THE TEMPERATURE MAKES HEAVY LIFTING SAFE
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PENTRONIC GROUP Europe’s leading manufacturer of temperature sensors NO. 2021-2
THE TEMPERATURE
MAKES HEAVY LIFTING SAFE
CONTINUED ON PAGES 2-3
PENTRONIC INVESTS IN THE FUTURE
DIFFERING EXPECTATIONS FROM A CALIBRATION ASSIGNMENT
DOES THE ROOM GET COLDER WHEN YOU USE A DESK FAN?
NON-CONTACT TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT – PART 2
Into the future
THE RIGHT TEMPERATURE
with Pentronic! MAKES CHAINS BOTH
After a long and difficult time
with the pandemic we are
STRONG AND TOUGH
cautiously looking forward to a Chains have been around for 2,000 years. But even though
summer and autumn with eased their design is basically still the same, today’s products are
restrictions and a more normal the result of the latest technology.
life where we can meet friends, “Every single link must be perfect,” says Fritjof Tibblin-
family and colleagues without Bergmark, a materials specialist in research and development
having to do so via a Teams or at the Crosby Group.
Zoom screen.
With that hope, here at
Pentronic we are now focusing
on the future. During the winter
and spring we developed a
strategy to meet tomorrow’s
needs.
Although our traditional
solutions will continue to be
important pieces of the puzzle,
demand is growing for smart
products that can be connected
to the digital world.
Thanks to our years
of product development
experience and our organisation
finely tuned to produce
tomorrow’s technology, we are
well prepared to meet the future.
“Together with the metallurgy, the temperature is the most important quality parameter,”
But before we completely get says Sverker Andersson, quality manager at Gunnebo Industries.
there, we will first enjoy the
summer warmth, take some time
off and maybe swim in some of
Sweden’s many fantastic lakes.
Happy summer! BEHIND THAT COMPANY NAME
is a well-known brand: Gunnebo
Industries. The American Crosby
Group bought up the Swedish
Rikard Larsson company Gunnebo Industries in 2019.
Managing Director Manufacturing is done in the small
village of Gunnebo on Sweden’s Baltic
coast. The shackles are made in the
village of Lonevåg on Norway’s west
coast.
“We make the chains in Gunnebo
and hooks, couplings and similar items
in the nearby city of Växjö,” Fritjof
says.
The chains are manufactured
in a fully automated process. The
links are welded together into long
chains, which are then hardened
and tempered in two stages. It is
the heat treatment, combined with
the composition of the steel, that
determines the quality of the final
product.
“The result must be a combination
of high strength and toughness,” The chains after being powder coated.
explains Fritjof. Here, too, the temperature is measured with
Strength is essential for heavy pyrometers to ensure the highest quality.
lifting, often in demanding environments. A single broken link The heat treatment of hooks, coupling components and
can lead to extensive damage and costs. similar items is done in Växjö. The difference is that these
“Each link must also be able to stretch by 20 percent are forged parts that are hardened in furnaces. Here, too, the
under overload before breaking,” he says. “This alerts the same demands are made on strength and toughness.
people handling the lift and gives them a chance to get to Back to the chains, whose hardening process is probably
safety.” unique in Sweden. The chains are made in lengths of 50
Each finished chain length is proof loaded with 2.5 times to 200 metres depending on their size. On each length,
the working load before delivery. For destructive tensile destructive tests are performed on a number of links. This
tests, the requirement is at least four times the working load. supplies feedback to the production process, while also
Gunnebo Industries and the Crosby Group have slightly checking that the temperatures were correct during the
higher requirements than other manufacturers so that they hardening and tempering.
can meet several standards at the same time. Under the brand name of Gunnebo Industries, the Crosby
“We and the entire Group supply customers who are Group supplies lifting systems used in everything from
prepared to pay for the highest quality, because safety is so haulage companies to offshore wind turbine construction.
important,” Fritjof explains. The product range also includes one specialty item: chains
Hardening and tempering of welded chains is done for the manufacture of enclosures for fish farming. These
by induction on the conveyor belt. The temperature is chains are hot-dip galvanised at the factory in Gunnebo in a
measured using non-contact pyrometers from Pentronic, process where temperature also plays an important role.
which has also helped Gunnebo Industries fine-tune the “The cages simply must not rust or break for other
measuring process to achieve high accuracy. reasons. The fish are often species that are not native to the
“We benefit a lot from Pentronic. They also supply region where they’re being farmed and therefore they must
sensors and instruments for our production in Växjö,” Fritjof not get out,” says Fritjof Tibblin-Bergmark of the Crosby
says. Group.
Fritjof Tibblin-Bergmark
of the Crosby Group.
The temperature is measured at several
points in the process.
“Every link must be of the highest
quality,” says Sverker Andersson,
quality manager at Gunnebo Industries.
The chains are heated with the help
of induction as they move past the
pyrometer.
PENTRONIC INVESTS IN THE FUTURE
For almost six decades Pentronic has In the changed organisation, which will
successfully served its customers with be launched this summer, the company has
chosen to create three clear functions, each
all possible and sometimes apparently
with responsibility for some of Pentronic’s main
impossible solutions to measure processes.
temperature. Marketing & Sales is responsible for business
development and the marketing and sales of our
Our employees love to solve all types of goods and services. It is the natural starting point
measurement problems to satisfy customers’ for our customers when they need assistance,
needs. During this journey the company has whether they are asking for the immediate
made a number of strategic investments. One supply of a product or service or requesting new
example happened at the end of the 1980s products.
when Pentronic decided to get its laboratory Product Development has been given a
operations accredited so that it could offer cohesive responsibility for developing and quality
accredited calibration to its customers. Another assuring new products. This can involve direct
strategic change occurred at the beginning commissions from a customer or new innovations
of the 2000s when it was decided that the and products that are needed to satisfy new
company should develop smart sensors. After applications or changed demands from the
the first product was launched it took almost ten market.
years before the next one saw the light of day. The third leg is Operations, with responsibility
Over the past five years the trend towards for orders up to delivery. This function covers
smart sensors has really taken off and we are the industrialisation of new products, and the
now launching one or more products every year, preparation, manufacture, assembly, acceptance
with sales rapidly increasing in this sector. testing and delivery of customer orders.
The fact that development is heading in this To support these main functions, Purchasing,
direction is a natural consequence of the ever- Quality, HR, and Finance are of course always
faster digitalisation we are seeing in all areas close at hand to ensure that the machinery is well
of society and also in industry, with connected oiled.
systems and access to measurement data for “This changed organisation makes the
the control and monitoring of processes. responsibilities clearer and means that Pentronic
To meet the new challenges we face from the is investing more in advanced solutions that
ever-increasing demand for new technology, solve new and future needs,” concludes
Pentronic needs to adapt its processes and Pentronic’s Managing Director Rikard Larsson.
organisation.
PRODUCT INFORMATION
ENSURE YOUR PROCESS WITH A
BESTSELLER FROM PENTRONIC
We focus here on Pentronic’s Pt100 thermowell with also called P250GH. It has also been made in other
a machined welding pocket. materials e.g. alloy pressure vessel steel 10CrMo9-
Model 783000 has become a real bestseller and is 10 (1.7380) and we can make it in
used for e.g. measuring the temperature of gases other materials if required.
and liquids in the process industry. The maximum temperature
The thermowell has an added welding pocket so for a Pt100 with a welding
you can safely mount and remove it without affecting pocket is 250 °C. This
the system itself. The pocket also helps you to avoid thermowell design
the risk of leakage. with a welding pocket can
The insertion probe is replaceable and the also be custom ordered for
terminal head has space for a signal converter or thermocouples with a maximum
connector. temperature of 600 °C.
The thermowell is available with two different You are welcome to
standard lengths of the neck tube: 48 and 110 mm contact Pentronic if you
respectively. Other lengths can be made to order. have questions or
The welding pocket has a reduced tip for faster need advice for your
and more accurate measurement and is designed for particular application.
small-pipe welding in dimensions up to DN 100.
The standard length is 60 mm.
The pocket (article: 9062050) is in stock in acid-
proof steel (1.4404) and unalloyed C22.8, (1.0460)
STRAIGHT FROM THE LAB
DIFFERING EXPECTATIONS FROM
A CALIBRATION ASSIGNMENT
Accred. no. 0076
Calibration
ISO/IEC 17025
DISCOVERING WHAT A CUSTOMER ISO17025 specifies that a calibration
EXPECTS from a calibration assignment certificate must include a number
for a temperature sensor or other of requirements, such as where the
measuring instrument has shown itself to calibration was done, by whom, the
be extremely important. This is because date, the reference equipment used, the
depending on the specific business measurement uncertainty etc. However,
involved and where in the world it is there is no requirement of what should be
located, the service of “calibration” is included in an adjustment. Instead, the
interpreted in different ways. differing routines at the various accredited
“These differing interpretations and laboratories around the world are what
expectations often lead to discussions create the differing perceptions of what
and questions about what’s included in a calibration includes.
calibration order,” explains Andreas Holm, If you order accredited calibration from
manager of Pentronic’s two calibration us at Pentronic, and we have not agreed
laboratories. otherwise, it means that we will measure
In general, the most common the object but we will not perform any
interpretation in Europe is that calibration adjustment.
involves measuring the object without “Given these varying interpretations,
adjusting it. In contrast, customers in North America we want to inform our customers of this. At the same
usually expect “calibration” to also include adjustment time, during the contract review we also try to discover
of the object so that it has a minimum level of the customer’s perception of what is included in a
malfunction. Other customers expect adjustment to be ‘calibration’ so that their expectations are met,” Andreas
done if the object does not meet a certain specification. concludes.
DOES THE ROOM GET COLDER QUESTION ANSWER
WHEN YOU USE A DESK FAN? Questions should be of general interest
and be about temperature measurement
techniques and/or heat transfer.
QUESTION: Over the past year I’ve temperature, the vase transfers heat
often worked from home due to the to the air via natural convection. The
pandemic and sometimes it gets vase’s heat exchange with the desk flow from the body to the room via
quite warm at my work station. occurs via thermal conduction. The radiation. The convective heat flow
When that happens I often use a vase acquires a temperature which Q to the air depends on the heat-
desk fan, which quickly cools things is determined by the fact that the transferring area A, the convective
down. Shouldn’t it become a bit heat flow to the vase must be equal heat transfer coefficient h, and
warmer in the room when I switch to the heat flow from it. The vase’s the difference between the body’s
the fan on? The fan has a 25 W temperature will be slightly higher surface temperature Tsurf. and the air
motor. than the air temperature. When we temperature Tair: Q = A h (Tsurf. – Tair).
Liv G switch the desk fan on, the power The computers, printers, lamps
of its motor causes the air passing etc. which are used in the home
ANSWER: It is true that when a desk by the vase to become slightly office are constantly generating
fan is switched on, the ambient warmer and the vase’s temperature heat, as is the person behind
air temperature in the room does to increase, but the increase is very the desk. This means that the
increase slightly but the increase is small. temperature in the room rises
very small. At the same time, we feel In contrast, when we switch the throughout the day. The increasing
that the room is becoming cooler. desk fan on, the individual at the air temperature Tair reduces the
To resolve this contradiction, let us desk is affected in a totally different convective heat flow from the body:
first examine a ceramic vase which way than the vase. A person’s Q = A h (Tsurf. – Tair). The net heat flow
is standing on the desk and then the body is constantly generating heat via radiation also decreases as the
person behind the desk. (metabolism), which is transferred room temperature increases. The
The temperature of the to the surroundings. Skin that is not body’s heat generation Q remains
ceramic vase is measured with a covered by clothing has a surface approximately the same throughout
thermometer. Scattered about the temperature of over 30 °C and the the day, which means that the
room are objects like a computer, surface temperature of clothing body’s surface temperature Tsurf.
printer, lamps, radiators etc., which, tends to be 25 to 30 °C. In this case, must increase so that it can get rid
when they are on, are warmer the body’s surface temperature of as much heat as before. We feel
than the room’s air temperature. is higher than the air temperature that we are getting hot. If we start
Normally, the vase is therefore and the result is a convective heat to sweat, the moisture is given off
supplied with a net heat flow via flow from the body to the air. Most to the surroundings in the form of
radiation, which increases the parts of the room have a lower water vapour. The phase transition
vase’s temperature. When the temperature than the body’s surface from liquid to water vapour requires
vase’s temperature exceeds the air temperature, which gives a net heat heat, which is drawn from the body,
which in turn means that the heat
transfer from the body increases.
When we switch on the desk
fan, the air temperature increases
slightly but the increase is very
small. The air velocity around the
body increases, which means
that the heat transfer coefficient
h increases. The result is forced
convection instead of natural
convection. The convective heat
flow from the body increases, even
though the temperature difference
(Tsurf. – Tair) has decreased. In
contrast, the radiation is not directly
affected by the air velocity. The
increased heat transfer from the
body lowers the body’s temperature
and we feel that it has become
cooler in the room, even though
the air temperature has increased
slightly.
If you have questions or
comments, contact Professor Emeritus
Dan Loyd, LiU, dan.loyd@liu.se
NON-CONTACT TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT – PART 2
This is the continuation of Pentronic News’ series on IR pyrometry. In the previous is-
sue we described the fundamental concepts and technology underlying the measuring
process. In this issue we will describe some examples of applications where adapta-
tions and special products can enable more stable and more reliable measurements in
various processes.
SUMMARY OF PART 1
In Part 1 we read about the
importance of the emission factor
(ε). The emission factor describes
the radiation properties of the
object you want to measure. A low,
or in the worst case an unknown
emission factor, can cause major
problems with your measuring
process. We also noted that for IR
pyrometry there is not one single
“camera” for all applications.
Instead, you need to select the
correct instrument based on the
material you want to measure, The Heitronics CT13 is a rugged and accurate IR pyrometer which is also available
the temperature range and the in the “CT13 Chemistry” version for use in extremely demanding environments.
environment.
WHEN DO WE USE AN IR pyrometer with lens (blue) imitating the black body’s function,
IR PYROMETER? we can create an emissivity
As explained in Part 1, an IR amplifier. The dish-shaped reflector
Parabolic
pyrometer is not the most mirror section with a gold-coated inside
accurate instrument for measuring surface is placed out to stand by
temperature. However, many itself a few millimetres from the
applications make it impossible roller’s surface. The parabolic
to measure using a fixed contact reflector focuses the roller’s radiation
sensor such as a thermocouple or a back to the measurement surface
resistance type sensor. Here is a list through multiple reflections, while
of some common factors that can the disruptive external radiation
The emissivity amplifier is a parabolic
lead to a recommendation to use an beams are not focused and will
mirror which focuses the measurement
IR pyrometer: object’s heat radiation back to the therefore only make up a fraction of
measurement surface. The propor- the total radiation that reaches the
• Mobile measurement objects tion of emitted radiation apparently lens.
• Electrically disruptive environ- increases and external radiation is
ments e.g. induction heating suppressed. SEVERAL WAVELENGTH RANGES
• The requirement of a short Sometimes a two-colour or quotient
response time (at the millisecond pyrometer is recommended as
level) the solution to tricky measuring
• The requirement of a thermally situations. The quotient pyrometer
unloaded measurement object determines the temperature by
• Aggressive environments where measuring the radiation at two or
contact sensors quickly deteriorate more closely adjacent wavelengths
• Very high temperatures and the temperature is calculated
from the quotient. The advantage is
MEASURING SHINY METALS that we can actually ideally disregard
For understandable reasons, the emission factor (although this
processes involving shiny, rotating assumes that the emission factor is
steel rollers often require non- the same for the various wavelength
contact signal transmission. The Heitronics LT13EB is a p ractical ranges). The quotient pyrometer
The reflective surface causes a example of an IR pyrometer with is also preferred in environments
radiation pyrometer to perceive emissivity amplifier (gold coloured). where the pyrometer’s sightline is
more reflected radiation from the partly obscured – such as in smoke-
surroundings than that emitted by way to get rid of the reflections filled environments or where there is
the roller itself; the emission factor ε from a shiny surface is to exploit a large risk that the view glass will
goes towards 0. The measurement the principle of a black body, which get dirty.
error becomes very large and can has ε = 1 for varying temperatures
also vary over time. One elegant and wavelengths (see figure). By
Using a quotient pyrometer requires incinerators, for example, are often
the following: large enough.
The same principle can be
• Emissivity is the same at all exploited for such materials as
wavelengths. plastic films if you know the
• Transmission through the material’s specific properties.
atmosphere and any view glass is
the same for all wavelengths. KNOWLEDGE IS NECESSARY
Factors fundamental to all
In practice this means that a pyrometry (except for quotient
quotient pyrometer is used pyrometers) include: that the
for metallic materials and high measurement object is larger than
temperatures. However, it is worth the measurement spot, that no
noting that quotient pyrometers extraneous radiation is reflected
now exist for many varieties of together with the desired radiation,
applications and are even available and that the view glass and lens
as hand-held pyrometers. have consistent properties for the
wavelength in question.
GAS TEMPERATURES AND If you as the customer tell
TRANSPARENT MATERIALS us the temperature range, the
Normally IR is used to measure measurement surface’s size and
solid materials or the surfaces of distance, the required response The Capella C3 from SensorTherm is an
liquids. However, it is also p
ossible time, and the measurement object’s example of a quotient pyrometer.
to measure gas temperatures properties plus the surrounding
and materials that appear totally environment, we will help to specify
transparent. Doing so relies on the a pyrometer system that gives you
previously discussed knowledge reliable and repeatable temperature
about emittance at different measurements with sufficient
wavelengths. accuracy.
Hot gases and flames, for Knowledge is everything in
instance inside furnaces, are measurement technology, and this
detected via the presence of such applies to IR pyrometry just as
substances as CO and CO2, which much as to
emit in known wavelengths in thermocouples
narrow bands, e.g. around 4.66 and Pt100
and 4.26 micrometres respectively. sensors.
Measuring CO2 and CO can be
done well at temperatures between
300 and 2,500 °C. A minimum
volume of the gases to be
measured is required, but industrial
The Heitronics TRT, the world’s most
accurate IR pyrometer.
PENTRONIC’S PRODUCTS AND SERVICES PENTRONIC NEWS 2021-2 • VOL. 13
Temperature sensors Connectors and cables
Temperature transmitters IR pyrometers
Temperature indicators Temperature controllers
Dataloggers Temperature calibration equipment Bergsliden 1, SE-593 96 Västervik
Tel. +46 490-25 85 00, www.pentronic.se
Temperature calibration services Training courses in temperature
Moisture and thickness monitors Flow meters
GFM Glass flow meters Electro-optical test systems Subscribe to Pentronic News
Follow us: at our website www.pentronic.se
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