Waste management plan for Stockholm 2017-2020 - Together for the world's most sustainable city
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Waste management
plan for Stockholm
2017–2020
Together for the world's
most sustainable city
Foreword
The waste management plan for Stockholm 2017−2020 sets the
agenda for the development and organisation of waste management in
Stockholm over the next four years. The management of waste needs to
be tailored for a city that is growing in size and density. It needs to be
arranged with the good of the residents of Stockholm and the environ-
ment foremost.
Stockholm's waste management should focus on climate smart choices
and efficient logistics. Areas for waste management need to be integrated
and shared with other activities where new housing, business premises,
schools and roads are being built. Waste systems are to be secure, safe
and accessible, at the same time as they encourage reuse and recovery.
The EU waste hierarchy forms the point of departure for the waste
management plan. Compared with the past there will be more of a focus
on preventing the production of waste and promoting reuse. Waste that
is produced is to be recovered in the best possible manner; increased
food waste collection is one of the main objectives of the waste plan for
example. The waste management plan also addresses objectives and
action to counter litter in the urban environment,in the city's bodies of
water and on its shoreline.
The waste management plan affects everyone who lives and works in
Stockholm. We can all help in our own way to make waste management
in the city work in the best possible fashion. Communication and coop-
eration initiatives can create the conditions needed for the commitment
and effort required to fulfil the objectives of the waste management plan.
Krister Schultz
Managing Director
2 The Waste management plan for Stockholm 2017–2020
The three parts of the municipal
waste management regulation
The waste management regulation for the City The regulations contain local provisions on the
of Stockholm is divided into three publications: collection and handling of household and similar
waste, lines of responsibility, collection intervals,
• The Waste management plan for Stockholm
equipment and so on. Provisions regarding the
2017–2020
review of exemptions to the regulations are also
• A
nnexes to the Waste management plan for set out here.
Stockholm 2017–2020
These publications can be easily downloaded or
• Regulations for waste management for the
printed from www.svoa.se/renhallningsordning
City of Stockholm
The waste management plan details the state of
waste management in Stockholm today along
with plans for the future. Objectives, subsidiary
objectives and the actions needed are also set
out. The annexes contain background information
about the waste management plan.
The Waste management plan for Stockholm 2017–2020 3
Contents Introduction..........................................................................................................................7 Overview..............................................................................................................................8 Our challenges......................................................................................................................8 Objectives and ambitions.................................................................................................9 Preparation and implementation...............................................................................................9 Follow-up and status review.....................................................................................................9 The consequences of the implementation of the waste management plan.....................................10 An in-depth look at certain areas..................................................................................10 The future development of waste streams.................................................................................10 Incentives and infrastructure...................................................................................................12 The collection of packaging and newsprint/recyclable paper....................................................13 The prevention of waste........................................................................................................14 Communication....................................................................................................................15 Objective 1 Waste from those who live and work in the city is to decrease, and the waste that is produced is to be dealt with in a resource-efficient manner..............................17 Description..........................................................................................................................18 Vision for 2040...................................................................................................................18 Subsidiary objectives for the period of the plan........................................................19 1.1 City residents and businesses must know how to reduce the amount of waste they produce....19 1.2 Waste is to be prevented and a greater proportion of products and materials are to be reused..............................................................................................20 1.3 More material is to be separated for recovery...................................................................20 1.4 The prevention, reuse and recycling of construction and demolition waste is to increase.........21 1.5 The amount of textile in household waste is to be reduced..................................................22 1.6 At least 70% of food waste is to be collected for anaerobic digestion for biogas production and nutrient recovery............................................................................23 1.7 At least 40% of the phosphorus in wastewater is to be collected and returned to arable land as fertiliser..........................................................24 1.8 Littering in the urban environment is to decrease................................................................25 1.9 The occurrence of litter in the marine environment is to be reduced......................................26
Objective 2 Waste that could be harmful to humans or the environment is to be prevented and managed safely......29 Description..........................................................................................................................30 Vision for 2040...................................................................................................................30 Subsidiary objectives for the period of the plan........................................................31 2.1 City residents are to be made more aware of what constitutes hazardous waste and where to dispose of it.....................................................................................................31 2.2 The proportion of hazardous waste and waste from electrical and electronic equipment in the household rubbish bag is to be less than 0.3% with a downward trend..............32 2.3 Hazardous construction and demolition waste is to be managed properly............................33 Objective 3 Waste management is to be adapted for people..........................................................................35 Description..........................................................................................................................36 Vision for 2040...................................................................................................................36 Subsidiary objectives for the period of the plan........................................................37 3.1 Communication is to increase awareness and motivation with regard to waste management..37 3.2 Waste management systems are to be straightforward, accessible and secure......................37 3.3 Waste management systems are to provide a good work environment.................................38 3.4 It must be easier to dispose of waste for reuse and recycling without a car...........................39 Objective 4 Waste management is to be a natural part of the city's physical planning.......................................41 Description..........................................................................................................................42 Vision for 2040...................................................................................................................43 Subsidiary objectives for the period of the plan........................................................43 4.1 Waste issues are to be taken into account at the initial planning stages of new construction and refurbishment....................................................................................43 4.2 To deal with increasing urban density, end-to-end solutions, covering both the new and existing built environment, are to be considered................................44 4.3 It must be possible to use land in the city for waste-related activities.....................................44 4.4 Increased account is to be taken of the surrounding environment in the collection of waste.....45 4.5 New technical solutions are to be tested and the development of collection and handling systems is to continue........................................................................................46 Glossary and definitions.................................................................................................48 List of annexes...................................................................................................................50
Introduction
The Waste management plan for Stockholm 2017–2020 7
Overview
Waste management is an important part of society’s The purpose of the waste management plan is to
infrastructure and involves and affects many people. have a strategy for the work of the City of Stockholm
The Environmental Code therefore requires all munici- and other actors working with waste – in planning
palities to have a waste management plan, covering new areas, reviewing building permits and super-
all waste - both the waste the municipality is responsible vising environmentally hazardous activities, as well
for and other types of waste. The waste management as determining how residents, businesses and other
plan must describe the long-term objectives and meas- organisations should manage their waste.
ures planned by the municipality to reduce the volume
The plan focuses on household waste, in other words
and hazard inherent in waste, and to provide informa-
waste arising in households and similar waste from
tion about all waste generated in the municipality.
businesses. But it also contains objectives relating to
The waste management plan makes up one part of other waste.
the municipal waste management regulations while
the other part consists of the provisions. The two
parts of the plan may be updated at different times.
Our challenges
Stockholm is one of the five fastest growing regions Waste management is governed and steered by
in Europe. More and more people are choosing legislation, planning and strategy at the local, re-
to move to Stockholm at the same time as we are gional, national and EU level. These are detailed
living longer and more children are being born. This in Annex 7. Any changes to waste management
places considerable demands on clear and long-term legislation may have an impact on the waste
approaches to the planning of waste management management plan. Above all if responsibility for the
and other infrastructure. In 2020 the City of Stockholm collection of packaging and newsprint changes.
is expected to have just over one million inhabitants.
The steadily growing population means an increase in
the requirement for adequate space in which to han-
dle waste from households and businesses; including
household waste, bulky waste, hazardous waste and
500
packaging. The rise in population and density of the
city also lead to greater competition for available land
and increased traffic levels.
kg waste thrown
The volume of waste generated is expected to rise
away per person
with the population. At the start of the 20th century
every year
Swedes threw away an average of 25–30 kg waste
per year; today that figure has risen to 500 kg.
Reducing this volume of waste and providing acces-
sible, environmentally sound and cost-effective waste
management along with a good work environment
poses a major challenge.
8 The Waste management plan for Stockholm 2017–2020
Objectives and ambitions
The waste management plan contains four primary The four primary objectives have been broken down
objectives. A vision for 2040 is presented under into more detailed subsidiary objectives for the plan
each objective. These visions aim to achieve the period, 2017–2020. Actions are associated with
long-term objectives in Vision 2040 - A Stockholm the subsidiary objectives; their purpose is to help in
for Everyone. meeting the objectives. The objectives are linked to
the Stockholm Environment Programme 2016–2019.
Preparation and implementation
The waste management plan for 2017–2020 is Environmental Code Chapter 6, Sections 11–18, and
largely a revision of the previous plan. The four pri- a social impact assessment of the waste management
mary objectives remain in place, albeit with slightly plan has been carried out in the context of looking
reworked text. In the process of drawing up objectives forward to the city's Vision 2040 – A Stockholm for
and guidelines for the waste management plan, a Everyone. The social impact assessment is intended
dialogue has been held with the public administrative for use as a basis for continued work on the subsidiary
bodies and companies that expressed an interest in objectives closer to the city's residents.
taking part at an early stage. The proposal was then
published so that all parties affected by the waste man- The City of Stockholm's environment programme and
agement plan could submit their comments. Relevant waste management plan are heading in the same
views were then incorporated into the final document. direction. Actions that are the same in both documents
are marked (the environment programme).
The regulations of the Swedish Environmental
Protection Agency governing the content of a waste The Stockholm Board of Waste is responsible for
management plan were followed in the work prepar- drawing up the waste management plan. The subsidi-
ing the plan. The applicable Swedish Environmental ary objectives detail what Stockholm Vatten och Avfall
Protection Agency regulations were under revision will do to fulfil them. In some cases what the Traffic
during the same period as the waste management Administration Office and City District Administrations
plan was being drawn up. Because of this Stockholm will do is also detailed. Where other public bodies
Vatten och Avfall has tried to include items in the and companies have jurisdiction it is important that
waste management plan that may apply in the future. the subsidiary objectives be incorporated into each
operational plan and followed up in annual reports.
An environmental assessment of the waste management
plan has been undertaken according to the Swedish
Follow-up and status review
To assess how well the objectives of the waste man- city not being able to control the outcome, or because
agement plan will be fulfilled, continuous follow-up is a description and analysis of the degree to which the
necessary. In this way it is also possible to see at an objective will be achieved or not provides a better
early stage whether there is a need for greater re- picture. Some of the subsidiary objectives are followed
sources or a different approach in a particular area. up in the city's integrated management system, ILS,
and will also be shown in the environmental barometer
Under each subsidiary objective there is a brief on the city's website. Stockholm Vatten och Avfall has
description of who is responsible for follow-up, and overall responsibility for the follow-up of the waste
which key indicators are to be followed up. Most key management plan. An in-depth status review will be
indicators are not quantified. This may be due to the carried out halfway through the period of the plan.
The Waste management plan for Stockholm 2017–2020 9
The consequences of the implementation
of the waste management plan
The waste management plan is to contribute to a plan may mean increased costs, both for the City of
positive development for those who live and work Stockholm, property owners and other stakeholders.
in the city and for its environment. The plan’s envi- However, these increases should be compared to the
ronmental impact assessment (Annex 8) assesses costs arising in the absence of planning and control,
its effect on the environment compared to a zero from the perspective of the individual and society.
alternative. Some of the measures proposed in the
An in-depth look at
certain areas
The future development of waste streams
Development of volumes volume of waste from households is predicted to in-
Based on the waste volumes and population growth crease to 460,000 tonnes in 2020 and to just over
in the period 2006 to 2015 a forecast of the total 480,000 tonnes in 2026. However, the volume
volume of waste from households in the city has of waste per resident is calculated to decrease to
been made for the years 2020 and 2026. The total 452 kg in 2020 and 424 kg in 2026.
Table 1. Development – collected volume of waste, tonnes per annum
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2015 2020 2026
Residual waste 235,205 234,112 234,074 234,518 230,569 229,348 188,774 200,597
Food waste 2,925 3,192 6,409 9,953 14,495 16,019 66,677 67,503
Bulky waste 134,096 149,589 141,219 130,938 145,827 137,036 143,391 151,406
Packaging material 74,981 75,357 71,188 65,147 60,776 58,154 60,851 64,252
Total amount 447,207 462,250 452,890 440,556 451,667 440,557 459,692 483,759
Inhabitants 782,885 810,120 847,043 881,235 911,989 923,516 1,016,142 1,139,637
kg/inhabitant 571 571 535 500 495 477 452 424
10 The Waste management plan for Stockholm 2017–2020Residual waste Over the past ten years the volume of residual waste has been relatively constant, 230,000 tonnes a year, despite the increase in population. This can be assumed to be the result of factors such as the increased separation of packaging material, news- print and food waste. The increased separation of food waste is expected to lead to a reduction in the volume of residual waste. Food waste From now until 2026 a sharp increase in the volume of food waste going to biological processing is planned. The city's target is for 70% of the available food waste to be collected by 2020; this corre- sponds to just over 66,000 tonnes. Bulky waste The city's target is to increase the collection of sepa- rated bulky waste. Today almost 30 different types of waste are collected and within ten years this could be up to 35 waste fractions. As a total the amount of bulky waste collected at recycling centres and by waste collection contractors has increased somewhat, from 134,000 tonnes in 2006 to 137,000 tonnes in 2015. Changes in the types of waste received by the recycling centres can affect the volumes. The city has no entry control system at the recycling centres. So the volume of waste includes some waste from the residents of neighbouring municipalities. Using some sort of future offset system between the municipalities in the region will probably reduce the city's volume of bulky waste. Packaging material and newsprint The total amount of packaging material and news- print is decreasing. The trend is for the volume of newsprint to decrease as newspapers transition to digital media. However, the volume of separated packaging is increasing.
Incentives and infrastructure
Technological development, higher levels of ambition used in the city's plant beds and in gardens as an
and changes to regulations are some of the driving effective soil conditioner. Surplus energy from the
forces behind the change in waste management manufacturing process in the form of gas will be used
over time. The levels of work environment and envi- in district heating production. In this way carbon
ronmental requirements are constantly being raised dioxide is being captured in an urban carbon sink,
in society as a whole, and it is natural that waste at the same time as the conditions for the growth
management follows this trend, and in some cases of the city's trees and plants are improved and a
leads it. Technical and organisational conditions climate positive surplus for district heating is created.
need to be reviewed continuously to adapt them
to political objectives and to changing lifestyles in Sorting facility, pre-treatment
society as a whole. At the same time the complexity and anaerobic digestion
of waste management and its close association with To achieve the city's target of collecting 70% of
the building and urban planning processes means available food waste by 2020 Stockholm Vatten
that continuity and long-termism are required in the och Avfall plans to build a sorting facility to separate
initiatives taken in the area. The central role of waste food waste from the households in the city where
management in the city's overall environmental activ- the separate collection of food waste is not possible
ities also means a responsibility and a platform from for various reasons. For the most part this applies
which to inform those who live and work in the city to blocks of flats in the inner city. It is planned that
how they can reduce their environmental impact. the facility will be located next to the Fortum cogen-
eration plant in Högdalen. In 2016 the preliminary
Fees design of the facility was started. The potential to
separate packaging fractions (plastics, paper, metal
The design of the city's waste fees allows activities
and newsprint) is also being studied.
to be steered in the desired direction. Historically
Stockholm has done a lot of work on designing the The separated food waste will be pre-treated and
fees to disincentivise systems with a poor work envi- sent for anaerobic digestion. Biogas will be pro-
ronment and encourage environmentally sound and duced and the digestate will be used as biofertiliser.
resource-efficient waste management. Examples of Whatever cannot be sent for anaerobic digestion
this include sharply increased fees for certain types of goes to incineration and becomes energy. Food
heavy collection requiring a lot of manual work such waste from household waste disposal units goes
as compressed waste in bins and sacks, the introduc- directly to anaerobic digestion plants. An inventory
tion of a weight charge and various forms of stimulus is being made of the region's existing and planned
to promote food waste collection. The stated political capacity for the pre-treatment and anaerobic diges-
will is for the city to continue to actively work with fees tion of the city's food waste. Studies are also being
that steer the work environment and environment. undertaken into designing our own facility.
Infrastructure Resource-efficient and flexible systems
The city's infrastructure and waste management In the city's environmental profile district, Norra
systems are continuously developing, some gradually Djurgårdsstaden, large-scale mechanical systems
and in the long-term, while others can have more combined with kerbside solutions are being planned
immediate causes and effects. Below are listed a and implemented. This allows for systems that are
number of developments that have been decided, as comprehensive and resource-efficient as possible
are planned or are being examined. with a good work environment and good accessi-
bility. A stationary vacuum waste collection system
Biochar is being built with three refuse chutes, and at a later
A pilot plant for the production of biochar was built stage with a built-in recording and weighing system
in 2016/2017. Biochar will be manufactured so that it can be utilised optimally. Currently residual
through the pyrolysis of residents' garden waste and waste, plastic packaging and newsprint are handled
12 The Waste management plan for Stockholm 2017–2020in each refuse chute respectively, but in the future one the difficulties experienced by the City Development
of the refuse chutes could take several packaging Administration, developers and property companies
fractions in different coloured or marked bags. The in the development of large and complex joint facili-
fractions not suitable for collection by way of vacuum ties and consortia for the construction of the vacuum
collection will be handled in source separation areas waste collection facility in Norra Djurgårdsstaden.
close to the property. Food waste collection through Stockholm Vatten och Avfall has been commissioned
kitchen waste disposal units connected to tanks and to study the issue in more detail with the aim of let-
continued studies and possible trials of separating ting the city, through Stockholm Vatten och Avfall,
sewerage systems, are planned for the future. take greater responsibility for the construction of new
vacuum waste collection systems as well as existing
Responsibility and ownership structures systems where there has been a requirement for a
The question of whether the City of Stockholm should stationary vacuum waste collection system included in
be the body responsible for vacuum waste collec- the detailed development plan. A similar approach to
tion facilities has been germane for a number of that of vacuum waste collection systems can also be
years; mainly because of the attention attracted by expected in the construction of large kitchen waste
disposal to tank systems for food waste collection.
The collection of packaging
and newsprint/recyclable paper
Current status but the potential for the separation of packaging
At present in Stockholm the approximately 250 re- is also being studied.
cycling stations dominate as collection systems for
packaging and newsprint/recyclable paper. It is also The future
estimated that on average 30% of metal, plastic and In 2015 the government decided to transfer the
paper packaging is collected by traditional kerbside responsibility for collecting packaging and newsprint/
collection, the majority from public housing. In the en- recyclable paper to the municipalities. It was proposed
vironmental profile areas and in certain development that ownership of the material and liability for recovery
areas there are already collection models in place (or remained with the producers. However, a majority in
planned) that are based on vacuum waste collection parliament were uncertain about this development and
systems for some fractions and recycling rooms or the so no change in responsibility has taken place.
equivalent for the collection of the other waste.
The transfer of the collection responsibility to the mu-
The proportion of packaging and newsprint/recycla- nicipalities has the potential to result in a more easily
ble paper in the household rubbish bag is still great; accessible, transparent and coherent collection
30% for households without food waste collection and system than the current one, which should provide
17% for houses and the residents of blocks of flats with higher quality and a greater inflow of material. This
collection in bins and that have food waste collection. would mean greater opportunities for the municipality
30%
Collaboration is underway between Stockholm
Vatten och Avfall, the Traffic Administration Office
and the Environment and Health Protection Adminis-
tration to draw up a programme for waste manage-
ment in public spaces. This includes separation at
of the contents of the
source in parks, using the popup concept for reuse, household rubbish bag
which also encompasses the collection of packaging will consist of packaging
and newsprint/recyclable paper. and newsprint in house-
holds that do not yet have
The planned sorting facility in Högdalen is primarily food waste collection
for food waste from blocks of flats in the inner city;
The Waste management plan for Stockholm 2017–2020 13to jointly plan all waste management and increase lent) is used in locations where mechanical systems
the kerbside collection of packaging and newsprint/ would not work. Vacuum waste collection systems
recyclable paper. Irrespective of where the respon- can be adapted for the collection of packaging and
sibility for a future collection system will lie, there is newsprint/recyclable paper, and with optical sorting
great potential to improve management and systems (collection in different coloured or marked bags) a
through various forms of cooperation between munic- number of collection systems can be used. The further
ipalities and producers. development of mobile systems is also conceivable;
particularly when account is taken of the competition
Most realistic would be a number of locally tailored
for the shrinking volume of available public space.
solutions for the collection of packaging and news-
print/recyclable paper. And at the individual prop- A combination of information and easily accessible
erty level different solutions are also needed. The collection systems will prevent the production of pack-
main emphasis is on the prioritisation of mechanical aging waste and newsprint/recyclable paper and
systems. Kerbside collection in bins (or the equiva- promote increased separation, reuse and recycling.
The prevention of waste
Simply put the prevention of waste means reducing who visit it. Over the next few years more facilities of
the volume and inherent hazard of waste. Making this type are planned in the municipality. Both in the
it more straightforward for Stockholm residents to inner city and in the suburbs.
dispose of material, products and objects they no
In 2016 mobile reuse facilities were opened in
longer need in their households, makes it easier
locations where a lot of people pass through and
and more achievable for Stockholm Vatten och
where visitors have no need of a car. In future years
Avfall, in partnership with charity organisations and
Stockholm Vatten och Avfall will continue to develop
businesses, to prevent the production of waste in the
mobile systems that can contribute to the prevention
municipality in various ways.
of waste.
Collection and reuse in the municipality's
collection system The future
In 2016 Stockholm Vatten och Avfall studied how
In partnership with a number of actors, both private
the collection structure could further improve the
and charity organisations, the potential to dispose of
potential for those who live and work in Stockholm
products at the city's recycling centres has increased
to prevent waste. This is being planned through new
significantly in the past five years. Now residents
physical locations where material and products can
in Stockholm can dispose of things such as furni-
be reused, repurposed, mended and, if necessary,
ture, books, clothes, household items, cycles and
replaced. The study will largely form the basis of
sports equipment that they no longer need for reuse.
how waste management (mainly bulky waste) will
Collecting these products reduces the volume of
be procured during the period of this waste manage-
waste in the municipality.
ment plan.
New collection systems have also been introduced
Stockholm Vatten och Avfall is providing various
that facilitate the handover of products for reuse. For
types of information and undertaking communication
example in December 2015 Stockholm's first reuse
initiatives to increase the awareness of the city's
facility, the Roslagstull Reuse Centre in Vanadisberget
residents of the importance to the environment and
was opened. The new facility highlights for the
economy of conscious consumption. This applies to
visitor that even if they do not need something any-
food and food waste as well as other types of prod-
more there are others who do. The new facility has
uct and waste.
reduced the volume of waste significantly for those
14 The Waste management plan for Stockholm 2017–2020Communication
The basis for all communication is to support the vision Stockholm Vatten och Avfall
of the City of Stockholm – A Stockholm for Everyone. Stockholm Vatten och Avfall bases its communication
The objective of communication linked to the waste about waste around partnership, message and
management plan is for Stockholm residents and education. In practice this will generate a number of
businesses to move upwards in the waste hierarchy. different communication initiatives tailored for sepa-
rate target groups.
The basis for all A priority over the next year is to communicate the
communication is to content of the waste management plan to the city's
support the vision of businesses so that together with the residents of
the City of Stockholm Stockholm we will be able to fulfil the plan's objec-
– A Stockholm for tives and the city's vision.
EveryoneObjective 1 Waste from those who live and work in the city is to decrease, and the waste that is produced is to be dealt with in a resource-efficient manner
Description
The City of Stockholm is endeavouring to move incineration, biogas can be extracted and used
waste upwards in the EU waste hierarchy, commonly as vehicle fuel, replacing fossil fuels in buses,
known as the waste ladder, see Figure 1. refuse-collection vehicles and cars. In addition a
nutrient-rich digestate is obtained; this can be used
Resource management generally increases the fur-
as fertiliser on arable land replacing chemical fer-
ther one goes up the waste hierarchy. Reducing the
tilisers which use a lot of energy to produce and in
amount of waste is a major and important challenge
some cases are a finite resource. Food waste is an
in our environmental work. If this is not possible, the
important resource that, with separate collection and
waste should be re-used, recycled or recovered as
treatment, will contribute both to fulfilling the city's
energy. As a last option it goes to landfill.
ambitious climate objectives and to linking the nutri-
The amount of waste created in a society is gov- ent recovery cycle between town and country.
erned by many different factors and partly depends
The recycling step in the waste hierarchy also relates
on the state of the economy. The link between
to packaging and newsprint/recyclable paper.
economic growth and the increased generation
Improving opportunities for households to dispose
of waste needs to be broken. This is conditional on
of packaging and newsprint/recyclable paper for
resources being utilised more efficiently, patterns of
kerbside collection can contribute to better waste
consumption being changed and the life cycle of
separation. There are additional fractions in both
products being extended.
residual waste and bulky waste which could be
Today municipalities have few tools to directly influ- separated and recycled.
ence waste streams. However, within its own activi-
To enable an increase in the quantity of waste that
ties the City of Stockholm can play an important role
can be utilised there is a need for adequate treat-
in setting an example and reducing its own waste.
ment capacity in the region and a strong aftermarket
By collecting and treating food waste separately, for each type of waste.
instead of sending it with household waste for
Vision for 2040
Conscious production and consumption means the of trend towards increasing volumes. All waste should
generation of lower volumes of waste and a breaking be dealt with in the most resource-efficient manner.
PREVENTION
The volume of waste can be reduced by
conscious consumption. Think before you buy!
REUSE
Products can often be repaired or change hands
instead of being discarded. What do you do?
RECYCLING
Packaging, newsprint and other materials can be
recycled and made into new products. Food waste
can also be recycled making biogas or biofertiliser.
ENERGY RECOVERY
Combustible waste is recovered through
incineration to provide heat and electricity.
DISPOSAL
Waste that cannot be recovered
or reused.
Figure 1. EU waste hierarchy
18 The Waste management plan for Stockholm 2017–2020Subsidiary objectives for
the period of the plan
1.1 City residents and businesses must know how
to reduce the amount of waste they produce
Description Examples of what other actors can do
To reduce the volume of waste in Stockholm action is • Information initiatives related to the reuse and
needed on many fronts. We need to think differently, prevention of waste for both residents and
viewing our consumption from a wider perspective. businesses
There is often money to be saved. •A
dialogue between stakeholders in the City of
Stockholm regarding how work on reuse and
Actors prevention is to be implemented and developed
The public bodies and companies of the City of
Stockholm. Goods producers. Trade organisations. Follow-up and key indicators
User surveys and campaign metrics (Stockholm
What will Stockholm Vatten och Avfall do Vatten och Avfall)
• P rovide information about reuse and prevention Volume per person and year (Stockholm Vatten
to those who live and work in the city (the envi- och Avfall's statistics)
ronment programme)
• Communicate the importance of reducing food
wastage
•D
evelop educational activities, through partner-
ships among other things Overall objective:
Less than 250 kg food
and residual waste per
person and year by the
end of 2020.
The Waste management plan for Stockholm 2017–2020 191.2 Waste is to be prevented and a greater
proportion of products and materials are to be reused
Description •C
ontinue with the differentiation of waste fees
Often both the production of new goods and their in order to incentivise increased waste sepa-
associated waste have a negative environmental ration and waste prevention (the environment
impact. In a circular economy the ecocycle approach programme)
means that a product at the end of its life can be used •D
evelop systems for accepting and managing
again in new production. This generates a smaller material for reuse
volume of waste and creates new value. Conscious
production and consumption can make this possible. Examples of what other actors can do
Disposable materials should only be used if necessary. • Create conditions for reuse
The reuse of household waste is to increase, by •W
hen purchasing and procuring goods, mate-
stimulating reuse and careful consideration before rials and services plan to reduce the incidence
scrapping products, and also through accessible of waste; this applies to all actors especially the
collection systems. city (the environment programme)
• In as far as it is possible products and equipment
Actors no longer used are to be reused (the environment
All waste holders and producers of goods and mate- programme)
rials. The city has a responsibility to lead the way.
Follow-up and key indicators
What will Stockholm Vatten och Avfall do The number of subscribers paying a weight fee com-
• Steer the customers of recycling centres towards pared to a volume fee (Stockholm Vatten och Avfall)
reuse in the first instance Statistics of how much is handed over for reuse in the
city's collection systems (Stockholm Vatten och Avfall)
•C
ollaborate with actors that accept used
products to stimulate reuse
1.3 More material is to be separated for recovery
Description Actors
Today most of household waste in Stockholm is The City of Stockholm, producers and property own-
incinerated for energy recovery. While packaging ers create the necessary conditions. Waste holders
and newsprint is separated a large proportion still have a responsibility to separate and to use the col-
ends up in the household rubbish bag or with bulky lection systems.
waste. The objective is to increase the separation
of materials for which there are already rules and What will Stockholm Vatten och Avfall do
systems (e.g. food waste, packaging and newsprint), •S
tudy the feasibility of introducing the optical sort-
but also whether new fractions can be relevant in the ing of fractions that have been separated at source
future in order to increase the resource efficiency in
•D
evelop educational activities, through partner-
waste management (textiles for example).
ships among other things
• P ersuade city residents and businesses through
communication to recycle waste
20 The Waste management plan for Stockholm 2017–2020• F ind new fractions that can be separated for • P roperty owners should create separation facil-
recycling ities for those who live and work in Stockholm
• T ogether with affected actors develop collection and provide information about these facilities
systems for fractions that have been separated • R educe the proportion of packaging and news-
at source print thrown away in the household rubbish bag
Examples of what other actors can do Follow-up and key indicators
•A
ll of the city's galley kitchens where there is Waste component analyses (Stockholm Vatten
packaging and newspapers are to have separa- och Avfall).
tion facilities (the environment programme) Environmental programme follow-up (ILS)
• R euse excavated material to avoid the extraction Volume statistics (Stockholm Vatten och Avfall,
of unused natural resources and reduce the need City Development Administration)
to transport excavated material
1.4 The prevention, reuse and recycling of
construction and demolition waste is to increase
Description • Increase the City of Stockholm's awareness by
One of the targets of the EU Directive on Waste is making an inventory of the waste streams in se-
for the reuse and recycling of non-hazardous con- lected new construction and refurbishment projects
struction and demolition waste to be at least 70% in • Impose clear requirements regarding waste man-
2020. There is also great potential, through good agement in building and demolition permits, and
planning at building sites, to reduce the proportion following up on compliance
of materials that needs to be scrapped. There are •E
ndeavour to ensure effective management of
no aggregated statistics for this area. construction materials and construction waste in
new construction and refurbishment projects in
Actors the city
Developers, contractors, property owners, the City • T he waste material generated during construction
Planning Administration, Stockholm Environment and is to be minimised (the environment programme)
Health Protection Administration, City Development • P roduce good, concrete examples to show how
Administration, Traffic Administration Office, Property the subsidiary objective can be achieved
Management Administration, etc.
Follow-up and key indicators
Examples of what the City of Stockholm
A description of how the work has been developed
and other actors can do
to achieve the subsidiary objective (the Development
• Impose requirements on construction and Administration, the Environment and Health Protec-
demolition contractors to recover material to tion Administration, the City Planning Administration)
the greatest possible extent, at the same time
as waste that is hazardous and harmful to the
70%
environment is dealt with properly
• R eview the potential to reuse materials from
demolition and renovation of non-hazardous construction
•S
upervise the management of construction and and demolition waste is to be
demolition waste reused or recycled by 2020
The Waste management plan for Stockholm 2017–2020 211.5 The amount of textile in household waste is to
be reduced
Description •S
upply and develop systems for the reception,
Textiles are a type of waste that up to now largely reuse and recycling of textiles
mirrors unsustainable consumption. The Swedish •C
ollaborate with other actors in order to find
Environmental Protection Agency has found that new business models
approximately eight kilos of clothes and household
textiles are thrown away per person and year1. Examples of what the city can do
• T he city is to promote textiles being dealt with
Actors resource-efficiently (the environment programme)
Households, Stockholm Vatten och Avfall, textile
producers. Follow-up and key indicators
Waste component analyses (Stockholm Vatten
What will Stockholm Vatten och Avfall do
och Avfall)
•C
ommunicate to households how they can Volume statistics; volumes collected by the city's
reuse and recycle their textiles and how the collection systems (Stockholm Vatten och Avfall)
environment benefits from this
1 Source: Swedish Environmental Protection Agency report
Swedish Consumption and the Global Environment, 2010
22 The Waste management plan for Stockholm 2017–20201.6 At least 70% of food waste is to be collected
for anaerobic digestion for biogas production and
nutrient recovery
Description
The city has raised its ambition regarding food All of the city's
waste collection; this will require a number of businesses are to
different measures if it is to be realised. A project unit separate their food
in Stockholm Vatten och Avfall is working exclusively waste and send it for
on the initiatives needed to meet the objective. The biological processing
work includes a great many of communication and
outreach activities. Waste fees are an important
policy instrument.
Examples of what other actors can do
Actors • T he city's businesses should minimise their food
wastage (the environment programme)
The City of Stockholm, restaurants and other
businesses, property owners and households. •A
ll of the city's businesses are to separate their
food waste and send it for biological processing
What will Stockholm Vatten och Avfall do (the environment programme)
• Increase the awareness of city residents regard- • Catered events are to have food waste collection
ing the significance of food wastage to the envi- • P roperty owners and businesses are to introduce
ronment and the economy food waste collection where this is possible
• Increase the awareness of city residents regard- • Introduce the separation of food waste in public
ing the significance of food waste collection spaces
to the environment and the economy. In other •W
hen planning the new build of housing and
words the food waste that is generated anyway municipal buildings include food waste collec-
should be collected and biologically processed tion - from kitchen to collection
into biogas and biofertiliser
•E
ducate school kitchens, kindergarten kitchens Follow-up and key indicators
and municipal catering kitchens about the impor- The volume of food waste collected (Stockholm
tance of preventing food wastage and how best Vatten och Avfall)
to deal with the food waste generated The volume of food waste per person (Stockholm
• Follow the existing food waste collection strategy Vatten och Avfall)
• Introduce technical systems that allow the Waste component analyses (Stockholm Vatten
collection of food waste from all of the city's och Avfall)
households. Optical sorting for example,
allowing food waste collection using existing
systems, even where the separate collection of
food waste is not possible
The Waste management plan for Stockholm 2017–2020 231.7 At least 40% of the phosphorus in wastewater is
to be collected and returned to arable land as fertiliser
Description What will Stockholm Vatten och Avfall do
The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency's pro- •C
ontinue with measures to improve sludge
posed milestone reads: quality, particularly with regard to cadmium,
silver and copper
•B
y 2018 at the latest at least 40% of the phos-
•C
ontinue the dialogue with farming
phorous and 10% of the nitrogen in wastewater
organisations and other stakeholders regarding
will be utilised and recycled as nutrients for
the use of sludge on arable land
arable land without entailing exposure to pollut-
ants that pose the risk of harming people or the • Set aside more sludge for use on arable land
environment. •S
tudy and potentially undertake trials on the
separate handling of sewage for separate
However, this milestone has not yet been adopted. sludge digestion
In 2015 about 76,000 tonnes of sludge was •C
ontinue work on the separate collection of
produced at the wastewater treatment plants of hazardous waste and pharmaceutical waste
Stockholm Vatten och Avfall. Of this 14,200 tonnes •S
tudy treatment methods allowing the extraction
from the Bromma wastewater treatment plant was of phosphorus and nitrogen from wastewater
used on arable land. This corresponds to 19% of or sludge
total sludge production.
Stockholm Vatten och Avfall's ambition for sewage
sludge should at least be in line with the national
target. Our ability to meet this target depends on More sludge
the quality of the sludge, external requirements and is to be set
commercial factors. The ecocycle-based use of the aside for use
sludge necessitates very low levels of pollutants and on arable
a general acceptance that the sludge will be utilised land
on arable land, but there is interest from farmers.
One important waste-related measure to improve the
quality of the sludge is to act to ensure that waste
containing hazardous waste, such as pharmaceutical Examples of what other actors can do
residue, is handled properly. • Increase the awareness of households and other
businesses regarding what can be put down
In order to return sludge to arable land the sludge
the drain
must meet the requirements in the proposed sludge
regulation and the Revaq certification system. The • T ake measures in accordance with the Environ-
sludge contains only about seven percent of incom- mental Protection Agency report on the sustaina-
ing nitrogen. If ten percent of the nitrogen is to be ble recycling of phosphorous and examples from
returned measures over and above slurry spreading the National Board of Housing Building and
will be needed. Planning (Boverket) with regard to copper in tap
water systems
Actors • Increase the potential for the storage of sludge
Stockholm Vatten och Avfall and farming organisa-
tions. In addition, households and businesses have a Follow-up and key indicators
responsibility for ensuring that hazardous substances The proportion of sludge spread on arable land
do not end up in wastewater. (Stockholm Vatten och Avfall)
24 The Waste management plan for Stockholm 2017–20201.8 Littering in the urban environment is to decrease
Description What will the Traffic Administration Office do
Apart from looking dismal, litter strewn areas can • Increase cleaning activities
create a feeling of insecurity. The City of Stockholm • Clean more when people can see it happening
has made active efforts to reduce litter in the streets, •M
eet the city's cleaning guarantees that state
squares, parks and green spaces. Remedial meas- that cleaning, the emptying of litter bins and
ures include expanding litter collection and changing the removal of graffiti is to take place within
public attitudes and behaviour with regard to litter us- 24 hours of it being reported
ing campaigns and communication. New collection
•C
arry out litter picking through the Stockholm
systems are being tested and street cleaning takes
hosts organisation
place when people can see it happening.
•O
ffer litter picking work to young people in the
summer holidays
Actors
• Increase collaboration between affected parties
The Traffic Administration Office, City District Admin-
such as businesses, housing companies and
istrations, property owners and housing companies,
shopping centre owners
shopping centre owners and businesses, Stockholm
Transport (SL), the Keep Sweden Tidy Foundation, • Initiate new partnerships and initiatives for a
event organisers and others. Households, visitors and cleaner and more secure urban environment in
people who work in the city. the small shopping centres in the suburbs
• Communicate the work of the office in keeping
the city clean and countering litter• Communicate the office's message that litter is the Examples of what other actors can do
joint responsibility of the individual and the city • Households have a responsibility not to use the
• Replace existing litter bins with litter bins with city's public litter bins for household waste
integrated ashtrays • Everyone who lives in, visits or works in Stockholm
• Provide the potential to separate waste at source has a responsibility not to litter and to use litter
in public spaces bins provided by the city and other actors
• Arrange annual Litter Picking Days together with • Everyone who lives in, visits or works in Stockholm
the Keep Sweden Tidy Foundation is encouraged to report littering, full litter bins and
• Use climate smart alternatives in waste management other problems in the urban environment using the
• Draw up a programme for waste manage- Tyck Till app or the City of Stockholm website
ment in the city's public spaces together with • Businesses such as property owners, shopping
Stockholm Vatten och Avfall and the Environment centre owners, traders and others are encour-
and Health Protection Administration aged to install ashtrays outside entrances and
staff entrances in order to reduce the number of
What will the City District Administrations do cigarette ends in the city's pavements
• Ensure that parks and green spaces in the city • Event organisers have a responsibility to clean
are perceived as clean, well-tended, secure the event space and the area surrounding
and accessible it, even when the event extends over several
• Maintain a high standard in the district days. When the event is over the area must be
playgrounds keeping them free of litter returned to its original condition
• Help with the potential to separate waste at
Follow-up and key indicators
source in public spaces
Litter metrics (the Traffic Administration Office)
• Communicate the work involved in keeping the
Citizen surveys (Stockholm Environment and Health
districts clean and countering litter
Protection Administration)
• Use climate smart alternatives in waste management Urban environment surveys (City Executive Board)
1.9 The occurrence of litter in the marine
environment is to be reduced
Description Stockholms Hamn AB is carrying out a contract on
Marine litter is a major environmental problem and behalf of the Traffic Administration Office; this covers
Stockholm has a long shoreline along both the Baltic the continuous cleaning of the waters and shoreline
and Lake Mälaren. Most of the marine litter comes of central Stockholm.
from land, and over half of it is plastic2. So the link
to the waste management plan's subsidiary objective
1.8 is clear. The city's measures to reduce littering
include expanding litter collection, and changing
public attitudes and behaviour with regard to litter
Over 50%
of marine litter is
using campaigns and communication. plastic
2 Source: Keep Sweden Tidy Foundation
26 The Waste management plan for Stockholm 2017–2020Actors Stockholm Vatten och Avfall, the Traffic Administration Office, City District Administrations, Stockholms Hamn AB, SL and event organisers etc. What will the City of Stockholm do • Make an inventory of the danger areas where rubbish from land risks ending up in the sea and take measures to prevent this from happening • Identify sources of marine litter in order to take preventive action • Further develop the Traffic Administration Office’s litter action plan • Continue work on activities and communication aimed at the public regarding attitudes to litter • Develop partnerships between various actors Examples of what other actors can do • Everyone who lives in, visits or works in Stockholm has a responsibility not to litter and to use litter bins provided by the city and other actors Follow-up and key indicators Litter metrics gathered from land, water and shoreline (the Traffic Administration Office and other actors) Citizen surveys (Stockholm Environment and Health Protection Administration) Urban environment surveys (City Executive Board) The volume of waste cleaned up from the city's waters and shoreline (Stockholms Hamn AB)
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