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The Paul Ehrlich Foundation
Office of the Paul Ehrlich Foundation Contents
Paul Ehrlich-Stiftung
c/o Vereinigung von Freunden und
Förderern der Goethe-Universität
Theodor-W.-Adorno-Platz 1 Preface 5
60629 Frankfurt am Main
E-Mail: freunde@vff.uni-frankfurt.de
www.paul-ehrlich-stiftung.de Paul Ehrlich: His Life
March 2021 and Achievements 6
Ludwig Darmstaedter:
Donation account: Scientist and Friend 12
Deutsche Bank AG
IBAN: DE38 5007 0010 0700 0839 00
BIC: DEUTDEFFXXX The Foundation, the Prize
and the Role of Hedwig Ehrlich 14
The Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig
Darmstaedter Prize for Young
Researchers 17Preface
In honor of the great German doctor and Paul Ehrlich, like all great researchers, was
serologist who turned Frankfurt into a way ahead of his time. His research work
medical eldorado at the beginning of the laid the cornerstone for the medical stand-
20th century, the Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig ards still valid today. In awarding the Paul
Darmstaedter Prize is awarded to scientists Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize, the
from all over the world who have achieved Foundation wishes to encourage scientists all
outstanding results in Paul Ehrlich’s field over the world to do what Paul Ehrlich did
of work. throughout his entire life: extend medical
know-how and make a contribution to the
The prize given by the Paul Ehrlich constant struggle against illness and disease-
Foundation is one of Germany’s most emi- induced mortality.
nent accolades in recognition of outstand-
ing achievements in biomedical research.
The President of the German Research
Foundation (DFG) is Honorary President
of the Paul Ehrlich Foundation. The prize-
giving ceremony is traditionally held every
year on March 14, Paul Ehrlich’s birthday,
in Frankfurt’s St. Paul’s church, a symbol
of German democracy and liberty.
The Foundation’s Scientific Council, whose
members include internationally renowned Professor Dr. Thomas Boehm
scientists, has the formidable task of selecting Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology
the best of the excellent world-wide. The list and Epigenetics, Freiburg
Chairman of the Scientific Council of
of prize winners shows that the Council has
the Paul Ehrlich Foundation
lived up to this challenge. Many of the Paul
Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize
winners have subsequently also received
the Nobel Prize. With the Paul Ehrlich
and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize for Young
Researchers, the Paul Ehrlich Foundation
created an important instrument to encour-
age young gifted scientists. It was awarded
for the first time in 2006.
5Paul Ehrlich: His life von Frerichs’ Second Medical Clinic at
the Charité hospital in Berlin.
oxygen, and thereby obtained evidence
of oxygen consumption in cells.
and Achievements
Ehrlich summarized the results of his
research in 1885 in the monograph:
Paul Ehrlich was born on March 14, the cells absorbed the dye in different “The organism’s need for oxygen: a
1854, in Strehlen/Silesia (now Strzelin, ways: some parts were coloured deep study based on analysis with dyes”,
Poland) into a prosperous family. His blue, some had only absorbed small with which he qualified for appoint-
father owned a thriving liqueur factory. amounts of dye and others none at all. ment to a professorial chair in 1887.
From now on, he concentrated entirely This study not only had practical value,
Paul Ehrlich had watched liqueurs on the staining of thin slices of tissue, but also raised intriguing questions for
being coloured in his father’s distillery one of the most important techniques which there were no answers or expla-
and was so fascinated by the process in histology. nations at that time.
that he wanted to try it out for himself.
Legend has it that, as a seven-year-old Paul Ehrlich finished grammar school Paul Ehrlich in his office at the Royal Institute for During his nine years at the Charité
Experimental Therapy in Frankfurt.
boy, he was caught by his mother trying in 1872 and then went on to study in Berlin, Ehrlich adopted two habits
to colour two pigeons by dipping them medicine, first in Breslau, then in which stayed with him throughout his
into a pot of paint. Whether the story is Strasbourg. Here, two academic tutors life: his private spelling system and a
true or not, colouring agents and dyes gave all-important impulses to his During his years at the Charité, Ehrlich passion for heavy black cigars, of which
occupied him throughout his life and career. The anatomist Wilhelm von made important contributions to he smoked up to 50 a day.
a child’s experiments developed into a Waldeyer introduced him to the tech- hæmatology, the study of the compo-
lifelong passion. niques of histological staining. The nents of blood. Working on the foun- In 1882, Paul Ehrlich attended Robert
chemist Adolf von Baeyer encouraged dations of medical bacteriology devel- Koch’s presentation of his sensational
Ehrlich attended grammar school in his enthusiasm for chemistry. From his oped by Louis Pasteur and Robert discovery of the tubercle bacillus at the
Breslau (now Wrocłav, Poland). During first term onwards, Ehrlich’s goal was Koch, Paul Ehrlich established a new German Physiological Society in Berlin.
this time, he was a frequent visitor to understand the basic mechanisms by diagnostic technique of staining blood He was inspired by the lecture and
to the house of one of his mother’s which toxic compounds and chemical cells. With this method, he succeeded referred to it in retrospect as “my great-
cousins, Carl Weigert (1845–1904), a compounds act on the living cell. He in differentiating lymphocytes and leu- est scientific experience”, but he no-
pathologist at the University of Breslau believed that staining takes place in a cocytes and sub-classifying leucocytes ticed at the same time that the staining
and later professor in Frankfurt. Weigert chemical reaction and not in a purely according to their stainability. The technique used by Koch was laborious
was an expert in colouring pathologi- physical way (“Corpora non agunt nisi principles of modern hæmatology are and unreliable. Within a day, he devel-
cal and anatomical specimens. In this fixata”). This fundamental notion guid- based on Paul Ehrlich’s staining meth- oped an improved and simple staining
field, he introduced what, at that time, ed his work throughout his life. After ods. He emphasized the significance of technique, which Koch acknowledged
were new synthetic colouring agents: another semester in Freiburg, he passed vital staining with methylene blue, i.e. “without any reservations”.
aniline dyes. Ehrlich once watched his State Examination and received his staining while upholding cell activity.
him producing wafer-thin slices of tis- doctorate in 1878 at the University of Another important finding by Ehrlich A year later, Paul Ehrlich married
sue and carefully staining them. Young Leipzig. His doctoral thesis was enti- was the selectivity of dyes in stain- Hedwig Pinkus, daughter of one of the
Ehrlich saw for the first time a fascinat- tled “Contributions to the Theory and ing cells and tissues. He observed, for most important manufacturers of linen
ing microcosm under the microscope: Practice of Histological Staining”. In example, that methylene blue stained and damask in Silesia.
bright blue and glowing particles of the same year, he moved as Assistant neural tissue only. He also discovered
stained tissue. He also observed that Medical Director to Friedrich Theodor the relative ability of tissue to absorb
6 7In 1884, Ehrlich was appointed titular could it not be equally effective in tant contributions to the development Paul Ehrlich cooperated with Farbwerke
professor. A year later, Friedrich medication? His test persons were of the diphtheria antitoxin, though Hoechst, which supplied him with
Theodor von Frerichs died and Karl inmates of Moabit Prison suffering from Emil von Behring excluded him from dyes, with Arthur von Weinberg, co-
Gerhard, a man with a conservative serious neuralgic conditions. Not only its commercial exploitation. proprietor of Cassella, and with Ludwig
scientific outlook, became head of the did the dye actually reduce their pain, Darmstaedter. With Darmstaedter’s
clinic at the Charité. When Ehrlich dis- two men with malaria were also suc- Thanks to the evaluation process he support the Chemotherapeutic
covered that he himself was suffering cessfully treated. developed for the diphtheria antitoxin, Research Institute Georg-Speyer-Haus
from tuberculosis, and the working Ehrlich always retained his strong was established in 1906, immediately
conditions at the Charité deteriorated Paul Ehrlich formulated the theory of interest in the subject of curative sera. adjoining the Royal Institute for
permanently, he stepped down from side chains – the first broad concept of At this time, a testing department was Experimental Therapy. Paul Ehrlich
his position. Paul Ehrlich and his wife the immunosystem. According to this set up under Ehrlich’s leadership at the was also appointed Director of his new
moved for two years to Egypt where he the specific immune defense develops Institute for Infectious Diseases because institution.
as a result of impurities, pathogens and it had quickly become clear that serum
their toxins binding at the side chains standardization had to be improved. In Paul Ehrlich developed the idea of
(receptors) of certain cells. These side 1896, the Berlin Institute for Serum combatting pathogens in the human
chains are then released as “antibodies” Research and Testing was set up with body and the toxins produced by them
into the bloodstream and generate an the support of Friedrich Althoff, using a chemical substance that binds
immune response. This theory was the Director-General at the Prussian with the pathogens and toxins. The
foundation of the steadily growing field Ministry of Culture, and Paul Ehrlich concentration of this chemical sub-
of biomedical science. was appointed its first director. Here stance was to be effective, but not
are the roots of the systematic evalua- harmful to the body. Ehrlich, who had
In 1891, the Institute for Infectious tion and official testing of numerous a gift for formulating complex matters
Diseases was set up near the Charité, curative sera that was to become one in simple language, coined the phrases
and Paul Ehrlich moved there with his of the most important tasks of the “dosis tolerata” and “dosis curativa” for
laboratory, though without drawing a Frankfurt Institute for Experimental these two concepts. Against the back-
The central laboratory in the Georg-Speyer-Haus
in the 1920s. salary from the Institute. His research Therapy (today’s Paul Ehrlich Institute). ground of his idea of resistance to
showed that by feeding small doses of medication, he searched for a sub-
recovered from his illness and, follow- poison to laboratory animals and then In 1899, the Berlin Institute moved to stance that could destroy all pathogens
ing his return in 1891, was subsequent- steadily increasing the dose, they grad- Frankfurt am Main. At that time, the at one blow, the “therapia sterilisans
ly cured by Koch’s tuberculin. After ually became immune to what would city’s Lord Mayor, Franz Adickes, was magna”. He called this selectively
returning to Berlin, Ehrlich set up a otherwise have been lethal doses and trying to attract eminent scientists to applied medication the “magic bullet”.
small private laboratory. eventually developed a 100 to 1,000 Frankfurt. He planned to establish teach-
times higher toxin tolerance than ing institutions for the training of sci- Ehrlich’s years of research in Frankfurt
In this therapeutic experiments which untreated animals. Against the back- entists. On November 8, 1899, and mark the beginning of experimental
he performed in 1891 with Paul ground of these findings, Ehrlich devel- again with Friedrich Althoff’s support, chemotherapy. He discovered the effec-
Guttmann after leaving the Charité, he oped the basic concept of active and Ehrlich became the first director of the tivity of trypan red, a dye, in the treat-
sought answers to two questions: first- passive immunization. Together with Royal Institute for Experimental ment of trypanosome infections in
ly, is it possible to use dyes not only to Ludwig Brieger, he successfully pro- Therapy (today’s Paul Ehrlich Institute). mice related to human sleeping sick-
stain cells, but also for therapeutic pur- duced anti-toxic sera from the blood of The well-equipped chemicals firms ness. In cooperation with Robert Koch,
poses; and secondly, if methylene blue immunized laboratory animals. In this located in and around Frankfurt were he researched into the use of atoxyl,
is so effective in staining neural tissue, connection, Ehrlich also made impor- keenly interested in serum research. an arseno-benzene derivative, and in
8 91907 described the development of by Farbwerke Hoechst. Soon after that,
trypanosome resistance to continued Ehrlich discovered an even more effec-
exposure to atoxyl. tive modification, Neo-salvarsan. As
the first ever antimicrobial chemothera-
For Ehrlich, the discovery of atoxyl was peutic agent, Salvarsan not only
a breakthrough for his future research allowed an effective therapy of syphilis,
work. Based on his research findings but also opened up a new direction in
until then, he recognized the great research which led, a generation later, Paul Ehrlich with his co-workers in the garden of the Royal Institute for Experimental Therapy in
potential in atoxyl. He synthesized to the sulfonamides and the antibiotics. Frankfurt.
hundreds of derivatives by substitution
of the amino groups attached to ben- In 1908, Paul Ehrlich and Ilya Ilyich place of chemotherapy, went forward August 20, 1915. He was buried at the
zene. He was firmly convinced that Mechnikov together received the Nobel with serum therapy and made valuable Old Jewish Cemetery in Rat-Beil-
some homologues would have the Prize for Medicine “for invaluable ser- contributions to immunology and can- Straße. Emil von Behring wrote in his
desired specificity with less toxicity, vices to medical and biological research, cer research. obituary: “With you, Paul Ehrlich, a
which could be important for selective namely the evaluation and control of man from the heroic age of experimen-
chemotherapy. On this basis, Ehrlich sera”. Ehrlich emphasized in his Nobel His experimental observations, his abil- tal therapeutic research has left us, a
and his assistant Sahachiro Hata devel- Prize lecture that “we are approaching ity to draw scientific conclusions, his man who was a king in the realm of
the limits of what the microscope could talents in the theoretical and, last but the science which you yourself estab-
do and has done for us and the use of not least, rhetorical field, Ehrlich lished and a teacher to countless
optical … instruments cannot master proved his exceptional far-sightedness researchers throughout the world.”
the challenge of penetrating further and his gift for effectively analyzing sci-
into the all-important problem of cell entific data. His revolutionary approach
Paul Ehrlich and
his Japanese co- life. But the time has now come to consisted in the idea that biological
worker, Sahachiro venture into the finest chemism of cell processes are based on chemical reac-
Hata, with whom life and to break down the concept of tions and thus open to quantitative
he discovered the
preparation 606 cell into a large number of separate analysis. In the whole history of medi-
(Salvarsan). partial functions. But since what hap- cine, few achievements can match
pens in the cell is largely of a chemical those of Paul Ehrlich.
oped the famous compound 606 nature and since the composition of
(Salvarsan). His co-worker, the chemist chemical structures is largely beyond In 1911, Paul Ehrlich was honoured
Dr. Alfred Bertheim, was closely the boundaries of visibility, we shall with the highest award the Prussian
involved in this work. It was he who have to look for different research state could make: he was appointed
conducted the synthesis and his name methods. This direction is not only Wirklicher Geheimrat or Real Privy
is on the patent together with that of important for a real understanding of Councillor with the title “Excellency”.
Ehrlich, while Hata demonstrated the the mechanisms of life itself, but is also In 1912 the city of Frankfurt made him
effectiveness of Salvarsan. This proved the basis for a truly rational use of an honorary citizen. Frankfurt
to be the first drug effective in destroy- active ingredients.” Today, a century University was founded in 1914 and
ing Spirochaeta pallida, the cause of later, we recognize how right he was. Paul Ehrlich was to become its first rec-
syphilis. In November 1910, the pro- His pioneering research laid the foun- tor. Owing to his failing health, how-
duction of diaminodioxy-arseno-benzole, dations for hæmotology and clinical ever, he turned down this office. Paul
known as Salvarsan, was started cytology. He made Frankfurt the birth- Ehrlich died in Bad Homburg on
10 11Ludwig Darmstaedter: before his death, he began to buy
stamps and had soon built up a large
October 17, 1927, Ludwig Darmstaedter
died of angina pectoris in Berlin.
Scientist and Friend and valuable collection.
The radical change in medicine at patent for the production of lanoline,
the beginning of the 20th century in which was used in the manufacture of
Germany can be credited not only skin care products, cosmetics and phar-
to Paul Ehrlich, but also to Ludwig maceuticals. In 1900, the company was
Darmstaedter. He was a man with converted into a joint stock corpora- The Royal Institute for
a wide range of interests and a pro- tion and Ludwig Darmstaedter became Experimental Therapy
nounced sense of social responsibility. a member of the advisory board. In in Frankfurt around
1900.
1904, Darmstaedter, who had always
He was born on August 9, 1846 in had a great interest in the history of The Georg-Speyer-Haus soon after
Mannheim as the tenth and youngest chemistry, published jointly with René In 1872, Darmstaedter married Marie its construction.
child of a wealthy merchant. After los- Du Bois-Reymond “4000 Years of Gumbert, the sister of Franziska Speyer,
ing both parents at an early age, he was Pioneering Work in the Exact Sciences”, wife of Frankfurt banker Georg Speyer.
raised by a stepbrother many years his which he expanded in the following Darmstaedter encouraged his sister-in-
elder. years. In 1908, he reissued it under his law to support Paul Ehrlich’s research
name as “Handbook on the History of work. In 1904, Franziska Speyer set up
In his early youth, he had already the Natural Sciences and Technology”. a foundation and donated one million
shown an interest in geology and min marks for the establishment of an insti-
eralogy. At the age of 18, he studied Throughout his life, Darmstaedter was a tute. In memory of her deceased hus-
mineralogy and chemistry at the passionate collector. At the age of 60, band, it was named the Chemo
University of Heidelberg, where he he retired from the board of directors in therapeutic Research Institute Georg-
In the 1920s, the Royal Institute for
received his doctorate four years later. order to devote himself entirely to his Speyer-Haus. After her death in 1909, Experimental Therapy and the Georg-Speyer-
During his studies, he was influenced by scientific studies and collections. The further funds out of her estate were Haus were joined by a common entrance.
Robert Bunsen, Emil Erlenmeyer and outcome was an unparalleled collection donated to the Institute, which was
Gustav Kirchhoff. In the following years of autographs by important natural sci- directly adjacent to the Royal Institute
he lived in Leipzig, Berlin and Paris. He entists and medical researchers as well for Experimental Therapy and of which
researched intensively on questions that as politicians, artists and intellectuals. Paul Ehrlich was Director.
were of interest to the burgeoning It is known today as the “Darmstaedter
chemicals industry at that time and pub- Collection of the State Library of the On the occasion of Darmstaedter’s 80th
lished studies on naphthol, dinitronaph- Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation birthday in 1926 and in his honour, the
thalin and lanoline. Having spent sever- in Berlin”. In 1907, he donated the col- Chemotherapeutic Research Institute
al years in England, Belgium and Spain, lection to the state and enlarged it until Georg-Speyer-Haus Foundation created
he returned to Germany and became a his death in 1927. At that time it con- the Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize in recog
partner in Benno Jaffé’s ammonia and sisted of 190,000 manuscripts. Starting nition of his support for Paul Ehrlich.
The prize was to be awarded once every Both buildings are now situated in Paul-
glycerol business in Berlin. The firm, with minerals and crystals as a young Ehrlich-Strasse 42–44 in Frankfurt.
Jaffé & Darmstaedter, became very man, he also began to collect porcelain three years for outstanding work in the
important as a result of acquiring the in 1879. At the age of 78, three years fields of chemotherapy and biology. On
12 13The Foundation, the Thanks to the efforts of Günter K.
Schwerin, grandson of Hedwig and Paul
Choosing the winners of the Paul
Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize
Moreover, the Foundation also grants
scholarships to support the work of
Prize and the Role of Ehrlich and long-time honorary mem- is the most important task of the young researchers in the disciplines
ber of the Paul Ehrlich Foundation, the Scientific Council. mentioned above.
Hedwig Ehrlich former Royal Institute for Experimental
Therapy was renamed after its founder, According to the Articles of the Today, the Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig
Paul Ehrlich’s widow, Hedwig Ehrlich, Paul Ehrlich, in 1947. Günter K. Foundation, the Board of Trustees is Darmstaedter Prize is one of the most
donated the sum of 90,000 marks to the Schwerin died on May 19, 1997 at the obliged to initiate all measures appropri- important and distinguished awards in
Association of Friends and Patrons of age of 87 in Munich and is buried in ate to achieving the objectives of the biomedical research in Germany. Each
Frankfurt University for a Paul Ehrlich Mount Pleasant Cemetery in Hawthorne, Foundation, in particular to preserve and year on March 14, the date of Paul
Fund. On July 13, 1929, fourteen years New York. increase the assets of the Foundation. Ehrlich’s birthday, the prize-giving cer-
after Paul Ehrlich’s death, the fund was The objective of the Paul Ehrlich emony takes place in Frankfurt’s historic
transferred to the Paul Ehrlich Founda- The Paul Ehrlich Foundation resumed Foundation is to preserve Paul Ehrlich’s St. Paul’s Church. The prize is presently
tion. Since then, the foundation’s assets its work in 1952. The Scientific Council scientific heritage and his memory and endowed with € 120,000.
have been administered on a trust basis of the Paul Ehrlich Foundation and the
by the Association of Friends and Board of Directors of the Foundation
Patrons of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe Georg-Speyer-Haus Institute for Bio
University Frankfurt am Main e.V. The medical Research as it was now called
Paul Ehrlich Prize was first awarded in resolved in 1952 to unite the Paul Ehr
1930 to scientists from Germany and lich Prize and the Ludwig Darmstaedter
abroad for their valuable contributions Prize. According to the agreement, the
in Paul Ehrlich’s fields of work. new prize is awarded in accordance
with the Articles of Association of the
When National Socialism came to power Paul Ehrlich Foundation.
in 1933, the Paul Ehrlich Foundation
could not continue to function, and in Since 1960, the Federal Ministry of
1934 the Paul Ehrlich Prize also ceased Health has made an annual contribu-
to be awarded – temporarily. All of the tion of currently € 60,000 in recognition
Jewish employees of the Georg-Speyer- of Paul Ehrlich’s work and his great ser- Holiday in the mountains:
the young couple Hedwig
Haus were dismissed in 1935, and all vices to mankind. and Paul Ehrlich.
papers and studies that bore the name of
Paul Ehrlich were removed from the The Honorary President, the Scientific
Institute. Paul-Ehrlich-Straße was re Council and the Board of Trustees to protect the will of its settlor, Hedwig The prize winner receives a certificate
named Ludwig-Rehn-Straße in 1938 comprise the Paul Ehrlich Foundation. Ehrlich. In that spirit and irrespective and a gold copy of the original medal of
and was only changed back to Paul- The names of the members can be of nationality, race, confession, origin the Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize carrying
Ehrlich-Straße in 1945. Hedwig Ehrlich found on the website of the Paul or gender, scientists are honoured for the portrait of Paul Ehrlich. Since 1952,
first emigrated to Switzerland and sub- Ehrlich Foundation. their valuable research results in Paul the prize has been awarded to more
sequently to the United States of America. Ehrlich’s fields of work, especially in than 100 scientists who have made
She died in a hospital in New York City The members of the Scientific Council experimental and chemotherapeutic important contributions to Paul Ehrlich’s
on December 20, 1948 and is buried in are leading scientists from all over the hæmatology, clinical bacteriology, pioneering work.
Westchester in the State of New York. world. immunology, and cancer research.
14 15Many winners of the Paul Ehrlich and
Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize have also The Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darm
received the Nobel Prize: staedter Prize for Young Researchers
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Adolf Butenandt The Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darm
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Sir E. Boris Chain staedter Prize for Young Researchers
Prof. Dr. Gerhard Domagk
has been awarded by the Paul Ehrlich
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Richard Kuhn
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Otto Warburg Foundation since 2006. It is awarded
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. F. Peyton Rous annually to a young scientist working
Prof. Dr. Renato Dulbecco at a research institute in Germany
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Ernst Ruska for outstanding accomplishments in
Prof. Dr. Niels Jerne the field of biomedical research.The
Prof. Dr. Peter C. Doherty prize is worth up to € 60,000 and
Prof. Dr. Rolf M. Zinkernagel must be used completely for research
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Manfred Eigen purposes. Nominees for the Young
Prof. Dr. Stanley B. Prusiner Researchers Prize can be suggested
Prof. Dr. Robert Horvitz by university lecturers as well as senior
Prof. Dr. Barry J. Marshall
scientists of research institutes in
Dr. J. Robin Warren St. Paul‘s Church in Frankfurt, a national
Prof. Dr. Andrew Z. Fire symbol of freedom and democracy in Germany. Germany.
Prof. Dr. Craig C. Mello
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Harald zur Hausen
Prof. Dr. Ada Yonath The junior scientists must be younger
Prof. Dr. Carol Greider than 40 years. Prize winners are
Prof. Dr. Elizabeth H. Blackburn selected by the Scientific Council of the
Prof. Dr. James P. Allison Paul Ehrlich Foundation following the
Prof. Dr. Jennifer Doudna suggestions by a selection commission
Prof. Dr. Emmanuelle Charpentier comprising eight German scientists.
The interior of St. Paul‘s Church at the Every winner of the Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig
award ceremony in 2005. In the fore- Darmstaedter Prize receives a golden medallion
ground is the bust of Paul Ehrlich. with a portrait of Paul Ehrlich.
16 17Executive Editor Paul Ehrlich-Stiftung c/o Vereinigung von Freunden und Förderern der Goethe-Universität Theodor-W.-Adorno-Platz 1 60629 Frankfurt am Main E-Mail: freunde@vff.uni-frankfurt.de www.paul-ehrlich-stiftung.de
The Paul Ehrlich Foundation
Prize Winners 1952–2021
Scientific Council and Board of Trustees
of the Paul Ehrlich FoundationMembers of the Scientific Council
Chairman of the Scientific Council President
Prof. Dr. Thomas Boehm of the Paul Ehrlich Foundation Prof. Dr. Klaus Cichutek Paul Ehrlich Institute
Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology Langen, Germany
and Epigenetics
Freiburg, Germany
Deputy Chairman Institute Pasteur
Prof. Dr. Stefan Zeuzem of the Scientific Council Prof. Dr. Pascale Cossart Paris, France
Dean of the Faculty of Medicine
of the Goethe University
Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Chairman of the Association University of Colorado
Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Bender of Friends and Sponsors of the Prof. Dr. Charles A. Dinarello Anschutz Medical Campus
Goethe University Aurora, Colorado, USA
Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Federal Ministry of Health Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malade
Dr. Antina Ziegelmann Permanent Representative Prof. Dr. Alain Fischer Paris, France
of the Federal Minister of Health
on the Scientific Council
Berlin, Germany
2 3Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Former President The University of California, San
Jörg Hacker German National Academy of Prof. Dr. Peter Walter Francisco (UCSF)
Sciences Leopoldina Dept of Biochemistry & Biophysics
Halle, Germany San Francisco, USA
Karolinska Institute Prof. Dr. Sir MRC Laboratory of Molecular
Prof. Dr. Klas Kärre Stockholm, Sweden Gregory Winter BiologyCambridge, UK
Nobel Prize Chemistry 2018
Prof. Dr. Howard Hughes Medical Institute Weizman Institute
Philippa Marrack, Ph.D. National Jewish Health Prof. Dr. Ada Yonath Director Kimmelman Center
Denver, USA of Biomolecular Structure
and Assembly
Rehovot, Israel
Nobel Prize for Chemistry 2009
Prof. Dr. Sir MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit
John Walker Cambridge, UK
Nobel Prize for Chemistry 1997
4 5Members of the Board Members
of Trustees Dr. Jan Adams Dr. Joern-Peter Halle Prof. Dr. Enrico Schleiff
Chief Scientific Officer Vice President, Global Head President
Grünenthal GmbH External Innovation Merck Serono Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main
Honorary Chairman Aachen, Germany Merck KGaA Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Darmstadt, Germany
Volker Bouffier Dr. Christian Biedenkopf Dr. Cathrin Schleussner
Prime Minister of the State of Hesse Member of the Management Board Rudolf Herfurth Vice Chairman of the
Wiesbaden, Germany Fresenius SE & Co. KGaA Member of the Foundation Board Supervisory Board
Bad Homburg, Germany Else Kröner-Fresenius-Foundation Biotest AG
Chairman Bad Homburg, Germany Dreieich, Germany
Dr. Ulrich Bollert
Great Grandson of Dr. Stefan von Holtzbrinck Gerhard Wiesheu
Prof. Dr. Jochen Maas
Ludwig Darmstaedter Chief Executive Officer Chairman of the Board of Trustees
Head of Research and Development
Bexbach, Germany Holtzbrinck Publishing Group Georg Speyer Haus
Member of the Management Board
Stuttgart, Germany Partner and Member of the Managing
Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH
Dr. Christoph Bug Committee B. Metzler seel.
Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Director Medical & Scientific Affairs Dr. Petra Moroni-Zentgraf Sohn & Co. Holding AG
Janssen-Cilag GmbH Medical Director Germany Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Deputy Chairman Neuss, Germany Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma
GmbH & Co. KG
Prof. Dr. Florian R. Greten Dr. Hendrik von Büren Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
Director Managing Director R&D
Georg-Speyer-Haus und Senior Director Development Dr. Christian Rommel
Institute for Tumor Biology Sciences Head of Research and Development
and Experimental Therapy AbbVie GmbH & Co. KG Bayer Healthcare
Frankfurt am Main, Germany Wiesbaden, Germany Bayer AG
Leverkusen, Germany
Dr. Matthias Essenpreis
Chief Technology Officer Thomas Rosenfeld
Roche Diagnostics Member of the Board of Management
F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. Baden-Württembergische Bank
Basel, Switzerland Aachen, Germany
6 7Harald zur Hausen Tim J. Schulz, Laureate of the Prize for Young Claus-Dieter Kuhn, Laureate of the Prize for Young Researchers Barry J. Marshall J. Robin Warren Peter G. Schultz
Laureate 1994 Researchers 2018; David Wallach, Laureate 2018; 2016; Jennifer A. Doudna, Laureate 2016; Emmanuelle Charpentier, Laureate 1997 Laureate 1997 Laureate 2003
Nobel Prize 2008 Anthony Cerami, Laureate 2018 Laureate 2016 Nobel Prize 2005 Nobel Prize 2005
Ana Martin-Villalba, Laureate of the Prize for Harry Noller, Laureate 2007
Young Researchers 2006 Ada Yonath, Laureate 2007, Nobel Prize 2009
Andrew Z. Fire, Laureate 2006, Nobel Prize 2006
Craig C. Mello, Laureate 2006, Nobel Prize 2006
Shimon Sakaguchi, Laureate 2020; Judith Reichmann, Laureate of the Prize for Young Researchers 2020
(from left to right)
Raja Atreya, Laureate of the Prize for Young Elizabeth Blackburn, Laureate 2009,
Researchers 2015 Nobel Prize 2009
James P. Allison, Laureate 2015 Falk Nimmerjahn, Laureate of the Prize for
Carl H. June, Laureate 2015 Franz-Ulrich Hartl, Laureate 2019, Arthur L. Volker Busskamp, Laureate of the Prize for Young Young Researchers 2009
Horwich, Laureate 2019, Dorothee Dormann, Researchers 2017; Yuan Chang, Laureate 2017; Carol Greider, Laureate 2009, Nobel Prize 2009
Laureate of the Prize for Young Researchers 2019 Patrick S. Moore, Laureate 2017Prize Winners of the Paul Ehrlich 1972 Dr. Dr. h.c. Denis P. Burkitt, London/Uganda
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Jan Waldenström, Malmö
and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize 1973 Prof. Dr. Sir Anthony Epstein, Bristol
Prof. Dr. K. Ishizaka, Baltimore
Prof. Dr. D. H. Wright, Southampton
1974 Prof. Dr. J. L. Gowans, Oxford
Prof. Dr. J. F. A. P. Miller, Melbourne
1952 Prof. Dr. Gerhard Eißner, Tübingen
1975 Prof. Dr. George B. Mackaness, Saranac Lake
Prof. Dr. Wolf-H. Wagner, Nonnenhorn
Prof. Dr. Nicholas A. Mitchison, London
1953 Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Adolf Butenandt, Munich
Prof. Dr. Morten Simonsen, Copenhagen
1954 Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Sir E. Boris Chain, London
1976 Prof. Dr. Georges Barski, Villejuif
1956 Prof. Dr. Gerhard Domagk, Elberfeld
Prof. Dr. Boris Ephrussi, Gif-sur-Yvette
1958 Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Richard Kuhn, Heidelberg
1977 Prof. Dr. T. Caspersson, Stockholm
1960 Prof. Dr. Felix Haurowitz, Bloomington
Prof. Dr. J. B. Gurdon, Cambridge
1961 Prof. Dr. Albert H. Coons, Boston
1978 Prof. Dr. Ludwik Gross, New York
Prof. Dr. Günther Heymann, Langen
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Werner Schäfer, Tübingen
Prof. Dr. Örjan E. Ouchterlony, Göteborg
1979 Prof. Dr. Arnold Graffi, Berlin
Prof. Dr. Jacques Oudin, Paris
Prof. Dr. Otto Mühlbock, Amsterdam
1962 Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Otto Warburg, Berlin
Prof. Dr. Wallace P. Rowe, Bethesda
1963 Prof. Dr. Helmut Holzer, Freiburg
Dr. Lothar Jaenicke, Cologne 1980 Prof. Dr. Tomoichiro Akiba, Saitama
Dr. Detlev Kayser, Berlin Prof. Dr. Hamao Umezawa, Tokyo
Prof. Dr. Tullio Terranova, Rome 1981 Prof. Dr. Stanley Falkow, Seattle
1964 Prof. Dr. Fritz Kauffmann, Copenhagen Prof. Dr. Susumu Mitsuhashi, Gunma-Ken
1965 Prof. Dr. Otto Lüderitz, Freiburg 1982 Prof. Dr. Niels Jerne, Castillon du Gard
Prof. Dr. Léon Le Minor, Paris 1983 Prof. Dr. Peter C. Doherty, Canberra
Dr. Ida Ørskov, Copenhagen Dr. Michael Potter, Bethesda
Dr. Fritz Ørskov, Copenhagen Prof. Dr. Rolf M. Zinkernagel, Zurich
Prof. Dr. B. A. D. Stocker, Stanford 1984 Prof. Dr. Piet Borst, Amsterdam
1966 Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. F. Peyton Rous, New York Prof. Dr. George A. M. Cross, New York
1967 Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Bernhard, Villejuif 1985 Prof. Dr. Ernest Bueding, Baltimore
Prof. Dr. Renato Dulbecco, San Diego Dr. Louis H. Miller, Bethesda
1968 Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Walter T. J. Morgan, London Prof. Dr. Ruth Sonntag Nussenzweig, New York
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Otto Westphal, Montreux 1986 Dr. Abner L. Notkins, Bethesda
1969 Prof. Dr. Hiroshi Nikaido, Boston 1987 Prof. Dr. Jean F. Borel, Basel
Prof. Dr. Anne-Marie Staub, Paris Prof. Dr. Hugh O. McDevitt, Stanford
Prof. Dr. Winifred M. Watkins, London Prof. Dr. Felix Milgrom, Buffalo
1970 Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Ernst Ruska, Berlin 1988 Prof. Dr. Peter K. Vogt, Los Angeles
Prof. Dr. Helmut Ruska, Düsseldorf 1989 Dr. Stuart A. Aaronson, Bethesda
1971 Prof. Dr. Albert Claude, Brussels Prof. Dr. Russell F. Doolittle, La Jolla
Prof. Dr. Keith R. Porter, Boulder Prof. Dr. Thomas Graf, Heidelberg
Prof. Dr. Fritiof Sjöstrand, Los Angeles
10 111990 Prof. Dr. R. John Collier, Boston 2014 Prof. Dr. Michael Reth, Freiburg
Prof. Dr. A. M. Pappenheimer, Jr., Cambridge 2015 Prof. Dr. James P. Allison, Houston
1991 Dr. Rino Rappuoli, Siena Prof. Dr. Carl H. June, Philadelphia
Prof. Dr. Michio Ui, Tokyo 2016 Prof. Dr. Emmanuelle Charpentier, Berlin
1992 Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Manfred Eigen, Göttingen Prof. Dr. Jennifer A. Doudna, Berkeley
1993 Prof. Philippa Marrack, Ph.D., Denver 2017 Prof. Dr. Yuan Chang, Pittsburgh
Prof. John W. Kappler, Ph.D., Denver Prof. Dr. Patrick S. Moore, Pittsburgh
Prof. Dr. Harald von Boehmer, Basel 2018 Prof. Dr. Anthony Cerami, San Diego
1994 Prof. Dr. Peter Howly, Boston Prof. Dr. David Wallach, Rehovot
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Harald zur Hausen, Heidelberg 2019 Prof. Dr. Franz-Ulrich Hartl, München
1995 Prof. Dr. Stanley B. Prusiner, San Francisco Prof. Dr. Arthur L. Horwich, New Haven
1996 Prof. Pamela J. Bjorkman, Ph.D., Pasadena 2020 Prof. Dr. Shimon Sakaguchi, Osaka
Prof. Dr. Hans-Georg Rammensee, Heidelberg 2021 Prof. Dr. Bonnie L. Bassler, Princeton
Prof. Jack L. Strominger, Ph.D., Cambridge Prof. Dr. Michael Silverman, Moran, WY
1997 Prof. Dr. Barry J. Marshall, Charlottesville
Dr. J. Robin Warren, Perth
1998 Prof. Dr. David P. Lane, Dundee
Prof. Dr. Arnold J. Levine, Princeton Prize Winners of the Paul Ehrlich
Prof. Dr. Bert Vogelstein, Baltimore and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize for
1999 Prof. Dr. Robert C. Gallo, Baltimore Young Researchers
2000 Prof. H. Robert Horvitz, Ph.D., Cambridge
Prof. John F. R. Kerr, Ph.D., Hamilton 2006 Dr. Ana Martin-Villalba, Heidelberg
2001 Prof. Stephen C. Harrison, Ph.D., Cambridge, USA 2007 Dr. Michael Schindler, Ulm
Prof. Michael G. Rossmann, Ph.D., West Lafayette 2008 PD Dr. Eckhard Lammert, Dresden
2002 J. Craig Venter, Ph.D., Rockville 2009 Prof. Dr. Falk Nimmerjahn, Erlangen-Nürnberg
2003 Prof. Dr. Richard A. Lerner, M.D., La Jolla 2010 Prof. Dr. Amparo Acker-Palmer, Frankfurt
Prof. Dr. Peter G. Schultz, Ph.D., La Jolla 2011 Dr. Stephan Grill, Dresden
2004 Prof. Mark M. Davis, Ph.D., Stanford 2012 Prof. Dr. Kathrin Maedler, Bremen
Prof. Tak W. Mak, Ph.D., Toronto 2013 Dr. James Poulet, Berlin
2005 Prof. Ian Wilmut, O.B.E., F.R.S., F.R.S.E., Roslin 2014 Dr. Andrea Ablasser, Bonn
2006 Prof. Dr. Andrew Z. Fire, Stanford 2015 Prof. Dr. Raja Atreya, Erlangen
Prof. Dr. Craig C. Mello, Worcester 2016 Dr. Claus-Dieter Kuhn, Bayreuth
2007 Prof. Dr. Ada Yonath, Rehovot 2017 Dr. Volker Busskamp, Dresden
Prof. Dr. Harry Noller, Santa Cruz 2018 Prof. Dr. Tim J. Schulz, Potsdam
2008 Prof. Dr. Tim R. Mosmann, Ph.D., Rochester 2019 Dr. Dorothee Dormann, München
2009 Prof. Dr. Elizabeth H. Blackburn, San Francisco 2020 Dr. Judith Reichmann, Heidelberg
Prof. Dr. Carol Greider, Baltimore 2021 Prof. Dr. Elvira Mass, Bonn
2010 Prof. Dr. Charles Dinarello, Denver
2011 Prof. Dr. Cesare Montecucco, Padua
2012 Prof. Dr. Peter Walter, San Francisco
2013 Prof. Dr. Mary-Claire King, Seattle
12 13Published by Office of the Paul Ehrlich Foundation Paul Ehrlich-Stiftung c/o Vereinigung von Freunden und Förderern der Goethe-Universität Theodor-W.-Adorno-Platz 1 60629 Frankfurt am Main E-Mail: freunde@vff.uni-frankfurt.de www.paul-ehrlich-stiftung.de © March 2021 Designed by Designwerk27 www.designwerk27.de Photos Part 1 Cover, pp. 6–10, 11, 13 and 15: Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen p. 12: Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt am Main p. 16 top: City of Frankfurt am Main pp. 16 and 17: Uwe Dettmar, Frankfurt am Main Photos Part 2 Members of the Scientific Council: private Prize Winners: Uwe Dettmar, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main
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