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YOUTH EMPOWERMENT THROUGH AGRICULTURE (YETA) F I N A L E VA L UAT I O N R E P O R T 2015–2019 C O N D U C T E D BY: U L I N Z I I N N OVAT I O N S CO N S U LT L I M I T E D P LOT 2 6 1 , B LO C K 2 3 0 , C A N H E R I TAG E R I S E K I R E K A- N A M U G O N G O R D. P.O. B OX 3 6 0 5 0 , KA M PA L A E M A I L : U L I N Z I . I N N OV @ G M A I L .CO M TEL:+256 4 1 4 6 9 6 9 6 6 /07 7 24 3 4 1 9 0/07 7 2 5 5 24 37
TABLE OF CONTENTS
6 AC K N OW L E D G E M E N T S
7 E X E C U T I V E S U M M A RY
S U M M A RY TA B L E O F Y E TA P R OJ E C T AC H I E V E M E N T
16 I N T R O D U C T I O N A N D B AC KG R O U N D
16 INTRODUCTION
12 B AC KG R O U N D
O B J E C T I V E O F T H E P R OJ E C T
16 T H E O RY O F C H A N G E
P U R P O S E A N D O B J E C T I V E S O F T H E F I N A L E VA L UAT I O N
SCOPE OF THE ASSIGNMENT
20 A P P R OAC H A N D M E T H O D O LO GY
20 G E N E R A L A P P R OAC H
20 S T U DY D E S I G N
20 S A M P L E S I Z E D E T E R M I N AT I O N
Q UA L I TAT I V E DATA CO L L E C T I O N M E T H O D S
23 E VA LUAT I O N F I N D I N G S
23 H O U S E H O L D D E M O G R A P H I C I N F O R M AT I O N
25 R E L E VA N C E O F T H E Y E TA P R OJ E C T
A L I G N M E N T TO N AT I O N A L P R I O R I T I E S , P L A N S , P O L I C I E S
CO N F O R M I T Y W I T H D E V E LO P M E N T G OA L S A N D S T R AT E G I E S O F
M A S T E R C A R D F O U N DAT I O N A N D N C B A C L U S A
A L I G N M E N T TO G LO B A L P R I O R I T I E S A N D M A N DAT E S
CO N S I S T E N C E W I T H R E G I O N A L P R I O R I T I E S A N D C O M M I T M E N T S
A L I G N M E N T TO PA R T I C I PA N T N E E D S A N D P R I O R I T I E S
A P P R O P R I AT E N E S S O F T H E Y E TA YO U T H E M P OW E R M E N T M O D E L
27 EFFECTIVENESS
27 R E S U LT A R E A 1 : F O R M A N D S T R E N G T H E N YO U T H A S S O C I AT I O N S
F O R M AT I O N O F YO U T H A S S O C I AT I O N S
S T R E N G T H E N I N G YO U T H A S S O C I AT I O N S
34 R E S U LT A R E A 2 : I M P R OV E W E L L- B E I N G A N D CO N F I D E N C E
T H R O U G H E N H A N C E D F O U N DAT I O N A L S K I L L S
YO U T H I N VO LV E D I N R I S KY B E H AV I O R
YO U T H E M P OW E R E D W I T H K N OW L E D G E O N S R H A N D FA M I LY
P L A N N I N G TO M A N AG E B E H AV I O R A L O U TC O M E S
F I N A L E VA L U A T I O N R E P O R T 1
YO U T H ACC E S S TO S R H A N D FA M I LY P L A N N I N G S E R V I C E S
43 R E S U LT A R E A 3 : I N C R E A S E ACC E S S TO F I N A N C I A L S E R V I C E S
YO U T H ACC E S S TO I N F O R M AT I O N F R O M F I N A N C I A L S E R V I C E P R OV I D E R S
F O R M A L A N D I N F O R M A L S AV I N G M E C H A N I S M S F O R YO U T H
48 R E S U LT A R E A 4 : D E V E LO P T H E T E C H N I C A L A N D E N T R E P R E N E U R I A L
S K I L L S TO S TA R T A N D M A I N TA I N B U S I N E S S E S
F O R M A L A N D I N F O R M A L S AV I N G M E C H A N I S M S F O R YO U T H
E N G AG E M E N T I N AG R I C U LT U R A L E N T E R P R I S E AC T I V I T I E S AS A S O U R C E O F I N CO M E FO R YO U T H
E S TA B L I S H M E N T O F YO U T H AG R I C U LT U R A L E N T E R P R I S E S
I N C R E A S E AG R I C U LT U R A L E N T E R P R I S E S O R E M P LOY M E N T A S S O U R C E O F I N C O M E S
I N C R E A S I N G Y I E L D S F R O M AG R I C U LT U R A L E N T E R P R I S E S
YO U T H S AT I S FAC T I O N W I T H T H E I R E M P LOY M E N T [ S E L F - E M P LOY E D A N D E M P LOY E D]
T H E M A S T E R C A R D F O U N DAT I O N L I V E L I H O O D S I N D I C ATO R S
A S S E T S OW N E R S H I P BY YO U T H
ACC E S S TO A N D OW N E R S H I P O F L A N D
61 E F F I C I E N C Y O F N C B A C L U S A-Y E TA A P P R OAC H A N D D E L I V E RY
66 S U S TA I N A B I L I T Y
A S S E S S M E N T O F YO U T H C U R R E N T A N D F U T U R E B U S I N E S S S TA B I L I T Y A N D V I A B I L I T Y
T H R E AT S TO S U S TA I N A B I L I T Y
70 S U CC E S S S TO R I E S A N D C A S E S T U D I E S
74 LESSONS LEARNED AND KEY CHALLENGES
75 CO N C L U S I O N S A N D R E C O M M E N DAT I O N S
7 8 A N N E X E S
7 8 A N N E X 1 A : S A M P L E S I Z E C A L U C L AT I O N
80 ANNEX 1B: SAMPLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
8 0 A N N E X 2 : L I S T O F D O C U M E N T S R E V I E W E D
8 2 ANNEX 3: LIST OF KII RESPONDENTS
F G D PA R T I C I PA N T S
PEER LEADERS
91 A N N E X 4 : N C B A C L U S A Y E TA P R OJ E C T O R G A N O G R A M
9 2 OV E R A L L AT TA I N M E N T O F Y E TA P R OJ E C T TA R G E T S
2 Y O U T H E M P O W E R M E N T T H R O U G H A G R I C U LT U R E
LIST OF FIGURES
24 FIGURE 1: Distribution of Respondents
28 FIGURE 2: Parameters for Formation and Strengthening of YAs
31 FIGURE 3: Funding from Government Programs to Youth Associations
31 FIGURE 4: Youth Involved in Risky Behavior
37 FIGURE 5: Risky Behaviors Among Youth
38 FIGURE 6: Occurrence of Multiple Sex Partners by Sex of Respondent
39 FIGURE 7: Youth Empowered with Knowledge on SRH and FP
40 FIGURE 8: Youth Access to SRH and Family Planning Services
40 FIGURE 9: Benefits Accrued From Mentorship to Youth
42 FIGURE 10: Sense of Confidence Among Youth
44 FIGURE 11: Youth Access to Information from Financial Service Providers
45 FIGURE 12: Formal and Informal Saving Mechanisms for Youth
46 FIGURE 13: Sources of Agricultural Loans for Youth
49 FIGURE 14: Performance in Youth Gaining Knowledge and Skills by Age and Districts
49 FIGURE 15: Areas of Training in Agro Enterprise
50 FIGURE 16: Service Provision by Value Chain
51 FIGURE 17: Details of CBSP Services by Value Chain
52 FIGURE 18: Youth Engagement in Agricultural Enterprises as a Source of Income
53 FIGURE 19: Youth Engagement by Type of Employment
54 FIGURE 20: Establishment of Youth Agricultural Enterprises by Category
54 FIGURE 21: Youth Engagement in Agricultural Enterprises or Employment as Source of Income
55 FIGURE 22: Youth Approaches to Marketing
56 FIGURE 23: Crop Yields for Common Staples in Uganda
56 FIGURE 24: Increasing Yields from Agricultural Enterprises
57 FIGURE 25: Youth Satisfaction with Their Employment
58 FIGURE 26: Perception of Youth Towards Wage Pay
59 FIGURE 27: Asset Ownership by Youth
60 FIGURE 28: Type of Assets Owned by Youths
66 FIGURE 29: Youth Business Survival
F I N A L E VA L U A T I O N R E P O R T 3
L I S T O F TA B L E S
29 TA B L E 1 : Summary of Outcome Attainment
29 TA B L E 2 : Summary of Result 1 Performance: Youth Association are Formed and Strengthened
35 TA B L E 3 : Summary of Indicators in Result Area 2
43 TA B L E 4 : Summary of Indicators in Result Area 3
48 TA B L E 5 : Summary of Indicators in Result Area 4
53 TA B L E 6 : Gross Margin Analyses for Supported Enterprises
59 TA B L E 7 : The Mastercard Foundation Livelihood Indicators
63 TA B L E 8 : Value for Money Assessment
65 TA B L E 9 : Summary of Budget and Expenditure
4 Y O U T H E M P O W E R M E N T T H R O U G H A G R I C U LT U R E
L I S T O F AC R O N Y M S PWDs People with Disabilities
ASSP Agriculture Sector Strategic Plan R AC Regional Advisory Committee
AYC African Youth Centre RFP Request for Proposal
CBSP Community Based Solutions Provider SDIP Social Development
Sector Investment Plan
CV Curriculum Vitae
SPSS Statistical Package for Social Sciences
FA s Farmer Association
SRH Sexual Reproductive Health
FA L Functional Adult Literacy
SSU Secondary Sampling Unit
FGDs Focus Group Discussion
STI Sexual Transmitted Infection
FP Family Planning
To R Terms of Reference
GAP Good Agronomic Practices
UWEP Uganda Women
GEM Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Entrepreneurship Program
GMR Global Multi Poverty Indicator VS L A Village Savings and Loans Association
IMO Indigenous Micro Organisms YA Youth Association
KII Key Informant Interview Y E TA Youth Empowerment
Through Agriculture
MAAIF Ministry of Agriculture,
Animal Industries and Fisheries YLP Youth Livelihood Program
MGLSD Ministry of Gender,
Labour and Social Development
M o LG Ministry of Local Government
NCBA National Cooperative Business
CLUSA
Association CLUSA International
NDP National Development Plan
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
NUSAF Northern Uganda Social Action Fund
OWC Operation Wealth Creation
PHH Post-Harvest Handling
PO Parent Organization
PSN Persons with Special Needs
PSU Primary Sampling Unit
F I N A L E VA L U A T I O N R E P O R T 5
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The completion of this final evaluation would not
have been possible without the efforts of a cross
section of people. The Evaluation Team would like
to express sincere gratitude to all participants in
this evaluation from the districts of Kiryandongo,
Masindi, Kole and Dokolo, including KII respondents
and FGD participants who gave their valuable
contribution and time to the Evaluation Team.
Special thanks go to YETA field staff and NCBA
CLUSA Kampala office staff: Naphtal Etyang (Chief
of Party), Kasingye Africano (Director, M&E), Tegegn
Yayeh (Director, Finance & Administration), Dominic
Munduga (Logistics and Procurement Officer),
Patrick Odur (M&E Officer), Allan Dickson Otim
(DMS), Moses Nyipir (Regional Coordinator), Julius
Anguzu (YEA), Christine Kimuli (YEA), Francis Otit
(YEA), Betty Achan (M&E Officer), Gilbert Engulu
(Regional Coordinator) and Cyprian Okello (YEA) for
their unflinching technical support and guidance
during inception and execution of the assignment.
The Evaluation Team is further indebted to
local government officials and private sector
stakeholders, as well as NCBA CLUSA partners who
provided important information on the parameters
of the evaluation.
Lastly, I wish to acknowledge the support and
contribution from the entire Evaluation Team that
comprised of Fredrick Luzze, Obedy Niwagaba and
Charles Kashungwa, as well as the Data Analysts
and Research Assistants from the respective
districts: Jennifer Alwoch, Simon Ocam, Scovia
Akwang, Genite Anito, John Olwee, Jesca Arach,
Nancy Ayot, Kromel Labeja and Joseph Lusenjula.
R O B E R T A D U PA
L E A D CO N S U LTA N T
U L I N Z I I N N OVAT I O N S C O N S U LT LT D.
6 Y O U T H E M P O W E R M E N T T H R O U G H A G R I C U LT U R E
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
N C B A C LU S A’ S P R E S E N C E I N U G A N DA
KO L E
K I RYA N D O N G O
D O KO LO
D I S T R I C T S W H E R E N C B A C L U S A H A S WO R K E D
MASINDI
Y E TA P R OJ E C T D I S T R I C T S
NO NCBA CLUSA PRESENCE
U G A N D A
F I N A L E VA L UAT I O N OV E RV I E W youth associations (YAs), bolster the wellbeing and
confidence of YA members through foundational
In partnership with the Mastercard Foundation, skills, increase member access to financial services,
NCBA CLUSA implemented the five-year Youth and instill the technical and entrepreneurial
Empowerment Through Agriculture (YETA) project proficiency critical to launching a business.
in the districts of Masindi, Kiryandongo, Kole and
Dokolo. YETA empowered youth ages 15-24 in these F I N A L E VA LUAT I O N P U R P O S E A N D
four districts to develop sustainable commercial SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
enterprises through on- and off-farm agricultural
businesses. During the project, NCBA CLUSA The purpose of the final evaluation is to provide
worked with a consortium of several partners an independent assessment and analysis of the
including Reproductive Health Uganda (RHU), Youth overall relevance, effectiveness, sustainability
Alive Uganda, Aflatoun, Making Cents International and the degree to which YETA has accomplished
and a number of local financial partners. NCBA its objectives and goals as outlined in the results
CLUSA also coordinated closely with the Youth framework. The specific objectives of the final
Forward Learning Partnership, which included evaluation are to: 1.) assess the effectiveness of
the Overseas Development Institute (ODI) and the project’s performance in meeting the end of
Development Research and Training (DRT). project activity and results targets; 2.) assess the
relevance of project activities to the needs of the
P R OJ E C T O B J E C T I V E S target population; 3.) assess the sustainability
of the project by reviewing the capacity of youth,
The goal of YETA was to develop sustainable YAs and their enterprises to continue sustaining
commercial agriculture enterprises led by youth their profitably; and 4.) assess youth’s current and
in North and Mid-Western Uganda. It aimed to future business stability as well as their businesses’
create income-generating enterprises for 26,250 viability and quality of market connections and
youth ages 15-24 within five years. Specifically, document best practices and lessons learned.
YETA’s objectives were to establish and strengthen
F I N A L E VA L U A T I O N R E P O R T 7
E VA LUAT I O N M E T H O D O LO GY district extension staff, local leaders such as Local
Council 1 (LC1, LCIII, LCV), staff from relevant central
The final evaluation adopted a mixed method government agencies and ministries, private sector
approach using both quantitative and qualitative partners, cooperatives enterprises, agro-dealers and
data to address the key parameters of the input suppliers, agribusinesses, financial institutions
evaluation as stated in the terms of reference (TOR). and health facilities. Participants for FDGs on the
The evaluation was conducted in the districts of other hand were drawn from Youth Association
Masindi, Kiryandongo, Kole and Dokolo and the membership and other key stakeholders including
target population comprised of parent associations, Youth Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning Leaders
financial institutions, the private sector, district (YMELs) and Peer Leaders (PLs).
technical education and Community Development
Departments and other extension staff, local In addition, a total of eight success stories were
government leaders, religious and cultural institutions, collected across the four districts. These were
central and local government officials including intended to enable the Evaluation Team to develop
MAAIF, MGLSD, Ministry of Trade, Ministry of Local a deeper understanding of issues regarding the
Government (MoLG) and the Ministry of Health. benefits of the project to participants as well as
triangulate information derived from other sources.
The quantitative aspect of the evaluation entailed A total of 82 KIIs and 37 FGDs were conducted, and
a survey questionnaire that was administered to the success stories collected were disaggregated by
a sample size of 760 respondents. The sample district. The breakdown of number of participants
was selected from the sampling frame of 26,250 in each of the FGDs and KII is provided in Annex 4.
targeted youth project participants using the
statistically and widely acceptable sample size FINDINGS
estimation technique by Krejcie and Morgan
sample size estimation model.1 The sample size R E L E VA N C E
was distributed over the operational area in the The YETA Project was well aligned with the country’s
four districts based on the participant numbers national priority efforts aimed at addressing youth
by district, cohort, and sub-county. The sample unemployment through skill building and economic
frame for the survey was the lists of participants empowerment as stipulated in Uganda’s National
supported by the project in the target districts Development Plan (NPDII) 2015/16-2019/20—
of Masindi, Kiryandongo, Kole and Dokolo. Each particularly the Youth Livelihood Program (YLP) and
district was taken as a stratum and results were the Uganda Women Entrepreneurship Programme
analyzed separately, while allowing for comparison (UWEP), the National Strategy for Youth Employment
across the stratum. A four-stage stratified random in Agriculture (2017), the National Agriculture Policy
sampling was adopted with the first strata or (2013), the Agriculture Sector Strategic Plan (ASSP
Primary Sampling Unit (PSU) being the sub- 2015-2020), and the National Strategy for Youth
county followed by the cohorts as the Secondary Employment in Agriculture (2017). In addition, the
Sampling Unit (SSU) to ensure that youth from all project was consistent with the Public-Private
cohorts were surveyed. The Tertiary Sampling Unit Partnership Framework Policy (2010) and the
(TSU) was the Youth Associations and finally the National Public-Private Partnership Act; the Uganda
individual youth participant. Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise Policy (2015);
the Social Development Sector Investment Plan
Qualitative methods employed included key (SDIP) II; the Youth Council and the National Youth
informant interviews (KIIs), focus group discussions Policy (2001); the Northern Uganda Social Action
(FGDs) and observation, as well as collection of case Fund Youth Opportunities Program; the National
studies and success stories. Respondents for KIIs Health Policy; and the Adolescent Health Standards
were drawn from NCBA CLUSA’s staff, staff from and Guidelines. The project also contributed to
partner organizations, relevant district technical staff, the attainment of the Skilling Uganda Strategic
Plan (2012-2022), which provides a framework
1 The Krejcie and Morgan model is a formula used to calculate for youth engagement and employment.
the acceptable sample size of a statistical survey.
8 0 Y O U T H E M P O W E R M E N T T H R O U G H A G R I C U LT U R EEFFECTIVENESS and 68% of males). In addition, 37% reported
Evaluation findings indicate that a majority of indulgence in unprotected sex.
project objectives and targets were attained. In
some cases targets were surpassed. Below are YETA R E S U LT 3 : I N C R E A S E AC C E S S TO
results summarized by each result area: F I N A N C I A L S E RV I C E S
Significant achievements were attained with regard to
R E S U LT 1 : F O R M A N D S T R E N G T H E N YO U T H youth gaining increased access to information from
Overall, the percentage of YA
A S S O C I AT I O N S financial service providers about available products
leaders with the knowledge and capacity to manage and services—this rose from 9.9% to 67% by the end
YAs rose from 6% to 86% by the end of the program; of the program (although this was below the target
97% of YA leaders received training in governance of 92%); the amount of youth saving in a formal or
and leadership compared to 6% at baseline. Based informal financial mechanism reached 124% of the
on the final evaluation, 97% of youth reported target; the percentage of youth saving in VSLAs rose
knowing about the governance structure of from 5.6% to 64%; and by the end of the program
their YAs and many youth had gained sufficient a high proportion of youth (72%) that felt they had
confidence to take on new roles and responsibilities learned how to plan their finances. However, only
beyond their groups—28% of YA members took up 10% of youth saved with formal banking institutions;
leadership positions in community and government and 46% reported low satisfaction with current
structures. About 95% of YAs had established financial services provided via the YETA project.
constitutions and all were registered with local
authorities; YA members and leadership reported R E S U LT 4 : D E V E LO P T E C H N I C A L A N D
high satisfaction (84%), a greater ability to resolve E N T R E P R E N E U R I A L S K I L L S TO S TA R T A N D
conflicts in their YAs (84%), and better handling M A I N TA I N B U S I N E S S E S
of YA finances transparently (81%). A majority The project attained a number of achievements
(87%) of youth reported agricultural enterprises or such as a high proportion of youth (98%) who
activities as their main source of income compared had acquired knowledge and skills to start and
to the baseline value at 54.9%. Comparatively, less maintain sustainable agricultural enterprises
progress was noted in terms of relatively fewer YAs compared to 8.8% at baseline; a high proportion of
accessing land for agricultural production (55%) youth (94%) reported engaging in an established
under Result Area 1. agricultural enterprise; among these youth
businesses, a solid majority achieved a reasonable
R E S U LT 2 : I M P R OV E W E L L- B E I N G A N D rate of business survival2 (85%), which was above
CO N F I D E N C E T H R O U G H E N H A N C E D the program’s target (50%); roughly 51% of youth
F O U N DAT I O N A L S K I L L S reported increased income from their agricultural
Notable achievements include a reduction of risky enterprises established or employment compared
behaviors from 34.4% to 24% of youth; reduced to 11.5% at baseline; the percentage of youth
youth engagement in early sex, sex with multiple reporting increased yields rose from 16.3% to 50%;
partners or cross generational sex from 34% to 20% the portion of youth satisfied with their current
of youth; 77% of youth were provided knowledge engagement in agricultural enterprises, business
and trained on SRH and family planning in line with or employment increased from 8.8% to 38%; and a
the target of 76%; 83% of youth were provided majority of the youth (92%) expressed a willingness
education and counselling on the prevention of STIs to continue with their current employment over
or family planning services compared to the target the next 3-5 years and beyond. Youth mentorship
of 76%; 87% of youth accessed mentoring services played a critical role in building the entrepreneurial
while 52% agreed that their level of confidence skills of the youth and achieving these results, as
had increased. The role of youth Peer Leaders in will be explained further below. Notably, there was
achieving these results was quite important, as will
be illustrated below. However, youth stated a high 2 Business survival is calculated as the proportion of youth
who undertook the same agricultural undertakings for the
frequency of indulgence in sex with someone who last 2 years. The NCBA CLUSA Monitoring guide however
was not regular partner or spouse (71% of females had defined business survival as being endurance over three
months.
F I N A L E VA L U A T I O N R E P O R T 9limited achievement in the portion of youth selling youth products such as the ‘Dembe’ youth accounts,
via their groups (11%). now adopted by other financial service providers
and projects (e.g. Profira interventions); and 3.) risk
With regard to the Mastercard Foundation reduction through the agricultural insurance support
Livelihood Indicators, significant achievements were from GoU. No policies were developed, passed or
noted. The percentage of youth with increased reviewed as a result of YETA.
asset ownership rose from 8.7% to 45%, among
other successful results. EFFICIENCY
Overall, the project was implemented in an
It is also worth noting that YETA contributed to efficient manner as exemplified by achieving and
three improvements in the enabling environment exceeding major targets by year four; flexibility
for youth employment. These include the following: in project implementation as exemplified by a
1.) the pronouncement by the Ministry of Health to number of modifications made in response to
institute a youth health corner to be managed by lessons learned and experiences during the course
youth medical workers, where possible; 2.) increased of project implementation; the provision of the
youth confidence to plan, seek and manage necessary technical support in the form of regular
agricultural credit from commercial banks and supervision and monitoring, guidance and general
microfinance institutions (MFIs) that develop special backstopping by NCBA CLUSA staff at the project
products for youth. This resulted in the creation of and management levels; low per capita participant
S U M M A RY TA B L E O F Y E TA P R OJ E C T AC H I E V E M E N T
BASELINE TARGET % OF
R E S U LT A R E A I N D I C ATO R ATTAINMENT
(2016) (2019 ) TARGET
Result Area 1: Youth 27,130
Association are formed # of youths mobilized to form YAs (>30% females) 0 26,250 103
(43% women)
and strengthened
# of YAs formed and strengthened 0 750 813 108
% YA leaders with knowledge and capacity to manage YAs 6.0% na 86% na
Result Area 2: Youth % of youth involved in risky behavior 34.4% 8% 24% 39%
Associations members
have improved well- % of youth empowered with knowledge on SRH and
being and confidence 89.3% 76% 77% 101
family planning to manage behavioral outcomes
through enhanced
foundational skills % of youth with access to SRH family planning information
42.7% 76% 83% 109
and services
Result Area 3: Youth
Association members % of youth who received information from a financial
9.9% 92% 67% 73
have increased access service provider about available products and services
to financial information
and services % of youth saving in a formal or informal mechanism na 15,000 18,663 124
Result Area 4: Youth % of youths with knowledge and skills to start and
Association members 8.8% 86% 98% 114
maintain sustainable agricultural enterprises
develop the technical
and entrepreneurial % of youths reporting agricultural enterprises as a source
skills to start and 54.9% 75% 87% 116
of income
maintain their
businesses % of youths with an established agricultural enterprise 34.1 % 75% 94% 125
Youth business survival rate as at end of project NA 50% 85% 170
% of youth with increased incomes from their agricultural
11.5% 50% 51% 102
enterprises or employment
% of youth with increased yields from their agricultural
16.3% 60% 50% 83
enterprises
100 Y O U T H E M P O W E R M E N T T H R O U G H A G R I C U LT U R Eproject investment for the YETA project established establishing several coordination mechanisms
to be UGX 1,524,498, which is lower compared to and collaboration with the Central Government
similar projects in Northern Uganda; implementation (IYET), regional level (RAC), district and sub-county
of the project through close collaboration with local governments, and the private sector; linkages
the national government, district and sub-county between youth and financial institutions; linkages
local governments and the private sector (resulting and contracts between youth and buyers; youth
significant in-kind contributions e.g. trainings, adopting techniques (e.g. conservation farming),
equipment, seeds and other resources toward the technologies (e.g. mobile money) and youth picking
program); working through a consortium of local up health-seeking behaviors. The evaluation,
partners including Youth Alive Uganda (YAU) and however, revealed some threats to sustainability
Reproductive Health Uganda (RHU); excellent overall that include: vulnerability to climatic variations,
resource utilization as exemplified by a burn rate of pests and diseases; and market price fluctuations
approximately 95.62% of the budget by November impacting youth enterprises. The routine turnover
2019; and use of standard financial control measures in government staff, who committed to supporting
to guide project implementation. youth associations, and the loss of institutional
memory among District officials are additional
S U S TA I N A B I L I T Y threats to sustainability.
The project has potential for sustainability. Among
the sustainability mechanisms noted include:
T H E M A S T E R C A R D F O U N DAT I O N L I V E L I H O O D I N D I C ATO R S 3
BASELINE TARGET % OF
I N D I C ATO R ATTAINMENT
(2016) (2019 ) TARGET
The Mastercard % of youth with increased assets 8.7% na 45% 417
Foundation 14
a) % of youth that own at least five or more productive
assets such as; land, mobile phone, shop, bicycle, cattle, 11.9% na 26% 118
goats, chicken, m/cycle...
b) % of youth that have saved at least UGX 100,000
5.6% na 64% 1043
(US$30) with a Bank/MFI, SACCO/VSLA/etc.
c) # of youths with access to land to start & maintain
Na 300 15,147 >100
agricultural enterprises
The Mastercard % of youth with increased incomes from their agricultural
11.5% 50% 51% 102
Foundation 2 enterprises or employment
The Mastercard Number of youth reached disaggregated by age, gender,
Foundation 3 education level, 0 26,250 27,130 103
The Mastercard
Number of youth who completed program 26,250 27,018 103
Foundation 4
The Mastercard Number of youths who have transitioned to other
Foundation 5 opportunities (other than agriculture) as a result of YETA na na 30% 30
project
The Mastercard Youth satisfaction with their [quality of] employment
8.8% 60% 38% 63
Foundation 6 [employed and self-employed]
The Mastercard
Number of Institutions engaged in the YETA project 8 na 16 200
Foundation 8
The Mastercard Improved enabling environment for youth employment
Foundation 9 [in agricultural related enterprises] – Namely agriculture
na na 3 100
insurance, access to micro finance and youth access to
health services.
The Mastercard Policies developed, passed or reviewed as result of YETA 0 0 0 0
Foundation 10 project awareness, intervention and evidence
3 Some the Mastercard Foundation indicators doubled as project indicators and so were not repeated here
4 Where no targets were set, performance was against baseline values
F I N A L E VA L U A T I O N R E P O R T 11LESSONS LEARNED AND KEY CHALLENGES:
LESSONS LEARNED participants and program partners in youth
communities (e.g. parent mentors) for
1. Youth associations are important entry support to avoid high failure and dropout
points for youth empowerment; they allow rate. Youth profiling should therefore
youth to test their ideas and learn important precede program interventions.
business skills through agricultural related
enterprises and more readily benefit from 6. Mentoring is critical to ensure requisite
non-agricultural interventions such as sexual support, trust and encouragement for
reproductive health. youth empowerment. The project expanded
mentorship to include other actors such as the
2. Group cohesiveness can be effectively attained peer leaders, YMEL, project staff and district
if members are organized around common and sub-county level technical staff. However,
objectives and aspirations. In the case of YETA, it is imperative that mentors retreat to the
the common objective was improving lives background at a certain point during the
through agricultural business interventions. empowerment process to enable the youth to
The fact that YA members were all out of become principal actors in this process.
school/school dropouts, lived in the same
community and faced similar challenges also 7. Training young people in business enterprise
enhanced group cohesiveness. However, development requires tailoring to their
drawing YA membership from different villages needs and focusing on improving skills and
and communities takes some time to attain competencies. Organizing training in phases
cohesiveness for effective performance. allows for reflection and review by both the
trainers and trainees as well as maintaining
3. Youth empowerment is a process that requires harmony with other on-going commitments
systematic, incremental interventions that focus at individual and group levels.
on meaningful participation and engagement
rather than “quick fixes”. Active participation in 8. The incorporation of community based
youth empowerment program enabled them to voluntary services in the project demonstrated
develop problem-solving skills and gain a sense that youth are an important source of skills,
of ownership, independence and self-efficacy. energy, and creativity for local communities.
The engagement of young people in local
4. Youth empowerment is a multi-level construct development efforts is an important aspect
consisting of practical life approaches of community economic development and is
and applications, social action processes, mutually beneficial to both the youth and the
individual as well as collective outcomes. community.
The YETA project demonstrated that in
addition to focusing on individual youth, it is 9. Project incubation kits were provided to youth
also important to engage other entities and groups in order to enhance their businesses
structures that enhance youth knowledge and and are a vital project contribution. However,
skills. These include parents, local leaders and a few inconsistencies in their management
extension staff. and access were observed. Therefore, it is
important to establish a clear but simple
5. The design of youth empowerment programs reporting, handling cases and feedback
should entail careful selection of the target mechanisms for immediate amicable
12 Y O U T H E M P O W E R M E N T T H R O U G H A G R I C U LT U R Eresolution. In many cases, such group assets in agricultural enterprises had to rent land
could be used as group collateral to access at high costs, which effected the extent to
additional resources when required. Making which land improvements could be done and
youth group assets known to stakeholders this effected yields and limiting expansion
provides additional security besides opportunities. There was competition for land
increasing their utility and leverage. access, especially in Masindi District due to
the increased demand within the sugarcane
10. Provision of youth-friendly services enhances industry. For example, on average, youth had to
access to SRH services and positive health- pay UGX 146,000 per acre per season.
seeking behavior among youth, especially
where it is integrated into the government P R I C E F L U C T UAT I O N S : The wide changes in
and private sector health service delivery farm gate prices for some crop such as maize,
systems for sustainability. soybean and sunflower left the youth uncertain
regarding farm profits. For instance, price of
11. Incorporation of foundation skills into youth maize during the last season to the evaluation
empowerment programs, especially for ranged from UGX 600 - 1,000 in the project area.
school dropouts, is pertinent to bridging
the gap between formal and informal Adverse
A DV E R S E W E AT H E R C O N D I T I O N S :
life skills development. By developing a weather conditions including prolonged
structured foundations skills guide, the droughts, heavy rains and flooding in some areas
project addressed the needs, which were not lead to crop failure, higher disease incidences
adequately provided in formal settings and and post-harvest losses. The adverse weather
in the wider society. also limited access during supervision of project
activities by project staff, especially during heavy
12. The transition from informal to formal rains given that each region had only one vehicle
banking status requires systematic and motorcycles for field work.
graduation to allow for learning, confidence
and trust building and should not be rushed. Poor road conditions,
P O O R AC C E S S R OA D S :
especially in hard to reach areas in Masindi,
13. Strengthening coordination mechanisms affected both input supply and marketing of
is important for enhancing synergy, youth agricultural produce resulting in higher
information sharing and collaboration operational costs.
among stakeholders. The project supported
establishment of IYET and RAC, which were Limited
L AC K O F R E L I A B L E M A R K E T S :
instrumental in ensuring buy-in from the marketing coordination of agricultural produce
local government, CSO and private sector. for horticultural crops discouraged youth from
profitably engaging in such enterprises.
KEY CHALLENGES
I N A D E Q UAT E AC C E S S TO AG R I C U LT U R A L
Largely, the YETA project implementation FINANCE: Although youth received training
advanced well, however, the evaluation team in financial literacy and business skills, access
noted the following key challenges which to finance remained a challenge due to limited
accounted for some of the observed shortfalls in capacity of youth to meet borrowing terms
achievement of intended results: and conditions from banks. The key alternative
sources of finance such as VSLAs and SACCOs
L I M I T E D ACC E S S TO L A N D F O R YA s A N D could not adequately meet the financial needs of
MEMBERS: Most YAs and members engaged YAs and members.
F I N A L E VA L U A T I O N R E P O R T 13R E CO M M E N DAT I O N S
R E S U LT A R E A 1 : YO U T H A S S O C I AT I O N S A R E 2. NCBA CLUSA needs to strengthen VSLAs
FORMED AND STRENGTHENED and support their federation into strong
and vibrant SACCOs to enable them to
1. There is a need to strengthen advocacy monitor and supervise youth associations
skills among YA members to enable them to and support them in value addition.
meaningfully and directly engage relevant Support can also be provided in the form of
government agencies and other actors on infrastructure such as warehouses and other
issues related to agricultural enterprise vital equipment to leverage their income and
development. collateral base.
2. Mechanisms should be established for R E S U LT A R E A 4 : T E C H N I C A L A N D
replication of YETA’s innovative technologies E N T R E P R E N E U R I A L S K I L L S TO L AU N C H
and practices such as the foundation skills YO U T H A S S O C I AT I O N M E M B E R S ’
and the IMO piggery management models B U S I N E S S E S D E V E LO P E D
both within and beyond the current districts.
1. Youth should be supported to acquire
3. In the future, project design should review either a Workers Practically Acquired Skills
age grouping to ensure narrower age (PAS) (for all trainees who did not have any
ranges. For example, instead of groups with academic qualification and yet satisfy the
ages 15-25, trainings should consider three course requirements) or a DIT Certificate for
groups such as ages 15-17 and ages 18-24 to those who join with the requisite academic
address the specific needs of different age requirements and were able to satisfactorily
brackets and to allow for better engagement, pass the test. With the Workers PAS, trainee
cohesion and participation. graduates are able to obtain employment in
and outside Uganda.
R E S U LT A R E A 2 : I M P R OV E D W E L L- B E I N G
AND CONFIDENCE THROUGH ENHANCED 2. NCBA CLUSA should further support YAs
F O U N DAT I O N A L S K I L L S in understanding agricultural insurance in
order to address the challenges associated
Youth associations have provided a unique with climate change such as floods,
entry point for adolescent SRH programming. droughts, pests and diseases.
The YETA project integrated adolescent SRH
services into livelihood improvement programs 3. There is a need to coordinate and
and this practice should be scaled up by strengthen production and marketing
respective districts. of youth agricultural produce through
ensuring adequate production of quality
R E S U LT A R E A 3 : I N C R E A S E D AC C E S S produce, postharvest handling, processing,
O F YO U T H A S S O C I AT I O N M E M B E R S and storage.
TO F I N A N C I A L S E R V I C E S
4. Expand the range of skills provided to youth
1. A transition from informal to formal banking to include apiary, bakery, hairdressing,
status should be systematically graduated carpentry, and others to complement
to allow for learning, confidence and trust agricultural enterprises and enhance
building rather than rushed. interdependence.
14 Y O U T H E M P O W E R M E N T T H R O U G H A G R I C U LT U R E5. Build capacity of youth by engaging in a
2. In future, NCBA CLUSA should unpack
complementary enterprise mix to enhance
the Theory of Change and simplify it for
mutual and symbiotic businesses, which feed
easy interpretation and understanding
into each other and thus build synergies that
by stakeholders for holistic uptake by all
reduce cost and enhance profits. Examples
stakeholders.
include livestock and poultry waste output
that would feed into biogas production, the 3. The coordination mechanisms for
slurry provides manure for vegetable and enhancing synergy, information sharing and
other crops. collaboration among stakeholders (IYET and
RAC, which were instrumental in ensuring
G E N E R A L R E C O M M E N DAT I O N S buy-in from local government, CSO and the
private sector) should be maintained and
P R OJ E C T D E S I G N strengthened.
Project staffing structures need to be designed
to ensure management can make effective 4. Cascade advocacy observed at IYET down
decisions, respond to the needs of field staff, to the YA level for the articulation of policy
and support monitoring and reporting. In and feedback to the government on youth
regard to policy advocacy it is recommended related issues in agriculture. At the higher
that both direct engagement (DRT/ODI level, an emphasis on fostering policy and
approach) and grassroots (bottom-up) advocacy program developments on a sustainable
go alongside, but with specific budgets to basis is also recommended.
support the advocacy process along the whole
continuum, especially where specific project 5. The Evaluation Team recommends that
interests are not funded. the YETA project scale up the project to
cover broader geographical areas as well as
Regarding the challenges with access land, deepen vertical integration, which should
NCBA CLUSA should conduct desk-based and include supporting more YAs in forming
field validation studies to better understand the primary cooperatives and subsequently
factors influencing youth land access and into area cooperatives and SACCOs that
determinants to inform future programming. would engage in higher level value chain
Supporting youth enterprises that are less development activities.
land-based such as apiary, repair of agriculture
6. Regarding the challenges with access
tools and equipment, mushroom production,
land, NCBA CLUSA should conduct desk-
marketing, among others, would also help to
based and field validation studies to
reduce dependency on land access.
better understand the factors influencing
youth land access and determinants to
P R OJ E C T I M P L E M E N TAT I O N
inform future programming. Supporting
youth enterprises that are less land-based
1. NCBA CLUSA should develop strategies for
such as apiary, repair of agriculture tools
sharing experiences on applying the Learn,
and equipment, mushroom production,
Engage and Develop youth empowerment
marketing, among others, would also help
model with other like-minded organizations
to reduce dependency on land access.
involved in youth empowerment programs.
For example, a national symposium on
the model can be organized as part of the
phase-out strategy.
F I N A L E VA L U A T I O N R E P O R T 15INTRODUCTION AND
BACKGROUND
INTRODUCTION Uganda, Aflatoun, Making Cents International
and a number of local financial partners. NCBA
This report is the result of a successful competitive CLUSA also coordinated closely with the Youth
bid awarded by the National Cooperative Forward Learning Partnership, which included
Business Association CLUSA International (NCBA the Overseas Development Institute (ODI) and
CLUSA) to conduct a final evaluation of the Youth Development Research and Training (DRT). The
Empowerment Through Agriculture (YETA) project. YETA consortium brought together the unique
The report provides the methodological approach skills, assets and experience of partners, combining
to the assignment, findings and analyses and extensive expertise in agriculture and agribusiness,
recommendations for improvements of similar conservation farming, youth development, youth
future interventions or scaling up. skills training, financial services access, reproductive
health, and community mobilization in order to
B AC KG R O U N D engage and work with youth associations to build
sustainable agricultural enterprises. It is against this
The National Cooperative Business Association background that NCBA CLUSA—in partnership with
CLUSA International (NCBA CLUSA) is the oldest the Mastercard Foundation—sought and identified
trade association for cooperative businesses in the the services of ULINZI Innovations Consult to
United States and an international development conduct the final evaluation of the YETA project.
organization. NCBA CLUSA provides cross-sector
education, technical assistance, and advocacy that O B J E C T I V E S O F T H E P R OJ E C T
help cooperatives to thrive. For more than 100
years, NCBA CLUSA has sought to develop, advance The four key objectives of the YETA project were to:
and protect cooperative enterprises, highlighting
the impact that cooperatives have in improving n Form and strengthen Youth Associations
the lives of individuals and families. In the last n Improve well-being and confidence through
70 years, NCBA CLUSA has worked in over 100 enhanced foundational skills
countries in the areas of food security, agricultural n Increase access to financial services
development, strengthening of communities and n Develop technical and entrepreneurial skills to
farmer organizations, community-based health, start and maintain businesses
natural resources management, and empowerment
of smallholder farmers, women and youth. T H E O RY O F C H A N G E
In partnership with the Mastercard Foundation, Prior to participating in the YETA program, a
NCBA CLUSA implemented the five-year Youth majority of youth in YETA intervention areas worked
Empowerment Through Agriculture (YETA) project on small pieces of land provided by their parents or
for youth ages 15-24 in the districts of Masindi, elders in their communities, without the necessary
Kiryandongo, Kole and Dokolo. The goal of YETA skills or finance to farm productively. With limited
was to facilitate youth in the four districts to knowledge to effectively manage the little income
develop sustainable commercial enterprises generated, youth often did not know how to
through on- and off-farm agricultural businesses. best invest their time and limited assets. Other
During the project, NCBA CLUSA worked with challenges youth faced in agriculture included: low
a consortium of several partners including levels of productivity, lack of access to resources,
Reproductive Health Uganda (RHU), Youth Alive and limited skills. These challenges were addressed
16 Y O U T H E M P O W E R M E N T T H R O U G H A G R I C U LT U R Eby facilitating the creation of a network of youth land, information, and concessionary loans –
associations and cooperatives. provided by government or other NGOs than it was
for individuals.
YETA’s youth associations acted as a vehicle to
address these obstacles by providing access to A P P R O P R I AT E N E S S O F T H E Y E TA YO U T H
formal training and mentorship so that young E M P OW E R M E N T M O D E L 34
people had the skills to produce more and invest
better. YETA’s core trainings covered governance, The Learn, Engage and Build (LEB) model
financial literacy, foundational skills and enshrined in YETA’s Theory of Change aligns with
agriculture enterprise. Foundational skills trainings the adaptive learning approach that enables
incorporated Sexual Reproductive Health (SRH) adjustments as a learner progresses through the
and family planning (FP). These trainings – along various steps in the learning process. Adoption of
with others - were carried out over a six-month this incremental approach to youth empowerment
period and then followed by an incubation phase provides opportunities for learning and reflection,
that included intensive youth mentorship for maximizes resource allocation and optimizes
another 6 months by YETA staff, community elders project implementation.
and parents, private sector, and local government.
The groups were encouraged to choose a mentor Using the LEB model, youth were trained in specific
to support their group endeavors and form a concepts that they could practice in everyday
village savings and loans association (VSLA) to life (Learn), including agricultural enterprise
save for their individual goals and group projects. selection, start-up and management; training YA
Groups functioned as a means for empowering members in entrepreneurship and contractual
youth who have low levels of self-esteem and for agreements; training in advanced agricultural
demonstrating that change and better livelihoods production techniques and marketing skills; and
are possible (i.e. diversified livelihoods). It was the establishment of Community Based Solution
easier for groups to access resources – including Providers (CBSP), among others. Youth were
3
4
F I N A L E VA L U A T I O N R E P O R T 17Y E TA - T H E O RY O F C H A N G E
OBJECTIVE 1 OBJECTIVE 2 OBJECTIVE 3 OBJECTIVE 4
SUSTAINABLE SUSTAINABLE SUSTAINABLE SUSTAINABLE
SUPPORT SUPPORT SUPPORT SUPPORT
Y O U T H I N N O R T H E R U G A N D A D E V E L O P S U S TA I N A B L E C O M M E R C I A L E N T E R P R I S E S
NUMERANCY AND
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
L EAR N
LITERACY TRAINING
FINANCIAL TRAINING
GOVERNANCE
LACK OF: SKILLS, ACCESS TO FINANCE, AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP
LITERACY
TRAINING LIFE SKILLS/
TRAINING TECHNICAL SKILLS
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
O P P O R T U N I T I E S F O R N O R T H E R N U G A N DA N YO U T H YO U T H
TRAINING
ENGAGE
BUSINESS INCUBATOR
MENTORSHIP VSLA
(PARENT PEER MENTORING ESTABLISH AND MENTORSHIP FROM
ASSOCIATION) STRENGTHEN PRIVTE SECTOR AND
ACADEMIC
G OA L :
USE OF LITERACY AND
NUMERACY
BUILD
YOUTH YOUTH BUILD BUSINESS DESIGN
ASSOCIATION SAVINGS AND
USE OF LIFE SKILLS
(YA) TAKE LOANS BUSINESS SETUP
FAMILY PLANNING
PAR T NE RS
CDOs/LOCAL
FINCA
PRIVATE SECTOR:
MUKWANO, BALTON
SACCO
ACADEMIC: NARO
PRODUCER ASSOCIATIONS FTB
VA LU E CHAIN INTEGRATION
18 Y O U T H E M P O W E R M E N T T H R O U G H A G R I C U LT U R Ementored in the application of these concepts quality of market connections
under close supervision (Engage), and then n Document best practices and lessons learned
empowered to try the concept on their own (Build)
through the supported incubation component, S CO P E O F T H E A S S I G N M E N T
business registration and business and other social
mentorship—all in a sequenced manner with The assignment focused on youth ages 15-24,
community resource persons, CDO, private sector and the study population comprised of parents
and producer organizations involved at each stage associations, financial institutions, the private
to create a sustainable support system. sector, district technical education and Community
Development Departments and other extension
Evaluation findings indicated that this model staff, local government leaders, religious and
enabled the participants to apply knowledge cultural institutions, central and local government
and skills gained more quickly. The theoretical officials including MAAIF, MGLSD, Ministry of
content of the training was quickly translated Trade, Ministry of Local Government (MoLG) and
into action in the form of agricultural enterprises the Ministry of Health. In addition, the evaluation
of the participants’ choice under guidance and parameters included goal achievement, relevance,
support from mentors and peer leaders. By effectiveness, efficiency, sustainability and impact,
integrating foundational skills with technical skills as well as lessons learnt and best practices.
in agriculture, business, entrepreneurship and
management, the model addressed the needs The study population comprised of project
of youth in a holistic and sustainable manner— participants, partners and stakeholders from all
especially given the fact that these needs are four districts of operation, namely: Masindi and
inter-linked and multi-faceted. This package Kiryandongo districts (Bunyoro sub region) in Mid-
of interventions was a winning combination to Western Uganda and Kole and Dokolo districts
engage youth comprehensively. (Lango sub region) in Northern Uganda. Each sub
region was taken as the stratum.
PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES OF THE FINAL
E VA L UAT I O N All views and opinions expressed in this report are
those of the authors, who took the final decision
The purpose of the end of project evaluation is to on content, and do not necessarily represent the
provide an independent assessment and analysis position or policy of the Mastercard Foundation,
of the overall relevance, effectiveness, sustainability, its Board of Directors, or its partners. This report
and the degree to which YETA has accomplished does not represent a systematic investigation
its objectives and results as outlined in the results contributing to generalized knowledge, as such.
framework. The specific objectives of the final Rather, it is a project-specific study assessing YETA
evaluation are to: in its context and surveyed YETA participants and
key stakeholders.
n Assess the relevance of the project activities
to the needs of the target population and
alignment with national, regional and global
priorities
n Assess effectiveness in terms of project
performance in meeting the end of project
activity and results targets
n Assess the sustainability of the project by
reviewing the capacity of youth, YAs, and
their enterprises to continue sustaining their
profitably
n Assess youth’s current and future business
stability as well as their businesses’ viability and
F I N A L E VA L U A T I O N R E P O R T 19APPROACH AND
METHODOLOGY
G E N E R A L A P P R OAC H K R E J C I E A N D M O R G A N ( 1 97 0 ) S A M P L E S I Z E
E S T I M AT I O N M O D E L WA S D E V E LO P E D U S I N G
The evaluation was conducted with full engagement T H E F O L LOW I N G F O R M U L A :
and collaboration of NCBA CLUSA, other partners
involved in the project, project participants and key S= Z2NP (1-P)
stakeholders. This was intended to instill a sense of Z2P (1-P) + d2 (N-1)
ownership of the evaluation outcomes.
Where:
S T U DY D E S I G N n = required sample size
Z 2= the table value of chi-square for one degree
The final evaluation was descriptive and cross- of freedom at the desired confidence level
sectional in design, involving both quantitative and N = the population size
qualitative methods where the primary sources P = the population proportion (assumed
of information were a participant survey, focus to be .50 since this would provide
group discussions, key informant interviews and the maximum sample size)
success stories, along with secondary data sources d = the degree of accuracy (relative desired
that included a review of relevant literature precision) expressed as a proportion
and project documents, reports and reviews (0.05) (for simple/systematic random
provided by the client. This design allowed for a sampling, use 5% precision in normal
combination of methods including triangulation situations, 10% in some cases)
of findings; complementarity and clarification of
the results from various methods; and discovery In order to account for differences in practices
of contradictions and inconsistencies in the and ethnic origins in the project area, within a
evaluation findings in comparison to the baseline, site population (these differences were between
annual project reports and other similar or relevant communities with and thus different etc.), the
reports. The design also facilitated in-depth insight sample size was doubled. Similarly, a non-response
about the processes that led to project outcomes, rate of 10% was applied in order to increase the
as well as explained the linkages or mechanisms sample size to accommodate participants who
that contributed to cause changes in the lives of the could not be found or refused to respond.
target participants.5678
Using the above sample size determination formula,
S A M P L E S I Z E D E T E R M I N AT I O N and based on the target population of 26,250 direct
participants, a sample size of 7589 respondents
Once the target number of participants from was determined as sufficient to assess the extent
each of the four districts had been established, to which intended and unintended project results
a statistically significant sample of respondents were achieved with a 95% level of confidence and
was selected using the Krejcie and Morgan (1970) 0.05 margin of error.
sample size estimation model. This sample
estimation model is illustrated at right: The sample size of 760 was distributed over the
operational area in the four districts based on the
5
6
prorated participant distribution as shown in Annex
7
5 https://www.calculator.net/sample-size-calculator.
8
html?type=1&cl=95&ci=3&pp=50&ps=26750&x=64&y=22
20 Y O U T H E M P O W E R M E N T T H R O U G H A G R I C U LT U R E1 a. The sample size was further segregated by target districts of Masindi, Kiryandongo, Kole and
cohort and sub-county to guide implementation Dokolo. Each district was taken as a stratum and
and adherence to the above sample distribution. results were analyzed separately, but allowed for
(Annex 1 b and c). comparison across the stratum. The consultants
ensured that households surveyed were selected
D E S I G N O F DATA CO L L E C T I O N TO O L S randomly with equal chance of selection. A four-
The Evaluation Team adapted the baseline stage stratified random sampling was adopted
evaluation data collection tools as agreed upon with the first strata or Primary Sampling Unit (PSU)
with additions of the end line OECD/DAC evaluation being the sub-county followed by the cohorts as
criteria to capture the final performance domains the Secondary Sampling Unit (SSU) in order to
that offered relevant answers to the evaluation ensure that youth from all cohorts were surveyed.
objectives and key questions as required by the The Tertiary Sampling Unit (TSU) was the farmer
TOR. This allowed for close comparison of all Youth Associations and finally the individual youth
important indicator results as laid out in the YETA participant. The distribution of the sample size
project log frame. While the questionnaire was in between and within districts was prorated on the
English, the research assistants were fluent in both basis of participant size as provided by the client.
English and the local languages of the participants, The youth surveyed were selected beforehand using
and read aloud the questions to the respondents at random numbers applied to the official participant
their homes. list provided. This allowed for an equal probability
for each household to be selected for the survey, in
DOCUMENTS REVIEW a completely independent way.
The Evaluation Team reviewed and analyzed
documents relevant to the YETA project, in addition to In order to arrive at a more accurate and
other relevant government policies and regulations. representative sample, the Primary Sampling
They also reviewed special studies carried out by other Unit (sub counties) was segmented into two
relevant agencies with the aim of gaining a better dichotomies: high and low (referring to the level of
understanding of the assignment and gaining insight responsiveness of youth in the sub counties to the
into the context in which the project was implemented. four core project result areas). High responsiveness
The documents reviewed are listed in Annex 2. was defined as counties that scored 70% and above
in the aggregate result areas while the low-medium
RECRUITMENT AND TRAINING OF response sub counties scored less than 70% in the
R E S E A R C H A S S I S TA N T S aggregated result areas. These distinctions were
The consultants recruited from its pool of addressed during the sampling process in order to
experienced enumerator base twelve enumerators arrive at a more representative overall result.
from both Lango and Bunyoro sub regions and
provided them with a two-day refresher training Sampling for participating sub counties was
on principles and procedures of data collection also conducted in accordance with the above
focusing on the youth considerations and information. Furthermore, sampling took into
technicalities of the project components. The consideration the rural and urban balance. On the
content of the training included background other hand, the sample for FGDs and KIIs were
information (purpose, objectives and expected selected using purposeful sampling techniques as
outcomes), data collection techniques, research proposed in the TOR but with refinements based on
ethics and rapport building, review of the contents discussions with the NCBA CLUSA team.
of data collection tools, and terms and conditions of
engagement. This was followed by field testing and Q UA L I TAT I V E DATA CO L L E C T I O N M E T H O D S
final adjustments to the data collection tools.
Qualitative methods included key informant
SAMPLING PROCEDURE interviews (KIIs), focus group discussions (FGDs) and
The sample frame for the survey was the list observation, as well as the collection of case studies
of participants supported by the project in the and success stories as described below:
F I N A L E VA L U A T I O N R E P O R T 21You can also read
