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V. Programs to mitigate
climate change
program considers four components to be fundamental
Background to the development of a comprehensive policy that helps
to solve the global problem: long-term vision, mitigation,
This chapter contains the most representative efforts
adaptation, and cross-cutting policy elements.
Mexico has made in the reduction of Greenhouse Gases
In the long-term, Mexico takes the proscribed or
(GHG) in key sectors of national activity during 2006-
aspired goal of a 50% reduction in GHG emissions by
2009 period.
2050, relative to those emitted in 2000, which would
The National Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
contribute to a scenario of stabilization of GHG concen-
(Inventario Nacional de Emisiones de Gases de Efecto
trations in the atmosphere at a level not exceeding 450
Invernadero, INEGEI) 1990-2006 (see Chapter II) in-
ppm CO2eq, compatible with a limit of increase in aver-
dicates that GHG emissions grew 2% annually, while
age surface temperature of 2 - 3 °C, and a flexible con-
the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) grew by an average
vergence towards a global average of per capita emis-
of 3% annually and the national population at a rate of
sions of 2.8 tonnes of CO2eq in 2050.
1.5%. Despite the increase in emissions by increased
In this desired course for emission reduction, Mexican
fossil fuel consumption between 1990 and 2006, these
emissions would have to gradually lower after the second
rates have grown at a lower rate than the economy;
decade of this century, until reaching the level indicated
showing dissociation between economic growth and
in 2050; approximately 340 million tonnes of CO2eq
emissions.
The fulfilment of the PECC at the end of the current
Mexico recognizes the importance of carrying out
administration would result in a reduction of emissions in
actions that contribute to the international community’s
2012 of 51 million tonnes of CO2eq (Table V.1), relative
efforts to mitigate GHG emissions. In this sense, the gov-
to the baseline scenario projected for the same year, of
ernment of Mexico presented the Special Climate Change
786 million tonnes CO2eq, as a result of actions in the
Program (Programa Especial de Cambio Climático,
sectors related to the generation and use of energy, ag-
PECC)1 2009-2012, through which it is sought to dem-
riculture, forests and other land uses and wastes (Figure
onstrate that mitigation of GHG emissions is possible
V.1).
without compromising the development process. The
1 http://dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5107404&fe
cha=28/08/2009. Accessed: October 12th, 2009.
167
Table V.1. Goal of reducing GHG emissions by category and subcategory, PECC 2009-2012.
Mitigation Goals (MtCO2eq)
Subcategories Cumulative
2008-2012 2012 2012 %
Power Generation 51.78 18.03 18.03 35.6
Oil and gas 40.83 10.33 10.33 20.4
Electricity 10.95 7.70 18.03 35.6
Energy uses 22.21 11.87 29.90 59
Transportation 11.35 5.74 23.77 46.9
Residential, commercial and municipal sector 8.80 5.53 29.30 57.8
Industry 1.82 0.52 29.82 58.9
Federal Public Administration 0.25 0.08 29.90 59
Agriculture, forests and other land uses 46.46 15.29 45.19 89.2
Agriculture 2.52 0.95 30.85 60.9
Livestock production 2.14 0.91 31.76 62.7
Forests 30.20 9.96 41.72 82.4
Agricultural and forestry frontier 11.60 3.48 45.19 89.2
Waste 8.58 5.46 50.65 100%
Urban solid waste disposal 7.56 4.44 49.63 98
Discharges and wastewater treatment 1.02 1.02 50.65 100
Total 129.03 50.65 50.65 100%
Source: PECC 2009.
tion of GHG emissions in priority sectors, as well as to
Figure V.1. Categories of GHG emission reductions by
relevant research in this area.
2012 (PECC).
5.5 MtCO2 eq
5.1 Energy Sector
18.0 MtCO2 eq
Wastes Energy generation
11%
15.3 MtCO2 eq
36% In accordance with INEGEI 1990-2006, the energy cat-
Agriculture, forestry
and other land uses
egory is the major contributor, particularly the transpor-
30% tation subcategory, followed by electricity generation,
the energy industry’s own consumption and that of the
11.9 MtCO2 eq
Energy use manufacturing and construction industries.
23%
In this period the consumption of fossil fuels and
Source: PECC 2009. biomass in Mexico grew 34.2%, from 4,306 PJ to
5,780 PJ. Proportionally, carbon dioxide (CO2) emis-
sions increased 34.4% from 275.3 to 370 MtCO2 in
The measures aimed at meeting the sustainable de- 2006.
velopment goals of the National Development Plan (Plan When considering the contribution of methane
Nacional de Desarrollo, PND) 2007-2012, are given be- (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), the emissions of carbon
low. These directly or indirectly contribute to the reduc- dioxide equivalent (CO2eq) increase 37.5% from 278.3
168 Fourth National Communication of Mexico
million tonnes to 382.7 millions of tonnes of CO2eq, for In 2008, with the application of 18 Mexican Official
the same period. Standards (Normas Oficiales Mexicanas, NOM), 16 linked
In 2006, consumption of gasoline and natural gas ac- with the consumption of electricity and two with thermal
counted for the largest contribution of GHG emissions in processes, savings equivalent to 15.775 GWh were regis-
the energy category with 26 and 25%, respectively, fol- tered, which means 70.97 PJ of energy savings and avoid-
lowed by diesel and fuel oil, which accounted for 14 and ed emissions of 12.8 MtCO2eq. Similarly, the application
13%, respectively. A reduction in consumption of fuel oil of thermal efficiency standards was reflected in a saving of
was observed, relative to the previous years, caused mainly 6 million barrel of oil equivalents (BOE), 35.16 PJ and the
by the substitution of natural gas in electricity generation. mitigation of 1.97 MtCO2eq (CONUEE 2009).
In Mexico, the Ministry of Energy (Secretaría de Additionally, the implementation of energy saving
Energía, SENER) is responsible for managing the coun- programs in industrial, commercial and public services
try’s energy policy to ensure the energy supply required over the period 2006-2008 produced a saving of 15.7
for national development. million BOE, preventing the emission of 8.6 MtCO2eq
SENER groups the coordinated state-owned entities (CONUEE 2009).
into the following subsectors: Preliminary data for the first half of 2009 show a sav-
ing of 12,558 GWh, equivalent to 10.2 million tonnes of
I. Electricity Subsector: Federal Commission for CO2 emissions avoided. This number takes into consider-
Electricity (Comisión Federal de Electricidad, CFE). ation the normalization of energy efficiency carried out
II. Hydrocarbon Subsector: Mexican Petroleum in industrial, commercial and public services; the Daylight
(Petroleos Mexicanos, PEMEX) and its subsidiary Savings Program; and the corresponding actions in the
bodies. domestic sector (SENER 2009).
III. Energy Technology Subsector: a) Electric Research Over the period 2006-2008, the Daylight Savings
Institute (Instituto de Investigaciones Eléctricas, IIE); Program (FIDE 2009) avoided 4.5 million tonnes of
b) National Institute for Nuclear Research (Instituto CO2 emissions.2 During the period 1996-2008 the im-
Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, ININ); and c) plementation of the program avoided the installation
The Mexican Petroleum Institute (Instituto Mexicano of an average capacity of 799 MW and the emission of
del Petróleo, IMP). 20.5 MtCO2 (FIDE 2009a).
In Mexico, the Energy Regulatory Commission 5.1.1 Energy Sector Program 2007-
(Comisión Reguladora de Energía, CRE) is the entity re- 2012
sponsible for regulation of energy activities.
Between 2006 and 2008, SENER through the The Energy Sector Program (Programa Sectorial de En-
National Commission for Energy Efficiency (Comisión ergía, PROSENER) 2007-2012 was based on the 2007-
Nacional para el Uso Eficiente de la Energía, CONUEE, 2012 PND.
previously the National Commission for Energy Saving The Program states in its “Objective IV.1. Mitigate
(Comisión Nacional para el Ahorro de Energía, CONAE), the increase in GHG emissions with actions that seek to
implemented various institutional energy savings pro- decouple economic growth from greenhouse gas gener-
grams, among the most important is the Program on ation, through more efficient production processes and
Energy Efficiency Standards, which has allowed the energy use patterns, as well as those less dependent on
commercialization of over 8 million systems, products fossil fuels.”
and units of equipment, which drives the transformation
of the market toward other products more efficient in
energy use. 2 Information provided by CONUEE 2, 2009.
Programs to mitigate climate change 169
5.1.2 Regulatory Framework Source of Small-Scale Solar Energy, issued by the
CRE, it is permitted to generate electricity in residen-
The framework created to provide legal certainty for mit- tial homes and small businesses using solar energy,
igation actions focuses on the improved use of energy, with the possibility of interconnecting to the National
the transition to renewable energy sources and clean Electrical System (Sistema Eléctrico Nacional, SEN).
technologies for electricity generation and the reduction The supplier may diversify their bases of power gen-
of GHG emissions. In this regard, the following instru- eration. Published on June 27th, 2007 in the DOF
ments were published in the Official Journal of the Fed- (CRE, 2009).
eration (Diario Oficial de la Federación, DOF) in the pe- • Changes were made to the model of Interconnection
riod 2007-2009 (Table V.2). Agreement for the Source of Renewable Energy,
through which the possibility was given to grant
Regulation of Energy Efficiency self-supply licenses to deliver electricity to munici-
pal, state or federal government facilities. Published
In the period 2007-2009 four standards on energy ef- on July 9th, 2007 in the DOF (CRE 2009th).
ficiency were published (Table V.3)
5.1.3 Main mitigation programs
Interconnection between renewable energy
sources The most relevant actions in the energy sector on en-
ergy efficiency and renewable energy are detailed be-
• Through the provisions established in the model of low:
Interconnection Agreement (SENER, 2009) for the
Table V.2. Instruments published in the DOF in the period 2007-2009.
Instrument Published in the DOF
Law for the Sustainable Use of Energy November 28th, 2008
Regulation of the Law for the Sustainable Use of Energy September 11th, 2009
Law for the Use of Renewable Energy and Energy Transition Funding November 28th, 2008
National Strategy for Energy Transition and the Sustainable Use of Energy November 28th, 2008
Law on the Promotion and Development of Biofuels February 1st, 2008
Regulation of the Law on the Promotion and Development of Biofuels June 18th, 2009
Source: SENER 2009.
Table V.3. Mexican Official Standards for Energy Efficiency 2007-2009.
Standard Object of regulation
NOM-004-ENER-2008 Pumps and pump-motor combinations for pumping clean water
NOM-021-ENER/SCFI-2008 Air conditioners for rooms
NOM-017-ENER-2008 Self-ballasted compact fluorescent lamps (CFL)
NOM-019-ENER-2009 Mechanized tortilla machines
Source: SENER 2009.
170 Fourth National Communication of Mexico
Ministry of Energy3 • Environmental benefits: it is expected that the re-
placement of nearly two million refrigerators and
Special Program for Renewable Energy Use4 air conditioners will save 7,871 GWh in electrical
energy between 2009 and 2012 which, added
The overall objective of this program is to promote the with the replacement of 47.2 million incandescent
use of renewable energy, through specific objectives bulbs with compact fluorescent lamps or others
and goals, as well as to indicate the necessary actions to of higher efficiency, is equivalent to 4.73 million
achieve them. tonnes of CO2eq saved in the same period (PECC
The specific objectives for promoting renewable 2009).
energy sources in Mexico, proposed in the program for
2012, are: Through this program, more than 100,000 applianc-
es have been replaced up to August 31st, 2009 (SENER
• To reach 7.6% in the installed capacity, not counting 2009).
hydroelectric projects with a capacity greater than
30 MW: a) wind: 4.3%, b) mini-hydro: 0.77%, c) The Rural Electrification Program
geothermal 1.65%, biomass and biogas: 0.85%.
• To reach between 4.5% and 6.6% in the total elec- The “Integrated Energy Services Project” has the goal
tricity generation: a) wind: 1.74-2.91%, b) mini- of promoting rural electrification projects, based on re-
hydro: 0.36 to 0.61%, c) geothermal: 2.19-2.74%, newable energy, in the states of Chiapas, Guerrero, Oax-
biomass and biogas: 0.19 to 0.32%. aca and Veracruz. This will provide electricity to 50,000
• To provide renewable electricity to 2,500 rural com- households over the period 2008-2012. To achieve
munities considered in the Integrated Energy Services this, various technologies are used including photovol-
Project. taic, wind turbines, micro-hydro plants, and small power
plants which use biomass and hybrid systems of renew-
Replacement Program of household electrical able-diesel energy.
appliances to save energy The project will provide training to pilot localities
for the development of productive activities related
This program, which began nationally in March 2009, to energy, and will assist the formation of inter-insti-
is known colloquially as “Change your old guy for a new tutional structures for the development of rural elec-
one” and involves support from the Federal Govern- trification projects using renewable energy, ensuring
ment to replace refrigerators and air conditioners that the replication of pilot projects in the surrounding
are ten or more years old with new energy-saving and communities. Its implementation phase began in
energy efficient machines; as well as the destruction of September 2008, and resources for its development
the replaced machines in accordance with environmen- are composed of state and municipal funds, a grant
tal regulations. from the Global Fund for the Environment (GEF), and
a World Bank loan.
• Benefits for the government: reduction of expendi-
ture in energy subsidies, as well as energy costs. Large Scale Renewable Energy Project
The Large Scale Renewable Energy Project (Projecto de
3 SENER 2009a. Energías Renovables a Gran Escala, PERGE) has the goal
4 Published on August 6th, 2009 in the DOF, as the mandate of
of reducing GHG emissions, as well as local pollutants,
the Law for the Use of Renewable Energy and Energy Transition
Funding. and to facilitate the development of renewable energy
Programs to mitigate climate change 171
projects. Currently, this initiative supports the implemen- reduction of gas venting and flaring, CH4 utilization, en-
tation of the wind-power project La Venta III, with a ca- hanced oil recovery and geological carbon sequestration.
pacity of 101 MW, as well as various activities and stud- In the field of mitigation of CO2 emissions, PEMEX,
ies focused on making better use of renewable energy through PEP is undertaking a project that, at the end
interconnected to the SEN. of 2009, eliminates the flaring of vented gas at the
PERGE received a grant from the GEF through the Cantarell complex through the re-injection of high ni-
World Bank, which will give support, in the first instance trogen content sour gas into the reservoir. The level of
to La Venta III and to technical assistance activities. investment in this project is 2,700 million dollars. In ad-
According to the strategies set out in the PROSENER dition, PEMEX Gas and Basic Petrochemicals (PEMEX
2007-2012, the CFE included in its plans the expansion Gas y Petroquímica Básica, PGPB) is conducting a co-
of a set of wind-power plants to be located in the area of generation project of 300 MW, which will begin its op-
La Ventosa, Oaxaca. In 2007, the CFE began operating eration in 2011 and will reduce 1.2 MtCO2 annually
the first large-scale wind farm in Mexico with a capacity (PEMEX, 2009).
of 85 MW. Since 2006, the Federal Government through the
According to the CRE, 17 permits were granted up SENER and PEMEX has made various efforts to ensure
to July 31st, 2009, to generate electricity through wind- that the country’s energy supply is less intensive in GHG
power, of which 12 sites were under construction, 3 emissions. The following actions have been developed
were ready to start working and 2 were in operation. (SENER 2009a):
Carbon capture and sequestration Projects of GHG emission reduction under
the Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development
Research has begun on carbon capture and sequestra- Mechanism (CDM)
tion, since Mexico has significant potential for carbon
sequestration in the subsoil, particularly in oil wells, and PEMEX has signed several letters of intent with the goal of
niche opportunities are currently being identified in the obtaining carbon credits. Moreover, in 2008 several proj-
context of Mexico´s membership of the Carbon Seques- ects were identified that could potentially comply with the
tration Leadership Forum. requirements of the CDM in the areas of thermal, electri-
cal, operational and regenerative efficiency (Table V.4) and
Mexican Petroleum (PEMEX) preparation has begun of the Project Design Documents
(PDD) to be considered as CDM projects with a potential
PEMEX emissions increased 31.7%, from 40.1 to 54.9 Mt- reduction of 373 ktCO2 per year (see Section 5.6.9).
CO2/year in the period 2001-2008 (Figure V.2). In 2008, PEMEX is developing a large-scale cogeneration proj-
the increase was due to the emission of sour gas with high ect in the New Gas Processing Complex, Tabasco, capable
nitrogen content in Cantarell, from the maintenance of com- of providing 55% of the demand for steam and all of the
pression equipment; to increased production and operation- electrical energy for the complex as well as delivering 260
al failures on offshore installations of PEMEX Exploration MW of surplus electrical power to other PEMEX facilities.
and Production (PEMEX Exploración y Producción, PEP). It also includes the construction of a cogeneration plant
PEMEX generates about 8.2% of Mexico´s GHG with a capacity of 300 MW of electricity and 800 T/hr of
emissions, 64% come from industrial combustion and steam that will permit the reduction of GHG emissions by
31% from flared gas (PEMEX 2008). about 940 ktCO2eq. The project was begun in 2009 and
To address the above problem, PEMEX has to imple- will be completed in 2012 (PEMEX, 2009a).
ment a strategy for mitigation of GHG emissions with Through the Methane to Markets Program (M2M),
projects focusing on energy efficiency, cogeneration, and several feasibility studies have been conducted of techno-
172 Fourth National Communication of Mexico
Figure V.2. CO2 emissions from PEMEX 2001 to 2008.
60
50
Millions of tonnes of CO2
PPQ, PEMEX Petrochemical
40
30 PGPB, PEMEX Basic Gas and
Petrochemical
20
PEP, PEMEX Exploration and
10 Production
0 PREF, PEMEX Refining
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Source: PEMEX 2008.
Table V.4. GHG emission reductions from potential CDM projects of PEMEX.
Agency Project Type Estimated reduction tCO2 eq/ year
PEP Cogeneration, recovery of fugitive emissions 257,000
PGPB Energy efficiency, cogeneration 484,289
PREF Energy efficiency, fugitive emissions, steam system efficiency 1,627,980
PGPB Cogeneration 962,456
Total 3,331,725
Source: PEMEX 2008.
logical projects for the capture and use of CH4 (see Section gram on Climate Change (Programa Institucional de
5.6.7), as well as field measurements in order to integrate Cambio Climático, PICAC), with the goal of submitting
an inventory of GHG emissions and evaluate the energy project proposals taking the CDM requirements of the
efficiency of projects. The data obtained has been used to Kyoto Protocol into consideration and participating in in-
carry out operational improvements and projects for the ternational carbon markets.
reduction of emissions. Table V.5 shows the relationship In the years 2006 and 2007, the emission of 47.7
between projects undertaken by PEMEX in the period million tonnes of CO2 was avoided through the opera-
2006-2008 and the support of the program. tion of power plants with renewable sources (Table
V.6).
Federal Electricity Commission5
Electrical Infrastructure to make use of
The Federal Electricity Commission (Comisión Federal Renewable Energy Sources
de Electricidad, CFE) established the Institutional Pro-
Within the Federal Government’s efforts to promote the
use of renewable sources of energy are the following
5 The CFE is a public company that generates, transmits, distributes electrical infrastructure projects:
and sells electricity.
Programs to mitigate climate change 173
Table V.5. Actions of the Methane to Markets Program in PEMEX 2006-2008
Complex Action
GPC* PEMEX City Measuring fugitive emissions in the plant Cryogenic I, and in compres-
sors with wet seals, used to support the preparation of a CDM project
GPCs Cactus, PEMEX City and New PEMEX. Identification of fugitive emissions in process plants and in the pipeline
PGPB Gas transmission pipelines sectors of Orizaba, Veracruz; and Monterrey, Nuevo León
GPC PEMEX City Measurement of CH4 emissions after replacing wet seals with dry seals in
compressors
GPCs Cactus, PEMEX City and New PEMEX Post-repair measurement of fugitive emissions
GPC New PEMEX Measurement of CH4 emissions and energy diagnosis
GPC Poza Rica
GPC Burgos
* Gas processing complex or center.
Source: PEMEX 2008.
Table V.6. CO2 emissions avoided due to use of renewable technologies in CFE.
Years Type of technology, annual generation (GWh) Total annual ge- Annual emis-
neration (GWh) sions avoided
(tCO2)
Hydroelectricity Geothermal Wind power
2006 30,305 6,685 45 37,035 24,628,300
2007 27,042 7,404 248 34,694 23,071,801
Total 57,347 14,089 293 71,729 47,700,101
Note: An emission factor of 0.665 tCO2/MWh is considered to be generated by the electric utility.
Source: CFE 2009.
• La Venta II is located in the southern region of the largest in the world, produces 49.5% of the electric-
Isthmus of Tehuantepec in the state of Oaxaca, ity that is distributed in the Baja California grid, which
north of the town of La Venta, in the municipal- is isolated from the SEN.
ity of Juchitán; it has a generating capacity of 85 • The geothermal electricity generation capacity in-
MW, consisting of 98 wind turbines with an indi- creased in the Cerro Prieto V project by 100 MW;
vidual capacity of 850 kW. The investment was and in that of Los Humeros II 7x3, by 46 MW; and
114.5 million dollars. The project represents a po- Los Humeros II 2x25 by 21 MW.
tential commercialization of 200 ktCO2 per year for • The production of steam from solar power for the
the CFE. In the first evaluation period (June 2007 Puerto Libertad thermoelectric power plant in the
to June 2008), a reduction of 154 ktCO2eq was state of Sonora.
achieved. • Modernization and upgrading of 12 electricity gen-
• In 2007, the geothermal power capacity of Mexico eration units at nine hydroelectric plants.
was 959.5 MW, which generated 3.2% of the • The hydroelectric Project La Yesca, on the border
232,552 GWh which was produced nationally that between the states of Nayarit and Jalisco, with a ca-
year. The Cerro Prieto geothermal field, the second pacity of 750 MW.
174 Fourth National Communication of Mexico
• The CFE signed an agreement with private companies inventories and in the implementation of inspection pro-
for the first stage of the Open Season (Temporada cedures for equipment in which the gas is not discharged
Abierta, TA), a period in which licensees offer all or into the atmosphere, but stored for reuse.
part of the capacity of their system, in this case of The IIE works on the development and adaptation of
reserve capacity and transmission of electrical ener- technologies for separating CO2 from combustion gases,
gy generated by wind-power projects of self-supply theoretically and experimentally, that allow the evalua-
in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. The companies that tion of the combustion of fossil fuels and the behavior of
have signed the agreement are committed to install oxy-combustion processes.
a capacity of 1,985 MW, which will come gradually
into operation in 2008-2010. Electricity Sector Energy Savings Program6
• For the purpose of promoting the wind power gen-
eration capacity of the country during the period In 2008, the Electricity Sector Energy Savings Pro-
2009-2011, the entry into operation of five ad- gram (Programa de Ahorro de Energía del Sector Eléc-
ditional wind projects is being considered, each of trico, PAESE) implemented remote monitoring of en-
which will have an average capacity of 101.4 MW, ergy consumption in energy saving projects in order to
with an estimated reduction of emissions of between verify the progress in these areas and, in 2009, certi-
900,000 and one million tonnes of CO2eq per year. fication in the institutional regulations for the efficient
• By 2006, the cumulative installed capacity of photo- use of energy in both the workplace and households of
voltaic modules was 17.6 MW, with an approximate CFE workers.
electrical power generation of 9.6 GWh, used for The PAESE promoted the application of highly
rural electrification, communications, signalling and efficient systems of air conditioning, lighting and
water pumping (SENER 2007). electromotive systems, highlighting the proposed
modification to the Gas Facility of Combined Cycle
With the goal of fostering electricity generation through Plant (Central Ciclo Combinado) Chihuahua, with
renewable sources, projects have been assessed under the which the operation of three gas compressors is
concept of alternative energies, which have the goal of ful- halted, allowing a saving of 47,316 BOE per year, in
filling a commitment representing 26% of the installed ca- addition to an approximate reduction of 14 ktCO2
pacity of SEN, as set out in PROSENER 2007-2012. (PAESE 2009).
In the period 2006-2008 154 projects were devel-
Actions undertaken by the Electric Research oped in buildings and facilities of the CFE avoiding the
Institute emission of 38,116 tCO2 (Table V.7).
The Electric Research Institute (IIE) works jointly with the National Commission for Energy Efficency7
CFE in matters of energy efficiency and optimization of
the generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity. Between 2006 and 2008, SENER implemented insti-
In the evaluation and use of renewable energy, the IIE car- tutional programs of energy savings through CONUEE,
ries out activities which include: the development of tech-
nologies appropriate to the conditions in Mexico for the 6 The Electricity Sector Energy Savings Program promotes savings
use of renewable energy including solar, wind, mini-hydro, and energy efficiency projects in buildings and facilities of the CFE.
geothermal and biomass; and the high resolution assess- 7 In November of 2008, the National Commission for Energy Effi-
ment of the country’s renewable resources. ciency (CONUEE, earlier CONAE) was established, with the publi-
cation of the Law for the Sustainable Use of Energy. Its goal is to
The IIE collaborates with the CFE in the establish- promote energy efficiency and establish itself as a technical body in
ment of a control system for sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) the field of sustainable energy use.
Programs to mitigate climate change 175reporting savings in electrical and thermal energy con- pared to one of 118.6 kWh/m2 if the program is not
sumption as well as GHG emissions prevented by the fol- applied.
lowing concepts (CONUEE 2009): In order to reduce levels of energy consump-
tion in buildings of the Federal Public Administration
Regulation Program (Administración Pública Federal, APF), CONAE, now
CONUEE, started to operate an electrical energy savings
The official Mexican standards for energy efficiency program in 1999. The savings reported in 2008 by the
(Normas oficiales mexicanas de eficiencia energética, implementation of the Program in buildings were of the
NOM-ENER) regulate the energy consumption of appli- order of 223 GWh (Table V.10).
ances and systems, allow energy savings through man-
datory technical specifications of review, for which the Program for the Promotion of Solar Water
cost/benefit ratio is favourable, and has proven to be the Heaters
most effective instrument for the reduction of energy
consumption. Adhering to these specifications, over 8 The Program for the Promotion of Solar Water Heat-
million of these systems, pieces of equipment and prod- ers (Programa para la Promoción de Calentadores
ucts have been sold. There are currently 19 existing en- Solares de Agua, PROCALSOL) aims to drive the
ergy efficiency standards which are directly related to the massive utilization of this technology in Mexico. The
consumption of electricity and thermal processes (Table goal for 2012 is to install 1.8 million m2 of solar pan-
V.8). els. It is estimated that, in 2008, 5.6 PJ of useful en-
ergy was generated for heating swimming pools and
Energy Saving Program in Industrial and for use in hotels, sports clubs, households, hospitals
Commercial Facilities and in Public Services and industry.
The objective of this program is the development of Guidelines for energy saving in small and
projects related to energy efficiency in industrial and medium size companies
commercial facilities, and services of both the public
and private sectors of the country, designed to meet Included among the guidelines for energy saving provid-
the needs of micro, small and medium-sized enter- ed by CONUEE, to estimate potential energy savings or
prises, and the large industries and businesses with expected consumption, are the following: Guidelines for
intensive energy consumption, state and municipal the estimation of thermal energy loss; guidelines for ef-
public facilities as well as the Federal Government it- ficient energy use in hotels; energy administration; bene-
self (Table V.9). fits of thermal insulation in industry; bases for energy sav-
ing in boilers and steam systems; efficiency in boilers and
Energy Saving Program in the Federal Public combustion; guidelines for energy savings in air compres-
Administration sion systems; identification process of energy saving op-
portunities; measurement and recording of energy in small
The public sector operates an energy saving program to and medium businesses; electric motors; recovery of pro-
strengthen and expand energy efficiency measures with- cessed heat; types of steam traps; and water treatment for
in the sector itself, and which applies to buildings, vehic- use in boilers.
ular fleets and industrial facilities.
This program allows a 30% reduction in electri-
cal energy consumption in office buildings, equivalent
to an annual consumption of 80.8 kWh/ m2, com-
176 Fourth National Communication of MexicoTable V.7. PAESE energy efficiency projects 2006-2008.
2006 2007 2008 Total
Projects 43 55 56 154
Savings generated (KWh) 15,767,438 29,970,323 11,409,562 57,147,323
Barrel of oil equivalents (BOE) 42,000 85,000 36,000 163,000
Tonnes of emissions avoided
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 10,516 19,990 7,610 38,116
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 17 31 11 59
Sulfur Dioxide (S02) 122 214 75 411
Nitrogen oxide (NO) 46 81 29 156
Particulates 110 196 70 376
Hydrocarbons (HC) 150 267 95 512
Source: PAESE 2009.
Table V.8. Impact of Mexican Official Standards for Energy Efficiency 2006-2008.
Standardization of efficiency. Electricity savings
Concept 2006 2007 2008
Savings GWh/year 16,065 17,963 15,775
PJ Savings 57.83 64.67 56.79
Emissions avoided ktCO2eq 13,070 14,615 12,835
Standardization of thermal efficiency
Savings in kBOE/year 4,644 5,268 6,000
APJ Savings 27.21 30.87 35.16
Emissions avoided ktCO2eq CONUEE 1,527 1,732 1,972
Emission factors: electricity, 0.81357 tCO2/MWh; natural gas 56.100 tCO2/TJ; LPG 63.067 tCO2/TJ; diesel 74.067 tCO2/TJ.
Source: CONUEE, 2009.
This program offers energy efficiency incentives to
Electric Power Savings Trust Fund8,9
various branches of industry and energy diagnoses are
made to verify the technical feasibility and econom-
Projects for the saving and efficient use
ic viability of projects. It includes the application of
of electrical energy
measures for the acquisition and installation of high-
efficiency equipment and systems which permit the
Industry
optimization of the use of electricity and industrial
processes.
8 The Electric Power Savings Trust Fund (Fideicomiso para el Ahorro
Businesses and services
de Energía Eléctrica, FIDE) is a public-private body with the purpose of
providing advice, technical assistance and funding for specific projects FIDE supports, through funding and technical assistance,
and programs for saving and efficient use of electricity in the industrial
those users with demand that exceeds 100 kW (such as
and commercial sectors; the service and domestic sectors; and in mi-
cro and small enterprises, as well as municipalities. hotels, restaurants, shops, department stores, education-
9 FIDE 2009. al facilities, buildings and other services). This support is
Programs to mitigate climate change 177geared to the acquisition of high-efficiency lighting, air FIDE label
conditioning and refrigeration systems.
Through the FIDE label, the certification of equipment,
Micro and small enterprises materials and technologies is promoted, guaranteeing a
high degree of efficiency in energy consumption and a
This program applies efficiency measures to businesses longer life than their conventional equivalents, as well as
and services with a demand of less than 100 kW, and in- having the additional benefits of a lower purchase price
dustries with demand of less than 300 kW. FIDE grants and reduced maintenance and replacement costs.
technical assistance to all users who need to optimize their
equipment and processes with their own economic re- Outreach program
sources. This implies the establishment of comprehensive
energy optimization, with organizational structures specif- FIDE has an Educational Program for the Rational Use
ic to the level of the business and in corporate groups. and Saving of Electricity (Programa de Educación para
el Uso Racional y Ahorro de Energía Eléctrica, EDUCA-
Municipal services REE), which is aimed at teaching children and promoting
the efficient use of electricity at home. It also has a radio
Municipalities in the country are supported by these show called “The Formula for Saving Electricity” which
projects, primarily in lighting, water pumping and elec- is transmitted weekly on 103.3 FM in the Metropolitan
tromechanical equipment of public buildings or on mu- Area of Mexico City.
nicipally owned land.
Summer Daylight Saving Program
Programs of saving and efficient use of electricity
Daylight Saving Time began in 1996 and was established
Financing Program for Residential Electrical Energy Sav- by Presidential Decree on March 1, 2002. It was intro-
ing. The CFE and FIDE instigated this program, which duced in order to make greater use of daylight during the
funds the replacement of refrigerators and air condition- months of more sunlight hours, altering the time of elec-
ers with modern and efficient equipment, as well as the trical use in industry, business, homes and street lighting;
application of thermal insulation in homes. making it possible to reduce the maximum hourly de-
mand; reducing both the consumption of power during
Residential Lighting Program peak hours and the requirement for investment.
In 2008, the program allowed the saving of 1,230
This program of national coverage promotes the replace- GWh (Table V.11). It was also possible to avert the con-
ment of conventional bulbs with energy saving compact sumption of 2.7 million BOE and the emission of 1.54
fluorescent lamps (CFL) in the residential sector. million tonnes of CO2 (Table V.12).
Sustainable housing program 5.1.4 Research
This program offers incentives to developers of social Modelling technological scenari-
housing to include energy saving measures in new con- os for GHG mitigation in Mexico
structions, including: designs specific to the use of CFL, “Technological Maps”
air conditioners, high-efficiency refrigerators and double-
glazed windows. The INE financed and coordinated this study, conducted
by the IMP in 2007, which had the goal to develop tech-
178 Fourth National Communication of MexicoTable V.9. Impact of energy saving programs in industrial and commercial installations and those of the public services
2006-2008.
Energy efficiency in the installations and vehicle fleets of the Federal Public Administration and in the private
sector
Concept 2006 2007 2008
Savings kBOE/ year 6,921 4,760 4,033
Savings PJ 40.55 27.89 23.63
Emissions avoided ktCO2eq 4,258 2,184 2,131
CONUEE emission factors: electricity, 0.81357 tCO2/MWh; natural gas 56.100 tCO2/TJ; LPG 63.067 tCO2/TJ; diesel 74.067 tCO2/TJ.
Source: CONUEE 2009.
Table V.10. Savings achieved with the APF energy efficiency program.
Concept MW GWh ktCO2 Registered buildings
2006 39 212 172.5 1,425
2007 41 221 179.8 1,534
2008 41 223 181.4 1,572
CONUEE emission factors: electricity, 0.81357 tCO2/MWh; natural gas 56.100 tCO2/TJ; LPG 63.067 tCO2/TJ, diesel 74.067 tCO2/TJ. .
Source: CONUEE 2009.
Table V.11. Energy and electricity demand saving through FIDE programs and projects 2006-2008.
Electricity savings 2006-2008 Savings in electrical power capa-
(GWh) city 2006-2008 (MW)
Project/Program 2006 2007 2008 2006- 2006 2007 2008 2006-
2008 2008
Industry 123 26 40 189 9.9 4.2 3.3 17.4
Business and services 20 12 17 49 0.9 3.1 1.4 5.4
Municipal services 34 6 7 47 2.3 1.2 0.8 4.3
Micro and small Businesses 15 9 12 36 1.9 3.3 1.8 7.0
Other actions taken derived from technical 709 1,116 1,825 56.8 222.6 279.4
support
Lamps 150 98 83 331 11.5 20.0 17.5 49.0
Residential (Financing Program for Residen- 1,085 1,083 838 3,006 22.3 0.0 2.1 24.4
tial Electricity Savings) (Programa de Finan-
ciamiento para el Ahorro de Energía Eléctrica
Residencial, PFAEE)
Efficient housing 4 7 6 17 1.5 0.8 0.1 2.4
Daylight Saving Time 1,131 1,278 1,230 3,639 931 822 816 2,569
Total 2,562 3,228 3,349 9,139 981 911 1,066 2,958
Source: FIDE, 2009.
Programs to mitigate climate change 179Table V.12. Barrel equivalents of oil and CO2 emissions avoided by the implementation of FIDE projects and programs
2006-2008.
Barrel of oil equivalents avoided in CO2 emissions avoided (thousands of tonnes of
generation (Thousands BOE) CO2)
Project/ program 2006 2007 2008 2006-2008 2006 2007 2008 2006-2008
Industry 220 46 72 338 82 17 27 126
Shops and services 36 21 31 88 13 8 12 33
Municipal services 61 10 13 84 23 4 5 32
Micro and small 26 16 22 64 10 6 8 24
businesses
Other actions im- 0 1,267 1,993 3,260 0 474 745 1,219
plemented derived
from technical
support
Lamps 268 175 149 592 100 65 56 221
Residential 1,936 1,934 1,497 5,367 724 723 560 2,007
(PFAEE)
Efficient housing 8 12 11 31 3 5 4 12
Daylight Saving 2,754 3,100 2,720 8,574 1,427 1,609 1,546 4,582
Time
Total 5,309 6,581 6,508 18,398 2,382 2,911 2,963 8,256
Source: FIDE, 2009
nological maps for key sectors of GHG emissions, and sity will reduce from 0.76 to 0.6 kg CO2eq/USD (U.S.
their impact on national emissions in the short, medium dollars at 1993 prices).
and long term. The study considers the hypothetical installation of
To model the technological scenarios, the LEAP nuclear reactors of 3rd generation and beyond between
(Long-Range Energy Alternatives Planning System) 2015 and 2030. An installed capacity of 6,000 MW of
model was used, with which future energy demand was wind power generation and 2,300 MW of mini-hydro
projected, the national energy balance and GHG emis- generation is considered for 2030.
sions from fossil fuel consumption in the baseline sce- The study concludes that the main mitigation op-
nario estimated and mitigation scenarios generated up tions are found in: 1) an increased presence of renewable
to the year 2030. energy in electricity generation, with the introduction of
The baseline scenario assumes an annual growth of gasification technology with carbon capture; 2) trans-
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of 3.8%, while alterna- port-related options, including the introduction of energy
tive scenarios considered a high GDP growth of 4.3%, efficiency regulation, more use of diesel and the intro-
and a low growth of 2.6%. The alternative growth duction of hybrid vehicles; 3) energy saving measures of
scenarios considered growth in accordance with the CONUEE; 4) a reduction in industrial energy intensity
Electricity Sector Prospective 2006-2015. The study including increased efficiency in refining; and 5) cogen-
considers a time line from 2002 to 2030. eration and increased efficiency in power transmission.
In the period 2002-2030, the baseline scenario esti- With the mitigation measures evaluated, the po-
mated that GHG emissions will increase by 127% due to tential annual mitigation is expected to be 96.9 mil-
energy transformation and use, and that emission inten- lion tonnes of CO2eq per year in the period 2002-2030
180 Fourth National Communication of MexicoTable V.13. Potential reduction of cumulative and annual emissions of GHG from the energy sector in the period 2002-
2030.
Option Cumulative Reductions Average annual
2002-2030 (MtCO2eq) reductions 2002-2030
(MtCO2eq)
Vision 2030 (30% renewable, 13% nuclear, 11% gasifica- 750.5 26.8
tion)
Efficient diesel and hybrids transport 599.8 21.4
Industrial and PEMEX cogeneration 429.0 15.3
CONUEE and FIDE energy saving measures 322.2 11.5
Reduction of industrial energy intensity 303.6 10.8
Increased efficiency of electricity transmission 137.8 4.9
Reduction of gas burning 76.1 2.7
Increased refining efficiency 48.4 1.7
Efficient lighting 44.1 1.6
Centralized generation in the Cantarell oilfield 1.7 0.1
Total 2,713.2 96.9
Source: IMP 2009.
with respect to the reference baseline of the study types of fixtures (lights, refrigerators, etc.), liquefied or
(Table V.13). natural gas, private vehicle use or public transport and air
travel. With this calculator, available on the PEMEX web-
Conceptual design, implementation and site, users can see the potential impact of their energy
initiation of functions for updating the saving actions, both at home and in transportation, mea-
website on sustainable development, climate sured in avoided GHG emissions. The site also includes a
change and attention to polluted sites10 section for children, which explains the phenomenon of
climate change interactively (available at: http://desar-
This study was developed in 2008 by the IMP for PE- rollosustentable.pemex.com).
MEX, in order to provide technical support for the con-
ceptual design, implementation and operation of a sys- Carbon Emission Reduction in Mexico
tem of information concerning polluted sites, and to
create an interface with the PEMEX Web site. This study was carried out in 2008 by the IMP for the
A GHG emissions calculator was developed for opera- World Bank. The objective was to identify policies, pro-
tions throughout the commodity chain of the petroleum grams and projects that can mitigate GHG emissions in
industry, and is available on the PEMEX website. This tool the electricity sector. It evaluates the costs and benefits
allows the creation of a preliminary estimate and the de- of potential mitigation options in the Mexican electricity
velopment of project proposals for emission reduction. sector up to 2030.
Additionally, as part of the project an instrument was The study evaluates nine mitigation measures and
developed to estimate the carbon footprint of a family their net cost in 2030. It is estimated that by then, the
in Mexico according to the use of electricity in different potential emission reduction of the evaluated measures
is 162 million tonnes of CO2 (Table V.14).
10 IMP 2009.
Programs to mitigate climate change 181Table V.14. Benefit of mitigation options up to 2030.
Interventions Reduction of emissions in Net benefit of mitigation
2030 (MtCO2/year) (US $/tCO2eq)
Efficiency increase in transmission and distribution of 6.2 19.3
electricity
Biogas generation 5.4 -0.6
Wind generation 23.0 -2.6
Mini-hydraulic generation 8.8 -9.4
Geothermal generation 48.0 -11.7
Cogeneration in PEMEX 26.7 28.6
Cogeneration in industry 6.5 15.0
Generation with forest biomass 35.1 2.4
Generation with 20% forest biomass in coal plants 2.4 -7.3
Total 162.1
Source: IMP 2009.
Life cycle analysis: Case study of the Miguel which can be used in tertiary recovery of crude oil in the
Hidalgo Refinery11 vicinity of the Cinco Presidentes oil field in Huimanguillo,
Tabasco. The potential annual reduction in emissions is
This study was completed in late 2006 by the IMP, 12 million tonnes of CO2.
and its aim was to identify future environmental conse-
quences at regional and global levels, induced by differ- Treatment of greenhouse gases by corona-
ent growth scenarios in the industrial zone of Tula, Hidal- dbd technology
go, using environmental measurements in the field and
numerical models of air quality and life cycle. This project was conducted by the ININ in order to de-
The project produced a methodology for estimating termine, theoretically and experimentally, the optimal
atmospheric emissions of criteria air contaminants and conditions for GHG removal by a reactor that uses high-
greenhouse gases over the life cycle of oil production, density energy obtained by a combination of corona and
such as fuel oil, gasoline, diesel and jet fuel. A first es- dielectric barrier discharges (DBD), by a thorough study
timate was made of GHG emission factors per unit of of the degradation of CO2 and CH4.
energy throughout the life cycle of each. Based on the experimental results, a new corona and
dielectric barrier reactor prototype was created that can
First stage. Analysis of injection fluids to be be used in motor vehicles.
used in EOR (enhanced oil recovery), sources
of supply, transportation and environmental Formulation of policy guidelines regarding
impact in the Cinco Presidentes oil fields12 energy efficiency in key sectors of the
Mexican economy for the Special Program on
The study, completed in 2008, aims to identify, charac- Climate Change
terize and quantify sources of CO2 and combustible gases
In 2007, INE financed and coordinated this study conducted
11 IMP 2009. by the Mario Molina Center (Centro Mario Molina, CMM),
12 IMP 2009. the objective was to advise SEMARNAT in the analysis and
182 Fourth National Communication of Mexicoformulation of policy guidelines for energy efficiency, to for- Implementing these measures would cost 66 billion
mulate specific goals as inputs for the PECC; to analyze the pesos over twelve years until 2020. This means that, on
current status of energy efficiency in major sectors of the average, each year the program would cost just over 5.5
Mexican economy; to make technical recommendations to billion pesos, which is equivalent to 4.2% of the amount
improve the energy performance of key sectors, contribut- spent on energy subsidies annually.
ing elements to establish quantified improvement goals; and
identify opportunities for mitigation of GHG emissions. Integrated analysis of technologies, life cycle
Among the proposed measures are: for the transport and sustainability of the options and scenarios
sector, introduction of light vehicles of diesel, hybrids, for the use of bio-energy in Mexico13
biofuels; for the electricity sector, increasing the thermal
efficiency of power plants based on fuel oil; making use In 2008, INE financed and coordinated a study, conducted
of renewable energy; efficiency of the transmission and by the Ecosystems Research Center (Centro de Investiga-
distribution lines; for the oil sector, increasing the effi- ciones en Ecosistemas, CIEco) of the National Autonomous
ciency of electricity generation on platforms, reduction University of Mexico (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
of CH4 emission into the atmosphere, and a maintenance México, UNAM). The bio-energy potential in Mexico and
program for pipelines and compressors. key technological alternatives, life cycles and the potential
for mitigation were identified. The benefits and disadvan-
Studies by the Mario Molina Center tages of different technological alternatives were evaluated
for the use of bio-energy, with an emphasis on the impacts
The Center has focused its efforts on two key areas for at production level of the inputs necessary for its large-scale
Mexico: Air Quality and Climate Change. With regard to Cli- use, taking into primary consideration the sustainability of
mate Change, it has considered measures directed towards the production process and use of these energy sources as
the reduction of GHG emissions associated with energy well as the generation of GHG emissions.
consumption, through the studies detailed in Table V.15. The total potential for crops devoted to bio-energy
is 790 PJ/year. However, it depends on the life cycle of
Proposal to expand the mitigation of each crop, taking for example the specific case of the oil
greenhouse gases in Mexico’s electrical palm and Barbados nut, the production of which starts 4
sector or 5 years after its initial establishment.
In 2009, the company Energy, Technology and Educa- 5.2 Transport Sector14
tion, S.C. (Energía, Tecnología y Educación, S.C., ENTE)
discussed the potential and obstacles to achieving great- 5.2.1 Communication and Transport
er efficiency in final electricity use and making better use Sector Program 2007-2012
of renewable energy in power generation.
Their analysis estimates potential savings of 25,000 This program is a guiding instrument for the activities
GWh of electricity (Table V.16), through savings mea- of the SCT to implement the 2007-2012 PND and the
sures and efficient use of energy, which is equivalent to
10% of the electricity consumption expected in 2017
13 INE 2008.
(ENTE, 2009). 14 At the national level, the Ministry of Communications and Trans-
To achieve the savings and emissions reductions iden- port (Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes, SCT) is respon-
tified, it is considered necessary for the public sector to in- sible for the definition of public policies and design strategies for the
promotion of transport and communications systems that contribu-
vest just over 54,000 million pesos as an incentive for the
te to economic growth and social development, expanding coverage
purchase of more efficient equipment. (Table V.17). and accessibility of services.
Programs to mitigate climate change 183Table V.15. Studies by the Mario Molina Center.
Study Description
Modelling energy use to identify opportunities for This study was developed as part of the Mexico chapter of the project
GHG emission reduction and projects of the Clean “Assisting Developing Country Climate Negotiators through Analysis
Development Mechanism (CDM) and Dialogue “, for the Center for Clean Air Policy (CCAP) in which
were analyzed the 10 most important economic sectors in Mexico.
Assistance with carbon funding Activities carried out were: a) promotion of the CDM among the
sectors of greatest mitigation potential in Mexico; b) development
of a portfolio of projects; c) identification of funding sources; and d)
analysis of the current operation of national bodies that promote and
manage the CDM. Funded by the World Bank.
Assessment of the economic consequences of Shows an analysis of possible strategies for the reduction of GHG emis-
climate change in Mexico sions in key sectors. Funded by the Inter-American Development Bank.
Source: CMM 2009.
Table V.16. Estimated savings in final consumption per Table V.17. Estimated investment in energy saving
sectors and final uses in 2017. measures.
Sector/ Measures Estimated Savings Sector Total Cost of
(GWh) investment mitigation
Residential 21,661 (billions)1 (US$/tCO2)
Lighting 11,740 Residential2 50,178 -832.2
Food Preservation 6,862 Commercial and 3,445 -360.2
Air conditioning 3,059 Services
Commercial 1,336 Industrial 461 -552.3
Lighting 749 Total 54,081 -1,744.7
Air conditioning 587 1 Considering an exchange rate of 13.5 pesos per US$.
2 Considering a non-subsidized rate of 2 pesos per kWh.
Industrial 1,892
Source: ENTE 2009.
Electric motors 1,892
Total 24,889
Source: ENTE 2009.
goals of the National Infrastructure Program (Programa 5.2.2 Main programs of mitigation
Nacional de Infraestructura, PNI) 2007-2012.
The Sectoral Program of Communications and Ministry of Communication and
Transport establishes strategies to support the national Transportation
efforts in the reduction of GHG emissions, including: the
modernization of road system management and imple- This ministry is carrying out various programs focused on
mentation of measures to reduce GHG emissions from energy saving in the transport sector (Table V.18)
motor vehicles.
184 Fourth National Communication of MexicoTable V.18. Mitigation programs of the Ministry of Communications and Transport.
Program Description
Vehicle scrapping program This program encourages the renewal of the vehicle fleet, including those of
the federal fleet of cargo vehicles and of passenger transport and tourism. It
provides tax incentives in exchange for the withdrawal from circulation of the
obsolete unit
Accreditation and approval of verification The Ministry verifies that the pollutant emissions from federal and private
units of pollutant emissions generated by road transport vehicles do not exceed the maximum permissible levels set
motor vehicles out in the regulations. This currently comprises 159 verification companies
distributed throughout the country.
Accreditation and approval of Verification The Ministry reviews the physical, mechanical and vehicle safety conditions
Units type A, B and C of the physical, of federal and private motor vehicles that travel on roads and bridges under
mechanical and safety conditions of motor federal jurisdiction
vehicles.
Decrease in GHG emissions through the From July 2009, the governments of Mexico and the United States put into
International Trans-border Cargo Agree- action the Demonstration Program of International Automotive Transpor-
ment (Acuerdo Transfronterizo de Carga tation Trans-frontier Cargo with the participation of 100 companies in each
Internacional) country
Source: SCT 2009a
Center for Sustainable Transport Funding Portfolio for the Clean Transportation
Program
Federal Program of Support for Mass Urban
Transportation This measure, coordinated by the CTS, is useful for SE-
MARNAT in the implementation of the Voluntary Na-
The Federal Mass Transit Program (Programa de Apoyo tional Program “Clean Transportation Program”, the ob-
Federal al Transporte Urbano Masivo, PROTRAM) is part jectives of which are: the reduction of fuel consumption
of the National Infrastructure Fund (Fondo Nacional de and the reduction of GHG and criteria pollutants emis-
Infraestructura, FONADIN). The purpose of PROTRAM sions, through the promotion of best practices in freight
is to provide resources to cities to develop integrated transportation and logistics. The project includes the fol-
projects for public transport that encourage sustainable lowing activities (CTS 2009):
urban mobility, through measures to rationalize the use
of private cars and fast, efficient, comfortable and acces- • Production of a funding options guide available in the
sible alternative public transport. Since the inception of domestic and international markets, particularly for
the program, 34 cities have shown interest in obtaining the purchase of equipment and/or technologies that
resources through this fund for different stages: pre-fea- promote the reduction of pollutant emissions (NOx
sibility, feasibility and investment. and PM10) and GHG, and fuel economy.
PROTRAM is technically supported by the Center for • Analysis of the investment capacity of freight com-
Sustainable Transport (Centro de Transporte Sustentable, panies in the four statistical categories of the Ministry
CTS) with the goal of including relevant environmental of Communications and Transport: micro, small, me-
issues like the mitigation of CO2 emissions and reduction dium and large.
of criteria pollutants.
Programs to mitigate climate change 185cars, the incorporation of BRT and minibuses for passen-
5.2.3 Research ger transport. In the metropolitan areas of Guadalajara
and Monterrey, the efficiency of new cars and the imple-
Assessment of opportunities to mitigate mentation of BRT systems are under consideration.
GHG emissions from mass transit in the
metropolitan areas of the Valley of Mexico, Towards the creation of a carbon market for
Monterrey and Guadalajara15 the automotive industry
In 2008, INE financed and coordinated a study, carried This study is implemented by the CTS with funding from
out by the Institute of Engineering of UNAM, with the the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partner-
objectives of determining the baseline, in order to pro- ship (REEEP) in Mexico. The project considers econom-
pose alternative urban and suburban mass transportation ic analysis, market design and dissemination among the
systems (metro, metro-bus, trolley-bus, suburban light political and economic stakeholders who depend on its
rail, rapid transit systems and biodiesel buses) to reduce implementation (CTS 2009).
GHG emissions; determining the impact of the construc-
tion of alternative roads and developing a methodology Evaluation of the benefits in air quality
for the incorporation of the measures identified in the throught by the implementation of changes
CDM Program. in public transportation16
The study estimates the fuel consumption and GHG
emissions (CO2, CH4 and N2O) for the year 2006 in the INE carried out this study to quantify the environmental and
Metropolitan Area of Mexico City (Zona Metropolitana economic advantages of the Mexico City´s Metrobus system;
del Valle de México, ZMVM), and for the year 2007 in to evaluate the reduction in local emissions and its impact
the cases of the metropolitan areas of Guadalajara (Zona on health; the reduction of GHG emissions and in travel
Metropolitana de Guadalajara, ZMG) and Monterrey time during peak hours along Insurgentes Avenue.
(Zona Metropolitana de Monterrey, ZMM), and projects The study estimates that between 2005 and 2015,
various scenarios for 2020. Metrobus Line 1 reduces 144 tonnes of hydrocarbons in
The results show that under the current trend, GHG total, 690 tonnes of nitrogen oxides, 2.8 tonnes of fine
emissions, associated with transport sector energy con- particulates, 1.3 tonnes of sulphur dioxide annually, and
sumption in the three metropolitan areas, will rise from 280 thousand tonnes of CO2eq per year.
31.6 million tCO2eq in 2007 to 58.8 million tCO2eq in
2020. Study on the implementation of energy
The potential for mitigation of GHG emissions in the efficiency measures and use of biofuels in
measures evaluated in the three metropolitan areas is 7 the transportation sector and its impact on
million tCO2eq per year, which represents 12.3% of the air quality in México17
baseline emissions scenario of the study. The implemen-
tation of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) accounts for 50% of In 2008, INE carried out and funded this study in con-
this potential. junction with the Environmental Protection Agency and
Mitigation measures for the ZMVM evaluated in- the National Renewable Energy Laboratory of the of the
clude: one Saturday per month when a private vehicle United States, with the aim of carrying out a cost-benefit
does not circulate (“Hoy no circula sabatino”), the incor- analysis of GHG emission reduction, and an evaluation of
poration of school buses, the increase in efficiency of new
16 INE 2006.
15 INE, 2008a. 17 INE 2008b.
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