A Message from the Director - VOLUME25 THEUNIVERSITYOFVERMONT - The University of Vermont
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VOLUME 25 THE UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT SPRING 2021
A Message from the Director
A year ago, my colleague Alan Steinweis noted on these pages growing, and several students who are specializing in the history of
that the spring 2020 semester was “like no other.” The same can Nazi Germany and the Holocaust will be receiving funding from the
be said of the 2020-2021 academic year at the University of Ver- Miller Center in the form of assistantships and fellowships.
mont. Despite the many challenges associated with the COVID-19 Finally, with a view to the years ahead, we have initiated a program
pandemic—diverse teaching modalities, student absences due to to expand the Holocaust Studies curriculum through course develop-
illness or quarantine, the challenges of new technologies, to name ment grants to select faculty in the College of Arts and Sciences. This
a few—the work of students, faculty, and staff associated with the year, Professors Lutz Kaelber and Jonah Steinberg will be developing
Miller Center for Holocaust Studies has continued and prospered. courses on “The Sociology of the Holocaust” and “The Romani Holo-
A special word of the thanks is due our students: enrollment in our caust,” respectively (see p. 6), and in the coming year, Professors An-
courses has been strong, tonello Borra (Romance
and students have shown Languages/Italian Stud-
energy and commitment ies) and Hilary Neroni
in their academic work. (English/Film and Tele-
Unfortunately, the pan- vision Studies) will be
demic required the cancel- planning new courses in
lation or postponement of their respective fields.
the public events planned As the pages to fol-
for the preceding two se- low reveal, our students
mesters, but we are opti- continue to engage in
mistic that we will be able innovative research, our
to host a series of compel- alumni are making great
ling lectures by nationally strides in graduate study
and internationally recog- and their professional
nized scholars during the pursuits, and faculty affil-
2021-2022 academic year iated with the Center re-
(see page 14). main productive as ever.
Despite the challenges During the upcoming fall
of the pandemic, the Miller The Billings Library–Home to the Miller Center for Holocaust Studies. 2021 semester, I will be
Center has undertaken Photo by Sally McCay. on leave as a fellow at the
a number of new initiatives and programs. With the support of the Institute for Contemporary History in Munich, Germany, returning
Miller Center and in cooperation with the Department of German in January 2022. I am grateful to Alan Steinweis for serving as Interim
and Russian, UVM hosted a post-doctoral fellow, Dr. Catherine Director of the Miller Center during my absence. Finally, my thanks
Greer, over the past two semesters. Catherine was not only able to to Ande Tagliamonte for her outstanding administrative support over
move forward with her research on musical and artistic life in the the past academic year and to Katherine Quimby Johnson for her as-
Theresienstadt ghetto; she also taught, to high acclaim, two courses in sistance in editing this issue of the Bulletin.
the Holocaust Studies curriculum: “Representing the Holocaust” in On behalf of all my colleagues at the Miller Center, I wish you
the fall 2020 semester and, in the spring of 2021, “Postwar Germany good health in the summer and academic year ahead.
and the Holocaust.”
The Miller Center has also increased its support for graduate study Jonathan Huener
at UVM. Enrollment in the Department of History’s M.A. program is Professor of History and Director
IN THIS ISSUE
A Message from the Director . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Kaelber, Steinberg, Receive Course Development Student News. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Wolfgang Mieder and Richard Sugarman Retire. . . . . . . . 2 Grants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Alumni News. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Spotlight on Alumni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Update on the Ordinary Soldiers Project. . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Preview of Events 2021-2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Book Review, Hitler’s First Hundred Days: News from the Faculty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Berghan Books. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
When Germans Embraced the Third Reich. . . . . . . . . . . 4 Holocaust Studies Courses Offered 2020-2021 . . . . . . . 10 Contact Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16THE BU L L E T I N OF T H E C A R O LY N A N D L E O N A R D MI L L ER CENTER F OR HOL OCAUST STUDIES SPRI NG 2021
Wolfgang Mieder and Richard Sugarman Retire
after Decades of Service to Holocaust Studies at UVM
By Katherine Quimby Johnson
Today’s Miller Center for Holocaust Studies at UVM is needed; with David Scrase, Wolfgang co-edited The Holocaust:
inconceivable without Richard Sugarman and Wolfgang Mieder. Introductory Essays (1996), produced at a time when materials for
Each has been vital not only to the Center’s ongoing work during the high school and college classroom were in short supply. The
the past three decades, but also to its very existence. Both were need for this book was evident in the regular orders and requests
members of the Faculty Advisory Board that came together for permission to reproduce certain chapters that arrived from
to create the Center as a way of honoring the scholarly and various colleges across the country.
pedagogic legacy of Raul Hilberg following his retirement from Wolfgang and David also co-edited a companion volume,
UVM in 1991. The Holocaust: Personal Accounts, in 2001. This collection
Once the Center was approved in 1992, both became crucial compiled 20 first-person testimonies by seminar presenters
to the establishment of the academic minor in Holocaust both local and international, in order to record their experiences
Studies, which was approved in 2003—both in their advocacy before old age could take too great a toll. This volume gave
for the minor and in their classroom practices. Two of Richard’s voice to a wide range of experiences of a generation of victims,
courses, “Judaism in the Modern World” and “Moral and but also of those who liberated the camps and who worked
Religious Perspectives on the Holocaust” have been popular in the Displaced Persons camps. Personal Accounts continues
with students since the minor’s inception. The experience of to be used by students and scholars, and was translated and
Julia Kitonis, a 2021 graduate featured in this issue’s “Student published in German in 2016 as “Nichts konnte schlimmer sein
News” (see p. 11), is far from unique; Julia’s work for “Moral als Auschwitz!” Űberlebende des Holocausts und ihre Befreier
and Religious Perspectives,” investigating and discussing berichten (Bremen: Donat Verlag, 2016).
Jewish leaders’ and thinkers’ responses to and recognition of Wolfgang took the lead on his next co-editing venture with
the Holocaust, inspired the interdisciplinary research that David. Reflections on the Holocaust: “Festschrift” for Raul Hilberg on
resulted in her senior honors thesis. His Seventy-Fifth Birthday (2001) gave Wolfgang the opportunity
Early on, in 1993, Richard presented a lecture, “On the 50th to honor a former colleague whose work and work ethic he
Anniversary of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising,” as part of UVM’s admired, respected, and emulated.
commemoration of that event, and, more recently, he gave David and Wolfgang’s fourth collection, on which I shared
the Miller Center’s 2018 Yom HaShoah lecture: “Response, editorial duties, honored long-time member of the Center’s
Resistance & Rescue During the Holocaust.” He also contributed Board of Advisors Marion Pritchard, named Righteous Among
a chapter, “Rabbi Michoel Dov Weissmandel and the Holiness the Nations in 1981 for her work rescuing Dutch Jews. Making
of Rescue: Jewish Religious Perspectives and Responses” to the a Difference: Rescue and Assistance During the Holocaust. Essays
Center’s publication Making a Difference: Rescue and Assistance in Honor of Marion Pritchard included a chapter by Wolfgang on
During the Holocaust, Essays in Honor of Marion Pritchard, edited one of his scholarly passions, Victor Klemperer. “‘The Chorus
by David Scrase, Wolfgang Mieder, and me (2004). of Voices of the People:’ Everyday Germans and the Survival
David Scrase, the Center’s founding director, says of Richard: of Victor Klemperer” looks at the language and gestures of
“He was 100% supportive in all we did in Holocaust Studies. His the ordinary people, some of whom were utterly casual in
enthusiastic assistance in reaching out to a general public was their antisemitism, some of whom offered a few words of
greatly appreciated, his knowledge of the history and the depth encouragement or committed small acts of compassion that
of his philosophical knowledge always in evidence.” The gravitas helped Klemperer cope with the extreme difficulties of living in
of his presence will be greatly missed. the darkest of times.
In recognizing Wolfgang Mieder’s many contributions to the Wolfgang ends that essay with the hope that those who offered
Center, David Scrase said, “As a native German, Wolfgang was Klemperer encouragement to persevere serve as a reminder that
always conscious of German guilt. He was fully supportive, and “standing up for what one believes and exercising compassion
actively so, in all aspects of the Center’s mission.” He was actively and morality can make a difference.” It seems fitting to close this
involved in the many publications put out by the Center in its tribute by saying: Richard, Wolfgang, you have each stood up for
early days and, if memory serves, may be credited with naming what you believed. You have exercised compassion and morality.
this newsletter The Bulletin at a time when David and I were You have certainly made a difference to the Miller Center for
searching for a title. Holocaust Studies and the many students who have enrolled in
In the Center’s early years, the Summer Seminar on the your courses over the decades. The Miller Center has been the
Holocaust and Holocaust Education for teachers in the region grateful recipient of your knowledge, expertise, and generosity
was an annual feature of the Center’s public programming. After with your time, and more. We wish you both all the very best in
the first seminar, it became apparent that an appropriate text was your retirement.
2THE BU L L E T I N OF T H E C A R O LY N A N D L E O N A R D MI L L ER CENTER F OR HOL OCAUST STUDIES SPRI NG 2021
Spotlight on Alumni
Mark Alexander, Kassandra LaPrade-Seuthe, and Michelle Magin Describe Their Work
at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
Mark Alexander: the Holocaust.” For three years, I revisited the question of how ordinary
Although I had originally decided people acquiesced to, or resisted, National Socialism.
to pursue higher education to become I began my graduate studies at the University of Vermont eager for
an elementary school teacher, my plans a comprehensive education in Holocaust history. I also sought to refine
changed after I transferred to UVM in my skills as researcher and writer. As a graduate student, I explored how
2010. I soon began focusing on courses citizens of Nazi Germany reaped material benefits by exploiting the la-
in history and Holocaust studies, and I bor of so-called “racial” others. Other opportunities the program offered,
decided to change my major. During such as the chance to explore the intersections of history with material
my time at UVM, I had my first experi- culture and digital humanities, resonate in my work today.
ences as a teaching assistant, a writing tutor, and an editor. I discovered After graduating from UVM, I joined the team of acquisition cura-
that I enjoyed researching and writing as much as helping others learn. tors at USHMM who accept personal papers and objects into the Mu-
Not wanting my studies to end, I decided to pursue graduate work in the seum’s permanent collection. Digitization of primary sources to facilitate
field of Holocaust studies. I received my master’s degree at UVM in 2015 the study of Holocaust history is a growing priority. Our responsibility is
before beginning a doctoral program at The George Washington Uni- to ensure that a photograph of a beloved spouse that was carried through
versity in Washington, DC. While earning my Ph.D. in history, I began the concentration camps is discoverable and that it resonates to some-
working as a graduate research assistant and a contracted researcher for one on a device as it does in person. We achieve this through thorough
the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM). Although research and documentation of our collections, which allows others to
I had always thought that I would eventually be teaching in a classroom, access and contextualize the stories of Holocaust victims, survivors, per-
I began to become very interested in the public history work done by petrators, and others in their work.
Holocaust museums.
After defending my dissertation in 2019, I obtained a position at
the Levine Institute for Holocaust Education at USHMM. In this job, Michelle Magin:
I conduct research and develop educational resources for students and In 2007 I graduated from the Uni-
general audiences. Most of my time is devoted to writing new articles for versity of Toronto with a B.A. in history.
the online Holocaust Encyclopedia and creating collections of primary For a year I worked for Scholastic Cana-
sources for the digital learning tool, “Experiencing History.” It is exciting da as an editorial assistant before begin-
to help produce resources that are seen and used by so many people, and ning my M.A. in history at the Univer-
this position gives me the opportunity to continue learning new things sity of Vermont. While in the program, I
every week. Although the museum building itself has been closed for began studying German in earnest, and
much of the last year, we have stayed very busy producing many new spent a summer taking language classes
digital resources. in Berlin. In addition, thanks to the sup-
port of a travel grant from the Department of History, I travelled to Ger-
many to complete research for my M.A. thesis in Braunschweig.
Kassandra LaPrade-Seuthe:
During my second year, I worked as a library assistant, and had the
When the Hessisches Landesmuseum opportunity to process the papers of Raul Hilberg while working in Spe-
in Darmstadt, Germany, reopened after reno- cial Collections at the Howe Library. For me, this was a truly unique and
vation in 2014, it debuted a gallery named in worthwhile experience, which, for a time, piqued my interest in archival
memory of former curator Karl Freund (1882- studies. Additionally, I worked on the UVM History Review, as an edi-
1943). Freund, who was Jewish, was forced tor in my first year, and as the senior editor in my second. Coordinating
from his position in 1933 and was killed at these publications and working with other graduate and undergraduate
5
Auschwitz. The museum was not yet open students are some of my fondest memories of Vermont. This publication
when I was in Germany as a UVM graduate experience helped me gain an internship at the United States Holocaust
student. When I later learned of Karl Freund, Memorial Museum. While there, I secured a studentship to the Univer-
it was no surprise that the walls that housed wonders I marveled at as a sity of Manchester, and completed my Ph.D. in German Studies. My
child once held other secrets. work focused on Holocaust memorial sites and educational programs in
Curiosity about the material world, and a desire to know more Berlin and Brandenburg.
about its omissions, directed my academic interests. As an undergradu- Currently, I am an Assistant Editor for the journal Holocaust and
ate, I pursued German studies and classics. Over time, my studies gravi- Genocide Studies in the Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel Center at the
tated from the comfortable distance of ancient history to the disquieting USHMM. My primary role is to work with authors to help prepare their
proximity of Nazi Germany. articles for publication. Since taking on the role in 2019, I have thor-
From 2009 to 2013, I worked at the United States Holocaust Me- oughly enjoyed being back at the Museum and working with colleagues
morial Museum, first as an intern, later with the team working on the who share an interest in issues related to the Holocaust and past and con-
exhibition “Some Were Neighbors: Collaboration and Complicity in temporary genocides.
3THE BU L L E T I N OF T H E C A R O LY N A N D L E O N A R D MI L L ER CENTER F OR HOL OCAUST STUDIES SPRI NG 2021
Book Review
Review: Peter Fritzsche, Hitler’s First Hundred Days:
When Germans Embraced the Third Reich
421 pp. Basic Books, 2020
by Nate Gondelman
Recently, in the United States, there has been much discussion to form, Fritzsche also avoids a classically hierarchical approach to
among journalists and political pundits about the opportunity his narrative. Though Hitler and Reich Minister of Propaganda and
for transformational change in the early days of President Joseph Public Enlightenment Joseph Goebbels are referenced frequently
R. Biden’s administration because of the COVID-19 pandemic throughout the book, the focus of the action is not at the Reich
and its socioeconomic fallout. This prospect is often compared Chancellery or at Nazi Party headquarters. Rather, the emphasis is
with the transformative early months of President Franklin D. on the manifestation of the Reich in everyday life—on the streets, in
Roosevelt’s administration in 1933, which undertook bold and the home, and in workplaces.
unprecedented efforts to ameliorate and reverse the suffering of the
Hitler’s First Hundred Days is by no means presented as a work
Great Depression with the New Deal. But at the same time FDR’s
that attempts to considerably alter consensus scholarly narratives on
administration was offering succor to an economically prostrate
the early days of the Third Reich; this is neither its intention nor its
nation, there existed another, darker example of a new political
purpose. Instead, the period of one hundred days offers a new framing
regime catalyzing a seismic shift in a country
for the author to exhibit the historic and, for
in crisis: Adolf Hitler in Germany.
those alive in 1933, unforeseeable pace at
In Hitler’s First Hundred Days: When which the Nazi grip on Germany crystallized.
Germans Embraced the Third Reich, Peter The how and why of this transformation is the
Fritzsche, a renowned and prolific scholar of crux of the book, and what makes it especially
Nazi Germany, unpacks the shockingly rapid unique and refreshing is how Fritzsche almost
metamorphosis of the Weimar Republic serves as a tour guide, deftly and efficiently
into a fascist dictatorship. Fritzsche, author taking readers on a tour of early 1930s Germany
of ten previous books, often tends to focus to elucidate this incipient metamorphosis at a
his scholarship on the ways in which society grounded, everyday level.
and ordinary people process, navigate, and
An undercurrent throughout the book is
interact with the broader historical forces
the degree to which the Third Reich, despite
that surround them. Hitler’s First Hundred
its eventual global historical power and
Days follows this model, as Fritzsche uses
impact, was anything but inevitable. Fritzsche
newspapers, diary entries, cinema, music,
underscores this by opening the book with a
theater, and anecdotes to illustrate the
recounting of the circumstances that led to
profound—and, for contemporary readers,
Hitler’s appointment as chancellor by President
instructively unsettling—degree to which
Paul von Hindenburg. Both Hindenburg’s
Germany and German society changed in the
decision, and that of German National People’s
first three months of Hitler’s regime.
Party leader Alfred Hugenberg to accept new
In Hitler’s First Hundred Days, Fritzsche elections—a prerequisite for Hitler’s strategy
utilizes original research from primary sources to suffocate democracy in Germany—were
and builds on existing historical scholarship decisions that contemporary readers now
to produce an effort that is accessible to a understand to have led to disaster, but at the
mainstream audience and still useful and time, alternative decisions by either or both
provocative for those readers more familiar with and studied in the men that could have charted other historical trajectories were just as
subject of the Third Reich. Interestingly, the book does not follow a plausible. Indeed, late 1932 witnessed a downturn in Nazi political
classic chronological structure from Hitler’s first day as chancellor fortune at the ballot box, and the German press speculated that this
through his one hundredth. Instead, Fritzsche allocates a significant was a harbinger of the party’s ultimate demise after a few years of
portion of the first several chapters to properly sketch out the increasing successes. Fritszche’s emphasis on this inflection point
political, economic, and societal state of play in what turned out to is crucial so that readers do not get swept up into a presumption of
be the death throes of the Weimar Republic. After January 30, 1933, inevitability by the remarkable pace and success of the Nazi regime in
Fritzsche generally employs a chronological course, but it is more transitioning Germany from a republic to a fascist dictatorship.
thematic than linear, and events that occur well after the first hundred
Since Fritzsche focuses so much on the experiences of ordinary
days of Hitler’s rule—and indeed those that ensue well after 1933—
Germans, he spends a sizeable amount of time painting a detailed
are included when appropriate in order to demonstrate the ultimate
and textured portrait of life in late Weimar Germany—particularly
outcome of a particular initiative or policy that materialized in late
in Berlin. One element of this picture is an account of the political
winter or spring 1933. In particular, the final few chapters of the
parties. On the left were the Communists and the Social Democrats;
book stray from the “first hundred days” framing, with one chapter
in the middle, the Catholic Center Party; and on the right, the
devoted mainly toward the impact of the Nazi political revolution
German People’s Party, the German National People’s Party, and
outside of Germany and especially in neighboring France. But true
continued on Page 5
4THE BU L L E T I N OF T H E C A R O LY N A N D L E O N A R D MI L L ER CENTER F OR HOL OCAUST STUDIES SPRI NG 2021
Book Review , continued from Page 4
the Nazis. Fritzsche does work to debunk the persistent mainstream or cease their political affiliations and activities on the Left faced grave
misconception that the Nazis rode working class frustration in the physical consequences. Serious political opposition simply became
context of the Great Depression to great political heights by pointing untenable, and Fritzsche comments on how those political dissidents
out that affluent burghers were far more likely to vote for the National who were incarcerated in spring 1933 left a politically divided
Socialists than unemployed Germans. Strategically, the Nazis country but, upon release at the end of the year, returned to one that
operated in an anti-republican context already established by other had accepted Nazi rule. How much of this acceptance of the Reich
right-wing and conservative organizations and parties. But what was was active versus passive? And what portion was the result of consent
unique about the Nazis was their capacity to rekindle the collective, versus coercion? The answer is nuanced and not binary, but Fritzsche
unified national spirit and solidarity of 1914, as well as their ability to does point out that 1.6 million Germans joined the Nazi Party
marshal activism—and, as Fritzsche makes clear with specific regard between January 30 and May 1, 1933—though over eighty percent
to the Nazis, violence—in the streets on a level that could compete of these joined in the ten-day period between the announcement of
with the presence of the Social Democrats and Communists on the a ban on new members (April 20) and the day when the moratorium
left. This show of public force, exemplified by the brown-shirted took effect on the first of May.
SA, ultimately convinced the conservative nationalist elements of
The Nazis were particularly skilled at legitimizing their movement
the Weimar government, including Hindenburg, Hugenberg, and
by connecting and incorporating their ideals and mission with the
former chancellor Franz von Papen, that new elections and Hitler’s
legacy of the German past. “In no other period in modern history,”
appointment to the chancellorship would be the best solution to
Fritzsche writes, “did citizens identify their own personal happiness
resolve the current political impasse. Though the conservative hope
with the fate of the nation as much as Germans did in the 1930s.” To
that the Nazis could be tamed and ultimately co-opted for the sake
this effect, the Day of Postdam on March 21 provided a sense that
of political expediency seems impossibly naïve now, readers must
Hitler and the Reich were reigniting pride in German history and
again remember that enough of the Nazi ideological framework was
propelling the nation forward to even loftier heights after a decade
built on well-trodden paths blazed since 1918 by the German Right
and a half of indignity. Meanwhile, the Day of National Labor on
so that Hitler always remained a preferable alternative to conservative
May 1 represented a unique element of Nazi appeal—a right-wing,
nationalists when compared with the reviled Left.
nationalist party that professed to honor labor and unite the German
From January 30, 1933 onward, the Nazis quickly used the Volk across class lines in the collective spirit and solidarity of 1914.
machinery of the state to solidify their grip on power and transform According to Fritzsche, this was a direct and successful attempt by
German society from a republic to a Nazified state. Public spectacles Hitler to co-opt Social Democratic ideology and make it obsolete in
and the use of new media were integral in cementing the power Nazi Germany.
and command of the Reich, beginning on the night of Hitler’s
Perhaps Fritzsche’s most fascinating argument is the way in
appointment as chancellor with a torchlight parade in Berlin and a
which he frames Germany’s anti-Jewish legislation and initiatives
major speech by Hitler less than a fortnight later at the Sportpalast.
during the first hundred days. Beyond the manifestly devastating
By sheer fortune, Hitler’s ascent also coincided with the proliferation
impact on Jews wrought from the boycott on Jewish businesses on
of radio throughout Germany, giving Hitler and Goebbels a direct
April 1 and the ensuing Law for the Restoration of the Professional
connection to everyday Germans in their own homes. This was
Civil Service, Fritzsche examines how the presence of the boycott
particularly important because people trusted what they heard on the
and new legislation itself dovetailed with the conversion of German
radio–because of its directness and accessibility–more than what they
society into full-fledged National Socialism. Most Germans had
might read in a newspaper. With leverage over the communication
made the choice to conform at least passively with Nazi rule so as
apparatus of the state and the pretext of the Reichstag fire on February
to “participate in the new community,” and Nazi policy toward Jews
27, the Nazis were able to censor critical press coverage and use the
made it necessary for any German participant in society to begin—
SA to harass political opponents. As a result, the March 5 elections
if they had not already, which many had—to view life and society
were neither fair nor free—but they were the final elections to occur
through an explicitly racialized lens. Even the methods by which the
in Hitler’s Germany. Even with forty-eight percent of the vote going
Reich defined Jews, which forced Germans to follow their ancestry
to the Center and Left, the Right (led by the Nazis) had picked up
back to at least their grandparents, normalized and familiarized
enough additional support since the end of 1932 to take the next
ordinary Germans with the concept of othering Jews as aliens. As
step in consolidating their political power. As Fritzsche puts it, “The
Fritzsche puts it, “The remaking of Germany required the unmaking
week that followed the elections was the single most consequential in
of Jews. German life meant Jewish death.”
German history.” February had been a period of flux and of transition,
“but the frame of events tilted just a little bit every day after Hitler’s For something as prominent in historical memory as Hitler’s
appointment as chancellor and soon things started to slide out of place rise to power and the Nazification of Germany, it takes a concerted
at greater speed.” By the middle of March, according to Fritzsche— intellectual effort by an individual to detach oneself from the
just six weeks into Hitler’s chancellorship—the Weimar Republic was knowledge of what one knows did happen in order to assess effectively
finished. and objectively the events of late 1932 through 1933. Otherwise,
one will assume a level of inevitability or preordainment to Hitler’s
With the elections out of the way, the Nazis exploited their
ascent to power and lose the ability to evaluate the circumstances
initiative and ratcheted up attacks on Social Democrats, Communists,
that made it possible. Furthermore, such a fallacious and ahistorical
and Jews. Using harrowing accounts of individual acts of denunciation,
perspective inhibits one’s ability to recognize how truly stunning
violence, and middle-of-the-night abduction of those considered
and surprising it was that the Nazis were able to essentially complete
politically undesirable, Fritzsche tries to capture the pervasive fear
their political revolution within the first hundred days of Hitler’s
that infiltrated the mind, body, and even the subconscious of those
chancellorship. Peter Fritzsche’s Hitler’s First Hundred Days does a
unwilling or, for “racial” reasons, unable to submit to the Reich. The
remarkable service by intentionally setting out to disabuse anyone
risks of dissent, including confinement in newly opened concentration
of the notion that anything about Hitler’s appointment or his
camps, were not hidden from the public, and those who did not resign
continued on Page 6
5THE BU L L E T I N OF T H E C A R O LY N A N D L E O N A R D MI L L ER CENTER F OR HOL OCAUST STUDIES SPRI NG 2021
Book Review , continued from Page 5
subsequent ability to envelop German society under Nazi rule of the Third Reich going forward, and from a critical historical
was predestined. In Fritzsche’s words, “If history is continuity perspective, they will be all the better for it. And though historians
and discontinuity, resolution and catastrophe, it is also surprise are often understandably reluctant to project lessons from their own
and unanimity; a total fascist state that in January 1933 was highly scholarship onto contemporary matters, it may be difficult for current
contested and rather improbable was widely accepted and broadly readers of this book to not at least momentarily reflect on the fragility
realized one hundred days later.” As surprising and shocking as and precariousness of democratic government in the face of historical
they were, these first hundred days ultimately predicated the next forces that seek to undermine it—particularly when the threat may
twelve years of Nazi tyranny. Attentive readers will hopefully permit not register as existentially dangerous until it is too late.
this lesson to imbue their perspective on the history and trajectory
Kaelber and Steinberg Receive Course Development Grants
In January 2021 the Miller Center issued to faculty in the College of Arts and Sciences a call for proposals for new courses in Holocaust
Studies. A faculty committee composed of Professors Anne Clark (Religion), Susanna Schrafstetter (History), and Jonathan Huener
(History) reviewed the proposals and awarded course development grants to Professors Lutz Kaelber (Sociology) and Jonah Steinberg
(Anthropology) for the summer of 2021.
The grants, funded this year by the Ader-Konigsberg Endowment for Holocaust Studies, are intended to deepen and diversify the
Holocaust Studies curriculum at UVM, which serves students in the College of Arts and Sciences, including those pursuing a minor in
Holocaust Studies.
In the summer of 2022, Professors Antonello Borra (Romance Languages) and Hilary Neroni (English/Film and Television Studies)
will receive grants to develop courses in their respective fields.
Lutz Kaelber will be developing a course titled “Sociology of the Holocaust,” which will acquaint students with theories of deviance,
social control, and organizations in the social sciences—theories that have been employed by scholars such as Raul Hilberg and Christopher
Browning to study the Holocaust. Students will further engage in the study of specific related topics, including the history of “eugenics”
and “racial hygiene”; the marginalization of Jews, Sinti, and Roma; disability in Nazi Germany; the role of bureaucracies in the Holocaust;
comparative approaches to the study of genocide; and the extent to which nations have developed what is known as a collective memory
of the Holocaust. Kaelber is a specialist in the sociology of collective memory, crimes against children in Nazi Germany, and the social
theory of Max Weber. He is co-editor, with Raimond Reiter, of Kindermord und “Kinderfachabteilungen” im Nationalsozialismus: Gedenken
und Forschung (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2011).
Jonah Steinberg’s course, “The Romani Holocaust,” will be the university’s first and only course related to the global Romani population.
The genocide of Roma—sometimes called the Samudaripen or the Porrajmos in Romani—is traditionally underrepresented in scholarly
materials on and popular narratives of the Holocaust. The course will explore the targeting of Roma by the Nazis; their incarceration in
camps; modalities of the Nazi killing of Roma, including experimentation on humans; representations of Roma in propaganda; anti-Nazi
Romani resistance during the Holocaust; and recent advocacy to enhance public awareness about the Romani place in the Holocaust.
Filling critical gaps in both public knowledge and in institutional commitments, the course will confront contemporary modalities of
hate in which ties between the Samudaripen and current racist acts and policies reveal themselves. Steinberg has been engaged in Romani
studies for nearly three decades and currently holds a grant from the National Science Foundation that focuses on Roma populations. He
is also the creator and curator of a major museum exhibit (2023) at the Musée des Civilisations de l’Europe et de la Mediterranée (MuCEM)
in Marseille, France.
www.uvm.edu/cas/holocauststudies
6THE BU L L E T I N OF T H E C A R O LY N A N D L E O N A R D MI L L ER CENTER F OR HOL OCAUST STUDIES SPRI NG 2021
Update on the Ordinary Soldiers Project
By Col. (Ret.) Jody M. Prescott, UVM Class of 1983
With the support of the Miller Center this is largely the approach taken by many
for Holocaust Studies, the Ordinary Sol- militaries today in educating and training
diers: A Study in Ethics, Law and Leadership their troops in IHL, as well as by certain in-
lesson plan was developed and first taught ternational and civil society organizations.
at UVM in the spring of 2012. Now pub- Empirical Assessment in IHL Education
lished under the auspices of the U.S. Ho- and Training: Better Protection for Civilians
locaust Memorial Museum and the West and Detainees in Armed Conflict rejects this
Point Center for Holocaust and Genocide typical approach, which focuses heavily on
Studies, the Ordinary Soldiers lesson plan is the law itself as the reason why troops should
the result of a multidisciplinary team mak- follow it, and relies extensively on lawyers
ing a case study of the actions of a reserve in delivering it. This approach assumes that
Wehrmacht infantry battalion in German- education and training equals compliance in
occupied Belarus in early October 1941. the field, but empirical research over the last
A video explaining the Ordinary Soldiers two decades has established that although
lesson plan can be found on the U.S. Holo- education and training in IHL is, of course,
caust Memorial Museum’s website, www.ushmm.org/military/ important and required by international law, the relationship be-
case-studies. tween this instruction and compliance in the field is not as strong
The commander of the 1st Battalion, 691st Infantry Regi- as many have assumed.
ment, ordered each of his three maneuver company commanders Empirical Assessment argues instead that research data
to kill all of the Jews in their respective areas of operation. One shows that whether troops comply with IHL in combat situ-
commander, a member of the Nazi Party since 1929, complied ations depends on many different factors, of which the law is
immediately. A second commander, a World War I veteran, con- only one. Just as important, perhaps, is the example set by mili-
sidered the order and then rejected it outright. The third com- tary leaders in engaging with their subordinates in addressing
mander, also a World War I veteran, hesitated to comply with thorny moral and ethical dilemmas in armed conflict, the cred-
the original order and requested it in writing from the battalion ibility of the IHL instructors in the eyes of the troops, and the
commander. Once he received the written order, he directed the degree to which the troops have internalized the core principles
company’s first sergeant to gather a detail of soldiers together of IHL as part of a positive, shared military identity of honor-
and conduct the executions—while he returned to his office and able professionalism. Further, multidisciplinary teams of mental
handled administrative tasks. One illegal and behavioral health specialists, ethicists,
order given to three very similarly-situat- statisticians, and lawyers are probably bet-
ed small unit commanders—three very ter suited to develop effective lesson plans
different responses. Why? that can be delivered by leaders at all levels
This year, the lesson plan was taught than are lawyers alone. Finally, the entire
remotely at the Defense Institute for In- process must be data driven, with data col-
ternational Legal Studies (DIILS) to two lected on troops’ attitudes and behaviors
dozen international officers and civilian related to core IHL principles to deter-
legal advisors in the Law of Armed Con- mine whether in fact the education and
flict and Human Rights course, and to training is having its desired effects.
four classes of seniors in the Army ROTC In April 2021, in the American Red
program at Norwich University. This Cross’s national essay competition on
marks the seventh year the lesson plan education in IHL, the lead author’s essay
was taught at DIILS and the eighth year it capturing the main points of the book
was taught at Norwich. won first place. The essay will be posted on
These experiences teaching Ordinary the American Red Cross website and pub-
Soldiers were the impetus behind a new lished in its newsletter and will later be the
book by the lesson plan’s lead author. The subject of a podcast by the American Red
more often it was taught, the clearer it Cross on IHL education. Empirical Assess-
became that following international hu- ment will be published by Anthem Press in
manitarian law (IHL) in combat because late July 2021.
it is the law is not really a decisive factor
for many troops. Unfortunately, though,
7THE BU L L E T I N OF T H E C A R O LY N A N D L E O N A R D MI L L ER CENTER F OR HOL OCAUST STUDIES SPRI NG 2021
News from the Faculty
In the spring semester 2021, Antonello can and the Holocaust”; and taught two courses in the Holocaust Studies
Borra (Romance Languages) taught a class enti- curriculum, History 16/Modern Europe and History 115/The History of
tled “Turin: Identities and Cultures,” cross-listed Poland. Huener has received a Distinguished Fellowship from the Center
as Jewish Studies 096 and World Literature 095, for Holocaust Studies at the Institute for Contemporary History, Munich,
that investigated issues central to the identity of where he will be spending the fall 2021 semester and summer of 2022 re-
modern Italy as well as Jewish-Italian identity searching his next book, a history of the Reichsgau Wartheland, a region
and writing about the Holocaust. The authors of Poland annexed by Nazi Germany in 1939.
studied included Carlo Levi, Primo Levi, and Lutz Kaelber (Sociology) gave an online
Natalia Ginzburg. lecture, “A History of Eugenics,” with Patricia
Heberer for the United States Holocaust Memo-
Senior Lecturer An- rial Museum in the summer of 2020. He prepared
drew Buchanan’s (His- the following publications: “Willy und Horst
tory) research focuses on Strauss und die Hadamarer ‘Mischlingsabteilung’
US foreign relations and (1943 – 1945): Neue Forschungen,” Bad Em-
diplomatic, military, and ser Hefte 568 (2020); “‘Kinderfachabteilungen’
cultural history. His most im Nationalsozialismus als Einrichtungen, in denen behinderte Kinder
recent article, “Domesticat- und Jugendliche getötet wurden: Neuere Forschungen, Gedenkformen
ing Hegemony: Creating a Globalist Public, 1941-1943,” was published und Vergegenwärtigungen,“ p. 221–42 in Krankenmorde im Kinderkran-
in Diplomatic History in March 2021. Buchanan is currently working on kenhaus Sonnenschein in Bethel in der NS-Zeit?, edited by Claus Melter
a new book project with Bloomsbury Press, provisionally titled “The (Weinheim: Beltz/Juventa, 2020); “Geschiedenis van een Nederlands-
Long World War II: Revolution, Decolonization, and the Rise of Ameri- Duitse familie en de Holocaust,” Historiek January 25, 2021 (available
can Hegemony.” at https://historiek.net/geschiedenis-van-een-nederlands-duitse-fami-
Robert Gordon (Anthropolo- lie-en-de-holocaust/139818/); “Wolfgang und Günter Heinemann als
gy) retains his long-standing interest ‘jüdische Mischlinge ersten Grades’ im ‘Erziehungsheim’ Hadamar. Zur
in genocide, especially as it pertains Verfolgungsgeschichte einer Familie aus Schöningen,” Braunschweigisches
to minorities labeled as peripatetic. Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte 102 (2021); “Die ‘Mischlingsabteilung’ in
He is also interested in the role of Hadamar (1943-1945): Lebensgeschichten Nürnberger Kinder und Ju-
“experts” in these erasive practices gendlicher und ihrer jüdischen Elternteile,“ Mitteilungen des Vereins für
and in this regard has published Geschichte der Stadt Nürnberg (forthcoming); “Disability in Nazi Ger-
South Africa’s Dream: Ethnologists many: Memory of ‘Euthanasia’ Crimes and Commemoration of Their
and Apartheid in Namibia. (Berghahn 2021) and “The Voodoo Ethnolo- Victims,” in Dis/ability and Culture in German-Speaking Europe, edited by
gists of Omega,” South African Historical Journal 72 (3), pp. 386-404. Both Linda Leskau, Tanja Nusser, and Katherine Sorrels (Rochester: Camden
publications take as their point of departure an insight by Moritz Bonn House) (forthcoming); “Minderjährige ‘Jüdische Mischlinge’ im ‘Er-
that colonialism is not only exploitative but also ridiculous, and examine ziehungsheim’ in Hadamar (1943-1945) und ihre jüdischen Eltern,”
the role of social scientists, in particular anthropologists, in authorizing prepared for inclusion in a volume on Medical Murder at Hadamar,
and legitimating such policies. As part of the project on erasive practices, edited by Roland Leikauf (Cologne: Psychiatrie-Verlag, 2022); “Vor-
an article on servility has been accepted by the International Journal of Af- wort,”in Kindermord im Krankenhaus: Die Tötung behinderter Kinder im
rican Historical Studies. While there is a burgeoning literature on resistance Kinderkrankenhaus Rothenburgsort, by Andreas Babel, 3rd ed. (Bremen:
to erasive practices, relatively little work has been done on the nature of Edition Falkenberg, 2021).
compliance and servility in such situations. Dennis Mahoney (German and Russian)
Gordon has also been involved in a collaborative project entitled has come to the end of his eight years as President
When Tears Don’t Matter, with the internationally renowned photogra- of the International Novalis Society (since 2012),
pher Margaret Courtney Clarke, concerning the current plight of those but will continue to serve as coeditor of Blüten-
labeled “Bushmen.” This volume, to be published by the art house Steidl in staub: Jahrbuch für Frühromantik. Its most recent
Göttingen, Germany, is due out in October 2021. issue (2020) contains the proceedings of the 2016
conference on Novalis’s early Romantic Idea of re-
In addition to serving as director of the Miller ligion between Enlightenment, Protestantism, Ca-
Center, Jonathan Huener (History) brought to tholicism, and Judaism, including his own article
publication his most recent book The Polish Catho- on the topic “‘Zukunft in der Vergangenheit’: Novalis und die Jesuiten,”
lic Church under German Occupation: The Reichsgau 115–127. Together with Wolfgang Mieder, he has coauthored an article
Wartheland, 1939-1945, which appeared in Feb- in volume 37 of Proverbium: Yearbook of International Proverb Scholar-
ruary with Indiana University Press. He also con- ship (2020) entitled “‘Zollfrey sind Gedanken doch’: Sprichwörtliches
tinued his editorial work on the volume emerging in Friedrich von Hardenbergs (Novalis) Werken,” 173–206. He and his
from the most recent Miller Symposium, “Poland wife also provided an original translation of Heinrich Heine’s “Lorelei”
under German Occupation;” presented a paper on “Pope Pius XII and poem for Wolfgang Mieder’s volume “Was soll es bedeuten”: Das Lorelei-
Poland” at a symposium organized by the United States Holocaust Me- Motiv in Literatur, Sagen, Kunst, Medien und Karikaturen (Wien: Präsens,
morial Museum on “Unsettled Questions and New Directions: The Vati- 2021), 241.
continued on Page 9
8THE BU L L E T I N OF T H E C A R O LY N A N D L E O N A R D MI L L ER CENTER F OR HOL OCAUST STUDIES SPRI NG 2021
News From the Faculty, continued from Page 8
Wolfgang Mieder (German and Rus- participated on a panel of three faculty members examining the author
sian) published Schneewittchen. Das Märchen of a senior honors thesis about the contemporary reception of jurist Carl
in Literatur, Medien und Karikaturen (Wien: Schmitt, sometimes called the Kronjurist of the Third Reich.
Praesens Verlag, 2020), The Worldview of Susanna Schrafstetter (History) pub-
Modern American Proverbs (New York: Pe- lished After Nazism: Relaunching Careers in
ter Lang, 2020), “Mit dem Kopf durch die Germany and Austria, coedited with Thomas
Wand.” Sprichwörtliche Somatismen in der Schlemmer and Jürgen Zarusky. This publica-
modernen Lyrik (Burlington, Vermont: The tion is volume 5 of the German Yearbook for
University of Vermont, 2020), and Prover- Contemporary History, a series sponsored by the
bial Rhetoric for Civil and Human Rights by Leibniz-Institute for Contemporary History in
Four African American Heroes: Frederick Douglass, Martin Luther King, Munich, Germany, and published by University
Jr., John Lewis, Barack Obama (Burlington, Vermont: The University of Nebraska Press. She also published a chapter, “The Geographies of
of Vermont, 2020). He also edited the thirty-seventh volume of Pro- Living Underground: Flight Routes and Hiding Spaces of Fugitive Ger-
verbium. Yearbook of International Proverb Scholarship (Burlington, man Jews, 1939-1945,” in Lessons and Legacies 14: The Holocaust in the
Vermont: The University of Vermont, 2020). Among his articles are 21st Century: Relevance and Challenges in the Digital Age, edited by Tim
“‘Love Is Just a Four-Letter Word’: Sexuality and Scatology in Modern Cole and Simone Gigliotti. Susanna will be on sabbatical in the spring
Anglo-American Proverbs,” Proceedings of the Thirteenth Interdisciplin- and fall of 2022 and will be working on her project about German-Jew-
ary Colloquium on Proverbs at Tavira, Portugal, eds. Rui J.B. Soares and ish emigration to Fascist Italy.
Outi Lauhakangas (Tavira:Tipografia Tavirense, 2020), 15–40; “‘Es
geht doch nichts über einen gesunden Brei von Lügen und Phrasen’: Helga Schreckenberger (German
Sprichwörtliches in den Tagebüchern von Joseph Goebbels,” Proverbi- and Russian) published the article “Zeitzeu-
um, 37 (2020), 207–246; “‘Do Unto Others as You Would Have them genschaft und Selbstdarstellung in Hertha
Do Unto You’: The Golden Rule as an Emotional Appeal for Human- Paulis Der Riβ der Zeit geht durch mein Herz
ity in American History,” in Emotsional’naia sfera cheloveka v iazyke i (1970),” which analyzes the autobiographi-
kommunikatsii: Sinkhroniia i diakhroniia, edited by M.L. Kovshova and cal representation of Hertha Pauli’s exile
P.S. Dronov (Moskva: Institut Iazykosnaniia RAN, 2020), 237–261; experiences in France. She also published
and “‘Mit Haut und Haar’—Somatismen in der modernen Liebes- “Outcast—the Period from the ‘Anschluss’
lyrik,” Colloquia Germanica Stetinensia, 29 (2020), 131–156. He also to Exile in Egon Schwarz’s Autobiography
presented online lectures in Poland, Russia, Portugal, and at folklore Unfreiwillige Wanderjahre,” arguing that Schwarz’s most traumatic expe-
conferences in Oklahoma and Oregon. riences took place in post-Anschluss Vienna, before his forced emigra-
tion to Bolivia. Her article “Für ein unabhängiges Österreich: Stimmen
Jody Prescott (Environmental Stud- französischer Intellektueller in der Exilzeitschrift Nouvelles d’Autriche
ies and Computer Science) has continued (1939),” in Feuchtwanger Studies, ed. Daniel Azuelos and Andrea Bunzel.
to present the Ordinary Soldiers lesson (Berlin: Peter Lang, 2020, Ebook), 164-181, shows that the journal con-
plan to different military and civilian audi- stitutes an important document reflecting the French intellectuals’ sym-
ences over the last year, as well as teaching pathy for the Austrian exiles, as well as their rejection of the Anschluss.
cybersecurity law & policy again. In the Schreckenberger’s article on the Austrian writer Lilian Faschinger was
fall, he published two articles on gender reprinted in the volume Schriftstellerinnen 3. She hopes to travel to Vien-
in military operations, “Gender Blindness na this summer to continue her research at the Dokumentationsarchiv
in US Doctrine” in Parameters (the Army des österreichischen Widerstands.
War College journal) and “Moving from
Gender Analysis to Risk Analysis of Failing to Consider Gender” in the Alan E. Steinweis (History) is nearing
Royal United Services Institute Journal. On the basis of the articles, he was completion of his general (but brief) history
asked to be on a gender panel for the Civil Affairs Association’s annual of Nazi Germany, which will be published
conference in the fall. This spring, he delivered the keynote address to by Cambridge University Press. He looks
Military Gender Analysis Tool workshop hosted by the Nordic Centre for forward to a sabbatical semester in spring
Gender in Military Operations in Sweden, and he presented at the May 2022, during which he will work on his
training session of the 350th Civil Affairs Command for its officers and next project, a study of the November 1939
senior sergeants. Jody was selected as an adjunct scholar for the Modern failed assassination attempt on Hitler by the
War Institute at West Point for 2020/2021, and for UVM’s Outstanding German cabinetmaker Georg Elser. He devotes time to his responsi-
Part Time Faculty Teaching Award for 2020/2021. bilities as a member of the editorial board of the Vierteljahrshefte für
Zeitgeschichte and as a member of International Advisory Board for the
Robert Rachlin (German and Russian) document publication project The Persecution and Murder of the Euro-
continued his study of Greek with Professors pean Jews by Nazi Germany, a 16-volume German-Israeli project. He
Bailly and Franklin in the Classics Department. wrote two pieces for publication: “Kristallnacht and the Reversibility
His annual chamber music concert as pianist of Progress,” in Die Zukunft der Erinnerung: Perspektiven des Gedenkens
with violinist Kevin Lawrence was cancelled an Nationalsozialismus und Shoah, edited by Stefan Vogt, forthcoming
along with other programs, owing to the pan- from De Gruyter, and “Kristallnacht,” in The Cambridge History of the
demic. He continues to serve as a member of Holocaust, vol 1., edited by Mark Roseman and Dan Stone, forthcom-
the Advisory Board of the Miller Center and
continued on Page 10
9THE BU L L E T I N OF T H E C A R O LY N A N D L E O N A R D MI L L ER CENTER F OR HOL OCAUST STUDIES SPRI NG 2021
News From the Faculty, continued from Page 9
ing from Cambridge University Press. He published a book review G. Scott Waterman (Psychiatry) has re-
of New Perspectives on Kristallnacht: After 80 Years, the Nazi Pogrom tired from teaching but remains engaged in ac-
in Global Comparison, edited by Wolf Gruner and Steven J. Ross, in tivities related to the philosophy of psychiatry
Holocaust and Genocide Studies. The Holocaust Education Founda- and to Holocaust studies. He continues to serve
tion of Northwestern University awarded Steinweis its Distinguished on the Executive Council of the Association for
Achievement Award, which was supposed to be conferred at the bi- the Advancement of Philosophy and Psychiatry
ennial conference of the organization at the University of Ottawa in and to chair the Karl Jaspers Award Committee,
November 2020, but which has been postponed to November 2022. which annually selects the best paper by a stu-
Richard I. Sugarman (Religion) retired dent or trainee on a topic within that subdisci-
from the faculty at UVM at the end of the spring pline. His commentary (coauthored with Awais
semester 2021 (see article p. 2). He taught at Aftab of Case Western Reserve University), “Conceptual Competence
UVM for over 50 years. He served as an original in Psychiatry: Recommendations for Education and Training,” appeared
member of the faculty steering committee to es- in the April 2021 issue of the journal Academic Psychiatry. He remains
tablish the Center for Holocaust Studies at UVM. a member of the Advisory Board of the Miller Center for Holocaust
This past academic year he taught two courses at Studies and recently became chair of that body. He currently serves as
UVM for the HS minor: “Moral and Religious a volunteer Covid-19 vaccinator with the Medical Reserve Corps of the
Perspectives on The Holocaust” and an advanced seminar on Emmanuel Vermont Department of Health.
Levinas, widely regarded as the pre-eminent post-Holocaust Jewish phi- Steve Zdatny (History) has spent a quiet
losopher. In the latter course he used the new paperback edition that he Covid year teaching remotely and writing.
authored: Levinas and the Torah: A Phenomenological Approach, (Albany: Without the possibility of going to France for
State University of New York Press, 2020). In addition, he authored two research, Zdatny spent the summer writing
articles, one entitled “The End of Theodicy and the Emergence of the Eth- a couple of chapters of his book manuscript,
ical Rationality of Transcendence” (forthcoming in International Journal of which is a history of hygiene in modern France.
Continental Philosophy and Religion). The second is entitled “On Genera- He also wrote a number of book reviews, and
tional Responsibility and the Thought of Emmanuel Levinas” (forthcom- the spring of 2020 saw the publication of the
ing from Tenuvot Press). special issue of French Historical Studies on the
history of French fashion, which he coedited.
Zdatny became pretty proficient at using Teams—but, as his students
remind him several times a week, not perfect.
Holocaust Studies Courses Offered at UVM • 2020-2021
Fall 2020 Spring 2021
History 119 – Modern Jewish History (Steinweis) History 115 – History of Poland (Huener)
History 227 – Seminar: Nazism and Fascism (Steinweis) History 139 – Modern Germany (Schrafstetter)
Italian 195 – The Holocaust in Italian Literature and History 190 – The Holocaust (Steinweis)
Film (Borra) World Literature 017 – Postwar Germany and the
Religion 180 – Moral and Religious Perspectives on the Holocaust (Greer)
Holocaust (Sugarman)
World Literature 017 – Representing the Holocaust Fall 2021
(Greer)
History 191 – World War II (Buchanan)
History 227 – Seminar: Nazism and Fascism (Steinweis)
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