Major Topics for the FINAL Closing Examination
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Major Topics for the FINAL Closing Examination
2019-2020
BBS – Faculty of Commerce, Hospitality and Tourism
Tourism Department
Tourism and Hotel Management
1. Analysis of the Hungarian Tourism Market (Considering the trends and tendencies in
the world and in the EU.)
a. Definition and components of the tourism market; environmental system and factors;
decision making factors in the tourism;
b. Tourism Satellite Account, Tourism System
c. Structure of the Hungarian Tourism,
d. Territorial aspects
e. Territorial (region, county, destinations, spa destinations, resort destinations) tourism
statistics of KSH; regional distribution of tourists (domestic, foreign in segmentation);
f. Hotel supply, accommodation, capacity (room number), demand (guest nights) structural,
category components and specialization, themes, regional tourism; market position and
market share ratio (Business, Boutique, Apartment, Conference, City, Resort, Sport,
Thermal, Wellness, Castle, Spa, Medical)
g. Economic characteristics (utilization, realised average prices, Revpar / trevpar, guest night
revenue index, etc.)
h. Market of travel enterprises, characteristics of activities, volume of organised inbound and
outbound tourism; agency profiles, market segmentation,
i. Selection of place for establishing a travel enterprise
j. Regulation (legal environment) – so important (gove rnmental and ministerial decrees,
orders)
k. Regional Tourism Committees, Tourism Destination Management, Municipalities
l. Development of the Hungarian tourism capacity
m. The six main factors of the external environment of the hotel operation (legal, political,
infrastructure, social, technology, economic)
n. Internal environment of the system of tourism, participant professions and enterprises
o. Characteristics of the EU market from supply and demand point of view
p. Conformation of economic environment, rates
2. The System of Management of the Domestic Tourism according to the related
regulations
a. Tourism representation in the Parliament, in Government Ministry, National Tourism
Committee, Public Administration level (county level, local level)
b. The Role, Status and Task of the Hungarian Tourism Office (Divisions of the Office)
c. Regional Touristic Committees and National Regional Development Coordination
(territorial delimitation, relations), Regional Marketing Office (relating regulations)
d. Local government laws which apply to the Counties’ Local Government
e. The role of different territorial levels in tourism (regions, counties, micro-region, Local
Government of the settlements) (relating regulations)f. The Touristic Target and its role – the numerously modified 14/2002 (XI. 16) decree of the
leading Minister of the Prime Ministerial Office relating to the usage and management of
the Touristic Target in details
g. Professional and Civil associations in tourism
3. The Economic and Sociological Importance of Tourism, Global Tourism in
Numbers, Tendencies
a. The characteristics of the geography of Hungary (international flow directions, central
location, attractions etc.)
b. the main data of the Hungarian guest turnover (statistics)
c. the domestic tourism (examination of the quality of life) and the international tourism
d. the role of the tourism in the national economy, the change of this in Hungary
e. international tourism income and expenses, contribution to income of the national economy
(balance of payments), taxation aspects
f. specific spending and the transformation of the spending system
g. Hague and Manila Declaration of Tourism
h. Sustainable tourism development and its conditions, ecological impacts, ecotourism.
i. Social impacts of tourism (segregation, irritation, isolation, hospitality)
j. Cultural impacts
k. Future hotel services and expectations
4. Legal Forms of Ownership and Operation of Tourism Enterprises. (Ownership and
operation schemes, structures in the hotel industry.)
a. Necessity to provide management with up-to-date information on an on-going basis;
essence and main components of statistics; decision preparation for business strategies,
business plans, developments, etc.
b. Types of travel enterprises; terms and conditions of establishment and operation
c. Types of travel enterprises according to the business pursued; competition on the domestic
market
d. Players in the hotel industry
e. Ownership structure
- Family owned hotels
- Individual Hotels
- Hotel Chain Hotels
Classical Chains Hotels
Franchise Chains Hotels
- Hotel Group Hotels
f. Using right of the hotels
- Owned or partly owned,
- Rental
- Leasing
- Timesharing
g. Operation schemes, structures
- Ownership and using
- Franchise
- Management
h. Characteristics of the ownership structure of tourismi. Legal forms of enterprises in the hotel industry: Plc. Ltd., etc.
j. Hotel industry developments; main trends, demand, supply, rooms, guest nights
k. Operations and importance of international hotel chains in Hungary
l. Characteristic features of the Hungarian tourism market
m. Features of market of the travel enterprises in Hungary
n. Criteria of entry to the market; licensing operation, registration – (applicable legal
regulations)
o. Incorporation: Hungarian Trade Licensing
-Office -spatial distribution of registered agencies
-indices of organised tourism based on statistics by the Central Office for Statistics
-foreign interests
p. Chambers of Economy
q. Professional associations (Hungarian and international)
5. Activities of Travel Agencies
a. Basic and non-basic businesses and their correlations
b. Process of designing and creating travel
c. Travel Agents’ work
d. Event organisation, party service
e. Criteria and special qualifications required for certain activities
-issuance of international rail tickets (MÁV requi rements)
-air ticket sales (IATA requirements)
-Currency exchange – Act XCIII of 2001; Government Decree 297/2001 (XII.27.) -
completion of special course and passing the respective examination for each of the three
above, technical and objective conditions
-Guiding – applicable regulations
-operation of private accommodation (Government Decree 110/1997) as amended several
times
- business travel (individual and groups)
f. Contracts at travel agencies
g. Contracts needed to create travel arrangements (direct call, contingent/allotments, lease,
guaranteed/commitments contracts, working as a cosignatory)
Legal forms of sales relationships (agency relationship, cosignatory relationship )
i. travel contract concluded with traveller – Governme nt Decree 281/2008
6. Traveller Protection in Organised Tourism
a. regulations on the registration of travel organisers and mediators; applicable law (see also
section 5)
-mandatory issuance in writing of the travel contract – Government Decree 281/2008
-Consumer Protection Act (Atc CLV of 1997)
-handling travellers’ complaints
7. Vindication of profitability and business policy aspects; pricing and price
implementation. (Calculations and subsequent calculations)
Hotels
a. the role of a marketing plan in hotel operationsb. theoretical and practical aspects of pricing; process of developing an offer price c. yield, revenue management, dynamic pricing d. sales aspects, sales channels, price segmentation e. distribution and reservation of accommodation f. Package prices, price implementation, package price splitting, special prices 8. Travel Enterprises a. Course of calculations at travel enterprises. Specifying offer prices (HUF, foreign currency) b. Determining the margin calculated; components of margin c. Reasons for differences between preliminary/pre-tour calculation and post-tour calculation; justification of the necessity of post-tour calculations d. General margin analysis, factors affecting margins e. Travel package 9. Setting Prices for Organised Travel a. Preliminary calculation -Objective: to set the price offer per person in case of inbound packages, or participation fee in case of domestic and outbound packages. -Application of the planned/estimated minimum number of the participants in case of package tours -Alternative costing system of coach companies’. -Calculation of VAT (changes!) b. Post-tour calculation -Its aim is to define the profitability of the tour -Calculation of the produced margins (net and gross profit margins of the tour) -Always contains all expenditures of the whole group 10. Issues in Cost Management: A Comparative Analysis Hotels: a. Concept of cost b. Grouping of costs c. Managerial decisions in cost management d. Forms of occurrence of costs e. Cost bearers in hotels, calculation of different level of overheads f. Calculation of break-even point g. Cost and cost level benchmarks h. Amount of trade costs, typical cost levels Travel enterprises: a. Cost structure of travel enterprises. Possibilities of reasonable cost saving. Measurement of cost saving, content of indicators. b. Essence and role of wage and staff number management c. Forms of waging, wage systems d. Elements of wage, the impact of each item on the efficiency of activity
11. The form Profit and Loss Account (Income Statement) and Issues in Analyzing Profitability Hotels: a. Aims and forms of Profit and Loss Account in hotels b. Profit and Loss Account of hotel activities c. Classification and content of revenues and costs d. Profit and loss levels and their evaluation, decision levels e. Profitability indicators f. Managerial decisions in revenue management Travel enterprises: a. Types of Profit and Loss Account according to the regulations of the Accounting Act, differences in content b. Special details of profit and loss – going beyond a ccounting summary data – for the analysis of travel enterprise activities (revenues, subcontractor expenditures, detailed statement of margin) c. Analyses of profitability, indicators of effectiveness and their content 12. The Goals (aim and objectives), Business Philosophies, Planning and Strategies of Hotel Enterprises Introduction of the most important areas of the essential areas of the hotel business (market, human, revenue, cost, assets, financial) b. The philosophy, credo, mission, strategy of the hotel operation c. Grouping the goals of hotels (market, human, economic) d. Short term Yearly planning “the Budget” e. Mid term Strategic planning f. Long term feasibility study g. action, project, forecasting plans h. Planning process of different plans i. Statistic method planning analysis, secondary resources 13. Investments and Re-construction Works in the Hotel Industry a. The concept of hotel development and investment b. Investments - re-construction - service development c. Investments (unavoidable, operational, strategic, real estate developing and assets developing) d. Contents of the feasibility study e. Necessary investment return calculations f. Yearly investment budget content and process 14. Human Resources and Asset Management. (Organizational structure of hotels, determining assets and human resources.) a. Demand of workforce and pattern b. Factors influencing demand c. Structure of wages and motivation d. Content of labour expenses and factors determining its level
e. Productivity (indicators)
f. Analysis and planning of labour, Human Resource Plan content
g. Education, retraining, trainings
h. Comparison and analysis of family owned, individual, chain and groups hotels’
organisational structures, HR policy and activity and department
i. Effective operation of resources, tasks of the administration and management
j. Asset requirements of the hotel industry
k. Asset management
l. Administrative decisions of profitability management
m. Typical asset requirements of hotels: specialty originating from the real estate, hotel sales,
medical services and other activities
n. Administrative and management characteristics of different types of hotels (for example
medical, wellness, castle, holiday, conference, /package, sales, administration, required
guests)
15. Financial management (Financing)
a. Types of financing activities, liquidity ( definition, indicators), setting up a Financial plan
b. Analyses
-Analysis of liquidity and cash flow
-Financial planning (direct and indirect methods)
-Revenues and Expenses (In the hotel industry as well)
c. Comparative analysis of the hotelier’s and tourism enterprise’s financial management
16. Creation/formation of the Marketing Concept and its Implementation
a. Aims and objectives of the marketing concept
b. Situational analysis
c. Forecasting
d. Corporate goals, vision
e. Corporate strategy
f. Objectives of marketing
g. Marketing strategy (product policies, pricing policies, distribution channel policies,
marketing-communication policies)
h. Targeting and expansion of the product portfolio
17. Practical Application of the Marketing Mix within tourism companies
a. Special features of tourism marketing
-Product policies
-Pricing policies
-Distribution channel policies
-Marketing-communication policies in tourism enterprises
b. Example: marketing of some hotel type specific tourism services/products, and sales
methods/channels
18. Practical Implementation of the Marketing Communication Mix (4Ps)
a. Contents of the marketing communication mix
b. Advertisementc. PR (internal, external, target groups, tools of PR) d. Forcing sales e. Personal selling f. Sponsorship g. Positioning h. Direct marketing 19. Tasks and functions of HRM a. Planning the organization b. Resourcing c. Performance appraisal (evaluation) d. Personal development e. Motivation f. Labor relations g. Strategic, implementing, interactive aspects h. Difference between HRM and traditional employment practices i. Difference between organization, role, operation, planning, economic management, control and labor relations (SHRM model) 20. Characteristics and the Role of Hungarian SMEs in Tourism a. Role of SMEs in market economy / tourism b. Characteristics of an entrepreneur c. Picture of the SMEs in Hungary d. Legal considerations e. Difficulties of entering the market (for SMEs) f. Supporting and encouraging SMEs g. Difficulties of changing and developmental perspectives of tourism SMEs 21. Special Economic Characteristics of Tourism SMEs a. Role of the business planning in SMEs b. Importance of the planning from the point of investor, management and bank c. Need of information in business planning d. Risk inquiry of the business in the planning process e. Regulations regarding tourism SMEs f. Cost types and cost control g. Financing SMEs (from loans) h. Operation of tourism SMEs, its characteristics and economic management 22. Program Organisation as a branch of tourism; its significance and organizational features a. Economic and social significance of conference and even tourism; situation in Hungary b. Market features c. Classification of program and their characteristics d. Segmentation of the program market e. Role of the PCO f. Synthesis of program organization and tourism
-Marketing
-Contracts
-Scenario
-Calculations
g. Objective and staffing criteria for event organization
h. Institutional system of congress tourism in Hungary (MARESZ, NTÜ – Marketing
Directorate – including the Product Group to comple te the tasks of the former Congress
Office as well); Budapest Congress & World Trade Center, Hungexpo, Palace of Arts)
i. Difference of Tour operator and Event Organization Companies
j. Major venues in Budapest and in the countryYou can also read
