#10 THE STORY OF SARDINIA - CASE STUDY - Zero Waste Europe
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THE STORY OF SARDINIA
CASE STUDY
#10
Fifteen years ago Sardinia was Italy’s
worst performing region in waste
management. Today, it is the best
performing island in the Mediterranean.
Who said Zero Waste cannot work in tourist
destinations?
Case study 1
HOW THE SYSTEM
WORKS IN ITALY
Waste management powers in It- a Regional Programme for Biowaste Sardinia was until
aly are distributed between differ- within its Waste Management Plan 2003 in the rearguard
ent authorities. Municipalities are with a clear principle: while untreat- of Italy and Europe in
in charge of separate collection of ed biowaste was a hazard, if sorted terms of waste man-
waste, supra-municipal authorities and treated separately, it could be a agement. With a sep-
(provinces or districts) are in charge benefit for the environment. The plan arate collection rate
of waste treatment, and regions have intended, hence, to make sure that of 3.8%, this popular
set up waste management plans and biowaste stopped being a nuisance tourist island used to
coordinate the provincial and local for the environment in landfills and send all the remain-
policies. that it became a benefit for soils as ing waste to landfills
compost. and incineration.
A smooth coordination between all
three levels is therefore key to en- The Programme set out the following However, a strat-
sure that transition happens. In this measures: egy based on the
case, the Region of Sardinia has promotion of sepa-
managed to drive policies effectively, > Compulsory separate collection of rate collection with
setting up the right rules and incen- biowaste, including staged capture particular attention
tives for municipalities and guiding rates targets, aiming at collecting, at to bio-waste, and a
principles for provinces and districts least 105 kg of biowaste per inhabi- carefully designed
to move forward. tant by 2018. system of incentives
in combination with
HOW IT ALL BEGAN > An increase of the landfill tax from several municipali-
the minimum set up in Italian law ties championing the
Starting from scratch, national and back then (10€/t) to the maximum transition towards
European targets on waste manage- (25.8€/t). zero waste, is deliv-
ment were the main first drivers for ering results. In 2016
Sardinia to start rethinking their sys- > The introduction of a bonus/malus Sardinia collected
tem. The Landfill directive set staged system on the cost of residual waste separately 56% of its
targets on biowaste diversion from management, to reward or penalize waste, and plans to
landfills and the prohibition of land- municipalities on the basis of their reach 80% by 2022
filling untreated waste. performance. over the whole is-
land.
These obligations were far from > The promotion of door-to-door as
reality in 2003, with only two mu- the preferred model for separate
nicipalities collecting biowaste in collection of waste, along with pay-
Sardinia and the average sepa- as-you-throw schemes and home
rate collection at 3.8%. However, in composting
2004 the Region of Sardinia set up
Case study 2
SYSTEM OF INCENTIVES
Through its Waste Management Plan
of 2008, the region of Sardinia intro-
duced a system of incentives aimed
at rewarding those municipalities
with high separate collection rates,
while penalising those lagging be-
hind. Although initially planned for
a couple of years, the effectiveness
of the system has meant that it has
remained in place for over 10 years.
The system is simple: the region sets
a target separate collection rate that
is slightly above the average to truly
incentivise improvement. This target
is reviewed periodically. Except for
a certain amount in the middle that
keep balanced, those municipalities
below the target have a surcharge
on the residual waste disposal cost,
while those above the target rate
receive a bonus on it. The system is
fully balanced internally.
Case study 3
TWO ZERO WASTE STARS
ORISTANO One civic amenity is available on
the outskirts of the city and comple-
Oristano is Sardinia’s best perform- ments the door-to-door collection.
ing provincial capital. With door-to- In the past they had bring-in points
door collection covering its 32,000 to provide flexibility to tourists and
inhabitants, the town has reached residents, but these easily became
75.6% separate collection and 117 hotspots for illegal dumping. Today, 6
kg per inhabitant of residual waste in mobile collection points have proved
2016 and reached over 80% in 2017 to work efficiently in providing extra
without pay-as-you-throw. flexibility to residents and tourists,
while reducing the illegal dumping.
The town introduced door-to-door
separate collection in 2009, some The town hall is happy with the tran-
years after the neighbouring munic- sition and with the results, although
ipalities. Oristano was particularly they aim at getting beyond and
driven by its willingness to take the reaching 90% separate collection.
lead as provincial capital, and the The municipality is preparing a new
sudden increase they had seen in contract for waste collection that in-
residual waste bins (30% increase tends to include pay-as-you-throw
in two years) coming from neigh- schemes and a reduction of the col-
bouring towns with door-to-door, lection of residuals from once a week
which typically occurs when a mu- to fortnightly, This contrasts with non
nicipality with roadside containers is zero waste Italian cities that often
surrounded by other municipalities collect mixed waste between three
collecting waste door-to-door. times weekly and daily. In this case,
high capture of organics reduces the
The transition was very smooth, fermentability of residual waste and,
particularly because of a decreasing hence, the need of such regular col-
level of tolerance from the adminis- lection.
tration towards low quality sorting
that has allowed citizens to adapt Results of Oristano:
Results of Oristano:
progressively.
2008 2016 Difference
Residual waste 495.83 kg/inhab 117.27 kg/inhab -76%
Separate collection 10.81% 75.61% +64.8%
rate
• Tortolì
Tortolì is a touristy coastal town in Eastern Sardinia of eleven thousand people.
Very well known for its beaches, the town gets very busy in the high season,
seeing its population increase three times in the summer period.
Back in 2013, Tortolì was at 55% separate collection and already collected door-
to-door, but had stagnated for some years. A new contract and more stringent
rules for participation were brought in 2013. Tortolì today reaches 90% separate
collection and barely produced 53kg of residual waste per inhabitant in 2017.
Four civic amenity sites complement the system, allowing citizens to have greater
flexibility; one of these is located on the coast to serve the tourists.
Tortolì’s success largely depends on two factors. Firstly, the municipality is fully
aligned with the company collecting waste. In this regard, the municipality is
engaged in supporting control of proper separate collection of waste and to
widely communicate about the need to sort.
Secondly, Tortolì took into account its tourist sector, directly engaging with hotels
and camping sites to convince companies to shift internally. Similarly to
households, hotels and camping sites have to meet high quality sorting, as
unsorted waste doesn’t get collected. Once the HORECA (food services industry) Case study 4
sector was made aware of the direction and the main objectives, they have proved
to organise themselves effectively to drive separate collection in their
establishments.Results of Oristano:
about the need to sort.
TORTOLI 2008 2016 Difference
Residual waste 495.83 kg/inhab
Secondly, Tortolì took into account -76%
117.27 kg/inhab
Separate collection
Tortolì is a touristy coastal town in its tourist75.61%
10.81% sector, directly engaging +64.8%
rate
Eastern Sardinia of eleven thou- with hotels and camping sites to
sand people. Very well known for its convince companies to shift inter-
beaches, the town gets very busy in nally. Similarly to households, ho-
• Tortolì
the high season, seeing its popula- tels and camping sites have to meet
Tortolì is a touristy coastal town in Eastern Sardinia of eleven thousand people.
tion increase three times in the sum- high quality sorting, as unsorted
Very well known for its beaches, the town gets very busy in the high season,
mer period.
seeing its population increase threewaste timesdoesn’t get collected. Once
in the summer period.
the HORECA (food services industry)
Back
Back inin2013,
2013, Tortolì
Tortolì was
wasat 55% sep- separate
at 55% sector was made aware
collection andofalready
the direc-collected door-
arate collection
to-door, but had and already collect-
stagnated for sometion and Athe
years. newmain objectives,
contract andthey
more stringent
rules
ed for participation
door-to-door, but hadwere broughthave
stagnated in 2013.
provedTortolì today
to organise reaches 90% separate
themselves
collection
for someand barely
years. A newproduced
contract and53kgeffectively
of residual waste
to drive per inhabitant
separate collec- in 2017.
Four civic
more amenity
stringent sites
rules for complement
participa- tionthein system, allowing citizens to have greater
their establishments.
flexibility;
tion wereone of these
brought is located
in 2013. Tortolì on the coast to serve the tourists.
today reaches 90% separate collec- Visual signs for sorting (instead of
Tortolì’s
tion andsuccess largely53kg
barely produced depends
of re- onwritten
two factors.
ones) andFirstly,
some the municipality is fully
translated
aligned
sidual waste per inhabitant in 2017. versions on the beaches have municipality
with the company collecting waste. In this regard, the also is
engaged in supporting control of proper separate collection of waste and to
Four civic amenity sites complement helped reaching out more easily the
widely communicate about the need to sort.
the system, allowing citizens to have floating population.
greater flexibility; one of these is lo-
Secondly, Tortolì took into account its tourist sector, directly engaging with hotels
andcated on the coast to serve the tour- Despite the good results, Tortolì still
camping sites to convince companies to shift internally. Similarly to
ists.
households, hotels and camping sites thinks
havethat
to there’s margin
meet high for im-
quality sorting, as
unsorted waste doesn’t get collected. provement
Once thewith regards(food
HORECA to waste
services industry)
Tortolì’s
sector wassuccess
madelargely
awaredepends on prevention,
of the direction and thefor main
instance by reward-they have proved
objectives,
to organise
two factors.themselves effectively toingdrive
Firstly, the municipality thoseseparate collection
who prevent in their
waste, and
establishments.
is fully aligned with the company col- offering adaptability and flexibility
lecting waste. In this regard, the mu- of door-to-door collection. The fore-
Visual signsisfor
nicipality sorting
engaged in (instead
supportingof written ones) and some
seen implementation translated versions on
of pay-as-you-
thecontrol
beaches have also helped reaching out more easily the
of proper separate collection throw will also provide a fundamen-floating population.
of waste and to widely communicate tal driver for further improvement.
In any case, the city officials confirm it “the system worked overnight”.
2014 2017 Difference
Residuals 3325 t 591 t -78%
Waste generation 6008 t 5465 t -9%
Despite the good results, Tortolì still thinks that there’s margin for improvement
with regards to waste prevention, for instance by rewarding those who prevent
waste, and offering adaptability and flexibility of door-to-door collection. The
foreseen implementation of pay-as-you-throw will also provide a fundamental
driver for further improvement.
Case study 5RESULTS
Although still far from perfect, Sar- ly, moving from 520 kg per inhabitant
dinia is today the best performing in 2003 to 443 kg per inhabitant in
island in the Mediterranean in terms 2016.
of waste management, and sits at
the forefront of Italian and European These two figures combined result
regions. in a significant reduction of resid-
ual waste that has decreased from
The focus on bio-waste separate col- 500 kg per inhabitant in 2003 to 176
lection and the incentives to reduce kg per inhabitant in 2016. Although
Results
residuals have proved very effective there is still large room for improve-
Although
to drive still far from
a fast perfect,Indeed,
transition. Sardinia is todaythe
ment, the significant
best performing islandofin the
reduction
Mediterranean in terms of waste management, and sits at the forefront of Italian
separate
and collection
European rates in Sardin- residual waste has made the island
regions.
ia have improved year on year since significantly less dependent on large
The
the focus on bio-waste
obligation separate
of separate collection
collection and the
facilities forincentives
disposal, to reduce
raising residuals
ques-
have proved very effective to drive a fast transition. Indeed, separate collection
of biowaste, reaching 60% in 2016. tions for the need of the two incin-
rates in Sardinia have improved year on year since the obligation of separate
collection of biowaste, reaching 60% in 2016. erators currently in operation on the
At the same time, waste generation island.
At the
per samehas
capita time, waste generation
decreased consistent-per capita has decreased consistently, moving
from 520 kg per inhabitant in 2003 to 443 kg per inhabitant in 2016.
Separate collection of waste in
SEPARATE COLLECTION OF WASTE IN SARDINIA IN %
Sardinia (%)
60,15
56,37
53
50,86
47,11 48,5
44,87
42,5
34,7
27,8
19,8
9,9
3,8 5,3
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Evolution of waste generation, separate Evolution of waste generation,
collection and residuals in kgs per inhab separate collection and residu-
600 als (kg) per inhabitant
500
400
300
200
100
0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Separate collection Residuals Waste generation
Case study 6
These two figures combined result in a significant reduction of residual waste thatCHALLENGES &
LOOKING FORWARD
CHALLENGES 2016, the Region is looking beyond
the level of ambition of the European
Moving beyond current performance Commission and has set very ambi-
will require getting large cities in- tious targets by 2022, among which:
volved that still lag behind in sepa-
rate collection and biowaste capture. > 70% recycling target
Cagliari, the capital of the island and > 80% separate collection of waste
its largest city, wants to boost its
poor separate collection rates, cur- > 10% reduction on the relation be-
rently based on the use of roadside tween waste and GDP on the basis
containers, through the introduction of 2010
of door-to-door separate collection
in 2018. Sassari (the second largest In order to meet these targets, the
city) and Alghero (the fifth largest regional government aims at rolling
one) are also planning this move by out door-to-door separate collec-
then. The success of these transi- tion and pay-as-you-throw schemes
tions will definitely impact the num- across the whole island. Additional-
bers of the whole island. ly, the Region is planning to raise the
target of separate collection set out
LOOKING FORWARD for the system of incentives that is
currently at 65% to avoid penalties,
Despite the good results so far, in and 70% to get rewarded.
its new Waste Management Plan of
For more information visit:
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Twitter @zerowasteeurope
Sources
ISPRA
Sardegna Ambiente
Municipality of Oristano
Municipality of Tortolì
ISPRA and Sardegna Ambiente 2017 Case study 7Zero Waste Europe was created to empower communities to rethink their relationship with the resources. In a growing number of regions, local groups of individuals, businesses and city officials are taking significant steps towards eliminating waste in our society. Case study by Ferran Rosa Visual design by Petra Jääskeläinen Zero Waste Europe 2018 Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Zero Waste Europe gratefully acknowledges financial assistance from the European Union. The sole responsibility for the content of this event materials lies with Zero Waste Europe. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the funder mentioned above. The funder cannot be held responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. Case study 8
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