50 litres TPC with sCMOS-based Optical Readout for the CYGNO project - VCI 2022, 21-25 Feb 2022 - Vienna University of Technology - CERN Indico
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50 litres TPC with sCMOS-based Optical Readout for the CYGNO project VCI 2022, 21–25 Feb 2022 - Vienna University of Technology G. Mazzitelli on behalf of CYGNO/INITUM collaboration
why (objective)
CYGNO a large TPC for dark matter and neutrino study
exploiting the progress in commercial scienti c Active Pixel Sensors (APS) based
on CMOS technology to realise a large gaseous Time Projection Chamber (TPC) for
Dark Matter and Solar neutrino search.
low-energy (1–100 keV) nuclear recoils
105 beta/gamme rejection
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gas detector for DM & neutrino
“ionisation” detectors
solid, cryogenic
very low (O 10 eV) threshold
limited mass and scalability
liquid, cryogenic
medium (O 1000 eV) threshold
high sensibility and
scalability
gassous
low (O 100 eV) threshold
just some ideas to increase
sensitivity and scalability
detector gas pressure
low pressure atmospheric pressure high pressure
DRIFT
(negative Ion)
DMTCP NEWS-G
OPT with CCD (SNOLAB)
Ne:CH4
TREX-DM
(LSC)
Ne
CYGNO/INITIUM
nuclear recoil threshold
gassous
low (O 100 eV) threshold
just some ideas to increase
sensitivity and scalability
why light mass gaseous based TPC?
th = 30 keVnr
th = 4 keVnr
th = 1 keVnr
He LXe LAr
th
LIME prototype
objectives (1/18 of CYGNO modules)
• testing low background site “environments” not only from
the physics point of view but also to evaluate real costs,
and logistic issue for CYGNO project.
• testing and developing low radioactivity constructive
materials and devices
• measuring neutrons and gamma shielding and/or
rejection capability
• validating Montecarlo simulation
• testing DAQ, computing infrastructure, 3D clustering
reconstruction and analysis
• testing gas system ( ux, recycle, puri cation, recovery of
exhausted), optimal and echo gas mixture, negative ion
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LIME prototype
design
overground/underground rst phase:
• 50 cm drift made of Cu ring 33*33 cm
• 50kV Cu cathode (up to 1kV/cm)
• triple GEM stack ampli cation stage
• low radioactivity PMMA vessel
• a single sCMOS Active Pixel Sensors (APS)
HAMAMATSU camera + Schneider
commercial optics
• 4 PMT symmetrically placed around the
sensor for time shape
• Aluminum faraday cage
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LIME prototype
tracking performance
50 litres sensitive volume with an He/CF4
based mixture at atmospheric pressure
Example of a few cosmic tracks in LIME (Long Imaging ModulE)
LIME prototype
beta/gamma performance
while below 10 keV signals are spot-like,
electrons with larger energies travel in gas.
1 keV energy
resolution for 5.9
keV photons
95% collection ef iciency for
Drift Field of 0.75 kV/cm
good linearity response in the energy range 4.5 keV - 45 keV
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LIME prototype
overground performance The CYGNO Experiment. Instruments 2022, 6, 6.
https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments6010006
• distribution of the light content of the 6 keV nuclear recoil
55Fe events reconstructed from the
sCMOS images (left), and distribution of
the charge measured by the PMT
signals (right).
• behaviour of the normalised number of
55Fe spots as a function of the drift
electric eld (left) and event depth in
the sensitive volume (right)
• dependence of η on the left and ηPMT
on the right as a function of the track
distance from the GEM
• detection e ciency for nuclear recoils
(εtotal) as a function of their detected
energy for electron recoils e ciency of
4% (squares) and 1% (circles).
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LIME prototype site @ LNGS
site refurbishing
detector installed 2/2/22
experimental room
control room equipped with trolley to host LIME
Gas
system
experimental
room
oating oor, with tanks
collect water in case of fault
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flLIME prototype site @ LNGS
water vessel (example of environmental and cost constraint)
Jan-Mar PRA,
VIA and LIME TDRLIME prototype site @ LNGS
control room refurbishing
Gas bottle
distribution
system
CR status 8/2/22
Gas
system
control roomLIME prototype Montecarlo validation • one of the main objective of LIME is to validate the Montecarlo simulation fundamental for physics and contraction constraint of CYGNO • Moreover LIME shielded vs unshielded could make a relevant measurement of neutron ux in rage 1-100 keV • last but not least, LIME is the gym, in low background site, for data acquisition, reconstruction and analysis. fl
LIME underground second phase shielded
R&D
list of R&D in progress
• echo and optimal gas (because of CF4,
hydrogenate mixture) acrylic resistive foil test,
excellent uniformity but strong ageing
• negative ions optical readout (important
news probably next conference
demonstrating INITIUM project principle)
• low radioactivity materials and optics
• enhancing nuclear recoil and quantify the radon puri cation radioactivity sample musellements
quenching factor system lters
• saturation study, e ect and correction
• electroluminescence study of xed fused
silica focus lenses
(LOBRE SRL)
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ffHydrocarbons gas mixture
light (EL) yield study GEM
readout
• sigle GEM equipped with Large Area
Avalanche Photo Diode (LAAPD)
• He-40%CF4 + isobutane (5% of C4H10)
tested
• He-40%CF4 and He-60%CF4 + methane LAAPD
(X% ofCH4) under test readout
• The LAAPD detects the UV and visible
photons produced in the GEM avalanches.
Good light yield can still be achieved with small additions of isobutane.
Slight energy resolution degradation with increasing isobutane content.
• The addition of a e.g. 2% Isobutane
component reduces: by a factor 2.5 the
charge yield but only 30% the light yield.
EL and ⁵⁵Fe x-rays
peak ratio
The amount of EL photons emitted per avalanche
electron is constant for each gas mixture and inversely
proportional to the isobutane content.
w-value (silicon),
quantum efficiency, solid angle,
mesh transparencyCYGNO demonstrator
gassous
low (O 100 eV) threshold
just some ideas to increase
sensitivity and scalability
1m^3
CYGNO 1 m3 of HeCF4 60/40
(H, He light target, F target and quenching/light production)
CYGNO 1m3 * y
107 readout channels + time signals
18 cameras monitoring 330*330 mm 1 keVee
each with 150 μm resolution and a 2.15 keV per l'He
sensitivity of ~ 1 ph / 2 eV released in gas 3.12 keV per il C
3.75 keV per il F
ERC-INITIUM R&D on negative
ion for 3D reconstruction
x9…
x9…CYGNO (tech goal) to CYGNO 30 (physic goal) a realistic challenge • the objective of CYGNO is to demonstrate that we are able to build a real detector based on gaseous TPC equipped with OPTICAL read-out at atmospheric pressure. • this means to demonstrate the scalability of the readout and been able to reach the lower possibile background by means of optimal choice of materials in order to justify the investment of O(Meuro) in 30m3 detector, beyond any physical motivation
CYGNO detector estimation cost for 8 cameras
Plans
LIME —> CYGNO_04
CYGNO_04
CYGNO_1Conclusion
• The technology based on commercial scienti c Active Pixel Sensors (APS) con rm to be
very promising for the study of rare events at low energy
• LIME it’s successfully installed at LNGS and preliminary calibrations underground are
starting;
• the LIME scienti c plan foresees about one year of data taking in di erent shielding
con gurations to validate detection performance, Montecarlo, preliminary test on materials;
• the R&D roadmap is well de ned and is demonstrating very promising solutions to be
exploited in future gas TPCs optically read out for dark matter and neutrino detection;
• TDR for the CYGNO demonstrator is ongoing in order to start the installation at LNGS in
2023.
thanks you, and many thanks to LNGS and LNF for their continuous support to the CYGNO project!
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