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The Peril of Politicizing Science
Cite This: J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2021, 12, 5371−5376 Read Online
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It’s a beautiful thing, the destruction of words. support of the regime was not sufficiently enthusiastic. It was
Don’t you see that the whole aim of Newspeak is to narrow not uncommon to get disciplined for being too quiet during
the range of thought? In the end we shall make mandatory political assemblies (politinformation or komso-
See https://pubs.acs.org/sharingguidelines for options on how to legitimately share published articles.
thoughtcrime literally impossible, because there will be no molskoe sobranie) or for showing up late to mandatory mass-
words in which to express it. celebrations (such as the May or November demonstrations).
Once I got a notice for promoting an imperialistic agenda by
−George Orwell, 1984
showing up in jeans for an informal school event. A friend’s
I grew up in a city that in its short history (barely over 150
years) had its name changed three times.2,3 Founded in
dossier was permanently blemishedmaking him ineligible for
Downloaded via 172.58.121.2 on June 10, 2021 at 12:05:27 (UTC).
Ph.D. programsfor not fully participating in a trip required
1869 around a steel plant and several coal mines built by the
of university students: an act of “voluntary” help to comrades
Welsh industrialist John Hughes, the settlement was originally
in collective farms (Figure 2).
called Hughesovka (or Yuzovka). When the Bolsheviks came
Science was not spared from this strict ideological control.6
to power in the 1917 Revolution, the new government of the
Western influences were considered to be dangerous. Text-
working class, the Soviets, set out to purge the country of
books and scientific papers tirelessly emphasized the priority
ideologically impure influences in the name of the proletariat
and pre-eminence of Russian and Soviet science. Entire
and the worldwide struggle of the suppressed masses. Cities
disciplines were declared ideologically impure, reactionary,
and geographical landmarks were renamed,4 statues were torn
and hostile to the cause of working-class dominance and the
down, books were burned, and many millions were jailed and
World Revolution. Notable examples of “bourgeois pseudo-
murdered.5 In due course, the commissars got to Yuzovka, and
science” included genetics and cybernetics. Quantum mechan-
the city was stripped of the name of its founder, a
ics and general relativity were also criticized for insufficient
representative of the hostile class of oppressors and a
alignment with dialectic materialism.
Westerner. In modern terms, Hughes was canceled. For a
Most relevant to chemistry was the antiresonance campaign
few months, the city was called Trotsk (after Leon Trotsky),
(1949−1951).7 The theory of resonating structures, which
until Trotsky lost in the power struggle inside the party and
brought Linus Pauling the Nobel prize in 1954, was deemed to
was himself canceled (see Figure 1). In 1924 the city became
be bourgeois pseudoscience. Scientists who attempted to
the namesake of the new supreme leader of the Communist
defend the merits of the theory and its utility for understanding
Party (Stalin), and a few years later renamed to Stalino. My
chemical structures were accused of “cosmopolitism” (Western
mother’s school certificates have Stalino on them. Following sympathy) and servility to Western bourgeois science. Some
Stalin’s death in 1953, the Communist party underwent some
lost jobs. Two high-profile supporters of resonance theory,
reckoning and admitted that several decades of terror and Syrkin and Dyatkina, were eventually forced to confess their
many millions of murdered citizens were somewhat excessive. ideological sins and to publicly denounce resonance. Mean-
Stalin was canceled: his body was removed from the while, other members of the community took this political
Mausoleum at Red Square (where it had been displayed next purge as an opportunity to advance at the expense of others.7,8
to Lenin’s); textbooks and encyclopedias were rewritten once As noted by many scholars,7,8 including Pauling himself,9 the
again; and the cities, institutions, and landmarks bearing his grassroots antiresonance campaign was driven by people who
name were promptly renamed. Stalino became Donetsk, after were “displeased with the alignment of forces in their science”.7
the river Severskii Donets. This is a recurring motif in all political campaigns within
I came of age during a relatively mellow period of the Soviet science in Soviet Russia, Nazi Germany, and McCarthy’s
rule, post-Stalin. Still, the ideology permeated all aspects of life, Americathose who are “on the right side” of the issue can
and survival required strict adherence to the party line and jump a few rungs and take the place of those who were
enthusiastic displays of ideologically proper behavior. Not canceled. By the time I studied quantum chemistry at Moscow
joining a young communist organization (Komsomol) would
be career suicidenonmembers were barred from higher
education. Openly practicing religion could lead to more grim Received: May 7, 2021
consequences, up to imprisonment. So could reading the Accepted: May 10, 2021
wrong book (Orwell, Solzhenitsyn, etc.). Even a poetry book Published: June 10, 2021
that was not on the state-approved list could get one in trouble.
Mere compliance was not sufficientthe ideology commit-
tees were constantly on the lookout for individuals whose
© 2021 The Author. Published by
American Chemical Society https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01475
5371 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2021, 12, 5371−5376
The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters pubs.acs.org/JPCL Viewpoint
State University, resonance theory had been rehabilitated. Yet, Schrödinger equation, Curie Law, etc.). The authors call for
the history of the campaign and the injustices it entailed were vigilance in naming discoveries and assert that “basing the
not discussed in the openthe Party did not welcome name with inclusive priorities may provide a path to a richer,
conversations about its past mistakes. I remember hearing parts deeper, and more robust understanding of the science and its
of the story, narrated under someone’s breath at a party after advancement.” Really? On what empirical grounds is this
copious amounts of alcohol had loosened a tongue. based? History teaches us the opposite: the outcomes of the
Fast forward to 2021another century. The Cold War is a merit-based science of liberal, pluralistic societies are vastly
distant memory and the country shown on my birth certificate superior to those of the ideologically controlled science of the
and school and university diplomas, the USSR, is no longer on USSR and other totalitarian regimes.17 The authors call for
the map. But I find myself experiencing its legacy some removing the names of people who “crossed the line” of moral
thousands of miles to the west, as if I am living in an Orwellian or ethical standards. Examples16 include Fritz Haber, Peter
twilight zone. I witness ever-increasing attempts to subject Debye, and William Shockley, but the list could have been
science and education to ideological control and censorship. easily extended to include Stark (defended expulsion of Jews
Just as in Soviet times, the censorship is being justified by the from German institutions),18 Heisenberg (led Germany’s
greater good. Whereas in 1950, the greater good was advancing nuclear weapons program),19 and Schrödinger (had romantic
the World Revolution (in the USSR; in the USA the greater relationships with under-age girls).19 Indeed, learned societies
good meant fighting Communism), in 2021 the greater good is are now devoting considerable effort to such renaming
“Social Justice” (the capitalization is important: “Social Justice”
campaignsamong the most-recent cancellations is the
is a specific ideology, with goals that have little in common
renaming of the Fisher Prize by the Evolution Society, despite
with what lower-case “social justice” means in plain
well-argued opposition by 10 past presidents and vice-
English).10−12 As in the USSR, the censorship is enthusiasti-
presidents of the society.20
cally imposed also from the bottom, by members of the
There is no doubt that many famous scientists had views or
scientific community, whose motives vary from naive idealism
to cynical power-grabbing. engaged in behaviors that, by today’s standards, are not
Just as during the time of the Great Terror,5,13 dangerous acceptable.21 Their scientific legacies are often mixed; for
conspiracies and plots against the World Revolution were seen example, Fritz Haber is both the father of modern chemical
everywhere, from illustrations in children’s books to hairstyles warfare and the man whose development of nitrogen fixation is
and fashions; today we are told that racism, patriarchy, feeding the planet.22 Scientists are not saints.21 They are
misogyny, and other reprehensible ideas are encoded in human beings born into places and times they did not choose.
scientific terms, names of equations, and in plain English Just as their fellow human beings do, each finds his or her way
words. We are told that in order to build a better world and to though the circumstances of their lives, such as totalitarian
address societal inequalities, we need to purge our literature of regimes, world wars, and revolutions. Sometimes they made
the names of people whose personal records are not up to the the right choices, sometimes they erred. Some paid dearly for
high standards of the self-anointed bearers of the new truth, their mistakes. Haber22 was an avid German patriot, to the
the Elect.11 We are told that we need to rewrite our syllabi and extent that he actively developed chemical weapons in order to
change the way we teach and speak.14,15 provide Germany with military advantage. Yet, his motherland
As an example of political censorship and cancel culture, rejected him because he was a Jew. He was barely able to
consider a recent viewpoint16 discussing the centuries-old escape Germany, and part of his extended family perished in
tradition of attaching names to scientific concepts and the concentration camps. As eloquently stated by Stern in his
discoveries (Archimede’s Principle, Newton’s Laws of Motion, essay,22 are we really so morally superior that we can “judge a
Figure 1. Soviet history was constantly revised to keep up with the current party line. Historic photographs were routinely airbrushed and
textbooks rewritten to obliterate the canceled.1 Left: Lenin speaking in Moscow to Red Army soldiers in 1920, with Leon Trotsky and Lev
Kamenev standing to his left side, on the steps to the right. Right: Same scene, with Trotsky and Kamenev airbrushed out, after they were canceled.
Once the heroes of the Revolution, they had become traitors and enemies of the people. (Photograph May 5, 1920, by G. P. Goldshtein. Part of the
David King Collection. Purchased from David King by Tate Archive 2016. Photo copyright Tate.)
5372 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01475
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The authors of the viewpoint16 acknowledge historic
complexities and the fact that moral and ethical standards
change with time. They backed off Debye’s cancellation,
quoting the decisions of investigative committees that
concluded that Debye did not cross the line. However, they
demand that the “Shockley−Queisser limit” be renamed. They
call for Shockley’s cancellation as punishment for his abhorrent
views on issues far outside his domain of expertise, such as
race, gender, and IQ. If, for the sake of argument, we divorce
ourselves from the charged political content of Shockley’s
publications on these topics, we can compare his minimal
scholarly contribution in this domain to Pauling’s vitamin C
debacle.26 Should we cancel Pauling for overstepping the
domain of his competence and making medically dangerous
claims? Which one is the greater misconductpublishing a
paper with eugenic content or promoting vitamin C as a cure
for cancer? Note that in the case of both Pauling and Shockley,
Figure 2. Fourth-year chemistry students from Moscow State the Mertonian principle of organized skepticism24 has already
University (the author is on the right) enjoying a short break in the taken care of effectively separating the wheat from the chaff:
potato fields during mandatory farm labor, ca. 1987. The sticks were while Shockley’s detailed balance paper (ref 11 in the
used as aids for separating potatoes from the mud. viewpoint) is cited almost 7000 times, his paper on race and
IQ (ref 12 in the viewpoint) has a grand total of 15 citations.
life by one disastrous deformation, which in some ways Digging deeper into the Shockley case, many of his
epitomized his and his country’s worst faults?” biographers attribute his well-documented antisocial traits
Soviet history is full of examples of patriotic scientists who and behaviors (social withdrawal and paranoia) to a mental
were imprisoned and murdered by the regime while disorder and describe him as a high-functioning autist. In his
proclaiming their unconditional loyalty to the World book The Gene, Mukherjee uses Shockley to illustrate the
Revolutionone such tragic figure was Hans Hellmann, who ethical conundrums of gene editing,27 by pointing out that the
fled Germany in 1933 (because of his Jewish wife) and, despite same combination of genes can be both “genius-enabling” and
multiple warnings, came to Russia (because he believed in the “disease-enabling”. What if Shockley’s deplorable views were
socialist ideals), only to be executed by the Soviet regime as an the result of his mental disorder? Should we cancel him
enemy of the people in 1938.23 anyway? I think we should discuss his mixed legacy and learn
Some famous scientists were brave dissidents, and some from his complicated story, in the same way we can learn from
were conformists and opportunists. Should we judge their Fritz Haber’s and others’. These stories can teach us about the
scientific contributions by their political standing, the extent to complexity of the world and of human minds, the importance
which they collaborated with repressive regimes, or by how of tolerance and empathy. And we should leave the Shockley−
wholesome their personal lives were? The authors of the Queisser limit (and other named discoveries and equations)
viewpoint16 go as far as to suggest that we should use names of alone.
scientific discoveries and institutions as a vehicle to promote The issue of science moralization and censorship is older
ideologythat is, as a propaganda toolas was done by the than 20th century totalitarian regimes. For example, Giordano
Soviet, Nazi, and Maoist regimes. Bruno was canceled (burned at the stake in 1600) because his
The intersection of science, morality, and ideology has been cosmological views were considered to be a threat to the
studied by many scholars and historians. History provides dominant ideology. The guardians of the truth, his prosecutors,
ample evidence that totalitarian censorship of science is “had the desire to serve freedom and promote the common
harmful to the progress and well-being of societies. Merton’s good”.28 A century later, Leeuwenhoek self-censored his
norms of science prescribe a clear separation between science studies and reports for offensive content (observations of
and morality.24 Particularly relevant is Merton’s principle of spermatozoa in semen).29,30 In 1911, Marie Curie was
universality, which states that claims to truth are evaluated in ostracized for immoral behavioran affair with a married
terms of universal or impersonal criteria, and not on the basis man (Langevin) following the tragic death of her husband
of race, class, gender, religion, or nationality.24 Simply put, we Pierre Curie. The chair of the Nobel Prize committee, Svante
should evaluate, reward, and acknowledge scientific contribu- Arrhenius, wrote to her advising that she not attend the official
tions strictly on the basis of their intellectual merit and not on ceremony for her Nobel Prize in Chemistry in view of her
the basis of personal traits of the scientists or a current political questionable moral standing. Curie replied that she would be
agenda. present at the ceremony, becase “the prize has been given to
Conversations about the history of science and the her for her discovery of polonium and radium” and that “there
complexity of its social and ethical aspects can enrich our is no relation between her scientific work and the facts of her
lives and should be a welcome addition to science curricula. private life”.31 Today we regard this attempt to cancel Curie on
The history of science can teach us to appreciate the the grounds of her moral impurity as utterly absurd, yet we
complexity of the world and humanity. It can also help us to continue to witness the intrusion of moral arguments into the
navigate urgent contemporary issues.25 Censorship and scientific domain.31
cancellation will not make us smarter, will not lead to better Examples of past cancellations done in the name of
science, and will not help the next generation of scientists to maintaining moral purity (as understood at the time) provide
make better choices. a useful context for today’s struggle between free speech and
5373 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01475
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cancel culture. In 1952, Alan Turing was canceled for being for offenses. If you are not sure when you should be
gay. After he was convicted for “gross indecency” and offendedcheck out the list of microagressionsa quick
subjected to chemical castration, he lost his consultancy job google search can deliver plenty of official documents from
for the British intelligence agency, despite his vital contribu- serious institutions that, with a few exceptions, sound like a
tions to the war effort, and was denied entry to the United sketch for the next Borat movie.38 If nothing fits the bill, you
States. About the same time, the University of Minnesota can always find malice in the sounds of a foreign language. At
revoked an offer from Michael McConnell for his intent to the University of Southern California, a professor was recently
marry another man.32 McConnell sued, but lost, with the judge suspended because students claimed to have been offended by
decrying same-sex marriage a “socially repugnant concept,” the sounds of Chinese words used to illustrate the concept of
incompatible with holding a university position. filler words in a communications class.39,40
Today’s censorship does not stop at purging the scientific Why did I devote a considerable amount of my time to
vocabulary of the names of scientists who “crossed the line” or writing this essay? After all, I am no fan of Shockley; his
fail the ideological litmus tests of the Elect.11 In some eugenic views disgust me. Notwithstanding his monumental
schools,33,34 physics classes no longer teach “Newton’s Laws”, contributions to one of the most pressing problems we face
but “the three fundamental laws of physics”. Why was Newton harnessing solar energyI would not want to sit next to him at
canceled? Because he was white, and the new ideology10,12,15 a dinner party. Yet, the term “Shockley−Queisser limit” elicits
calls for “decentering whiteness” and “decolonizing” the no emotional response in me. Neither does “Stark effect”,
curriculum. A comment in Nature35 calls for replacing the “Haber−Bosch process”, or “Debye units”. To most scientists,
accepted technical term “quantum supremacy” by “quantum these are convenient labels, which remind us that the
advantage”. The authors regard the English word “supremacy” cathedrals of science are built by mere mortals,21 and not
as “violent” and equate its usage with promoting racism and some deeply meaningful symbols of reverence. So why should
colonialism. They also warn us about “damage” inflicted by we not humor those who claim to feel differently16 and rename
using such terms as “conquest”. I assume “divide-and-conquer” everything in sight? After all, renaming equations is even easier
will have to go too. Remarkably, this Soviet-style ghost-chasing than renaming cities, buildings, or landmarks.
gains traction. In partnership with their Diversity, Equity, and The answer is simple: our future is at stake. As a community,
Inclusion taskforce, the Information and Technology Services we face an important choice. We can succumb to extreme left
Department of the University of Michigan set out to purge the ideology and spend the rest of our lives ghost-chasing and
language within the university and without (by imposing witch-hunting, rewriting history, politicizing science, redefining
restrictions on university vendors) from such hurtful and racist elements of language, and turning STEM (science, technology,
terms as “picnic”, “brown bag lunch”, “black-and-white engineering, and mathematics) education into a farce.41−44 Or
thinking”, “master password”, “dummy variable”, “disabled we can uphold a key principle of democratic societythe free
system”, “grandfathered account”, “strawman argument”, and and uncensored exchange of ideasand continue our core
“long time no see”.36 “The list is not exhaustive and will mission, the pursuit of truth, focusing attention on solving real,
continue to grow”, warns the memo. Indeed, new words are important problems of humankind.
canceled every dayI just learned that the word “normal” will The lessons of history are numerous and unambiguous.17
no longer be used on Dove soap packaging because “it makes Despite vast natural and human resources, the USSR lost the
most people feel excluded”37 (emphasis mine; see Figure 3). Cold War, crumbled, and collapsed. Interestingly, even the
Do words have life and power of their own? Can they really leaders of the most repressive regimes were able to understand,
cause injury? Do they carry hidden messages? The ideology to some extent, the weakness of totalitarian science. For
claims so and encourages us all to be on the constant lookout example, in the midst of the Great Terror,5,13 Kapitsa and Ioffe
were able to convince Stalin about the importance of physics to
military and technological advantage, to the extent that he
reversed some arrests; for example, Fock and Landau were set
free (however, an estimated ∼10% of physicists perished
during this time17). In the late forties, after nuclear physicists
explained that without relativity theory there will be no nuclear
bomb, Stalin rolled back the planned campaign against physics
and instructed Beria to give physicists some space; this led to
significant advances and accomplishments by Soviet scientists
in several domains. However, neither Stalin nor the subsequent
Soviet leaders were able to let go of the controls completely.
Government control over science turned out to be a grand
failure, and the attempts to patch the widening gap between
the West and the East by espionage did not help.17 Today
Russia is hopelessly behind the West, in both technology and
quality of life. The book Totalitarian Science and Technology
provides many more examples of such failed experiments.17
Today, STEM holds the key to solving problems far more
Figure 3. Headline of the New York Times article37 from 2021-03-13. important than the nuclear arms race: reversing climate
The word “normal” will be removed from more than 200 beauty change, fighting global hunger and poverty, controlling
products. “The changes were long overdue and ‘completely pandemics, and harnessing the power of new technologies
necessary’..., said Ateh Jewel, a beauty journalist and an advisory (quantum computing, bioengineering, and renewable energy)
board member of the British Beauty Council.”37 for the benefit of humanity.
5374 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01475
J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2021, 12, 5371−5376The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters pubs.acs.org/JPCL Viewpoint
Normalizing ideological intrusion into science and abandon- on historically important neuroscience experiments which were
ing Mertonian principles24 will cost us dearly. We cannot mostly conducted by white men.”
afford it. (15) Antiracist pedagogy: YALE Poorvu Center for teaching and
Anna I. Krylov orcid.org/0000-0001-6788-5016 learning, https://poorvucenter.yale.edu/Antiracist-Pedagogy (ac-
■
cessed 2021-03-21). Recommendations include “decentering White-
AUTHOR INFORMATION ness in the course content” and “creating assessments that enable
students to demonstrate different knowledge and ways of knowing”.
Complete contact information is available at:
Examples of good practices include “Yale Associate Professor of
https://pubs.acs.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01475
Computer Science ... includes discussions about the discriminatory
Notes racial history of computer science and mathematics as a way to help
Views expressed in this Viewpoint are those of the author and students understand the politics and power of fields that are often
not necessarily the views of the ACS. thought of as being objective.”
(16) Ehrler, B.; Hutter, E. M.; Berry, J. J. The complicated morality
The author declares no competing financial interest.
■
of named inventions. ACS Energy Lett. 2021, 6, 565.
(17) Josephson, P. R. Totalitarian Science and Technology; Humanity
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that the readings for this course, including the course reader and BCP regard them as private and to publish or destroy them as your
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17/us/the-same-sex-couple-who-got-a-marriage-license-in-1971.html.
(33) Weiss, B. The miseducation of America’s elites. City Journal,
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(34) Somerville, E. Isaac Newton latest historical figure swept up in
’decolonisation’ drive. The Telegraph, 2021; https://www.telegraph.
co.uk/news/2021/04/24/isaac-newton-latest-historical-figure-swept-
decolonisation-drive. A draft of “inclusive curriculum development”
at the Sheffield University (UK) states that Dirac, Laplace, Newton,
and Leibniz “could be considered as benefiting from colonial era
activity” and, therefore, should be removed from the engineering
curriculum. “Decolonising the curriculum is an ongoing process which
prompts us to incorporate historically marginalised or suppressed
knowledge into all disciplines...so all our students have the
opportunity to see themselves reflected in what they are being
taught,” said a spokesman of the University.
(35) Palacios-Berraquero, C.; Mueck, L.; Persaud, D. M. We will
take ’quantum advantage’. Nature 2019, 576, 213.
(36) Executive summary by “Words Matter” taskforce. https://drive.
google.com/file/d/11a8cUt1SCfIxQRBZk_TnRYM5ltENL7LI/view,
2020.
(37) Taylor, D. B. Maker of Dove soap will drop the word ’normal’
from beauty products; New York Times, 2021. https://www.nytimes.
com/2021/03/09/business/unilever-normal-positive-beauty.html.
(38) Examples of microagressions and recommendations on
inclusive language from University of California, University of
Colorado, University of Minnesota, and University of Michigan;
retrieved from internet. https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/
1n6jB4oTDnrPqqKNVAHpA_MNwbK3TBGg; Link to exhibits,
2020.
(39) Soave, R. USC suspended a communications professor for
saying a Chinese word that sounds like a racial slur; Reason, 2020;
https://reason.com/2020/09/03/usc-greg-patton-chinese-word-
offended-students.
(40) Volokh, E. USC communications professor “on a short-term
break” for giving Chinese word “neige” as example; The Volokh
Conspiracy, Reason, 2020. https://reason.com/volokh/2020/09/03/
usc-communications-professor-on-a-short-term-break-for-giving-
chinese-word-neige-as-example.
(41) A pathway to equitable math instruction: Resources and
guidance to support Black, LatinX, and Multilingual students to thrive
in grades 6−8. https://equitablemath.org. From the website: “A
Pathway to Equitable Math Instruction is an actionable toolkit
designed to support equitable access to math standards for Black,
Latinx, and multilingual students in grades 6−8. We invite school
leaders, educators, and advocates to join us at these virtual
opportunities to dive deeper into each of the toolkit strides.” The
program, which is supported by numerous educational boards and
foundations, including Los Angeles County Office of Education and
Bill and Melinda Gates foundation, calls to “dismantle white
supremacy” in the classroom, which manifests itself by “the focus is
on getting the ‘right’ answer” and asking students “to show their
work”.
(42) McWhorter, J. Is it racist to expect black kids to do math for
real? https://johnmcwhorter.substack.com/p/is-it-racist-to-expect-
black-kids; It Bears Mentioning, 2021.
(43) Klainerman, S. There is no such thing as “white” math.
Common Sense with Bari Weiss; https://bariweiss.substack.com/p/
there-is-no-such-thing-as-white-math, 2021.
(44) Deift, P.; Jitomirskaya, S.; Klainerman, S. America is flunking
math. Persuasion, 2021. https://www.persuasion.community/p/why-
america-is-flunking-math-education?token=
eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjoyNzY2MDE2NiwicG9zdF9pZCI6MzYzODMzNjEsI
l8iOiJsVWgvMSIsImlhdCI6MTYyMTUyNDgzMywiZXhwIjoxNjIxN
5376 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01475
J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2021, 12, 5371−5376You can also read
