The Modern Football Fan 2.0 - WHAT MAKES THEM TICK? An exploration of their behaviours, their values, their motivations - Copa90 Media
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SPRING 2019 COPA9 0 T H E MO D ER N F O O T B AL L FAN 2 . 0 The Modern Football Fan 2.0 WHAT MAKES THEM TICK? An exploration of their behaviours, their values, their motivations 01
THE M O DE R N FOOTB ALL FAN 2 .0 I NT R O I N TR O COPA9 0 MODERN FOOTBALL FAN This is our second deep dive into the fast-paced, eclectic world of young football fans. In 2018, we paid a lot of attention to the exciting technological and entertainment related trends that were transforming the fan mindset [and T H E MO D ER N F O O T B AL L FAN 2 . 0 broader game] as we know it. With fans now enjoying an unparalleled level of access, these riches have also brought C O PA9 0 unwelcome excesses such as fringe opinions being emboldened by the social media swell, and traditional football media views that jar with the diverse and conscientious Modern Fan community. The Modern The ModernThese increasingly visible challenges, along with the glacial progress of football’s structural Football Fan Football Fan bodies, are bringing these young Modern Fans to a crossroads. They are seriously questioning what ‘brand’ of football is fit for purpose (whether that be relating to national identity, 1. Rear view mirror… football is female 3. Modern Fans and gender, social issues, or wider politics), and football in 2019 what they are willing to do to achieve it. 2. The future of a look back We have interrogated these hot topics, and also cast our net wide, conducting research in the USA, UK, Brazil and China, to better understand local nuances of the Modern Football Fan. Welcome to the Modern Fan Report 2019. 02 03
THE M O DE R N FOOTB ALL FAN 2 .0 I N T HI S SE CT I ON I N TH I S S E C TI O N COPA9 0 REAR RAER VIEW WEIV Section 01 MIRROR... T H E MO D ER N F O O T B AL L FAN 2 . 0 ...RORRIM p06 — BROADCAST CONTEXT C O PA9 0 A look back p07 — NEW VOICES OF AUTHORITY kcab kool A p08 — PLAYER BRANDS ON THE RISE p10 — BLURRED LINES The Modern The Modern p11 — AN EVER EXPANDING UNIVERSE Football Fan Football Fan Here’s a quick look back at some of last year’s observations and predictions, and tsal fo emos ta kcab kool kciuq a s’ereH dna ,snoitcwhether iderp dnwea swere noitavon resthe bo right s’raetrack. y .kcart thgir eht no erew ew rehtehw 04 05
B R OADCAST CONT E XT N EW V O I C ES O F A U TH O R I TY of authority NEW VOICES BROADCAST THE M O DE R N FOOTB ALL FAN 2 .0 Chelsea Football Club broadcasting model.” - Adam Field, Global Sports Marketing, influencers who bring a point of difference to a very traditional more traditional hosts/pundits being replaced with more micro- the younger players in the squad. Moving forward I could see that Craig had a genuine and natural relationship with some of authentically with influencers in football. I think it worked well Craig Mitch (The Lions’ Den) is a good example of how to work “The work that was done by the FA during the World Cup with Dentsu Aegis seasons.” - Dan Holland, VP of Global Strategy & Comms— most entertaining things on the internet over the last couple of actually talk about. Arsenal TV, for example, has been one of the emerging, talking the way fans actually talk about things they “I do like the more real-fan focused “influencers” that are becoming more visible in the game.” - Fan, NYC “I’m excited about seeing a wider range of ‘football creators’ COPA9 0 In last year’s report we only stretching the broadcasting highlighted the rapidly evolving landscape further for young broadcast context in which fans Modern Fans, providing more are consuming the live game, options to get a quick, hassle-free and this trend shows no signs of fix of live football on the go. abating any time soon. Broadcasters are doing what they The World Cup helped further can to adapt to these behaviours— pronounce this shift from broadcast such as ESPN+ and Telemundo to streaming, with a total of 31.2 offering free streams for the group million browsers watching the stages of the World Cup. group matches through the BBC platform compared with 32 million With these behaviours increasingly online viewers for the whole of the entrenched amongst young context Brazil WC 2014.¥ football fans, new digital players will continue to test opportunities New heavyweight media brands across the broadcast landscape, as such as Amazon, as well as illicit they loosen the grip of mainstream streaming apps like Live Player, are broadcasters on the 90 mins. T H E MO D ER N F O O T B AL L FAN 2 . 0 Fan designed celebrations—Vuj asked Bernardo Case Study Silva to do a ‘Have a Nice’ celebration when he next scored for Man City, and Bernardo Silva C O PA9 0 then actually does it. Bernardo later posts it on IG and tags Vuj, linking it all back to the COPA90 community. The Modern The Modern At the end of 2018, we saw the true can now see how this influence has influence of the ‘new bastions of spread from fans to players, directly Football Fan Football power’Fan ¥ Source: online survey, February 2018 (N.515, 16-24 year old UK based football fans) personalisation and customisation of the broadcast experience. when COPA90’s David influencing action on the pitch. second half of NBA games while letting users vote on who they changing room, someone will stream the game on their phone, “By the end of the World Cup group stage, which consisted of and we’ll all watch for 10 minutes before our own game kicks 48 total matches, Telemundo said its live streaming coverage moving in and I’m sure will have great success. However, the want to follow. It’s complementary to the TV broadcast and a between 48% and 51% of its live digital viewers consistently more traditional broadcasters aren’t exactly TV only, they are For example, Twitter will have player-specific cameras in the ‘Vuj’ Vujanić requested Bernardo Holland, VP of Global Strategy & Comms—Dentsu Aegis investments to date have been relatively small compared to what broadcasters such as Sky are investing. Furthermore, also busy growing their own digital services to future proof protecting their valuable rights.” - Rudolf Vidal, President technology companies to create added value to fans while themselves against increasing digital competition.” - Dan achieved a total of 105.3 million live streams... [they had] “Yes, the likes of Facebook, Amazon & DAZN are quickly Images from top to bottom: @bernardocsilva, @poetscorneruk (both Twitter). Poet designing a Silva to perform his trademark We’re witnessing the emergence “Once we’ve done our warm-ups, and we’re back in the This also highlights how rights holders are working with new way to add to the game day experience for fans. “Digital companies are continuing to experiment with Puma football ‘Have a Nice’ celebration should of a new ecosystem of influence boot that Marko he score. The Portuguese in football, one based on the Case Study Arnautovic then obliged the following week when constant digital chatter amongst scores with… he netted against Bournemouth, players, fans and football creators. watch the games on their smartphones.” transferring YouTube content into an on-pitch in-game moment This is just the start, in the future for all around the world to see. there will be greater integration of this influence into football’s Americas, Bayern Munich Brands have now even begun ecosystem. From social media collaborating on new products with via football creators, onto players, football creators in the same way back to fans on socials, this off.” - Fan, LDN F2 Freestylers sign as agents for Rhian they do with players. In our last entangled sphere of influence will Case Study report, we highlighted how these only create more exciting and - Digiday Brewster; showing the expanding influence of football creators behind the new voices of authority were a key rich crossovers across the fan scenes as well. influence on Modern Fans, but we landscape. 06 07
THE M O DE R N FOOTB ALL FAN 2 .0 PL AYE R B R ANDS ON T HE R I S E P L AY ER BR A N D S O N TH E R ISE COPA9 0 In our last report, we pointed to cut quantitative impact a player Memphis Depay’s foray into music. stand against inequality and social the rising commercial and cultural brand can have on a club’s wider injustice in the NFL. power of individual player brands, ecosystem. Raheem Sterling was recently thrust a trend which we predict will only into the centre of the public debate As we’ll discuss in later chapters, continue to grow in importance for In China, player brands already on racism after being abused during there’s an increasing expectation both clubs and fans. supersede club allegiances with a game this season. His intelligent from these Modern Fans, as 76% of fans following their favourite and thoughtful response critiquing opposed to older generation of Since last year we’ve seen the players over clubs.¥ We predict the the institutionalised racism he fans, that players ought to speak launch of OTRO, a behind-the- power of a player’s social reach/ sees at the heart of this problem out on the socio-cultural and scenes player content app that is a influence will become a key criterion has seen him become the de facto political issues of the day. direct example of how players, as within a club’s transfer strategy for figurehead for a new generation of a collective, are now commercially clubs everywhere. not just football players, but young We expect to see more globally leveraging their brand away from people willing to stand up and recognised players using their clubs. In future, we expect to see a challenge the root causes of racial their voice on issues, not just wider range of players parlay their injustice. It has elevated him into a entertainment, as a handful of When Ronaldo transferred to personal brands to create a diverse new sphere of cultural influence. players go from being seen as Juventus last summer, Real set of non-footballing opportunities, commercial brands to something Madrid’s Instagram lost 1 million such as Olivier Giroud being the Both US and UK fans were able to more culturally symbolic. fans, and Juve’s soared by 4.7m— voice of the Green Goblin in the connect Raheem’s line of thoughts this is perhaps the most clear latest Spiderman animation or with Colin Kaepernick’s high profile T H E MO D ER N F O O T B AL L FAN 2 . 0 ON THE RISE - Fan, LDN a generational thing.” enough or focused… but that’s just guys think the players aren’t serious half athletes now. So that’s why old players are half entertainers and or Keane… with social media, “It’s not like the days of Gattuso “As many as 46% of 16–24 fans in the UK support a second club, with 27% of those supporting three average engagement rate of 3.3%. A possible explanation being that football stars can be interesting Player Brands clubs or more, according to COPA90 research. An idea such as OTRO should play well in a far less to a broader audience—think lifestyle, celebrity culture—than clubs or leagues that resonate mainly that arguably competes with the major clubs and leagues. We have seen the popularity of players manifest itself on social media, where our data sample has shown that they achieve a very strong C O PA9 0 “There are a handful of icons in the modern game that can command audiences and attention - James Bisgrove, Head of Sponsor Partnership Management for UCL and UEL The Modern The Modern Football Fan Football Fan ¥ Source: online survey, February 2018 (N.515, 16-24 year old UK based football fans) Arsenal’s Héctor Bellerín announced in February, on the day of his injury against Case Study Chelsea, that he would be recording vlogs to share his journey back to fitness and give fans an insight into his life while off the pitch. and he [Sterling] had to talk about it, but I feel good that he did talk about goes to show that football is at the top in terms of global recognition.” [Ronaldo] can become one of the “I feel terrible that that happened more than just athletes and they biggest people on Instagram - it Juventus gained 4.7m fans when signing Ronaldo, Real Case Study “I think it’s incredibly smart that it because it shows that they’re lost 1m fans. club-loyal football world.” Twelve footballers have more than 10m Twitter Case Study with football fans.” followers. Only five clubs have reached that milestone. have a voice.” - Fan, NYC - Fan, NYC NFL relaxed rules on player celebrations helped increase - WARC Case viral-ness of Study the NFL, team and player brands. 08 09
THE M O DE R N FOOTB ALL FAN 2 .0 B L UR R E D L I NE S A N E V ER E X PA N D I N G U N I V ERSE Poets hitting number four on the UK iTunes charts.”- Fast Company “It’s tough to measure direct impact, with the closest measure so far being the global media coverage of the series, as well as its theme song by local singer-songwriter The Lake COPA9 0 Last year we wrote about the has created the most significant recommended junior coaches to increasingly blurry line between blurring of the real and virtual look to video games for inspiration “We’ve still not had the ‘Space Jam’ equivalent in the virtual gaming world and the game this year. This was most in more effectively training young AN A NE VER EVER ‘real world’ game for Modern Fans. notable with Antoine Griezmann’s English players. ¥ soccer—I’d love to see that!” - Fan, NYC Fortnite inspired celebrations at Since then another edition of the World Cup, but also in the way So, where next? If Alex Hunter has XPANDING FIFA has come and gone, and in which clubs like Marseille or advertised adidas boots, promoted EXPANDING E with limited edition digital club Independiente del Valle in Ecuador shirts for Real and been sponsored shirts created in collaboration have made viral player and squad by Coca-Cola, what will be the with adidas, EA added yet another announcements based on the next stage? Will games publishers NIVERSE layer of real world crossover to the game via their social platforms. create more virtual characters UNIVERSE U game and for its players. especially for sports brands to fight With football and gaming sitting over? Will they have to negotiate However, it’s the emergence more closely than ever, it’s with virtual agents? We won’t have of another game, Fortnite, that little wonder the FA have even to wait long to find out. In this chapter Aside from this new wave BLURRED last year we of football docuseries, our wrote about Modern Fans also told us of our Modern their increasing interest in the Fans’ insatiable wide array of football podcasts. T H E MO D ER N F O O T B AL L FAN 2 . 0 appetite for Some Modern Fans were also bitesize chunks creating them. (BETWEEN VIRTUAL AND PHYSICAL) of football Many industry insiders now believe the heavy use of content in the Ultimately, whether visually LINES C O PA9 0 games like FIFA is creating an emerging generation of form of gifs, or aurally, our Modern Fan Case Study * smarter and more tactically aware players. videos, and is craving new, interesting memes. And stories, and happy to be fed this Beyond gaming, this blurring of the real and the virtual whilst we see in the medium and style that helped allow Spurs fans to get an early virtual tour of no obvious best fits the story—whether this Case Study their new stadium via FIFA19 before it was actually sign of their desire for bitesize is in short-form bitesize news The Modern finished, as well as providing a testing lab to pilot VAR The Modern info decreasing, we’re seeing over Snapchat or as a longform innovations, footballs, and noise levels. an expansion of their content documentary piece told over Football Fan Football Fan universes to include more long Netflix. form content also. We expect to see more loved it when Griezmann started doing the ‘take the L’ the soccer news you need but they’re also comedians Netflix’s football docuseries interesting and complex ¥ Source: The FA - How coaches can learn from computer game design are already aware of 4-4-2, 3-5-2, wingers, defensive “Playing video games such as FIFA can help players midfielders and the key attributes that make the best “I love listening to the Cooligans podcast: you get all “You see a lot of Spurs players on it [Fortnite], and I By the time they are six years old, a lot of children pick up the intricacies of the sport at a young age. ‘Sunderland ‘Til I Die’ has storytelling emerge from “I look at his name and then try to remember how so it has a really funny vibe to it...” - Fan, NYC laid a template for a new type of inside the football universe good he was on FIFA.” - Alex Iwobi, Arsenal “When I was captain of my high school team, learning about formations and team balance playing FIFA really helped me.” - Fan, NYC characteristically English lens crossing over into the wider into the inside machinations pop cultural sphere thanks to Many unfortunate players have been superseded by of a football club and its digital platforms like Netflix players the best.” - The Guardian their virtual twin’s trajectory. Mid 00’s favourite surrounding community. This and Amazon. Case Study Cherno Samba was an early casualty, as are current characteristically English style Image used with thanks to Fulwell73 celebration.” - Fan, LDN players such as Youri Tielemans and Martin Ødegaard, is in stark contrast to the more This will be particularly who are both struggling to match the success and success-based narrative and, important in bringing in popularity of their virtual avatars on Football perhaps more American tone new fanbases in emerging Manager. Recently, this seems to have been the opposite and format, of Man City’s ‘All footballing territories like for unheralded but statistically powerful French right or Nothing’ on Amazon. China. back Kenny Lala, who is now realising his virtual potential and making a name for himself in Ligue 1. * 010 011
THE M O DE R N FOOTB ALL FAN 2 .0 I N T HI S SE CT I ON I N TH I S S EC TI O N COPA9 0 Section 02 T H E MO D ER N F O O T B AL L FAN 2 . 0 p14 — INTRO C O PA9 0 p16 — FANS WANT MORE p20 — FEMALE SUPERSTARS LOADING p24 — RE-SHAPING CULTURE FOR THE BETTER The Modern The Modern p30 — IT ALL STARTS AT GRASSROOTS Football Fan Football Fan p34 — THE FUTURE OF FOOTBALL IS FEMALE 012 013
THE M O DE R N FOOTB ALL FAN 2 .0 I NT R O I N TR O - The FA game by 2020.” fans in the women’s number of players and is on track to double the “The Football Association the biggest crowd” ¥ this season, with 46,884 men’s La Liga games attendances for Athletic’s figure beats that of any Atlético Madrid... the quarterfinal tie against side’s Copa de la Reina people watched their game in Spain as 48,121 at a women’s soccer record for attendance “Athletic Bilbao set a new COPA9 0 Our interviewees A year ago, in our first included: Jessie Dai Sheng ying Modern Fan Report, we Footba ll Confed eration Director of the Women’s Compe titions, Asian Game at the Football said: Manag er Women ’s Kelly Simmons In 2019 , with match day “Just as games like the FIFA Association attendances and viewing series now enable women’s figures regularly reaching new teams play, the female voice heights along with investment within football becomes rightly in participation, commercial normalised for the average development, and elite fan. Brands with purpose Governance and Leadership player development pouring Football (formerly Head of and innovation will push DFB (the German Football in, it feels like a significant Managing Director of the Germany National Team the women’s game, leading cultural change in attitude and to further changes in the Bayern Munich and CEO of Women in awareness of the women’s Jane Purdon consumption of the game for us Heike Ullrich game is already underway. at UK Sport) T H E MO D ER N F O O T B AL L FAN 2 . 0 Lina Magull Association) all.” World Player Not too long after we published Combine that with the Cup kicking off in Paris C O PA9 0 that, Alex Scott was seen by millions outshining her male on June 7th , and we have a pundits on the BBC’s World perfect storm brewing that’ll Arsenal and England Player Cup coverage (which she Winner, ESPN analyst and make 2019 the most important Department at the Chinese Founder of the JF Sports continues to do on a regular year for the women’s game to Former Deputy General Secretary and Director Two-Time World Cup The Modern basis, much to the chagrin of The Modern Football Association date. of the International Jordan Nobbs Graeme Souness), and Visa Julie Foudy Football Fan Football Fan Becky Wang inked a landmark seven-year And so, in this bumper year, Academy sponsorship deal with UEFA as we wanted to give you the the first partner to the women’s lowdown on what you need to game and competitions. know about the women’s game and women in football more Safe to say we called that one. generally. Former Professional Player, of the Women ’s US Nation al Techni cal Directo r, Directo r Two-Time Gold Medallist, Former US Nation al Team Player, Captai n, Coach & Strateg ist (forme rly Brand Alongside our own research, Team Youth Progra m World Cup Winner ¥ Source: channelnewsasia.com / Reuters Abby Wambach we’ve also been chopping it Brand and Market ing April Heinri chs up with some very influential Directo r at Nike) Ruth Hoope r women to set the scene for what is certain to be a momentous year for women and football. 014 015
FANS WANT MOR E FA N S WA N T M O R E Case Study THE M O DE R N FOOTB ALL FAN 2 .0 “England’s crunch Euro 2017 - The FA 10,000 more fans attending than in 2017.” last year. It was the fourth year in a row the record had been broken with over “A record attendance of 45,423 fans attended the FA Women’s FA Cup final - Fan, LDN games via the red button on the BBC.” “My dad has gotten into the women’s game just because you can watch COPA9 0 Athletic Bilbao have been lauded by the Spanish football match [with] a peak audience of 4 million tuned semi-final against Holland drew the biggest ever UK Football Federation for their initiative of a 5 euro entry audience for a women’s fee for the general public and free entry for season ticket holders to watch their women’s team play—this has led in to Channel 4.” - The Guardian to record-breaking attendances, surpassing those for some men’s teams games. S “If the media E Case Study The appetite is clearly there, but there is an issue of Fans are being starved of regular women’s profile, outside of landmark fixtures, and access to a consistent product that seem to be a barrier for fans. doesn’t show the game, it’s football content. Record attendances at showpiece fixtures Fans Fansof ofthe thewomen’s women’sgame game¥ in the past year have reinforced the growing appetite for the women’s game. a problem, N And yet, there remains a lack of access Watch live women’s football games online our matches T H E MO D ER N F O O T B AL L FAN 2 . 0 or awareness of regular women’s football UK USA BRA CHI content. 19% 30% 25% 37% become Our data revealed that 44% of fans feel hard to find. C O PA9 0 like the women’s game doesn’t pop up Watch live women’s football games on TV on their radars frequently enough, and a further 26% do not know where to access More positive O UK USA BRA CHI A game coverage. - Fan, LDN your way to see it live most of the time.” women’s game you can’t just turn on the TV and find it, you have to go out of “If I want to watch the men’s game I can put any channel on, with the 27% 31% 39% 34% The Modern The Modern coverage will ¥ Source: Online survey N.2,110 - 16–24-year-old football fans in the UK, USA, China, and Brazil Fans were more likely to consume Football highlights, Fan which are much more Football Fan obtainable via social media, as their primary source of content on the women’s game, perhaps pointing to a lack of have a huge Watch highlights of women’s football games impact on all UK USA BRA CHI consistent TV broadcast and online streaming options. 36% 31% 36% 42% W Attend live women’s football games aspects of the sport, including and growth of the game in its Under the new partnership, own right like never before. able to measure the worth potential to date and it will women’s football from the the Women’s Champions game, from grassroots to means that UEFA will be all levels of the women’s Unbundling the rights to League, will be backed” also accelerate growth. the biggest sign of that “[The deal with Visa] is UK USA BRA CHI men’s for the first time 12% 24% 10% 18% the players.” - The Guardian - Lina Magull 016 017
THE M O DE R N FOOTB ALL FAN 2 .0 FANS WANT MOR E FA N S WA N T M O R E COPA9 0 How I plan to engage/consume WWC 19 ¥ Even with a lack of visibility and exposure Will watch some game highlights of the women’s game, over half of those we spoke to, both male and female, still UK USA BRA CHI ownership to help the game grow.” - Fan, LDN describe themselves as either fans of the whole. I support women’s football rather than LDN expose them to the women’s game.” - Fan, good. Now when I speak to other fans I try to play I wasn’t expecting much, but it was really “When I first went to see Chelsea women’s “I’m passionate about women’s football as a women’s game or as being interested to 44% 50% 47% 63% a specific team. Fans like us need to take watch and learn more about it. Will watch my national team’s games And it’s clear that given the opportunity to consume the women’s game more regularly, fans go on to adopt a ‘women’s UK USA BRA CHI football is football’ mentality; often 36% 55% 37% 56% becoming vocal advocates for the game. Our data shows that in the US, this Will engage with social media content around the tournament behaviour is already quite commonplace, T H E MO D ER N F O O T B AL L FAN 2 . 0 with over a quarter of US fans we surveyed already regularly engaging in UK USA BRA CHI online discussions about the game or 34% 47% 36% 59% sharing content related to it. C O PA9 0 The upcoming World Cup presents a Will not be following the tournament perfect opportunity to create a whole new army of advocates for the women’s game. The Modern The Modern UK USA BRA CHI ¥ Source: Online survey N.2,110 - 16–24-year-old football fans in the UK, USA, China, and Brazil Three-quarters of fans we spoke to are 17% 3% 5% 2% Football excited about Fan the upcoming WWC. The Football Fan excitement is even more pronounced in “When the 10 o’clock news was delayed for the GB women’s countries where the women’s national gold medal hockey match, people looked at it as a great sports moment. That will come with women’s football.” teams have traditionally (far) Current relationship with women’s game ¥ outperformed their men’s teams, like - Jane Purdon, CEO of Women in Football China. I enjoy it more than the men’s game, I am 3% a huge fan 4% Fans are anticipating and excited to see more women’s game content popping I enjoy it in equal amounts to the men’s 23% 19% up on feeds and TV with the upcoming game, I would describe myself as a fan World Cup, but the challenge will be to 27% 30% I’m not a fan but I’m interested to watch join the dots for fans after the tournament and learn more about the women’s game in regularly delivering them high-quality 33% 26% content on their terms. I have no interest in it at all and will never watch any women’s football 018 019
F E MAL E SUPE R S TAR S L OADI NG F EM A L E S U P E R S TA R S L O A D IN G We are about to see a new generation THE M O DE R N FOOTB ALL FAN 2 .0 and England Arsenal Football Club - Jordan Nobbs of change opinions.” the way we play—it will to our games and see that can watch us, come media... the more people women’s football is more “The perfect scenario for COPA9 0 “The Euros has changed the situation at home completely. Two years ago, some of female football player emerge; they of our games weren’t even on TV. Now people stay at home to watch our games. are the best footballers the sport has Now, every little girl knows that Holland has a women’s national team. We all feel ever seen. Stronger, faster, and more we are heroes for them, that they look up to us. That we can inspire them. That they realise that a girl from Holland can win the Euros and play for Barcelona. I used to technical than ever before, these say I wanted to be like Ronaldinho. Now they’re saying they want to be like Vivianne players have fans already primed to Miedema or Daniëlle van de Donk or Lieke Martens.” follow them over women’s teams. - Lieke Martens for Players Tribune Superstars like Alex Morgan, who has 5.5m followers on Instagram, are already household names in the US, but a younger generation of female footballers like Jordan Nobbs and Lina Magull, who feel rightly entitled to what their hard work and talent has earnt them, are making names for “These women themselves. are about to T H E MO D ER N F O O T B AL L FAN 2 . 0 Our data shows that fans are more likely to follow female players than teams, especially in USA and Brazil— unleash a power C O PA9 0 that they didn’t countries in which female players like Megan Rapinoe and Marta have achieved a place in the wider pop cultural landscape—where a quarter of fans surveyed follow female The Modern players on social media. realise The Modern they had Football SomeFan of this younger generation of players are also branching out into before.” Football Fan - Abby Wambach, Former USWNT player other cultural scenes, such as music and entertainment, but doing so in a way that brings a wider audience to the sport. It’s important to bear in mind that in a landscape lacking consistent TV and Image: Rex Features. Filter : Grainsnap streaming coverage, fans are already the emotions all over the - Heike Ullrich, Head of “We will see the creation Case Study social media will show going directly to the players. It is the German Football of more role models; BBC Sport’s ‘Chelcee Away’ is an online show featuring players—old guard and emerging— singer-songwriter and footballer Chelcee Grimes. who are the current ambassadors and Association drivers of the sport. world.” 020 021
F E MAL E SUPE R S TAR S L OADI NG F EM A L E S U P E R S TA R S L O A D IN G Understand that this emerging THE M O DE R N FOOTB ALL FAN 2 .0 COPA9 0 generation of players are no longer willing to accept the non-parity standards that “Powerful, previously existed in the game. They are pushing for their space and opportunity in the sport athletic, by building their own personal player brands. confident, strong Brands like Nike, adidas, and PUMA also have an important job to do women playing football to a in not only providing platforms to create the superstars and role models for the next generation of players and fans but also in normalising the women’s game for a wider audience. fantastic level, T H E MO D ER N F O O T B AL L FAN 2 . 0 They have the opportunity to both elevate players and playing in front the game, as well as send a of a huge global C O PA9 0 powerful message of inclusivity Case Lieke MartensStudy featured alongside and gender equality. Mbappé and Neymar as the face of Nike’s Born Mercurial campaign. As such brand collaboration audience is going The Modern in the women’s game is often talked about less cynically when compared with the men’s game, to be a powerful The Modern Football Fan Football Fan it offers a genuine opportunity for partnership where both message to both parties share a strong desire to see the sport grow. men and women Case Study that women can THE DRUM officer, Disney UK and Ireland.— play regularly.” kicked a ball before, to those who part; from those who have never of all ages and experience to take that there are opportunities for girls Girls’ Football Week and showcase attract new audiences to the FA characters, we can help the FA by using Disney’s storytelling and “This campaign highlights how, ahead of the FA’s Girls’ Football Week. partnership will target parents and kids role of football in UK girls’ lives. The partnership which aims to increase the in football as part of a three-year together to get more girls involved Disney and The FA have been working - Anna Hill, chief marketing do anything.” the brands have been the activists in tennis, and many people have reason - it hasn’t worked. Today, Marketing Strategist (formerly to get women’s football where it “Billie Jean King was an activist tried with football. For some - Ruth Hooper, Brand and Brand Director at Nike) - Kelly Simmons, Head of the Women’s Game at the Football Association should be…” 022 023
THE M O DE R N FOOTB ALL FAN 2 .0 R E -S HAPI NG CULT UR E F OR T HE B E T T E R R E - S H A P I N G C U LTU R E F O R T H E B E T T E R - [iNews headline] Sports history” Sunday time warp as Alex Scott makes Sky “Relic Graeme Souness stuck in Super BT Sport) & @England Women’s Goalkeeper (via - Rachel Brown-Finnis Former Everton it’s not women’s football, it’s football.” know our trade inside out—that’s football; COPA9 0 “We’ve played at the elite level, and we do CU LTU RE It’s our belief that female voices in football will soon cease to be seen as a novelty and will soon BETTE R be considered the norm. T H E MO D ER N F O O T B AL L FAN 2 . 0 This certainly seems clear when speaking to fans for whom female C O PA9 0 pundits like Alex Scott or Ali Wagner not only do the job as good as, or better than, their male counterparts but importantly they’re pushing analysis forward, bringing a fresh, The Modern The Modern new perspectives to the game, which is well appreciated by fans. Football Fan Football Fan While we should be celebrating the new wave of female experts on our screens dissecting the men’s game, we should also be asking ourselves why it has taken so long? “When one person penetrates, we must that kudos back to the women’s game!” Coach & Technical Director, Director Germany. There’s an opportunity being - Ruth Hooper. Brand and Marketing be experts of the men’s game, none in a one-off. Then we need them to bring referencing Alex Scott—she gets bare Strategist (formerly Brand Director follow up with more to ensure it’s not of the Women’s US National Team “In the UK women are brought on to - Lina Magull, Bayern Munich and - Former USWNT Player, Captain, “For too long, sport has been male, Women have long since been part of “These days I even hear my uncle the day-to-day fabric of the men’s football landscape. Premier League stats show that a quarter of match day attendees in the ground are female. Germany player Youth Program stale and pale.” So why is it so outrageous for some - Fan, LDN to have one of four pundits’ chairs missed.” at Nike) respect” filled by a woman? 024 025
R E -S HAPI NG CULT UR E F OR T HE B E T T E R R E - S H A P I N G C U LTU R E F O R T H E B E T T E R The real success is THE M O DE R N FOOTB ALL FAN 2 .0 - Fan, LDN amazing, and it’s only going to go up from here.” women’s football I couldn’t. Thinking how far we’ve come is trying to get guys to play football with me or if I wanted to watch “I think back to when I was younger and how hard it was always - Kelly Simmons, `MBE, Director at the Football Association girls are playing, more and more people are coming to watch games” “The gender barriers are breaking down more and more every year, more COPA9 0 in some instances helped wider that womens’ presence society begin to reframe how in the game is slowly women are viewed and treated. becoming normalised in “When a man still Outside of Europe in particular, in spite of the very recent live experiences of cultures where women still face sees Ada Hegerberg— huge social challenges, football prejudice and antiquated behaviour. can be the vehicle to inspire and such an accomplished create social change. woman—as a sex Our experts and fans shared For example in China, where shocking stories of sexism, social previously rigid social constructs object, it just goes media abuse, aggression, and are shifting fast, football, as well threats. Yet, it’s almost as if this as its surrounding culture and to show how far we atmosphere of antagonism has community, is providing female accelerated the positive evolution football fans with a space to still have to go as a of women’s roles in the game, and stretch the notions of femininity. society.” - Fan, NYC T H E MO D ER N F O O T B AL L FAN 2 . 0 C O PA9 0 - The Guardian complete empowerment of Latin American women.’” to those that we have been accustomed to. I feel that there has been a says the current feminist movements ‘have inspired totally different visions “The [Chilean] forward Fernanda Pinilla, a driving force on and off the field, “I’m totally driven by the fact that I want women to have a better opportunity The Modern The Modern than I had. I want this generation of girls to play whatever sport they want.” - Becky Wang, Former Deputy General Secretary and Director of the consciousness about what women can do, forcing men to think of us as “Football helps women be complete, it gives you recreation and friends, “This game is changing the world... we have been changing the global Football Fan Football Fan International Department at the Chinese Football Association Football Association Director of the International Department at the Chinese - Becky Wang, Former Deputy General Secretary and was a good start” They had a female commentator, she was not an expert, but it “China had the biggest TV crew at the World Cup in Russia. - Kelly Simmons, MBE, Director at the Football Association - Abby Wambach, Former USWNT player Case Study your life is so much richer.” “A seven-year-old girl who was mocked for playing football in a team dominated by boys has been invited to be a mascot for the Lionesses during their next equal.” match.” - Independent 026 027
THE M O DE R N FOOTB ALL FAN 2 .0 R E -S HAPI NG CULT UR E F OR T HE B E T T E R R E - S H A P I N G C U LTU R E F O R T H E B E T T E R COPA9 0 Modern Fans are on the lookout announced as the first ever Ballon behaviour can directly impact and for fresh perspectives to widen d’Or winner? We see the tide influence their relationship with and deepen the conversation on turning in this more representative football and football culture. (More the game. They also want new and direction—the backlash to the on this in our ‘More Than Rainbow Laces’ chapter varied types of football content Ballon d’Or incident being a good later.) to consume, and importantly indicator of this cultural mood shift. they want to see and hear it from There’s still work to be done in ages, races, and genders that are Importantly, this change doesn’t changing attitudes and raising different to what feels “traditional”. only benefit female fans of the the profile of the game, but fans game. For some male fans we know what we know: that the more And in the face of some pervasive spoke with, the conversation women involved in football at cultural headwinds, what about around women in football has led every level of the game, the better Ada Hegerberg being asked to them to reflect on wider issues it is for ALL fans of the game, and ‘twerk’ on stage shortly after being of sexism and how gendered potentially for society at large. “There’s so much T H E MO D ER N F O O T B AL L FAN 2 . 0 negativity tied C O PA9 0 up in being seen as an ‘England The Modern The Modern Football Fan Fan’, but I feel Football Fan like I can back the outside. I used to go on to Leicester City forums—as soon “The FA has done a lot of work to make it very safe,” says “It’s things like seeing photos of Fran Kirby next to Eden Amy. “It’s more about getting involved in conversations as people saw my name was Amy, it would be, ‘What Hazard at Stamford Bridge—you need to shove it in Scotland fans call out the #Everyday sexism observed when England women’s team in a way that people’s face and say ‘this is normal!” Case Study I can’t with the promoting the new Scotland kit. does this woman know?’” men’s team.” - Fan, LDN - BBC - (Male) Fan, LDN 028 029
I T AL L S TART S AT G R AS S R OOT S I T A L L S TA RTS AT G R A S S R OO T S In England and the case of the Chilean Norwegian FA and New THE M O DE R N FOOTB ALL FAN 2 .0 COPA9 0 Europe, more money national team where, Zealand agreeing to pay “There is more money is flowing into the as The Guardian tells their men’s and women’s in women’s soccer in women’s game than us: “players from the team equal pay, as well ever before. However, national women’s side as media and brands to England than there has this investment is often formed a players’ union the infrastructure around ever been. Last summer, centred on a handful of in 2016, which eventually the game will be key in successful European integrated into the men’s defining the next phase the country’s highest clubs and has yet to union and gained enough of development of the tier, the Women’s Super trickle down to the rest momentum to reorganise women’s game.¥ League (W.S.L.), became, of the game. the women’s team after years of neglect. It was We’re seeing the for the first time, fully We’re still regularly the union that convinced green shoots of professional, with a hearing stories of the the Chilean federation to these longer-term broadcasting arrangement financial hardships faced host the Copa América, structural development by professional clubs another step toward investments, such with the BBC. England’s with well-resourced the revitalisation of as initiatives like the biggest clubs, including men’s teams, like women’s football on the FA’s Wildcats. The Wilfried Zaha’s donation continent.” programme, which Manchester City, Chelsea, to Crystal Palace provides football and Arsenal have invested T H E MO D ER N F O O T B AL L FAN 2 . 0 Women’s Team or the However, individual opportunities for girls heavily in their women’s crowdfunding campaign gestures, while well aged 5–11 years, to keep Milwall’s intentioned, aren’t has over 800 centres teams in recent years, Lionesses afloat. enough to sustain the nationwide and has spending not just on C O PA9 0 game in the long run. attracted over 17,000 Or in countries without Goodwill will only take new girls to play the homegrown players but on well funded men’s the women’s game so game for the first time— high-profile imports, too.” leagues to rely on, we far. Genuine financial and is only in its second - NY Times hear of admirable tales commitment from clubs, full year. of self-organisation, as in federations, like the The Modern The Modern Football Fan Football Fan and stronger; commercial investment should get ¥ Source: BBC— What it’s like being a modern-day female football fan have to be passionate about it; you must love in at the ground floor to make more of it in the Secretary and Director of the International the game. The chance to be a professional “The women’s game is getting better, faster, “If you’re a woman playing the game, you - Abby Wambach, Former USWNT player and earn enough money to support your - Becky Wang, Former Deputy General Department at the Chinese Football family financially isn’t there yet.” Image: Rex Features. Filter : Grainsnap Association long run.” 030 031
I T AL L S TART S AT G R AS S R OOT S I T A L L S TA RTS AT G R A S S R OO T S Fans think the issues holding back the women’s game THE M O DE R N FOOTB ALL FAN 2 .0 COPA9 0 there is a real and powerful change more professional and attractive to happening that’s going to inspire a been championed in the women’s in the last couple of years, it feels “It feels like there is a paradoxical Executive Director of Women’s level as non-league football… no are crossing over at the moment. relate to a lack of development in the domestic game. Marketing Strategist (formerly game, which in turn is becoming women’s football is on the same around identity, community, and same as non-league level... but and women’s game where they relationship between the men’s wonder if the investment is the The men’s game is going back social issues, which have long like something has happened, to its roots dealing with issues Over a third of fans we surveyed blamed their lack of “There’s been a criticism that - Ruth Hooper, Brand and new generation of women.” - Rebecca Smith, Global interest on underfunding in the domestic game. “According to the annual global sports salaries survey in 2017, the average woman playing in the FA Women’s Super League Brand Director at Nike) When we asked fans who had the power to create Game, COPA90 positive changes they want to see in the women’s game, they said the following: brands.” (FAWSL) is paid £27,000 — about one per cent of the salary of a male Premier League player.” - BBC T H E MO D ER N F O O T B AL L FAN 2 . 0 They expect wealthy clubs to lead this charge, with the players being celebrated as the C O PA9 0 figureheads of this movement. Tellingly, our fans also believe there’s an equal role to be played by both commercial brands as well as fans themselves. They believe there’s a need for a bottom-up and top-down approach to The Modern The Modern help the game to grow. Football Fan For ourFootball insiders, it’s theFan bottom of the pyramid, at grassroots level, with a lack of parity of access to funding, facilities, media, marketing, resources, staffing, medical support, technical support, coaching, refereeing, where investment most needs to be funnelled. Whether top-down or bottom-up, investment and more parity in opportunity and access in the women’s game will be key in defining how far the game can progress, as well as how quickly. 032 033
THE M O DE R N FOOTB ALL FAN 2 .0 ...T HE F UT UR E OF F OOT B AL L I S F E MAL E . . . TH E F U TU R E O F F O O TBA LL IS FE MA LE COPA9 0 Fact. Women’s football and women in football have never had parity of access into the sport, in terms of funding, marketing, coaching, facilities, resources, media attention, technical support, structured leagues, not to mention the ban on the sport in some countries... the list goes on... T H E MO D ER N F O O T B AL L FAN 2 . 0 The deck has always been stacked in favour of the men’s game, and yet the women’s game and women in football are not only flourishing, but they’re adding new dimensions and dynamics to ...The Future C O PA9 0 an old sport, and in doing so have already made of Football the game better for all of us. They’ve not just put it top bins, they’ve done it with their weaker foot. The movement has started. The stage is set for France this summer, and is Female beyond that, it’s only up from here. First to market has a massive advantage; the women’s game is waiting for some game changers. This space is definitely the most exciting and the biggest growth area for 2019 and beyond. Evolve or die. 034 035
THE M O DE R N FOOTB ALL FAN 2 .0 MODE R N FANS AND F OOT B AL L I N 2019 M O D ER N FA N S A N D F O O TBA LL IN 2019 COPA9 0 MMODERN FFANS A N D F O O T BA L L IN 2019 IN BEFORE we dig into new behaviours and hot topics, T H E MO D ER N F O O T B AL L FAN 2 . 0 let’s check back in on how these fans are interacting with football content C O PA9 0 at large. To recap, our Modern Fans The Modern are MALES AND FEMALES The Modern AGED 16–24 YEARS OLD, Football Fanwho engage with football Football Fan content every single day. This time, we have also focused on CHINA, USA, and BRAZIL in addition Image: Rex Features. Filter : Apropos Resources to the UK, to give us some different perspectives from around the global Modern Fan community. 036 037
T V S CR E E NS AND K I CK AB OUT S S U BS C R I P TI O N S A N D BEY O ND T H E 90 MIN U T E S beyond the 90 minutes SUBSCRIPTIONS and THE M O DE R N FOOTB ALL FAN 2 .0 COPA9 0 When it comes to paying to view fans were the most accustomed and kickabouts football, Brazilian fans are most to using a one-off pay-per-view TV SCREENS We first wanted to see what the main interactions with football likely to watch games via a TV channel subscription (79%), and China-based fans are more format for a game (68%) and were also the most interested in any future formats that allows were. Of the 18 behaviours we likely to pay via streaming (either them to pay just for the last 20 tested, female fans ranked higher monthly or per game). American mins of a game (78%). (1–8% more) in 10 of those fields, including watching football 70% TV chann el (Mon thly subscr iption ) on TV and following results as 59% Stream ing platfo rm (Mon thly subscr iption ) they come in. Only gaming and 54% TV chann el (One- off payme nt for a game) playing the game in real life with 48% Stream ing platfo rm (One- off payme nt for a game) friends / a team skewed towards male Modern Fans: 1. 60% Watch ed footba ll live on TV U K U SA B R A CHI 2. 58% Follow ed result s on TV, news and intern et Docu m e n tarie s 58% Talked to friend s/fam ily about footba ll talk shows, while male fans biased slightly towards TV punditry and post-game analysis in general. documentaries. Female fans ranked high for contemporary, deeper formats such as documentaries, interviews, and fan led In terms of TV content formats outside the 90 mins, the top three options for Modern Fans were highlights, interviews, and 3. 4. 54% Watch ed highli ghts on my mobil e device 47% 44% 57% 62% 5. 50% Watch ed highli ghts/c lips on TV T H E MO D ER N F O O T B AL L FAN 2 . 0 6. 48% Watch ed other footba ll relate d video clips online Hig hl ig hts 7. 48% Watch ed highli ghts on my laptop /home compu ter 71% 63% 48% 72% 8. 44% Read footba ll transf er gossip online 9. 34% Watch ed a game via a paid for/su bscrip tion based live stream TV pu n dit an al ys is C O PA9 0 10. 32% Watch ed a game online via an unoffi cial live stream 50% 44% 63% 50% There were also some interesting nuances from country to country. Fan - l e d tal k s how s UK fans definitely lead the way 31% 42% 19% 40% for talking about the game with The Modern friends, checking match results, The Modern In te rv ie w s and following transfer gossip. Football Fan Modern Fans in Brazil are more Football 61% Fan68% 58% 55% likely to play football outside with friends and via their games An al ys is console, whereas fans in China 45% 48% 36% 46% were the most keen on watching match clips on their mobile E ditorial articl e s devices and laptops. 17% 38% 19% 30% Preferred platforms for consuming football Chal l e n g e form ats (e .g. F2, baite ze ) content amongst all Modern Fans globally: 13% 39% 18% 42% 35% TV (live) 24% YouTu be O the r footbal l form ats (e .g. fu ts al , 5- a- s ide ) 18% TV (on deman d) 15% Footb all specif ic websit es 12% 6% 30% 19% 14% Faceb ook 13% Instag ram 12% Twitte r 038 039
T HE NE W T R UST B AR OME T E R M EM ES , G I F S , A N D P R I VATE C H AT C) AF private chat MEMES, GIFS, AND THE M O DE R N FOOTB ALL FAN 2 .0 COPA9 0 , IFA In the previous Modern Fan Report, we When it comes to the source of this ,F highlighted the importance of meme content, club accounts, football AF culture amongst fans, and this trend media, and fan club accounts were AC continues to grow globally, with funny more popular than those of first team NC videos and memes now overtaking players, backing up the view that fans CO game highlights on social media (60% have a more voyeuristic relationship ur e , so am v 59%). Interviews, GIFS, and stats with their favourite player’s accounts. FA ces t ed t o n UE made up the rest of the top five content s nm acco acco edia dia t b ts ts forms. This becomes especially apparent ew t tr sked e. en un un me (i. ou ov dia di l m Ot her utio rs’ s ed s ters bsit ups when you compare it to the sharing ll n os e a us ies e s d g me me socia 53 % Jo peci cia lub ly nal Though all four markets were keen of football Influencers’ content (41% tba 5 m wer 1% Ot stit alle elat por l we ’ gro he on ns oc oc on es od 48 % S noffi ial c ami itio a to share football-related content, influencers v 38% players). 46 F otb lis foo or es foo op ts s: 7% % In ootb all r ts/re tbal ters c of eir T den O n s s 52 % F urn alist l sup sour 57 % U ffic ds/f /trad Brazilian and Chinese fans were the 2 % ie ew r e th spon 66 F n p lin an ial ial most likely to do this publicly via their a p p social media profiles. 37 % T ews rce er Re 68 % N V r 45 UK U SA BRA CHI a % T H E MO D ER N F O O T B AL L FAN 2 . 0 Share d footbal l re l ate d con te n t 1 o (m e m e s , v ide o cl ips , im ag e s ) % r 43% 31% 45% 57% C O PA9 0 Share footbal l con te n t on the ir s ocial m e dia pl atform s s e v e ral tim e s a day The Modern 13% The Modern 42% 48% 45% Football Fan Football Fan Cre ate d m y ow n footbal l re l ate d con te n t (m e m e s , v ide o cl ips , im ag e s ) 10% 25% 15% 20% Spoke to othe r fan s on on l in e When it comes to football related news, as does faith in official club sources and similar patterns. However, US-based foru m s /priv ate g rou ps the landscape has changed drastically, specialist football websites, but it is fans had noticeably lower trust in TV (Whats App e tc.) with Modern Fans trusting social media clear that social media is no longer just news, while Chinese fans were more accounts (whether players’, journalists’, offering accessibility and speed when it likely to prefer official club and player 31% 29% 38% 43% or just football themed) more than comes to football news. communications over new media traditional coverage in newspapers. influencers and supporters groups. This tended to be a global trend, with Trust in TV news outlets remains strong, different markets following largely 040 041
THE M O DE R N FOOTB ALL FAN 2 .0 R E AS ONS T O B E CHE E R F UL 1, 2, 3 L EA G U E WATC H COPA9 0 When it comes to specific leagues and tournaments, Modern Fans in Brazil are the most ‘worldly’ with their tastes, taking a strong interest in most major leagues around the world. They are also more likely to follow lower domestic leagues as well. Conversely, young fans in the UK had the large majority of their attention focused on the Premier League. For young fans in the US, the Premier League and the Champions League were as interesting as WORLD CUP MLS, with interest in Liga MX at 34%. increase on overall connectivity, the management, things are extremely progressive reduction of streaming scenario/journey over a real event exciting. The end dream of having in real time, independently of their And, combined with the advances content and sharing the individual will be a seamless and integrated from the gaming industry and the amplifying it to any community of latency mixed with the advances UK USA BRA CHI friends or equal interested users wider ecosystem, where sharing leading publishers is fast paced. in cloud gaming capabilities, the virtual over real experience and power is a realistic one for sure Transformation & Innovation location, device or purchasing “The continuous development one user/fan creating a virtual - Luis Vicente, Chief Digital and I believe will be part of a 79% 58% 92% 88% on streaming concurrence Roughly a quarter of our Modern Fans played football regularly as part of an amateur team (26% of CHAMPIONS LEAGUE LIGUE 1 male v 20% of female fans) while Officer, FIFA experience.” T H E MO D ER N F O O T B AL L FAN 2 . 0 45% enjoy a good kickabout. UK USA BRA CHI UK USA BRA CHI With the easy seduction of FIFA, 69% 54% 88% 73% 16% 34% 47% 39% what actually gets them out onto the grass? C O PA9 0 PREMIER LEAGUE BRASILEIRÃO 72% Fitnes s (for health and wellne ss) 61% Comp etitive ness (to test myself , to try and win) UK USA BRA CHI UK USA BRA CHI 55% Comm unity/ being part of a team (to be part of a group ) 80% 52% 71% 71% 8% 32% 92% 35% 52% Identi ty (it’s part of who I am and how I identi fy myself ) 52% Expre ssion (it’s how I exhibi t creati vity and perfor m) The Modern 49% Ritual (it’s part of a routin e, regula r activi ty) USA The Modern LA LIGA MAJOR LEAGUE SOCCER 36% Escap ism (to forget about proble ms or stress) 35% 3% Other Football Fan UK Football USA BRA Fan CHI UK USA BRA CHI 25% 33% 56% 52% 14% 53% 46% 38% Though fitness was the primary driver across all four markets, there were also interesting BUNDESLIGA CHINESE SUPER LEAGUE Y RL GU ED local nuances. In China, LA UK CHI RE AT competitiveness and ritual / UK USA BRA CHI UK USA BRA CHI S EL 36% 52% ME -R routine were key motivators, in 18% 33% 38% 52% 6% 29% 20% 53% GA ALL contrast to the UK, where young ER TB fans were far more likely to UT OO reference community and feeling SERIE A LOWER DOMESTIC LEAGUES MP F BRA CO LAY part of a team. In Brazil and the 54% UK USA BRA CHI UK USA BRA CHI P USA, identity was a strong driver. 16% 38% 79% 48% 26% 32% 34% 20% … a nd when it ’s rai n i n g 042 043
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