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TRAINING NEEDS
ASSESSMENT
FOR ELECTRIC Operat
ion
s
BUSES IN INDIA
VOLUME I - IDENTIFICATION
OF TRAINING NEEDS
ent
em
rocur
P nd
ga
a ppin g
Scr cyclin
Re
and
air nce
Rep intena
Ma
ign
al Des
chnic ation
Te cific
Spe
ap
dm
y Roa
g g
ate nin
Str Plan
and
and
ing
nitor
Mo trol
Con
TRAINING NEEDS ASSESSMENT
3
FOR ELECTRIC BUSES IN INDIA
VOLUME 1
Published by
Deutsche Gesellschaft für
Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH
Integrated Sustainable Urban Transport Systems
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
(SMART-SUT) The team would like to thank the Transport (Navi Mumbai), Bangalore
B-5/2, Safdarjung Enclave following public transport authorities Metropolitan Transport Corporation
New Delhi-110029
India
(PTAs) for providing all necessary data (Bangalore), and West Bengal Transport
and assistance during the detailed Corporation (Kolkata). The team gratefully
T 011-49495353 stakeholder consultations and surveys: acknowledges the support and knowledge
F 011-49495391
E giz-indien@giz.de
Himachal Road Transport Corporation contribution from following organisations:
(Shimla-Manali), Navi Mumbai Municipal
As at May 2021, New Delhi
Photo credits/ sources: GIZ and pManifold Electric bus Vehicle Heavy Industry, Ministry of (BOCI), CEPT University, IIT
Manufacturers: Tata Heavy Industries & Public Madras
Registered offices Motors, Ashok Leyland, Enterprises, Government
Bonn and Eschborn, Germany
JBM-Solaris, Foton PMI, of India, Ministry of Road Public Sector
Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 32 + 36 Olectra-BYD Transport & Highways, Undertakings: National
53113 Bonn, Germany Government of India Thermal Power Corporation
T +49 228 44 60-0 Battery Manufacturers: Limited (NTPC), Power
F +49 228 44 60-17 66 Exicom, Sun Mobility, Institutions/ Associations: Grid Corporation of India
Dag-Hammarskjöld-Weg 1 - 5 Grinntech Central Institute of Limited (PGCIL), Bharat
65760 Eschborn, Germany Road Transport (CIRT), Heavy Electricals Limited
T +49 61 96 79-0 Charger Manufacturers: Automotive Skills (BHEL)
F +49 61 96 79-11 15 Exicom, Delta Development Council
Prepared by Private Operators: (ASDC), Association of
SMART-SUT (GIZ), pManifold Business Solutions Prasanna Purple, Hansa, State Road Transport Testing Agencies:
Pvt Ltd and Vercos Shyama Shyam Undertakings (ASRTU), Automotive Research
Society of Indian Association of India (ARAI)
Responsible Policy Makers/
Automobile Manufacturers
Juergen Baumann Government: Ministry Discoms: BSES Yamuna
Project Director, SMART-SUT (GIZ) (SIAM), Bus Operator
of Housing and Urban Power Limited
Confederation of India
Project Advisor Affairs, Department of
Laghu Parashar (GIZ)
Project Coordinator
Amegh Gopinath (GIZ) Additionally, we are thankful to Mr. Ravi Forum), Mr. Vivek Chandran (Associate
Gadepalli (Consultant, UITP and The Director – Transport, Shakti Sustainable
Project Team World Bank Group), Mr. Sumit Mishra Energy Foundation), Mrs. Nayana Gunde
GIZ: Sudhanshu Mishra and Shirish Mahendru (Director, M/s. Deloitte), Mr. Kishor Nathani (Former MD, Pune Mahanagar Parivahan
Contact
pManifold Business Solutions: Rahul Bagdia,
Kunjan Bagdia, Shalini Chaudhary, Amarjit Singh
GIZ is responsible for the content of this publication. (Senior Advisor, UMTC Ltd.), Mr. Karthick Mahamandal Ltd), PMPML staff and others,
On behalf of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Athmanathan (SVP & BU Head – EV & for their guidance and review of interim
Lakra, Jayant Deshmukh, Narayanan Sankar and
Cooperation and Development (BMZ) eMobility, M/s. Ashok Leyland), Mr. Gautam results.
Ajit Ganguly
Vercos: Amit Singh Baghel Disclaimer Patel (Principal Consultant, Coordinates The team is hopeful of the project being a
The content presented in this document has been compiled Infrastructure Consulting), Mr. Hiren Joshi useful guide for deploying and integrating
Editor with the utmost care. Findings, interpretations and conclusions (Consultant, Coordinates Infrastructure
Shailendra Kaushik (Cities Forum) expressed in this document are based on information gathered
electric buses with existing public
Consulting) Mr. Wilfred Davidar (Retd. IAS, transport infrastructure and enhance
by GIZ and its consultants, partners and contributors. GIZ does
Designer Additional Chief Secretary, Govt of TN), capacity building.
not, however, guarantee the accuracy or completeness of
Trinankur Banerjee
information in this document, and cannot be held responsible Mr. Shailendra Kaushik (Co-founder, Cities
Photo Credits for any errors, omissions or losses arising directly or indirectly
pManifold Business Solutions and GIZ from the use of this document.
4 TRAINING NEEDS ASSESSMENT
5
FOR ELECTRIC BUSES IN INDIA
CONTENTS
VOLUME 1
Acknowledgment3
1. Introduction������������������������������������������ 7
LIST OF FIGURES
1.1. Background 7
Figure 1 E
lectric buses Sanctioned Under
1.2. Current Scenario 8 FAME-II Scheme 8
1.3. Need of the Study 8
1.4. Objective of the TNA 9 Figure 2 S takeholders Engaged in electric bus
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.5. Assumptions and Considerations 9 Development in India 10
in the Study Figure 3 Approach and Methodology 11
2. Approach and Methodology��������������� 11 Figure 4 E
lectric bus TNA Framework for PTAs 12
Figure 5 PTA Profiling 13
3. Electric Bus Activities
and Roles at PTAs������������������������������ 14 Figure 6 P
TA Key Activities and Roles for 14
Strategy, Roadmap and Planning
ABOUT THIS REPORT 4. Existing Skill Levels and Figure 7 P
TA Key Activities and Roles for 15
Training Needs����������������������������������� 18 Technical Specification Design
The report has been prepared as part of the bilateral technical cooperation project“Integrated
Sustainable Urban Transport Systems for Smart Cities (SMART-SUT)“ commissioned by the 4.1 Overall Skill Assessment Results 18 Figure 8 P
TA Key Activities and Roles 15
German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) and jointly 4.2 Function 1: Strategy Roadmap 19 for Procurement
implemented by Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH and Planning Figure 9 P
TA Key Activities and Roles 16
and Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA), Government of India. The objective of 4.3 Function 2: Technical Specification 21 for Operations
the project is to improve the planning and implementation of sustainable urban transport Design
4.4 Function 3: Procurement 23 Figure 10 P
TA Key Activities and Roles 16
systems in selected Indian cities. for Repair and Maintenance
4.5 Function 4: Operations 24
The study focuses on e-Bus related Training Needs Assessment (TNA) in Public Transport 4.6 Function 5: Repair and Maintenance 25 Figure 11 P
TA Key Activities and Roles for 17
Authorities (PTAs) and development of skill upgradation and addition mechanisms. The 4.7 Function 6: Monitoring and Control 27 Monitoring and Control
outcomes of this study are presented in three volumes as stated below: 4.8 Function 7: Scrapping and Recycling 29
Figure 12 P
TA Key Activities and Roles for 17
Volume I identifies clear training needs in PTAs across e-Bus life cycle functions, various 4.9 Elecctric Bus Training Needs for Key Scrapping and Recycling
departments, and hierarchies. Roles at PTAs 29
Figure 13. C
urrent electric bus Skill Levels Across All 19
Volume II presents detailed training modules coverage, their delivery mechanisms and Functions
5. Key Recommendations and
national level institutional structure for sustainability and adoption. Way Forward��������������������������������������� 32 Figure 14. T raining Needs for Strategy Roadmap 20
Volume III reviews the existing organisational structure of large State Transport and Planning
Undertakings (STUs) and city level Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs). In addition, the study
Figure 15. T raining Needs for Technical 21
proposes changes in the organogram and recommends upskilling required at different staff Specification Design
levels for transition from Internal Combustion Engine buses to Electric buses.institutional LIST OF TABLES
structure for sustainability and adoption. Figure 16. Training Needs for Procurement 23
Table 1 Current Skill Level Representation13
Table 2. L evel of electric bus Training Figure 17. Training Needs for Operations 24
Required at PTA 18 Figure 18. Training Needs for Repair and Maintenance 25
Table 3. E
lectric bus Training Needs
Figure 19. Training needs for Monitoring and Control 27
for Key Roles at PTAs 30
Figure 20. Training needs for Scrapping and Recycling 28
6 TRAINING NEEDS ASSESSMENT
7
FOR ELECTRIC BUSES IN INDIA
VOLUME 1
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
Abbreviation
AMC
Full Form
Annual Maintenance Contract
MD
MIS
Managing Director
Management Information System
1
INTRODUCTION
ATR Action Taken Report MoNRE Ministry of New and Renewable
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Energy
BEE Bureau of Energy Efficiency
MoEFCC Ministry of Environment, Forest
BMS Battery Management System
and Climate Change
BMTC Bangalore Metropolitan Transport
MoE&IT Ministry of Electronics and
Corporation
Information Technology
BS Bharat Stage
MoF Ministry Finance
CEA Central Electricity Authority ₹3,545 Cr
CERC Central Electricity Regulatory
MoHUA Ministry of Housing and Urban 5,594 electric buses 800 electric buses
~have
Affairs Allocated by the Indian Have been sanctioned by the been deployed, as of
Commission Government for supporting Government to 64 cities for April 2021(DHI)
MoM Ministry of Mines adoption of 7,090 intra-city and inter-city
CNG Compressed Natural Gas elecrtic buses by STUs operations over the next 3 years
MoP Ministry of Power
CO2 Carbon Dioxide
MoPNG Ministry of Petroleum and
DHI Department of Heavy Industries Natural Gas 1.1 Background metro system, bus based public transport
DISCOM Distribution Company MoRTH Ministry of road, Transport & system still forms an integral part of meeting
In India, cities contribute to 82% of GDP
DST Department of Science & Highways the travel demand to a substantial level.
and are responsible for 78% of greenhouse
Technology NMMT Navi Mumbai Municipal Transport Further the public transport system in other
gas emission and air pollution. The
electric bus Electric Bus cities are primarily based on bus-based
NCC Net Cost Contract transport sector in India alone accounts
system. These buses are based on Internal
EVSE Electric Vehicle Supply O&G Oil and Gas for approximately 13.2% of the total CO2
Combustion Engine (ICE) and contribute
Equipment
O&M Operation and Maintenance
emissions, and road transport has been
towards carbon emission air pollution. A
FAME Faster Adoption and known to contribute up to 90% of total
OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer gradual transition from ICE to electric buses
Manufacturing of (Hybrid &) greenhouse gases emission from the
Electric Vehicles PIS Passenger Information System can help reduce carbon emissions from the
transportation sector in India. As the country
mobility sector. To meet the Paris Climate
FoR Forum of Regulators PPP Public Private Participation continues to urbanise rapidly, policymakers
Change Agreement targets, India declared
GCC Gross Cost Contract PT Public Transportation are continually working on plans that abide
reducing the emission intensity of GDP by
PTA Public Transport Authorities
by the required emissions reduction. One
GDP Gross Domestic Product 33%-35% by 2030 below the 2005 levels.
such action is to incorporate electrification
GoI Government of India RFQP Request for Quotation and The transition to electric buses can play a
of buses operated by Public Transport
GHG Greenhouse Gas
Proposal significant role in attaining this target and
Authorities (PTAs) for intra-city and inter-city
SERC State Electricity Regulatory based on which the Government of India
GVW Gross Vehicle Weight operations. Public transport is considered
Commissions has drawn a public transport electrification
HRTC Himachal Road Transport as a sustainable mode of transport for
SLAs Service Level Agreements plan and various efforts are being made
Corporation various reasons, including its ability to move
to develop a comprehensive ecosystem to
ICE Internal Combustion Engine
SoC State of Charge more people and simultaneously reducing
achieve the electrification target.
STU State Transport Undertakings congestion and pollution on the roads. Large
IT Information Technology
Indian metropolitan cities depend on public This study is an effort in this direction
ITMS Integrated Transportation TCO Total Cost of Ownership
transport system to meet a substantial share with an objective to identify the capacity
Management System TNA Training Needs Assessment building requirements and identify training
of commuting demands - 88% in Mumbai,
Kms Kilometres VMs Vehicle Manufacturers 76% in Kolkata, 70% in Chennai, and 62% in requirement of various PTAs with this
KPI Key Performance Indicator WBTC West Bengal Transport Delhi. Although these cities have rail-based ambitious plan of transitioning to electric
KRA Key Responsibility Areas Corporation
kWh kilowatt-hour
8 TRAINING NEEDS ASSESSMENT
9
FOR ELECTRIC BUSES IN INDIA
VOLUME 1
Figure 1. Electric buses Sanctioned Under FAME-II Scheme barriers faced by various stakeholders that training needs. The key objectives of the
have delayed the implementation of the study are:
programme and market uptake. Initial • Review and understand the experiences
experiences have revealed a very large gap of an early adopter of electric buses in
in understanding and expertise required in cities, followed by gap identification in the
100 PTAs for electric buses adoption and further capacities that requires to be plugged for
5,095 600 electric buses for last-
mile connectivity for Delhi
skills required with local manufacturing base successful electric buses adoption
electric buses for electric buses for to support 40% localization requirements.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
intracity intercity Metro Rail Corporation • Undertake Training Needs Assessment
operation operation (DHI) (DMRC) As Electric buses have different operations
and management (O&M) requirements (TNA) at various levels of PTA’s across the
buses. infrastructure, of which INR 3,545 Crore through their lifecycle compared to the ICE electric bus life cycle management
The study is divided into three volumes (EUR 406 million) is for supporting adoption buses which means the owners, operators • Assistance to the GoI endeavours to
and this report is the first in the volume of 7,090 electric buses by the PTAs. If PTAs and managers need to have adequate increase adoption of electric buses as
of three volumes summarizing Stage 1 i.e. wish to access the funding support under knowledge of the electric buses technology. envisaged in FAME II scheme through
identification of training needs. Subsequent this scheme, they are required to follow a upskilling PTAs’ capacities
This includes knowledge support specific to
volumes will include the structure of the standard contracting model based on Gross
electric buses around tools, processes, skills 1.5 Assumptions and Considerations in the
training modules in Volume II and resource Cost Contract (GCC) and guided by standard
for effective life cycle management across – Study
requirement for electric Bus training and Model Concession Agreement (MCA). This
planning, specification design, procurement,
capacity building program in Volume III. way the effort is to unify the market based The report includes detailed analysis of electric
charging infrastructure setup and
on standard terms and conditions and thus bus skill gaps and training needs for PTAs in
1.2 Current Scenario operations, integration with legacy fleet,
invite large players to bid for the projects. India across electric bus life cycle stages. Some
monitoring and control, safety, disposal/
As of 2019, there were around 4,25,0001 Under this scheme, the Government of assumptions and considerations made during
recycling and others.
electric buses running on roads globally India has sanctioned a total of 5,595 electric setting up the TNA framework and analysis of
in municipal public transport fleets. China buses to 64 cities for intra- city and inter- To address the skills barrier within PTAs, the study are as follows:
constitutes ~98% of the market, followed by city operations over the next three years there is a strong need to undertake an
• PTAs face multiple issues, including lack
Europe and the US. As of April 2021, India has commencing from 1st April 2019. industry wide systematic diagnosis of
of training for conventional ICE buses.
reported to have about 800 electric buses Training Need Areas for PTAs.
In a move to augment ‘Make in India’ This report looks into incremental training
plying on roads, a mere contribution of 0.5% initiative, the FAME II scheme mandates a Various stakeholders related to bus needs they would need for adoption and
to the total PTAs fleet of 1,40,0002 buses. minimum 40% localisation content. This electrification in electric bus value chain, is integration of electric buses only. It does not
These early deployments are supported transition to electric buses has the potential shown in Figure 2. dive into common aspects of conventional
through a combination of subsidies from a to create significant economic, social, and and electric buses.
This Project looks into the area of training
scheme sponsored by the Government of environmental benefits for Indian cities. Over needs assessment at various PTAs’ level and • The TNA framework is developed for PTAs
India named FAME-I and further through the their lifetime, 5,595 electric buses sanctioned identification of their training needs for irrespective of the mode of procurement
support of respective State Governments. for the subsidy will run nearly 3 billion km adoption and transition from ICE buses to (outright purchase or PPP). Accordingly, the
The on-going policy push from Government without tailpipe emissions, produce oil electric buses. Training Modules with a high level course
of India (GoI) for green mobility has resulted import savings of 55 lakh (5.5 million) barrels contents have been identified for all electric
equivalent to INR 3,600 crore (EUR 412 1.4 Objective of the TNA
in launch of a bigger funding support to bus functions and can be imparted as
the bus electrification programme named million) and avoid 12 lakh (1.2 million) tons of The study intends to compliment relevant for specific PTA.
FAME II scheme. This has further added CO2 emissions3. various efforts being made in building
momentum to adding electric buses in a sustainable ecosystem for electric • The results are based on the survey
1.3 Need of the Study conducted at four PTAs, though these are
fleets. The government has allocated a total buses adoption in India with training
of INR 10,000 Crore (EUR 1.1 billion) funding With such an ambitious program of bus and capacity building being identified well selected across geography and have
support for demand incentives and charging electrification with a strong Government as an important component that need different models and makes of electric
subsidy support there are still several to be focused. This study aims to assess buses and at different life cycle stages of
the existing skill gaps at PTAs level across their electric bus adoption. Additionally,
1
https://www.citylab.com/transportation/2019/06/electric-bus-china-grid-ev-charging-infrastructure-battery/591655/
2
PTAs Profile and Performance Report 2016-17 by CIRT, Pune electric bus life cycle stages and identify experts’ views were taken to further refine
3
Building an Electric Bus Ecosystem in Indian Cities the findings of the study.
10 TRAINING NEEDS ASSESSMENT
11
FOR ELECTRIC BUSES IN INDIA
VOLUME 1
Figure 2. Stakeholders Engaged in electric bus Development in India
2
Multi-stakeholder approach towards
Electric Bus Ecosystem
DEMAND FACILITATION SUPPLY
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Vehicle
aggregator
DHI
APPROACH AND
METHODOLOGY
City NITI MoRTH Battery
administration Aayog manufacturer
KEY Individual PTA
ACTOR owners OEM EVSE
manufacturer
State Gov./ MoH&UA MoP MoM
Nodal agency
A Training Needs Assessment (TNA) is required competency standard as a result of
the first step for the development of any adoption of electric buses.
successful training program. Accordingly, The following steps as shown in Figure 3,
Infrastructure Vehicle R&D/ MoP Funding Energy Technology
in this study, training needs assessment has have been used to assess current skill levels
provider operator Academic & NG agencies operator services been conducted by identification of the and identify training needs for PTAs across
PRIMARY
ACTOR
individuals’ current levels of competency, different departments and roles involved in
MoE MNRE DISCOM O&G
& IT
skills or knowledge in one or more areas various life cycle stages of electric buses at
and compares the competency level to the the PTAs:
Figure 3. Approach and Methodology
SECONDARY MoF DST Power
ACTOR transmitter
Design of TNA Interaction Data Analysis Recommenda- Prepare train- Prepare
Power with relevant and Assessment tion on topic ing programme organization
BEE CEA CERC framework
generator Stakeholders of STUs’ electric and Training and propose structure and
(functions,
sub-functions responsible for bus skill gap Needs for STU training mod- resource requir-
and activities) STUs’ overall capacities across staff across ules for various ments (JDs) for
MoEF SERC FoR with the help electric bus top, middle electric bus life roles at STUs operating and
& CC Rare earth
of transport deployment and management and cycle manging the
sourcing
experts data collection junior level staffs electric buses by
STUs
TNA Framework Design This framework and essential set of functions
PTA Public Transport Authorities MNRE Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
DHI Department of Heavy Industries MoF Ministry Finance
and sub-functions involved in electric
MoRTH Ministry of road, Transport & Highways DISCOM Distribution Company
The design of TNA framework across electric bus adoption by PTAs, were developed
MoHUA Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs O&G Oil and Gas bus life cycle includes seven functions, as in consultation with various electric bus
MoP Ministry of Power
MoM Ministry of Mines
DST Department of Science & Technology shown in Figure 4. Each of these functions stakeholders and experts in the transport
BEE Bureau of Energy Efficiency
MoPNG Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas
CEA Central Electricity Authority are sub-divided into sub-functions (total 28) sector. All these functions and sub-functions
MoEFCC Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer
CERC Central Electricity Regulatory Commission and further into activities (these activities are are applicable for successful deployment
EVSE Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment SERC State Electricity Regulatory Commissions
further elaborated in Chapter 3).
MoEIT Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology FoR Forum of Regulators
12 TRAINING NEEDS ASSESSMENT
13
FOR ELECTRIC BUSES IN INDIA
VOLUME 1
Figure 4. Electric bus TNA Framework for PTAs Figure 5. PTA Profiling market development).
Shimla-Manali, Kolkata, WBTC PTAs’ Electric Bus Skill Assessment
HRTC 80 electric buses of
75 electric buses The assessment of PTA electric bus skill
Strategy Technical Procurement Operations Repair and Monitoring Scrapping Tata Motors make
Roadmap and Specification Maintenance and Control and of Olectra and levels across all hierarchies were based on
Operating for >1 year
Planning Design Recycling PMI Foton makes the survey data collected through online
operating for Under Capex model
Need for Power electric bus electric electric bus ITMS and MIS End-of-Life surveys and in-person consultations. The
>2 years 50 electric buses
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
electric Requirement Purchase bus Route Charging Definition data was further consolidated at function
buses Specification Network and and Tracking Under Capex model sanctioned (DHI-2019)
Operations Preventive under acquisition and sub-function levels. To obtained a
Size and Range Planning Maintenance, 50 electric buses combined perception of current skill levels vs
Technology Requirement Contract and Breakdown Scrap Disposal sanctioned
Selection Performance electric bus, Repairs and (DHI-2019) under required skill levels for successful adoption
Documentation Crew and Overhauling of electric buses. The low, medium, and high
Battery Chargers acquisition
Long-term Selection Scheduling skill response ratings obtained from the
and Sizing Stores and Batteries & BMS
Transition respondents were combined into weighted
Strategy Purchases electric bus
Driving average score at individual electric bus
Charging and Thermal Navi Mumbai, Bengaluru, BMTC activity and sub-function levels. For easier
Electrical High Management
Manpower Voltage Systems System of Batteries NMMT In the process of visualisation, this is then converted to a
Planning and Selection and deploying electric
Staffing 30 electric buses of 4-pointer percentile (0-100%) score and
Sizing buses
JBM make
Electronics, 300 electric buses
represented into four colour coded skill
Sensors, Wiring, Operating for >8
Depot and Fuses etc. months sanctioned under Table 1. Current skill level representation
Terminal DHI-2019, 90 under
Infrastructure Under Capex model Bengaluru Smart Percentile Color Currently available Level of
Requirements Motors, Drive, Score Code Skill Levels of STUs Training
Controllers and 100 electric buses City Scheme
Regenerative sanctioned (DHI-2019) Map not to scale
w.r.t. electric buses Needs
Spare Parts Braking under acquisition (85%, High Low
Specifications
100%]
electric bus shown in Figure 5. The PTAs selection was (65%, 85%] Fair Medium
ITMS Charging guided towards obtaining a balanced and
Specifications
Air Conditioning optimal representation of current adoption of (35%, 65%] Medium Fair
electric buses in India to enable study results’
[0, 35%] Low High
of electric buses through their life cycle Within demand side (i.e. PTA), the survey applicability to all PTAs.
irrespective of the mode of procurement has been conducted across different Moreover, in order to get deeper insights
levels, as shown in Table 1.
(outright purchase or PPP). hierarchical roles (top management, senior from supply side stakeholders and related
management, middle management driver, industries, an online survey was conducted
Interaction with Stakeholders technicians and storekeepers), departments for the aforesaid functionalities. The main PTA Training Needs Identification
Different questionnaires for supply and (Traffic, Civil, Electrical, Mechanical, IT, objective was to understand an external Different skill levels with reference to
demand side stakeholders were developed Procurement) and units (corporate office, stakeholder’s perspective about the skill functions, sub-functions and activities at
for online surveys and in-person consultations depot, terminal, workshop). The electric bus sets in PTAs for perceived roles and required PTAs are broad indicators of skill gaps in
respectively. A skill scale of ‘Low’, ‘Medium’ and PPP operator/ vehicle manufacturer’s staff training needs for electric bus adoption PTAs, leading to different levels of training
‘High’ was used in the survey questionnaire including managers, engineers, supervisors since they frequently interact with PTAs needs (as shown in Table 1). These unmet
to assess the current skill levels of PTA staff and technicians were also consulted. The in their respective roles and purposes training needs limit overall PTA staff abilities
based on various electric bus activities. The interviewed personnel were requested to (business/advisory). The survey respondents to effectively manage various PTA functions
‘High’ rating selection for a particular activity rate current skill levels corresponding to from the supply side included, electric bus related to electric buses. The training
would mean PTA staff has requisite skills for various electric bus activities in which they vehicle manufacturers, battery and charger needs identified through this systematic
that activity, while ‘Low’ and ‘Medium’ rating and their departments are involved. The manufacturers, and remaining from other assessment will be utilised to develop
selection would indicate skill gaps to be survey was led by a team of domain experts related organisations and industry experts training modules for PTAs (across different
acquired for better outcome from that activity. through in-person visits to four PTAs, as (actively involved in electric buses, their sub- departments, roles and hierarchies). These
systems and or their infrastructure and the training modules when methodically
14 TRAINING NEEDS ASSESSMENT
15
FOR ELECTRIC BUSES IN INDIA
3
VOLUME 1
Technical Specification Design procurement. Therefore, it is important for
PTAs to understand these technical aspects to
Designing technical specification
make appropriate choices for standardising
of electric buses, their systems,
electric bus acquisition. Various activities
ELECTRIC BUS
sub-systems and defining the Key
under this function are represented in
Performance Indicators (KPIs)/ Service Level
Agreements (SLAs) are critical for electric bus Figure 7:
ACTIVITIES
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Figure 7. PTA Key Activities and Roles for Strategy, Roadmap and Planning
AND ROLES Key Activities
nderstand power requirements by
U
PTA Roles
Senior Management (Heads of
AT PTAs
different systems and sub-systems Mechanical, Civil, Electrical
nderstand battery sizing (kWh),
U and IT Departments)
charging systems and their selection Middle Management
parameters (Works Managers, Engineers
Estimate the operational range (kms) and Supervisors)
based on battery sizing and charging
systems
The electric bus ecosystem at PTAs level world challenges and having updated etermine depot infrastructure, spare
D
is divided into seven main functions as strategic roadmap and planning is parts and ITMs requirements
explained earlier in Chapter 2. These imperative for a smooth transition from
functions group typical activities undertaken the existing ICE to electric bus fleet.
by different departments and roles at various It will help PTAs in decision making Procurement required tender documents of electric buses
PTAs. for electric bus adoption from scratch and other associated services procurement.
Procurement is one of the most
and to further scale-up in a systematic Figure 8 lists down key activities essential for
Strategy, Roadmap and Planning critical function for a smooth and economical
manner. Some of the key activities harmonising the electric bus procurement
transition to electric bus fleet. Post
Electric bus technology is across various PTA roles are identified, process:
specification design, PTAs need to develop
continuously evolving to address real- and is shown in Figure 6:
Figure 8. PTA Key Activities and Roles for Procurement
Figure 6. PTA Key Activities and Roles for Strategy, Roadmap and Planning
Key Activities PTA Roles
Key Activities PTA Roles
Define electric bus, its aggregates Senior Management (Heads of
specifications and operational plans Mechanical, Civil, Electrical and
Identify the need for electric bus Top Management (MD, Joint MD)
Detail performance SLAs, associated IT Departments)
Select the right size and technology Senior Management (Heads
incentives and disincentives Middle Management (Works
(for electric bus, battery and charging of Traffic, Civil, Electrical,
systems) as per driving conditions Mechanical, Procurement, Finance, efine quality assurance parameters
D Managers, Engineers and
and IT Departments) and spare parts inventory Supervisors)
Plan for year-wise fleet
augmentation, staff requirement and Middle Management (Depot Mention supply of user service, repair,
funding strategy Manager, Works Manager and spare parts manuals and necessary
others) training to PTA staff16 TRAINING NEEDS ASSESSMENT
17
FOR ELECTRIC BUSES IN INDIA
VOLUME 1
Operations bus fleet, such as operating range between Monitoring and Control building relevant MIS system and the
consecutive charging; locations of the dashboards for different departments and
In case of ICE buses, PTAs have Monitoring and Control function
charging infrastructure; interoperability roles to drive improvements. To optimise
necessary skillsets to operate the services for electric buses primarily focus on data
of charging systems; and other associated operational management, monitoring and
immediately after the quality check of analytics by compiling and analysing
matters. PTAs can achieve better operational control systems play an essential role, and
procured fleet. However, in case of electric electric bus operations and performance
outputs by understanding the importance of this can be achieved by focusing on activities
buses, there are new areas that needs to be data through automatic systems (like ITMS),
the activities mentioned in Figure 9: shown in Figure 11:
understood to operationalise the electric
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Figure 11. PTA Key Activities and Roles for Monitoring and Control
Figure 9. PTA Key Activities and Roles for Operations
Key Activities PTA Roles
Key Activities PTA roles
Collect data and analyse at all levels Senior Management (Head of
Plan and schedule electric bus (route)- Senior Management (Heads of
- electric buses, batteries, charging IT Department)
charging-crew system Traffic, Mechanical and Electrical
systems etc. Middle Management (Depot
Provision of additional space and time Departments)
Collect data and analyse operational Manager, Supervisor and
schedule for electric buses charging, Middle Management (Depot Manager,
parameters with reference to physical Works Manager)
maintenance and parking requirements Traffic Officers, Works Managers and
and financial performance, energy
Plan electric bus fleet operations, Engineers)
efficiency, safety, service quality, SLAs
charging, scheduling and monitoring in- Technicians (responsible for charging and contract enforcement, and overall
sync with the existing ICE buses fleet and monitoring of electric buses) system monitoring of PTA performance
Scrapping and Recycling to end-of-life replacements, disposal of
Repair and Maintenance itself is responsible for repair, maintenance electric buses and their aggregates since
Real-world performance of electric
and disposal of electric buses. However, vehicle manufacturers provide warranty for
Good repair and maintenance are buses, batteries and their life cycle benefits
PTA technical staff need to have a strong more than 5 years and the private service
crucial for keeping the fleet up and running are currently not being monitored and
understanding of all aspects related to this providers’ contract ranges between 8-10
efficiently. Unlike conventional buses, electric are not accessible to PTAs in the country.
function for efficient supervision. Some of years. Key activities represented in Figure
buses require less maintenance but call This is majorly due to the unavailability of
the key activities which play a very important 12 are essential for PTAs to understand
for quite different skillssets. In most of the monitoring systems at PTA level. Further,
role for improving repair and maintenance are scrapping and recycling processes:
current contracts, the vehicle manufacturer PTAs have not faced bigger issues pertaining
represented in Figure 10:
Figure 12. PTA Key Activities and Roles for Scrapping and Recycling
Figure 10. PTA Key Activities and Roles for Repair and Maintenance
Key Activities PTA Roles
Key Activities PTA Roles
Understand and define end-of-life for Senior Management (Heads of
Regular maintenance of the fleet and Senior Management (Heads of electric buses and different sub-systems Mechanical, Stores and Purchase
charging infrastructure, preventive Mechanical, Electrical and ITMS (to execute timely replacements), their Departments)
maintenance and overhauling procedures Departments) associated inventory planning and
Middle Management (Works Managers,
of electric buses and their sub-systems accounting of asset depreciation to
Middle Management (Works Manager, Engineers, Supervisors)
Fault diagnosis and replacement Engineers and Supervisor) arrive at right TCO
procedures, maintaining spares, Disposal of batteries through certified Drivers, Technicians and Storekeepers
Senior Technicians and Junior
materials and tools inventory Technicians in different trades centres to avoid environmental hazards,
and capture economic value in its residual
life through reuse and or recycling
The above activities/roles were studied for four PTAs and a mapping of skill level available with skill
level required is undertaken to identify the training required.18 TRAINING NEEDS ASSESSMENT
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VOLUME 1
4
Figure 13. Current electric bus Skill Levels Across The procurement skills are valuable
All Functions in transitioning to electric buses
and PTAs have shown effective
FUNCTIONS performance in procuring electric
Skill Level (in %) buses through FAME-I and/or FAME-II
schemes. However, due to the early
Strategy Roadmap stages of electric buses deployment
EXISTING
and Planning on day-to-day operations, the PTAs
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
75% and staff have not shaped their
hands-on skills in functions like
SKILL LEVELS
repair and maintenance, operations,
monitoring and control – skill level
Technical for these mentioned functions is still
AND TRAINING
Specification
Design 63% below 50% (Figure 13).
The existing skills analysis has been
undertaken in detail for various
NEEDS
hierarchies within the PTAs.
Procurement 88%
4.2 Function 1: Strategy
Roadmap and Planning
PTAs are reported to have ‘fair’ skill
level in overall strategy roadmap
This section identifies the skill gaps Table 2. Level of electric bus Training required at PTA
Operations 50% and planning function. However,
they are missing necessary skill sets
between electric bus specific skill sets and to lay down a holistic planning for
those which are already available in PTAs electric buses, resulting a delay in
across various levels. The current electric Low Medium Fair High Repair and deployment and overall sub-optimal
bus specific skills of PTA staff are assessed
4.1 Overall Skill Assessment Results
Maintenance 13% performance. Figure 14 presents
with responses from both the supply and skill levels and detailed activity-wise
demand side stakeholders and aggregated Based on the skills gap analysis, the current training needs for PTAs across each
at overall functional and their respective sub- skill levels across all functions of different Monitoring
functional levels. staff categories in PTAs are represented in and Control 38% sub-function.
On the basis of the identified skill gaps, Figure 13.
training needs at functional and sub- As PTAs have experience in procuring
functional levels for electric bus deployment conventional buses through the decades Scrapping and
are identified. These training needs are and hence, have experience in related Recycling 25%
further aggregated for different electric functions including strategy roadmap and
bus specific roles in the PTA across various planning and technical specification design.
organisational hierarchies. The extent/ level Accordingly, these functions show a relatively
of training is divided into four categories better skill score in comparison to other
namely ‘Low, Medium, Fair and High’. These functions. However there are some gaps that
are mapped to skill level and use same colour need to be filled in these areas.
codes as shown in Table 2:20 TRAINING NEEDS ASSESSMENT
21
FOR ELECTRIC BUSES IN INDIA
VOLUME 1
Figure 14. Training Needs for Strategy Roadmap and Planning 4.3 Function 2: Technical Specification design function. These current skill levels
Design are resulting into sub-optimal choice of
Need for Size and Long-term Manpower The PTAs are reported to have ‘medium’ battery sizes and resulting in operational
electric Technology Transition Planning and skill level in overall technical specification challenges of not meeting expected range,
buses Selection Strategy Staffing
(year wise numbers
and Funding)
Figure 15. Training Needs for Technical Specification Design
Current Charging and
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
skill
levels
83% 55% 72% 38% Power
Requirement
Range
Requirement
Battery
Selection and
Electrical High
Voltage Systems
Sizing Selection and Sizing
— — Current
Electric
bus market Funding sources
Skill and
manpower
skill
levels 76% 93% 7% 21%
Overall availability and requirements
and availability
environmental manufacturers’ for electric buses
of funds
benefits readiness
environmental Roles, — — — —
benefits Year-wise responsibilities,
Power to Gross Daily bus — Different types of
Size requirement ICE buses KRAs and KPIs
replacement and vehicle weight productivity electric bus charging
— of electric buses allocation Battery safety
electric buses ratio (kms per day) for (AC vs. DC)
electric buses vs. aspects and
addition targets Air conditioning Different charging
Overall — ICEs mitigation
power measures systems and
cost-benefit Total Investment
Operational requirement SOC and Range operating models
analysis requirement for Skill Battery storage,
range Overall power (kms per (depot, opportunity,
requirement electric bus fleet upgradation full charge) handling, swap, wireless
Electric bus and associated requirement
of electric buses planning variations in disposal hazards charging)
technology charging, grid city driving and mitigation
limitations and other Interoperability of
and loading measures
New skills and charging systems
Overall Overall infrastructure — conditions
roles addition and standards
usefulness of battery size planning — Range
electric buses estimation Battery sizing
Different requirement
to PTA — for electric bus (kWh) estimation Total charging
Battery- electric bus power (kW) and
charging business (route specific) Battery types,
performance electricity (kWh)
technologies models, estimation
and standards — and cost-benefit
contract types
requirement and pros and — analysis
Number of
and selection cons Different battery charger’s
systems and estimation
Techno- Investment operating
commercial and funding Chargers’ market
models
pre-feasibility challenges, availability and
analysis risks and Battery life Manufacturers’
mitigations definition and readiness
replacement
Other electrical
provision
high voltage
Extent of training needs: Low Medium Fair High charging
infrastructure
requirement
Electrical safety
and emergency
handling22 TRAINING NEEDS ASSESSMENT
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FOR ELECTRIC BUSES IN INDIA
VOLUME 1
besides reduced electric bus productivity skill levels and detailed activity level training 4.4 Function 3: Procurement designing suitable technical aspect of electric
and revenue shortfalls. Figure 15 presents needs for PTAs across each sub-function. bus tenders; sub-optimal price discovery
The PTAs are reported to have ‘high’ skill
through tender leading to high acquisition
level in overall procurement function due to
price of electric buses; delayed in order
past experience in procuring electric buses
delivery; weak contract enforcement, etc.
under FAME I and FAME II. However, in recent
Figure 16 presents skill levels and detailed
times PTAs have been facing delays and/or
activity-wise training needs for PTAs across
cancellation of tenders, some of the reasons
each sub-function.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Depot and Terminal Spare parts ITMS being - not having enough skill sets for
Infrastructure Specification Specification
Requirements Figure 16. Training Needs for Procurement
electric bus Contract and Stores and Purchase
Purchase Performance (for spare parts and
90% 86
86%% 79% Specification Documentation services)
Current
Numbers and Spare parts —
skill
levels
62% 97%%
86 66%
land sizes of and materials —
depot/Terminal acquisition
estimation process
ITMS — Spare parts
Depot location Electric bus
composition, and services
selection performance
Identification functioning and Supply side procurement
w.r.t routes parameters
and requirement applications analysis for process
and charging definition and
planning of in electric bus availability, lead
systems benchmarking
spare parts and deployment time, quality, (technical, Inventory
aggregates and overall warranties etc. operations, management
Mix depot management
customer and control
design to — Data analytics services,
transition from — systems for
and MIS, usage financial) electric bus
current ICE and ITMS
Spare parts Preparation and specific items
buses to electric interfacing Electric bus
and materials finalisation of
buses business model
specification required RFQP Safety, storage
design decision
Electric bus ITMS documents and handling
Disaster specification Detail purchase precautions for
resilient depot (across electric specification — hazard prone
infrastructure bus, Battery and for electric bus electric bus
design and Charger) and different
Electric bus items
planning aggregates
Overall (including inspection stages
technical and and Quality Spare parts
depot civil and materials
infrastructure commercial Assurance
requirement) mechanism requirement and
requirements estimation
Quality
— assurance Detail purchase
Electric bus specification
system for contract
electric bus for spare parts
design and (including
procurement SLAs definition technical and
(including commercial
penalties and requirement)
rewards)
Extent of training needs: Low Medium Fair High Extent of training needs: Low Medium Fair High24 TRAINING NEEDS ASSESSMENT
25
FOR ELECTRIC BUSES IN INDIA
VOLUME 1
4.6 Function 5: Repair and Maintenance to lack of specific technical skill sets PTAs
4.5 Function 4: Operations battery-range-charging requirements which face delays in undertaking preventive and
consequently affect overall productivity. The PTAs are reported to have ‘low’ skill level in maintenance activities of electric buses and
The PTAs are reported to have ‘medium’ overall repair and maintenance function. Due
This also leads to irregular route schedules,
skill level in overall operations function. The
affecting customer services. Figure 17
current operational skill levels of PTAs have Figure 18. Training Needs for Repair and Maintenance
presents skill levels and detailed activity-wise
led to underutilisation of assets, since a large
training needs for PTAs across each sub- Electric bus Preventive Maintenance, Batteries Thermal Management
number of standby electric buses have to be
function. Charging Breakdown Repairs and and BMS System of Batteries
put on reserve fleet to meet unpredictable
Overhauling
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Figure 17. Training Needs for Operations
Current
Route Network
and Operations
Electric bus,
Crew and Char-
Electric bus
Driving
skill
levels 10% 28% 17% 14%
Planning gers Scheduling
— — —
Electric bus en-
Current — route breakdown
Conditions and —
skill
levels
69% 52% 34% Functioning
management
procedure for
Service and
of overall replacement of
Special characteristics preventive
charging system, batteries
for different on-board maintenance
— — infrastructure systems (like powering,
Route surveys frequency and
and operational wiring, electrical circuit Fault diagnosis
and analysis for checklist
Electric bus Functioning of processes diagrams etc.) and resolution
electric buses Conditions and
deployment schedules design overall electric buses, Execution of Spare parts requirement of batteries
charging systems and planning and specification procedure for
Charging electric bus Safety
drivability development replacement
Electric schedules design charging, precautions
bus routes Different gauges schedules and Tools and testing and emergency
Electric buses and dashboard SLAs requirement for repair and
and depot schedule handling of Design
familiarisation and maintenance
identification integration with Service and batteries composition
and selection active monitoring preventive Design, sizing and
legacy systems and functioning
maintenance location for Repair and
Route network Passengers and other of Thermal
Electric bus- frequency and Maintenance Centre in the Design
optimisation road user’s safety as Depot Management
crew-charging checklist for composition and
considering related to electric buses system of
synchronisation, chargers functioning of
electric bus battery systems, batteries
scheduling and
range, route Electric bus driving Fault diagnosis Record keeping, report interconnections Thermal runaway
regular updating
characteristics and meeting bus and and resolutions generation, monitoring and BMS in batteries
and charging charging schedules of chargers and control (MIS) related controller
to R&M Fault diagnosis
systems Road worthiness
Monitoring Skills and manpower Service and and resolution
checking before start Conditions and
electric bus fleet requirement for preventive
Energy of assigned trips procedure for
operational preventive, breakdown, maintenance
consumption Driving behaviours replacement of frequency and
performance and overhauling of electric
estimation impact on vehicle’s chargers checklist for
buses
w.r.t route energy efficiency and Safety batteries
characteristics — range precautions Safety
and operating Identification of and emergency Maintenance of charging
conditions systems – preventive, precautions
possible mal-functions handling of
breakdown and during
Audit and of electric buses electric buses
reconditioning maintenance of
conformance en-route and their and charging
Overhauling needs and batteries, BMS,
of electric bus mitigation measures systems
procedures, plant and etc.
operation SLAs Driving related Process of equipment, quality
for each route operational safety and monitoring assurance systems and
emergency handling electric bus fleet mechanisms for testing
— charging (for electric buses and
— aggregates)
Extent of training needs: Low Medium Fair High26 TRAINING NEEDS ASSESSMENT
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FOR ELECTRIC BUSES IN INDIA
VOLUME 1
end-up with having unexpected delays presents skill levels and detailed activity-
in breakdown repairs, leading to higher wise training needs for PTAs across each Figure 19. Training Needs for
downtime of electric buses. Figure 18 sub-function. Monitoring and Control
ITMS
and MIS
Motors, Drive, Electronic, Sensors, Communications Air Conditioning 4.7 Function 6: Monitoring and
Controllers and Wiring and Fuses etc Current Control
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Regenerative Braking skill
levels
45% Based on the skill level assessment
results, PTAs have ‘medium’ skill level in
overall monitoring and control function.
The existing skill levels of PTA staff are
—
— — — — not adequate to identify the reasons
— — — Electric bus
responsible for reduced operational
Design
composition and performance ranges compared to those as per
Different Low and high Design and parameters contract. This results into ambiguity
functioning of
scenarios for voltage electronic functioning of identification,
systems different wired
AC circuit in fixing responsibility of between
regeneration definition and
and impact on functioning, and wireless AC load impact benchmarking
PTA, vehicle manufacturer and private
battery SOC and wiring diagrams, on-board on battery power operator operator. Figure 19 presents
operating range wiring, location Communication Service and skill level and detailed activity-wise
and physical systems ITMS
preventive training needs for PTAs across each sub-
identification components
maintenance
frequency and
and data function.
Design Fault diagnosis measurement/
and resolutions Fault diagnosis checklist for AC
composition and collection
functioning of of different and resolutions Fault diagnosis systems (at
traction motors, electronics of on-board and resolution electric bus,
other Motors, Conditions and Communication of AC battery, charger
drives and procedure for systems levels)
controllers replacement Data points
Service and of different collection,
preventive electronics — processing and
maintenance storage
frequency and Service frequency, — Non-
checklist for check list and conformance
different motors maintenance audit
Fault diagnosis of different
and resolutions electronics and
wiring Data analysis,
of different
MIS reports and
motors Functioning and Dashboards
Conditions and handling of On- development
procedure for Board-Diagnostic (for different
replacement of (OBD) tool departments
different motors and roles)
Functioning of
systems
Extent of training needs:
Low Medium Fair High
Extent of training needs: Low Medium Fair High28 TRAINING NEEDS ASSESSMENT
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FOR ELECTRIC BUSES IN INDIA
VOLUME 1
Figure 20. Training Needs for Scrapping and Recycling 4.8 Function 7: Scrapping and Recycling
PTAs have ‘low’ skill level in overall scrapping and recycling function. They currently lack clarity on
End-of-Life Defini- Scrap battery life expectancy and its reuse/ recycling processes, although this approach is required at a later
tion and Tracking Disposal stage, it is extremely important that PTA understands this process. Figure 20 presents skill levels and
detailed activity-wise training needs for PTAs across each sub-function.
4.9 Electric bus Training Needs for key Roles at PTAs
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Current Further to identification of specific training areas across various functions, skills gaps analysis was
skill
levels 41% 48% undertaken for various hierarchical roles within a typical PTA. Based on this analysis, the extent of
training needs at various sub-functional level for respective electric bus related roles are identified and
presented in Table 3.
The colour coding represents the extent of training needs as used earlier for electric bus activity level.
— —
Electric bus —
systems and
sub-systems end-
Procedure for
of-life definition,
storage, handling
benchmarking
and disposal post
and accounting
end-of-life (for
Impact of safety against
performance hazards)
deterioration and
end-of-life on
electric bus life
cycle.
LIB reuse
and recycling
procedures and
execution
Performance Electric buses
deterioration recycling
factors (like execution
energy efficiency,
electric bus
productivity,
battery capacity,
operational range
etc.) with age,
their estimation
and accounting
End-of-life
monitoring
process
Extent of training needs: Low Medium Fair High30 TRAINING NEEDS ASSESSMENT
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VOLUME 1
Table 3. Electric bus Training Needs for Key Roles at PTAs
Top
Management level Senior Management Middle Management
Management
Maintenance
Procurement
Engineering/
Engineering
Head Stores
& Purchase/
Head Traffic
Mechanical
Functions
Supervisor
Technician
MD/ CMD/
Head Civil
Electrical
Manager
Manager
Joint MD
Head IT/
Sub-functions
Works/
Depot
Driver
Head
PTA
MIS
Need for electric buses
Strategy Roadmap Size and Technology Selection
and Planning Long-term Transition Strategy
Manpower Planning and Staffing
Power Requirement
Range Requirement
Battery Selection and Sizing
Technical
Charging and Electrical High Voltage
Specification
Design Systems Selection and Sizing
Depot and Terminal Infrastructure Requirements
Spare Parts Specification
ITMS Specification
electric bus Purchase Specification
Procurement Contract and Performance Documentation
Stores and Purchase
Route Network and Operations Planning
Operations electric bus, Crew and Chargers Scheduling
electric bus Driving
electric bus Charging
Preventive Maintenance, Breakdown Repairs and
Overhauling
Batteries and BMS
Repair and Thermal Management System (TMS) of Batteries
Maintenance
Motors, Drives, Controllers and Regenerative Braking
Electronics, Sensors, Wiring, Fuses etc.
Communications
Air Conditioning
Monitoring
ITMS and MIS
and Control
Scrapping and End-of-Life Definition and Tracking
Recycling Scrap Disposal
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