Whitewashing a harmful business: Review of tobacco industry's CSR activities in ASEAN - SEATCA
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Whitewashing
a harmful business:
Review of tobacco industry’s
CSR activities in ASEAN
May 2021
Southeast Asia Tobacco Control Alliance
www.seatca.org
1
I. COVID-19 Pandemic: big opportunity for TI to conduct its CSR activities
Author
Southeast Asia Tobacco Control Alliance (SEATCA)
Suggested citation
Southeast Asia Tobacco Control Alliance (2021). Whitewashing a harmful business:
Review of tobacco industry’s CSR activities in ASEAN. Bangkok: Southeast Asia Tobacco
Control Alliance.
Published by
Southeast Asia Tobacco Control Alliance (SEATCA) Thakolsuk Place, Room 4D, 115
Thoddamri Road, Dusit, Bangkok 10300 Thailand.
Disclaimer
The information, findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein are those of the
author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding organization, its staff, or its
Board of Directors. While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of
information presented in this report at the time of publication, SEATCA does not warrant that
the information in this document is complete and correct and shall not be liable for any
damages incurred as a result of its use. Any factual errors or omissions are unintentional. For
any corrections, please contact SEATCA via email: info@seatca.org.
© Southeast Asia Tobacco Control Alliance 2021
This document is the intellectual property of SEATCA and its authors. SEATCA retains
copyright on all text and graphic images in this document, unless indicated otherwise. This
copyright is protected by domestic and copyright laws and international treaty provisions. The
information in this document is made available for non-commercial use only. You may store
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commercial use. You are prohibited from modifying or re-using the text and graphics in this
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information in this document in other media without the written permission of SEATCA. All
other rights reserved.
For more information, visit: www.seatca.org
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INTRODUCTION
The tobacco industry (TI) conducts corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities, a form of
sponsorship, across the ASEAN region to promote itself as a caring industry despite the many diseases
and deaths its business causes. The top four transnational tobacco companies, Philip Morris
International (PMI), British American Tobacco (BAT), Japan Tobacco International (JTI), and Imperial
Brands, are tactical about their CSR contributions. To deflect criticisms, they target the most vulnerable
in the population, such as the poor, as beneficiaries of their programs and conduct charity activities
during natural disasters to win the appreciation and endorsement of government officials.
What the industry spends on its CSR activities is miniscule compared to its huge profits and the costs
and suffering it inflicts on society. For this small expenditure, the industry wins much more in the form
of public appreciation and government approval. CSR contributions are also a loophole the industry
exploits when tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship are prohibited or restricted.
According to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), tobacco-related CSR
activities are a form of sponsorship and should be denormalized1 and banned.2 The money tobacco
companies spend on CSR activities are part of their marketing expenditure and should not be
considered as donations to charity.
TI-sponsored CSR activities are used to whitewash tobacco harms and access high level officials and
policy makers. In the ASEAN region, to date Lao PDR, Myanmar, and Thailand have banned
CSR activities by the tobacco industry (Table 1), while other countries have partial restrictions.
Table 1: Status of ban on tobacco industry-related CSR activities3
Article 13
Guidelines
BN KH ID LA MY MM PH SG TH VN
Ban on CSR activities
Provision of financial
or other support to
events, activities,
Ban Ï Ï Ban Ï Ban Ï Ï Ban Ï
individuals or groups
Contributions from
tobacco companies
to any other entity for Ï Ï Ï Ban Ï Ban Ï Ï Ban Ï
“socially responsible
causes”
This report reviews the TI’s tactic of framing its CSR activities not as sponsorship but as a “contribution”
to society to divert attention away from the harmful nature of its business and its responsibility for
diseases and deaths. This tactic creates a positive response among the public and the government and
brings the industry closer to policy makers. It gets their attention and provides a sense of legitimacy for
the industry to speak on tobacco control policies. A review of TI-related CSR activities in the ASEAN
region for the past decade (2010-2020) reveals how the TI exploited the COVID-19 pandemic, natural
disasters, the poor, children, and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to promote itself. Policy
recommendations are provided as a way forward to deal with this problem.
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I. COVID-19 Pandemic: big opportunity for TI to conduct its CSR activities
During the COVID-19 outbreak, the TI has stepped up its CSR activities across the ASEAN region. A
number of TI-CSR activities have been identified since March 2020, especially in five ASEAN countries:
Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, and Vietnam, which are also important TI markets.4 For
example, in Indonesia, top tobacco companies, PT Gudang Garam and PT Djarum, donated an
ambulance to the Red Cross 5 and funds to the taskforce working on COVID-19 prevention,
respectively.6 In Malaysia, JTI donated funds to an NGO initiative, ‘MyKasih’, to support people affected
by the pandemic.7 In Myanmar, the cheroot producers association made a donation to government
bodies to support their work related to COVID-19.8 In Vietnam, Vinataba, a state-owned enterprise,
made donations to a hospital to fight COVID-19.9
The Philippines’ Joint Memorandum Circular (JMC) between the Civil Service Commission and
Department of Health (CSC-DOH JMC 2010-01) restricts interaction between government officials and
TI to only when strictly necessary. By this JMC, government officials are not permitted to endorse CSR
activities. However, during the pandemic, TI donations were accepted and endorsed by the health sector
and enforcement agencies. For example, in March 2020, LT Group, which is the holding company of
Fortune Tobacco Corporation and Philip Morris Fortune Tobacco Corp. (PMFTC), donated medical
supplies and personal protective equipment (PPE) to government agencies.10 In April 2020, the Jaime
V. Ongpin Foundation Inc. (JVOFI), which is funded by PMFTC, donated PPEs to the City of
Baguio, Baguio-PNP (Philippine National Police) and PNP-National Headquarters (Photo 1) publicized
on Facebook.11
Photo 1: JVOFI’s donation to the City of Baguio, Baguio-PNP and PNP-
National Headquarters
Media coverage from August to September 2020 shows
JVOFI conducted 11 CSR activities, either through PMFTC”s
EMBRACE programme or in collaboration with the LT Group,.
Most of them involved donation of medical supplies to
government agencies and health sectors, including Philippine
Army12 and healthcare workers in Camiguin13 (Photo 2). See
appendix 1, for TI-CSR for pandemic in ASEAN in 2020.
Photo 2: JVOFI and PMFTC’s Embrace donated personal
protective equipment to healthcare workers in Camiguin
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TI vaccine development: harming and protecting public health simultaneously?
Although the TI continues to sell products that cause diseases and deaths during the pandemic, PMI
and BAT announced they are developing a vaccine for COVID-19. This announcement received media
coverage across the globe contributing towards building the public image of the TI.14, 15
Philip Morris Investments B.V. (PMIBV), a PMI subsidiary, holds an approximately one-third equity stake
of Medicago, a Quebec-based biopharmaceutical company, and has supported the company’s
innovative plant-derived research and development focused on vaccines. PMIBV and Mitsubishi
Tanabe Pharma Corporation (MTPC), a major shareholder of Medicago, provide the financial support
to the company to develop the COVID-19 vaccine.16 BAT supports Kentucky BioProcessing, Inc, its
subsidiary company, to develop the COVID-19 vaccines.17
The COVID-19 pandemic has been a phenomenal health disaster globally in many countries, leaving
low-resourced countries more vulnerable. However, accepting donations or other assistance from the
TI makes governments even more susceptible to the bidding of the tobacco industry, as stated by
Tobacco Tactics, “Such CSR behaviour during the pandemic has been described as a ‘Trojan Horse’,
gifted by the tobacco industry with less-than-altruistic intentions.”18 Although governments are expected
to secure a vaccine the soonest to protect their people, it would be prudent to avoid collaboration with
TI as it violates WHO FCTC Article 5.3. Since there are choices available for COVID-19 vaccines,
governments can consider vaccines that are not linked to the TI, a business that is already responsible
for the death of more than 8 million people a year globally.19
II. Hijacking the SDGs to promote the tobacco industry as a partner
Transnational tobacco companies have aligned their CSR activities to several of the Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations to add more legitimacy and lift the profile of their CSR
activities (Figure 1). The 17 SDGs of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development officially came into
force on 1 January 2016,20 with governments committing to implementing them through long-term plans
based on partnerships. In 2017, the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), adopted through a
resolution a Model Policy for Agencies of the UN System on Preventing Tobacco Industry Interference,
encouraging its members to develop and implement their own policies. 21 The UN Development
Programme (UNDP), which is in the forefront of implementing the SDGs, has a clear policy of non-
engagement with the TI.22 However, the TI has continued unabated to associate its CSR programs with
the SDGs, and its documents are peppered with the term “sustainability”. These past several years, the
TI has been talking up “sustainable agriculture”, “sustainable communities” and “sustainable
environment”.23
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Figure 1: Inconsistency between SDGs and tobacco industry’s tactics24
PMI created a program, “Business for 2030”25, claiming its CSR activities are aligned directly to SDG 2:
Zero Hunger, SDG 3: Good Health and Well-being, SDG 5: Gender Equality, and SDG 6: Clean Water
and Sanitation. In reality, tobacco use undermines public health and sustainable development. Tobacco
products and the tobacco business conflict with almost all of the SDGs. Especially SDG 3 which aims
to achieve good health for all through implementation of the FCTC and reducing tobacco use. However,
PMI has hijacked and distorted the objective of SDG 3 to promote its smoke-free world campaign with
an aim to convince smokers that they cannot quit smoking and so to switch to its “smoke-free”
products, 26 which are a range of electronic smoking devices (ESD), including heated tobacco
products (HTP) and electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). This completely ignores WHO advice
that all forms of tobacco are deadly, and HTPs expose users to toxic emissions many of which can
cause cancer.27
BAT tactically chose 10 December 2020 – UN Human Rights Day - to launch its own report on human
rights which claims to be aligned with the UN Guiding Principles Reporting Framework with focuses on
improving farmer livelihoods, securing the long-term sustainability of rural communities, and ensuring
the health and welfare of all employees.28 However, also in December, a legal claim was filed in the UK
against BAT and Imperial Tobacco for profiting from child labor, exploitation, and dangerous conditions
on tobacco farms in Malawi, 29 based on a Guardian exposé in 2018. 30 In November 2019, the US
suspended tobacco imports from Malawi based on child labor allegations 31 but allowed limited
importation from Malawi to resume in June 2020.
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III. CSR activities on natural disaster and education to engage with the poor
and youth
The TI exploits natural disasters and the weakness of government policy to deal with unexpected natural
disaster to implement its CSR activities. In 2018 – 2019, PMI spent about USD 2 million to organize CSR
activities related to disasters in Indonesia and the Philippines.32, 33
Despite the International Red Cross Federation having a policy of non-engagement with the tobacco
industry, PMI gave USD 96,712 to the Philippine Red Cross in 2019 to organize training programs on
first aid, basic life support, and workplace disaster risk reduction and management. JVOFI received
USD 354,122 to assist communities to prepare for emergencies and disasters.34
In Indonesia, PMI gave USD 118,000 to Kappala Foundation for rebuilding a vocational school
destroyed by earthquake and USD 87,421 to Skala Indonesia for temporary shelters and sanitation in
earthquake-damaged areas.35 TI-CSR activities related to natural disasters usually target the poor in
local communities. The poor are also predisposed to smoke.
Over four years (2016 to 2019), PMI spent USD 26,763,295 in CSR activities related to education in
Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand (Table 2). Indonesia, where PMI has the largest
cigarette market, received the bulk of such CSR money. Despite comprehensive bans on tobacco
sponsorship in Malaysia and Thailand, PMI still spent CSR money in those countries.
Table 2: PMI’s CSR activities related to education from 2016 to 2019 (USD)36
Country 2016 2017 2018 2019 Total per country
4 7 5 3 19
Indonesia
(5,276,886) (5,440,031) (5,300,395) (5,120,380) (21,137,692)
1 1 1 - 3
Malaysia
(150,000) (199,162) (198,987) (548,149)
4 3 3 4 14
Philippines
(1,764,273) (870,373) (830,947) (306,067) (3,771,660)
3 2 3 3 11
Thailand
(251,000) (245,000) (240,000) (569,794) (1,305,794)
Total USD 7,442,159 6,754,566 6,570,329 5,996,241 26,763,295
A 2015 study on TI-CSR activities in Indonesia found that CSR programs in education are a
sophisticated way for the TI to influence academic institutions, scientists, and society. 37 , 38 Some
scholars who received research grants or scholarships from tobacco companies have become public
officers, such as governors, parliamentarians, and university presidents.39 “As the scholarship recipients
are highly talented students, some of them have had good careers and a great influence in society.”40
Hence, TI spending on education-related CSR activities is a tactical investment that the TI reaps later.
This tactic is also observed in Thailand41 which has strong tobacco control policies.
In Malaysia the 2019 ‘back to school program’ ( Program Kembali Ke Sekolah) of non-profit Yayasan
Salam was officiated by then political secretary of the Prime Minister and attended by the Chief Minister
of Kedah. The backdrop for the event carried the logos of Philip Morris Malaysia (PMM), Yayasan Salam
and a government department. On its Facebook page (Photo 3) Yayasan Salam thanked PMM for its
sponsorship and the Prime Minister’s political secretary for supporting the program.42
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Photo 3: PMM is sponsor of the event; its logo appears with logos of Yayasan Salam and government
Thailand previously banned only the publicity of CSR activities by the tobacco industry, but now the Thai
Tobacco Product Control Act 2017 (TPCA) bans the tobacco industry from conducting CSR activities.
Section 35 of the TPCA states that “No business operator and related person shall sponsor or support
person, group of persons, state agency or private organization in any of the following manners:
(1) to create image of tobacco products, manufacturer or importer of tobacco products
(2) to effect or potentially effect the intervention of tobacco products control policy
(3) to advertise tobacco products, manufacturer or importer of tobacco products
(4) to promote tobacco consumption.
“The provisions of paragraph one shall not apply to the act among business operators, related persons
and those involved in the tobacco products manufacturing and trading process or donation or
humanitarian aid in the event of severe disaster. No person shall disseminate activity or news to
publicize the activity under paragraphs one and two.”43
According to TPCA, which came into force in July 2017, all types of TI-CSR activities are prohibited.
However, PMI and Philip Morris Thailand Ltd (PMTL) continue to provide regular monetary contributions
to the Population and Community Development Association (PDA)44 to conduct CSR activities focusing
on education for vulnerable children, including children of tobacco farmers (Table 3). In 2019, funds to
PDA more than doubled compared to 2018.45 The Ministry of Public Health of Thailand is currently
investigating if PDA is in violation of the TPCA.
Table 3: PDA’s projects funded by PMI and PMTL
Name of Project Funding Activities Year(s)
Women Development PMTL Organizing a workshop to develop the potential of 800 women 2015-2019
Program in tobacco growing areas in Nan, Phayao, Roi Et and Maha
Sarakham
After School Program PMI Organizing a training camp on science, technology, engineering 2017-2019
and mathematics for children of tobacco farmers during the
harvest, to protect them to become workers in the tobacco
fields. The implementation areas are in 13 provinces.
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IV. More targeted strategy for CSR investment to ensure business sustainability
Monitoring of TI-CSR activities in the ASEAN region between 2009 and 2020 shows that the TI is now
more strategic in selecting its recipients. PMI, for example, has reduced or stopped handing out grants
to small organizations while increasing or maintaining its grants to only a few big and high-profile non-
governmental organizations (NGOs) that are well connected with policymakers in each country.
Yayasan Salam Malaysia has been one of PMI’s CSR recipients since 2011 and has become the sole
recipient since 2013.46 PMM funds Yayasan Salam Malaysia annually for its “Back to school” program47
which is launched and officiated by senior government officials.
In Thailand, PMI regularly provides CSR funding to the PDA, a well-known non-profit organization
focusing on community development, whose Board of Directors consists of senior policymakers,
medical doctors and academics, who were in government, parliament, universities or other agencies
taking a leading role in the development of Thailand. 48 PDA’s founder, Mr. Mechai Viravaidya, is a
famous activist, who has received many awards including the Prince Mahidol Award for Public Health
(2009).49 Out of 15 projects, PDA received funds from PMI to launch 14 projects, and in the past 4 years,
93% of PMI’s total CSR fund in Thailand, amounting to USD 1,367,794, went to PDA.
In the Philippines, JVOFI is a major funding recipient and partner of Embrace, the CSR arm of PMFTC.50
Out of 22 projects, JVOFI received funds from PMI to launch 15 projects. Between 2016 and 2019, two
thirds (63.57%) or USD 5,647,214 of PMI’s total CSR fund in the Philippines went to JVOFI. JVOFI used
the CSR funds for education, women empowerment and social welfare. In 2019, PMFTC conducted at
least 24 of its so- called CSR activities, most of which were in partnership with the Philippine National
Police, local government units, local government politicians, and representatives in Congress.51
This focus on fewer organizations reflects the TI’s expectations of its recipients to support it to buy
goodwill, credibility and earn political mileage. The Malaysian Salam Foundation is well connected with
policymakers and a network with several countries in Asia Pacific, including the Philippines, Vietnam
and Indonesia – the key TI markets in ASEAN.52 Like PDA, JVOFI’s Board of Trustees are executives
working in various socio-economic sectors, including agriculture and higher education.53 The TI targets
beneficiaries who can help promote the industry and lobby policymakers for positions supportive of the
TI. Hence, CSR activities are not genuine philanthropy but a marketing strategy of the TI and a means
to interfere with TI regulatory policy.
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RECOMMENDATIONS
General recommendations:
1. CSR activities by the tobacco industry should be prohibited by law.
2. The tobacco industry should be strictly prohibited from conducting any CSR activities that concern
children or the education system, both public and private.
3. Government officials and departments should reject grants from and partnerships with the tobacco
industry.
4. Government agencies and international institutions and organizations should publicize their official
position on non-partnership with the tobacco industry, such as on their websites.
Specific recommendations to governments related to the COVID-19 pandemic:
1. Do not grant any rescue package (e.g. tax breaks) to the tobacco industry or collaborate with the TI
in COVID-19 vaccine development.
2. Utilize the COVID-19 pandemic to promote quitting of all forms of tobacco use.
3. Increase tobacco taxes as the tobacco business is doing well and growing during the pandemic.
_______________________________
1 Guidelines for Implementation of Article 5.3 of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Undated. Available at:
http://bit.ly/2Msn6A6
2 World Health Organization. (2003). Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Available at: https://bit.ly/2MQK5X1
3 Southeast Asia Tobacco Control Alliance. (2019). SEATCA Tobacco Advertising, Promotion and Sponsorship Index: Implementation of
Article 13 of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in ASEAN Countries, 2019. Bangkok: Southeast Asia Tobacco Control
Alliance.
4 Southeast Asia Tobacco Control Alliance. (2020). ASEAN Tobacco Industry Watch: TI steps-up CSR activities during COVID-19 pandemic.
Available at: https://tobaccowatch.seatca.org/index.php/2020/04/14/ti-steps-up-csr-activities-during-covid-19-pandemic/
5 Nugroho, A. Covid-19 in Kediri, Gudang Garam Handed Over Ambulance to PMI: Equipped with Emergency Medical Equipment. Jawa
Pos. 7 April 2020. Available at: https://bit.ly/3pX7Smk
6 Djarum Donates Rp. 1.5 Billion for the Procurement of PPE in Kudus. Kompas. 2 April 2020. Available at: https://bit.ly/3op6isV
7 MyKasih raises RM 3mil for food aid during MCO. Malaysiakini. 7 April 2020. Available at: https://bit.ly/3hQT8T4
8 The Global New Light of Myanmar. 26 March 2020
9 Vinataba supports Bach Mai Hospital in the prevention of the Covid-19 epidemic. Baodansinh. 29 March 2020. Available at:
https://bit.ly/38no61X
10 LT Group supports fight vs Covid-19. The Manila Times. 26 March 2020. Available at: https://bit.ly/2L4iLUN
11 Jaime V. Ongpin Foundation Inc. Facebook page. 1 April 2020. Available at https://bit.ly/3opq07T
12 Philippine Army Facebook. (2020). Army receives dental equipment. Available at: https://bit.ly/35giLYF
13 Congressman XJ Romualdo Facebook. (2020). Available at https://bit.ly/2Xdlpdf
14 Medicago to kick off large study of COVID-19 vaccine with GSK booster. Reuters. 13 November 2020. Available at:
https://reut.rs/38spDUH
15 Chaudhuri, S. and Roland, D. Big Tobacco joins race for Coronavirus vaccine. The Wall Street Journal. 4 April 2020 Available at:
https://www.wsj.com/articles/big-tobacco-joins-race-for-coronavirus-vaccine-11586012401
16 Medicago to Supply Covid-19 Vaccine. Tobacco Reporter. 24 October 2020. Available at: https://bit.ly/3q0aaRH
17 Chisenhall, J. Kentucky company’s COVID-19 vaccine may have 1 big advantage over other companies. Lexington Herald-Leader. 16
December 2020. Available at: https://www.kentucky.com/news/coronavirus/article247895055.html
18 CSR: Health. Tobacco Tactics. 23 December 2020. Available at: https://tobaccotactics.org/wiki/csr-health/
19 Cohen, J. and Chapman, S. Philip Morris and the Government of Canada collaborate on COVID-19 vaccine development. BMJ Blog. 21
November 2020. Available at: https://bit.ly/2L4oc69
20 United Nations. (2020). The Sustainable Development Agenda. Available at: https://bit.ly/35lDCJR
www.seatca.org9
21 UN ECOSOC. United Nations Inter-Agency Task Force on the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases, E/2017/L.21. 30
May 2017. Available at: http://undocs.org/en/E/2017/L.21
22 United Nations Development Programme. (2013). Policy on due diligence and partnerships with the private sector. Available at:
https://bit.ly/3bHL0D7
23 Jirathanapiwat, W. et al. (2017). Hijacking ‘Sustainability’ from the SDGs: Review of Tobacco Related CSR activities in the ASEAN
Region. Southeast Asia Tobacco Control Alliance (SEATCA), Bangkok. Thailand. Available at:
https://seatca.org/dmdocuments/TI%20CSR%20Report%20FINAL.pdf
24 Southeast Asia Tobacco Control Alliance. (Undated). SEATCA handout based on Hijacking ‘Sustainability’ from the SDGs: Review of
Tobacco Related CSR activities in the ASEAN Region. (2017). Available at:
http://www.seatca.org/dmdocuments/SDG%20CSR%20Handoud.pdf
25 Philip Morris International (2020). Business for 2030. Available at: http://www.businessfor2030.org/philip-morris-international
26 Ibid.
27 World Health Organization. (2021) More than 100 reasons to quit tobacco. Available at: https://bit.ly/3cpACz4
28 British American Tobacco. (2020). BAT launches tobacco industry-first Human Rights Report. Press release. Available at:
https://bit.ly/3hOTuK0
29 Davies, R. BAT and Imperial tobacco firms profited from child labour, law firm alleges. The Guardian. 18 December 2020. Available at:
https://bit.ly/35sHHfn
30 Boseley, S. The children working the tobacco fields: I wanted to be a nurse. The Guardian. 25 June 2018. Available at:
https://bit.ly/2XtJJaW
31 Boseley, S. US suspends Malawi tobacco imports after child labour allegations. The Guardian. 4 November 2019. Available at:
https://bit.ly/2LlIo3p
32 PMI-CSR in Indonesia: The Charitable Contribution of Philip Morris International in 2016 – 2019. Available at: https://bit.ly/3lc06nm
33 PMI-CSR in the Philippines: The Charitable Contribution of Philip Morris International in 2016 – 2019. Available at: https://bit.ly/3qHVers
34 Philip Morris International. (2019). 2019 Social Contributions (Monetary Contributions). Available at: https://bit.ly/3ozhLGJ
35 Philip Morris International. (2018). 2018 Charitable Contributions (Monetary Contributions). Available at: https://bit.ly/35jvARR
36 Philip Morris International. Reports on charitable contributions (2016 to 2019). Available at: https://bit.ly/3bmkPlL
37 Tandilittin, H. and Luetge, C. (2015). CSR activity of tobacco companies in Indonesia: Is it a genuine social responsibility? Online Journal
of Health Ethics, 11. doi: 10.18785/ojhe.1101.03
38 Gan Q & Glantz SA. Relationship between the Chinese tobacco industry and academic institutions in China. Tob Control 2011; 20(1):
12–19; doi:10.1136/tc.2010.036079.
39 World Health Organization. (2003b). Tobacco industry and corporate responsibility: An inherent contradiction. Available at:
http://www.who.int/tobacco/media/en/tob-industry.pdf.
40 Tandilittin, H. and Luetge, C. (2015). CSR activity of tobacco companies in Indonesia: Is it a genuine social responsibility? Online Journal
of Health Ethics, 11. doi: 10.18785/ojhe.1101.03
41 MacKenzie R & Collin J. A good personal scientific relationship: Philip Morris scientists and the Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok.
PLoS Med 2008; 5(12): e238; doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050238.
42 Yayasan Salam Malaysia Facebook page. (2018). Available at https://bit.ly/3bfgxMR cited in SEATCA. (2020) Malaysia Tobacco Industry
Interference Index. Bangkok, Thailand.
43 Thailand: Tobacco Products Control Act B.E. 2560. (2017). Available at: https://bit.ly/37l84TO
44 Population and Community Development Association. (2020). PDA project list [webpage]. Available at: https://pda.or.th/pda-projects-list/
45 Philip Morris International. (2019). 2019 Social Contributions (Monetary Contributions). Available at: https://bit.ly/3ozhLGJ
46 Assunta, M.A. and Jirathanapiwat, W. (2016). Terminate Tobacco Industry Corporate Giving: A Review of CSR in ASEAN. Available at
https://seatca.org/dmdocuments/CSR%20report%202016.pdf
47 Yayasan Salam Malaysia website. (2018). Available at https://www.salam.org.my/ cited in SEATCA. (2020) Malaysia Tobacco Industry
Interference Index. Bangkok, Thailand.
48 Population and Community Development Association. Board of Directors. Undated. Available at: https://pda.or.th/pda-board/
49 Mechai Viravaidya Foundation. Biography: Mechai Viravaidya. Undated. Available at: https://bit.ly/3bi9ByA
50 Jaime V. Ongpin Foundation Inc.. (2020). Annual report FY 2018 – 2019. Available at: https://bit.ly/3hPdKeH
51 HealthJustice. (2020). Tobacco Industry Interference Index 2020: The Philippine Report on the Implementation of the WHO Framework
Convention on Tobacco Control, September 2020. Available at: https://bit.ly/3lcYJot
52 Network Partners. Undated. Available at https://www.techsoupasiapacific.org/partners/
53 Jaime V. Ongpin Foundation Inc. (Undated.) Board of Trustees. Available at: https://jvofi.org/about/board-of-trustees/
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