditions that put them at risk amended a law requiring
xxx
country to around 165 million at least of all the including different ones at the same time, should get the vaccine first parents to vaccinate their
doses secured by the EU so far, for its population with one of the major challenges being children before sending them
of 60.2 million people. The government expects how to store vaccines such as Pfizer's that The Italian government has decided to to school; this law introduced
its first round of vaccinations to deliver 3.4 need to be kept at temperatures as low as - coordinate its vaccination plan nationally in 2017 that was introduced
xxvii xxix
million shots to 1.7 million people. 80 degrees C. instead of leaving it up to regional after a measles outbreak.xxxi
authorities, who are usually responsible xxxii
In June, Italy, Germany, France and the for local healthcare.
Netherlands agreed to pay AstraZeneca 750 A study surveyed a random
million euros for 300 million doses (with the sample of Italian citizens
The task force is reportedly planning during the early days of the
option to buy an additional 100 million) of the
where injections will be carried out: as pandemic in Italy (n=968) and
vaccine they are developing with Oxford
well as at existing vaccination clinics and then surveyed a second
University.
doctors' offices, the health service could random sample of citizens
set up large-scale, temporary centres in (n=1004) during the early
Italy also has a local vaccine candidate, ReiThera,
the same way it has created drive-through days of Italy’s reopening on
which began a Phase 1 clinical trial of their
xxviii coronavirus testing sites. their willingness to receive a
vaccine candidate GRAd-COV2 in August
xxxiii
vaccine for COVID-19.
Regional authorities have been asked to 59% of the respondents in
identify suitable storage facilities as well phase 2 reported a
as sites that could potentially immunise willingness to receive a
xxvii
some 2,000 people within 15 days. vaccine. Willingness to
vaccinate was positively
correlated with trust in
scientific research as well as
attitude towards vaccine’s
efficacy.
Greece Greece has joined the COVAX Facility as a As of 1 November 2020 the Greek Health Greece plans to set up more than 1,000
xxxvi
(10 million) member of “Team Europe”, and will secure doses Minister has stated that together with the vaccination centres.
in proportion to its population. Greece’s National Vaccine Committee they are
government has committed an additional 1.5 working on their COVID-19 vaccination
xxxiv xxxv
million euro to the COVAX AMC plan.
COUNTRY DEVELOPMENT AND PROCUREMENT GOVERNANCE STRATEGY PUBLIC ATTITUDES AND
(Population) (Taskforce, Plans) (Doses, Target groups, Timelines, COMMUNICATION
Delivery)
7Global Health Governance Programme
21 November 2020
Spain Spain has joined the COVAX Facility as a member A working group has been coordinating Regarding who will qualify to get In August, according to a
(47 million) of “Team Europe”, and will secure doses in with central and regional authorities on a immunized first, Spanish Health Minister national survey of 1033
xliii
proportion to its population. vaccination plan for the country. has said that while the working group has participants conducted by the
to determine these parameters, the Carlos III Health Institute, 30%
There are 4 pre-clinical vaccine candidates being logical thing would be for the elderly and of respondents expressed
xxxvii .xliv
developed in Spain healthcare workers to be the first. doubts about whether they
would be vaccinated against
xliv
Spain has been chosen as the manufacturing site the coronavirus.
for two vaccines:
(i) Novavax, an American pharma company, has
selected Spanish biopharma group Zendal to
produce its vaccine xxxviii
(ii) Biofabi (whose parent company is Zendal)
will reserve manufacturing capacity for CEPI-
designated COVID-19 vaccines between Nov
2020-May 2022; the estimated production is
xxxix
500 million doses
(iii) Moderna has tapped the Spanish Pharma
Industrial Services to produce the vials (fill
and seal) of their vaccine to be
commercialised outside the USxl xli xlii
Austria Austria has joined the COVAX Facility as a Austria is currently setting up a national The Ministry of Health is prioritising
(8.8 million) member of “Team Europe”, and will secure doses vaccination strategy in coordination with people who are at the greatest “personal
in proportion to its population. the European Union. or systemic risk” for the first dose of the
vaccine. Health workers and people with
Three Austrian companies working on vaccine serious medical conditions that make
candidates including (i) Themis Bioscience (ii) them vulnerable to the virus as well as
xlv
Valneva and (iii) Polymum. people over the age of 70 would be
prioritised. Austria is likely to set up
xlviii
In July, Austria provided €2 million in funding for mobile vaccination teams.
the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness
Innovations to advance the development of
xlvi xlvii
vaccines and equitable distribution
COUNTRY DEVELOPMENT AND PROCUREMENT GOVERNANCE STRATEGY PUBLIC ATTITUDES AND
(Population) (Taskforce, Plans) (Doses, Target groups, Timelines, COMMUNICATION
Delivery)
8Global Health Governance Programme
21 November 2020
US The U.S. has invested over $12 billion USD in Operation Warp Speed is a public–private CDC has established a work group to In a global survey, 75% of the
(360 million) COVID-19 vaccine R&D via Moderna, Johnson & partnership, initiated by the U.S. review evidence for prioritising critical respondents from the US
Johnson, Novavax, Astra-Zeneca, and Pfizer; in government to facilitate and accelerate the population groups. These groups may agreed that they will take a
li
domestic manufacturing; and in domestic development, manufacturing, and include : COVID-19 vaccine if it is
distribution efforts, securing 100s of millions of distribution of COVID-19 vaccines, • Critical infrastructure workforce proven safe and effective and
xlix liii
doses of potential vaccine candidates for the therapeutics, and diagnostics. • People at increased risk for severe is available.
American people for potential distribution by COVID-19 illness
xlix
January 2021. On 29 October, CDC released a detailed • People at increased risk of acquiring or
COVID-19 vaccination playbook outlining transmitting COVID-19
US has secured 300 million doses from the entire process of distribution, • People with limited access to routine
AstraZeneca, 100 million doses each from Pfizer, administering and monitoring the safety of vaccination services
Novovax, and GSK/Sanofi, upon successful vaccines, including priority populations and
l lilii
approvals and authorisations. US has not public communication.
participated in COVAX facility.
Canada On September 25th, PM Trudeau pledged a $440 On August 5th, 2020, the federal The National Advisory Committee on Concerns abound over
(38 million) million investment to COVAX, of which half will government (including the Minister of Immunization (NACI) has published vaccine hesitancy and
towards purchasing vaccines from COVAX for Innovation, Science and Industry and the preliminary guidelines on key inadequate communications
Canadians, specifically. liv Minister of Public Services and populations:
lviii
from health authorities about
lix
Procurement) announced the - people of advanced age; vaccines.
As of Oct. 23rd, 2020, the federal government establishment of the COVID-19 Vaccine - people living with high-risk
had pre-ordered and secured 358 million doses Task Force, an advisory panel of conditions;
of potential COVID-19 vaccines, including 76 multidisciplinary experts in immunology, - healthcare workers, including those
million doses alone from Medicago Inc., a pharmaceutical industry, and vaccinology. who care for the elderly/ work in
Quebec-based biotech company who are The task force is supported by the National LTC; essential service workers who
lvii
currently running two clinical trials authorized by Research Council of Canada. cannot work virtually (e.g.
Health Canada. The remaining doses have been firefighters, grocery store staff, etc.);
purchased from AstraZeneca, Moderna, and - those who live/ work in settings
lv
Pfizer. where physical distancing is
challenging, healthcare infrastructure
As of Nov. 6th, 2020 there are four vaccine is lacking, and/ or where infection
candidates for COVID-19 being investigated in could have disproportionate
clinical trials authorised by Health Canada (i.e. consequences compared to the
the department of the Government of Canada general population (e.g. Indigenous
responsible for federal health policy).lvi reservations)
COUNTRY DEVELOPMENT AND PROCUREMENT GOVERNANCE STRATEGY PUBLIC ATTITUDES AND
(Population) (Taskforce, Plans) (Doses, Target groups, Timelines, COMMUNICATION
Delivery)
9Global Health Governance Programme
21 November 2020
Canada On Nov. 5th, 2020, the Department of
Public Works and Government Services
released an “Invitation to Qualify” for any
potential Logistics Service Providers
(companies) to apply to be considered for
the execution of the Government of
Canada’s COVID-19 vaccine logistics
lx
strategy.
Mexico Mexico has already signed deals with Pfizer, The first to receive the vaccine would be
(128 million) AstraZeneca and CanSino for sufficient doses to medical staff and the most dangerous
inoculate 117m of its 127m people by the end of cases such as patients with underlying
lxi lxiii
2021, if those vaccines get approved. conditions.
On Oct. 10th, 2020, the Mexican government
announced a nearly $160 million to the COVAX
facility.
UNAM (Mexico’s main public university), the
Mexican Social Security Institute, and private
vaccine R&D company Laboratorio Avimex are
collaborating on a domestic COVID-19 vaccine
candidate that, as of early September, was ready
lxii
to enter phase 1 trials.
Mexico has agreed to host human trials of seven
Covid-19 vaccines to strengthen relations with
pharmaceutical companies in case limited
production capacity leads to a battle for doses.
South Korea South Korea will buy 20 million doses through The 5th meeting of a pan-government The South Korean government have set There is a high willingness to
(51 million) COVAX, enough for 10 million people, and 40 support committee for the treatment of the target of securing enough vaccine accept a COVID-19 vaccine in
million doses from private drug-makers including COVID-19 and development of a vaccine doses for all 50 million citizens, with a South Korea (exceeding 80%),
AstraZeneca, Novavax, Pfizer, Moderna and held on August 21st made reference to a minimum national target of 70% with strong trust from in
lxiv .
Johnson & Johnson. Local corporations engaging ‘two-pronged’ approach involving (1) local coverage, to acquire herd immunity. central government liii
in clinical trials for the development of (five) corporation support and (2) international
therapeutic treatments and (three) vaccine community.
candidates are receiving government funding
(estimated $83 million).
COUNTRY DEVELOPMENT AND PROCUREMENT GOVERNANCE STRATEGY PUBLIC ATTITUDES AND
(Population) (Taskforce, Plans) (Doses, Target groups, Timelines, COMMUNICATION
Delivery)
10Global Health Governance Programme
21 November 2020
Taiwan The Taiwan government will allocate US$635.6 In April, the government-sponsored Priority groups for the vaccine include The government of Taiwan
(23 million) million for the development or procurement of a National Health Research Institutes (NHRI) health professionals, senior and more has secured high levels of
lxv
COVID-19 vaccine. established a “national team” for vulnerable citizens. public trust for their
facilitating development of vaccines and responses to coronavirus. In
Under the agreement with Pfizer and BioNTech, treatments for coronavirus (COVID-19). Taiwan, YouGov polls in May
Taiwan can acquire up to 30 million COVID-19 showed that public trust in
vaccine doses, with 10 million expected to be In June, the health minister announced a the government and
delivered in the first quarter of 2021. new special task force will be formed to healthcare professionals on
speed up the development of a COVID-19 COVID-19 was very high – at
lxvi
Taiwan has also joined the COVAX Facility. vaccine. over 80%. Over the years,
lxv
the government, particularly
Two local vaccine candidates have been the Digital Ministry led by
developed in Taiwan and are currently being Audrey Tang, has worked to
tested. Although, challenges for vaccine trials in increase a direct dialogue
Taiwan include lack of standard parameter for between government officials
evaluating vaccine productivity and number of and citizens and responding
subjects required for representing vaccine safety to disinformation across
as no locally acquired COVID-19 cases since May, lxvii
media channels.
2020.
Japan Japan is on track to have 521 million doses of five In August, Japan’s coronavirus task force Japan will prioritize administering
(126 million) different vaccines in 2021, compared with a drafted vaccination guidelines, prioritising coronavirus vaccines to certain groups of
lxviii
population of 126 million. Apart from joining medical workers, older people and those the population. Those wishing for a
the COVAX Facility, the Japanese government has with underlying illnesses. The task force vaccine will be inoculated for free at
pledged a budget of ¥671.4 billion and signed will also consider whether pregnant health care facilities by submitting special
agreements with AstraZeneca and Pfizer, to women, emergency responders and staff at coupons to be distributed by local
receive 120 million doses of vaccines from each public health centers should be included in municipalities. They will also receive a
lxxi
company, when successfully developed. the priority group for vaccination. certificate upon vaccination, according to
lxxii
Negotiations with Moderna for 40 million or the ministry.
more additional dose are underway. Japan also
has a local vaccine candidate currently being
lxix
tested.
Novavax have granted Takeda a license to
manufacture and commercialise its vaccine in
Japan, with a preliminary estimate of 250 million
lxx
Novavax to be produced each year.
COUNTRY DEVELOPMENT AND PROCUREMENT GOVERNANCE STRATEGY PUBLIC ATTITUDES AND
(Population) (Taskforce, Plans) (Doses, Target groups, Timelines, COMMUNICATION
Delivery)
11Global Health Governance Programme
21 November 2020
Hong Kong Hong Kong has procured COVID-19 vaccine doses The government has in place a scientific Hong Kong government health adviser, A preprint study on nurses’
(7.5 million) from at least two types of vaccine candidates committee on vaccine-preventable said he expected the vaccination schedule hesitancy to accept a COVID-
from the list of 9 CEPI potential vaccines, to cover diseases, responsible for tracking will be similar to the seasonal influenza 19 vaccine in Hong Kong
35% of its population. Hong Kong has also joined candidates in the final stage of vaccine, in which the elderly, chronically ill suggested that only around
lxxiv
the COVAX Facility. The University of Hong development around the world. patients, and medical workers will be the 63% participants (of a sample
lxxv
Kong/Xiamen University have a dual COVID- first vaccinated. of 1203) had an intent to opt-
19/influenza nasal spray, CEPI-supported, in for a COVID-19 vaccine,
lxxiii
preclinical vaccine candidate. when it becomes
lxxvi
available.
Singapore Singapore plans to secure vaccine doses through Singapore's 14-member COVID-19 vaccine Priority to protect individuals who are There is a high willingness to
(5 million) its partnership with the COVAX Facility. The expert committee was unveiled on Nov 12, most vulnerable or at high risk from the accept a COVID-19 vaccine in
country also has a local vaccine candidate being to assess the effectiveness and safety of disease, as well as those who may be Singapore (exceeding 80%),
lxxvii lxix
tested. the vaccine and identify priority groups for more likely exposed to infection, while with strong trust from in
lxxviiilxxix liii
vaccination. working progressively towards a high level central government.
of vaccination in the population.
12Global Health Governance Programme
21 November 2020
References:
i
Oxfam. 2020. Small group if rich nations have bought up more than half of the future supply of leading
COVID-19 vaccine contenders. https://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/small-group-rich-nations-have-
bought-more-half-future-supply-leading-covid-19
ii
Lazarus, J.V., Ratzan, S.C., Palayew, A. et al. A global survey of potential acceptance of a COVID-19
vaccine. Nat Med (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-1124-9.
iii
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xii
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xv
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xvi
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xvii
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xxiii
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Ibid.
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Ibid.
13Global Health Governance Programme
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xxvi
Ibid.
xxvii
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xliv
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Eine Information des ÖVIH – Österreichischer Verband der Impfstoffhersteller, 2020. Virtueller Medien-
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lxviii
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lxxi
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lxxii
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lxxix
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6W0V5L9gs8U
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