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THE MODEL UNITED NATIONS - Information BOOKLET Ministry of Education and Human Resources, Tertiary Education and Scientific Research
THE MODEL UNITED NATIONS

        Information BOOKLET

Ministry of Education and Human Resources,
 Tertiary Education and Scientific Research

                 February 2015

                       1
THE MODEL UNITED NATIONS - Information BOOKLET Ministry of Education and Human Resources, Tertiary Education and Scientific Research
Acknowledgement

Members of the editorial team wish to thank all those who have helped in the

making of this booklet.

Thank you for your continuing support for our important work in this field!

                                        2
1
Contents
 WHAT IS THE MODEL UNITED NATIONS? ..................................................................................................................... 1
 PREPARATION FOR THE CONFERENCE ................................................................................................................ 2
   Research on the United Nations ..................................................................................................................... 2
   Research on countries ..................................................................................................................................... 2
   Research on the Conference topics ................................................................................................................. 3
   Learn How to write a Resolution and then write one. .................................................................................... 3
   Learn how to write a country statement and then write one. ........................................................................ 3
 DEFINITION OF TERMS ........................................................................................................................................ 4
 PARTICIPANTS IN A MODEL UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE. ........................................................................................ 6
 SECRETARY GENERAL ................................................................................................................................................ 7
 CHAIRING THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY DURING READING OF COUNTRY STATEMENT .................................................................. 9
 DELEGATES........................................................................................................................................................ 11
   Role and Function: ........................................................................................................................................ 11
   DRESS CODE .................................................................................................................................................. 12
   Boys .............................................................................................................................................................. 12
   Girls ............................................................................................................................................................... 12
   National Dresses ........................................................................................................................................... 13
   Badges .......................................................................................................................................................... 13
   Seating Arrangements .................................................................................................................................. 14
   Placards ........................................................................................................................................................ 14
   Certificates .................................................................................................................................................... 15
   Country Table Flags ...................................................................................................................................... 15
   Messages ...................................................................................................................................................... 15
 CONFERENCE DAYS ................................................................................................................................................ 16
   Day 1 ............................................................................................................................................................. 16
   Day 2 ............................................................................................................................................................. 16
   Day 3 ............................................................................................................................................................. 16
 GENERAL RULES OF DEBATE..................................................................................................................................... 17
 MODE OF ADDRESS ........................................................................................................................................... 18
 SPECIAL RULES OF PARLIAMENTARY PROCEDURE ............................................................................................ 19
   Rule 1: Points of Order ................................................................................................................................. 19
   Rule 2: Points of Information ....................................................................................................................... 20
   Rule 3: Points of Privilege............................................................................................................................. 21
   Rule 4: Points of Parliamentary Enquiry ...................................................................................................... 22
   Rule 5: Quorum for General Assembly ......................................................................................................... 22
   Rule 6: Quorum for Commissions ................................................................................................................. 22
   Rule 7: Suspension of Rules .......................................................................................................................... 22
   Rule 8: Amendments, friendly ...................................................................................................................... 22
   Rule 9: Resolutions of the Security Council .................................................................................................. 23
   Rule 10: Agenda ........................................................................................................................................... 23
   Rule 11: Voting ............................................................................................................................................. 23
   Rule 12: Written Communications between Delegations ............................................................................ 24
   Rule 13: Interruption of Speeches in the General Assembly ........................................................................ 24
   Rule 14: Time Limit of Debates .................................................................................................................... 25
   Rule 15: Open Debate .................................................................................................................................. 25
   Rule 16: Previous Question ........................................................................................................................... 26
   Rule 17: Extension of Debate ....................................................................................................................... 26
   Rule 18 : To Adjourn ...................................................................................................................................... 26
 RESOLUTIONS ................................................................................................................................................... 28
   INITIATING PHRASES for Preambulatory Clauses ......................................................................................... 31
 OPERATIVE CLAUSES .............................................................................................................................................. 32
   INITIATING PHRASES for Operative Clauses .................................................................................................. 33
 SAMPLE RESOLUTION ............................................................................................................................................. 34
   Kuwait ........................................................................................................................................................... 34
   Croatia .......................................................................................................................................................... 35

                                                                                   2
Egypt Pg 1 ..................................................................................................................................................... 36
   Pg 2 ............................................................................................................................................................... 37
   Maldives Pg 1................................................................................................................................................ 38
   Maldives Pg 2................................................................................................................................................ 39
MERGED RESOLUTION ...................................................................................................................................... 40
SAMPLE MERGED RESOLUTION ................................................................................................................................ 41
   Pg 1 ............................................................................................................................................................... 41
   Pg 2 ............................................................................................................................................................... 42
   Pg 3 ............................................................................................................................................................... 43
COUNTRY STATEMENT ...................................................................................................................................... 44
   Sample Country Statement ........................................................................................................................... 46
RIGHTS OF REPLY TO COUNTRY STATEMENTS .................................................................................................. 50
CHAIRPERSONS...................................................................................................................................................... 51
   Role and function .......................................................................................................................................... 51
THE ORDER OF EVENTS IN COMMISSION .......................................................................................................... 53
   DEBATING PROCEDURES ............................................................................................................................... 53
   Voting ........................................................................................................................................................... 55
   Explanation of votes ..................................................................................................................................... 55
   Some modes of address ................................................................................................................................ 55
   Out of Order .................................................................................................................................................. 57
SECRETARIES ......................................................................................................................................................... 59
   On Day 1 ....................................................................................................................................................... 60
SECURITY GUARDS ................................................................................................................................................. 63
PRESS OFFICERS .................................................................................................................................................... 65
SECURITY COUNCIL ................................................................................................................................................ 66
   Delegate Preparation.................................................................................................................................... 67
   Security Council Meeting .............................................................................................................................. 67
   Resolution of the Security Council................................................................................................................. 67
   To be effective the Security Council delegate needs to ................................................................................. 68
COORDINATOR ...................................................................................................................................................... 69
   Time-Line ...................................................................................................................................................... 69
   Selection of participants ............................................................................................................................... 69
   Choice must be done from those students .................................................................................................... 69
   Secretaries/Security Guards .......................................................................................................................... 70
   Chairpersons ................................................................................................................................................. 70
   PRESS ............................................................................................................................................................ 70
   ISSUES ........................................................................................................................................................... 70
   PRE RAP ........................................................................................................................................................ 72
LIST OF UNITED NATIONS MEMBER STATES ...................................................................................................... 73

                                                                                  3
What is the Model United Nations?

The Model United Nations (MUN) is the simulation the activities of the United
Nations, usually the Security Council, the General Assembly and its Commissions.
It is a “learning by doing” method of studying the United Nations. Participants
of MUN assume the roles of representatives of member States of the United
Nations and consider items from the vast agenda of the United Nations.

MUN began as early as 1923 with simulated sessions of the then “League of
Nations”. MUN is held in many countries of the world. Each year about 60, 000
secondary and university students participate in Model United Nations
programme worldwide. Each programme is run independently, but goals common
to all are to increase international understanding and develop the art of
peaceful negotiation.
 The Model UN programme is a great way for students to learn about
international relations and to gain a better sense of what a varied and
fascinating world we live in.

With a view to respond to global competitiveness in the field of knowledge-
based economy, the education strategies are gradually taking new turns.

MUN was first held in Mauritius as a pilot project in l993, involving 18
Secondary Schools. However, the programme grew in size to include all schools
teaching up to Form VI. Institutionalised in 1994, the MUN concept fits
appropriately in the school curriculum as it covers historical, social, economic,
political, philosophical topics including science, literature and the arts. MUN has
now become an annual feature.
Participation in MUN is an unforgettable learning experience that not only
immerses young people in the study and discussion of global issues, but also
encourages the development of skills which they will find useful throughout
their lives. It enhances student’s capacity to engage in problem-solving, teaches
aspects of conflict resolution and communication skills and creates the
opportunity to meet new people and make new friends.

This booklet is designed to familiarise both coordinators and student delegates
with some of the guidelines to preparations, general rules of procedure and
necessary information about MUN.

                                         1
PREPARATION FOR THE CONFERENCE

In order to successfully participate in the Model United Nations programme,
participants must:-

Research on the United Nations

         Gather background information on the United Nations Organization

         Its structure and other agencies

         Read the UN Charter

         Understand its purposes, practices and rules of procedures

         Find out what issues are on the UN agenda

Research on countries

         Familiarise with the assigned country

         Its location and geography

         Past and recent history

         Social and cultural structure

         Political structure

         Economy

         Foreign policy

         Understand the role and influence of geo-political groupings

         Find out more information about the country's recent UN activities

          through the local embassy or other UN body offices

         Keep abreast of recent and current affairs and relationships of the

          country being represented with others

                                          2
Research on the Conference topics

      Develop an understanding of the issues that will be debated

      Look out for background materials on these issues

      How does the issue affect the country being represented

      What is the position of the represented country on the issue

Learn How to write a Resolution and then write one.

      Follow the required format

      Be realistic- do not write objectives that cannot be met

      Make sure that the actions mentioned can be taken

Learn how to write a country statement and then write one.

      Keep it simple

      Abide by the country’s policy

      Start with a brief introduction to describe the generalities of a few

       issues

      How the issue affects your country

      Outline how your country would like to address any problem related to

       that issue

                                        3
DEFINITION OF TERMS

General Assembly (GA): is one of the six major organs of the United Nations.

It is only in the GA that all UN members are represented.

Security Council (SC): is the organ of the UN having the major responsibility

for keeping peace. The Security Council has 15 members - 5 Permanent and 10

Non-Permanent members.

Motion: the proposal for debate which will eventually be voted upon, the main

motion is the resolution.

Resolution: the resolution is the document used for negotiations.

Pre-ambulatory clauses: Clauses which form the first part of a resolution.

They state the problems related to the issues discussed in the resolution.

Operative clauses: Clauses which form the second part of a resolution .They

state the solutions proposed in relation to the problems stated in the pre-

ambulatory clauses.

Country statement: expresses the views and opinions of the country on UN

issues or world affairs.

Pre-RAP: Pre Resolution Approval Panel.

RAP: Resolution Approval Panel.

                                       4
The House: All the members (delegates) present, except the Chairperson.

The Sponsor: The sponsor is one of the co-authors of a resolution.

Co – Sponsors: Those countries supporting a resolution.

Recognize: Recognise is to grant to a member of the house the privilege to

speak by the Chair. The Chair recognises the member by pronouncing the name

of the country he/she represents.

Right of Reply: Answer to a country statement-delegates are usually allowed 30

seconds.

Yield the floor: means the delegate who was speaking leaves the floor and

returns to his seat.

Open to points of information: means that the speaker is ready to answer

questions from delegates.

Yield the floor to the Chair: means returning to the Chair the right to speak.

Yield the floor to another country: means giving another country the

opportunity to speak.

                                       5
PARTICIPANTS in a Model United Nations Conference.

Secretary General: Chief Administrator of the conference and final arbiter in

all disputes.

Assistant Secretary General: Assists Secretary General in the smooth running

of the Conference.

Chairperson: Chairs Commissions.

Head of Delegation: is the leader among the group representing a country.

Delegates: are students representing countries at the Conference.

Delegation: is a group of usually 4 students representing one country at the

conference.

Secretaries: those who help the Chairperson in commissions and the General

Assembly.

Security Guards: those who ensure security during the Conference.

Press Officers: Those who gather information and help in the publication of

the MUN journal that gives an account of the day’s work.

                                       6
Secretary General

The Secretary General is responsible for the running of the Conference.

The Secretary General:

      Must be ready to shoulder great responsibility

      Must know the UN Charter thoroughly

      Must know all the rules of procedure of the MUN

      Must command respect at all times

      Must be conversant with all the issues on the MUN agenda

      Must be aware of the pertinent current world issues

      Must know all the chairing procedures

      Must be ready to take quick decisions

      Must set the agenda for the Security Council and communicate it to all

       members of the Security Council

      Must have tact and courtesy in dealing with delegates and other

       participants

                                         7
   Must chair the General Assembly

   Must draw the agenda of General Assembly

   Must make sure that the Conference runs smoothly

   Will be assisted by an Assistant Secretary General

                                      8
Chairing the General Assembly during reading of
Country Statement

    The Secretary General chairs the first session of reading of Country

    Statements which proceed as follows:-

         Will the House please come to order

          The first country to read the Country Statement is drawn by lots

          He announces the name of the country

         The first country to read          the Country Statement is Congo

          Republic of

         Delegate from Congo Republic of, you have the floor

         We will now hear Country Statements from the following countries

          Costa Rica, Cote D’Ivoire, Croatia . . . .

         This yielding is in order

         Chair will now entertain three rights of reply

         Delegate wishing to have the floor, please raise your placard

         Delegate from country X, you have been recognized

                                       9
   The Chair will now entertain another right of reply

    (If right of reply is wrongly stated) Chair says: Delegate you are

    out of order

   Delegate your time has expired, please yield the floor

                              10
DELEGATES
Role and Function:
      Write Resolutions

      Present Resolutions

      Defend Resolutions

      Present Country Statement

      Meet with interest groups

      Lobby for their Resolutions

      Attend and contribute to discussions of General Assembly and the various

       Commissions

      Act as diplomats

      Must be courteous

      Refrain from being arrogant during lobbying sessions

      Remain strong but flexible, cooperate and make compromise

      Consider the suggestions proposed by sponsors

      Must honour their commitments at all times

      Must project an image of seriousness

      Must use proper language & should not be vulgar

      Must project the best image of the country being represented

      Must always remember that national interest should have priority over

       personal interest

      Should be punctual during the three days of the conference

                                       11
DRESS CODE

Dressing professionally and appropriately is an important aspect of MUN

preparations. Just like being polite and having proper manners, dressing

appropriately is an important way to show respect for the country a delegate

represents, to other delegates and to the United Nations. Delegates must

ensure a tidy appearance.

Boys
Business attire: trousers, a matching jacket, a button-down shirt and

tie

Dress shoes and socks
No T-Shirts , No Jeans, No Sports Shoes, No Long Hair.

Failing to conform to the dress code will result in being dismissed

from the conference.

Girls
Formal dress (Eastern or Western) for girls.

Skirts or dresses should be of a decent length (not more than

two inches above the knees).

Remember high heels look pretty but they can also be very

uncomfortable .

No T-Shirts, No Jeans, No Sports Shoes.

                                     12
National Dresses

Delegates may dress up in the national dresses of their country only

for reading the Country Statement.

Failing to conform to the dress code will result in being dismissed

from the conference.

Badges
    All delegates attending MUN must wear a badge.

    Badge will bear name of the delegate and the delegate’s

      photograph.

    Access inside the Conference Hall will not be allowed if

      delegate does not have a badge.

    Badges will be provided to all participants by the Secretariat.

    Participants will have to submit a passport size photo with the

      names of participant, school, country, and commission

      written at the back.

    Badges to be worn all the time during the three days of

      the Conference.

                                  13
Seating Arrangements

In the General Assembly delegations are seated in the country’s

alphabetical order starting with Afghanistan and ending with

Zimbabwe.

Each delegation will have its country name plate on the table in

front.

In the Commissions, the delegates may be requested to sit

according to alphabetical order of countries.

Placards

    4 placards with the country name printed will be issued to each

       delegation.

    Placards will have to be returned to the Secretariat after the

       Conference.

        Lost or damaged placards will have to be paid for by

       delegates

    Delegations which do not return their placards will not receive

       certificates.

                                  14
Certificates

    All participants will receive a Certificate of Participation of

       MUN.

    Participants have to make sure that their names are submitted

       as they would like it to be written on the certificate.

Country Table Flags

    Each delegation has to bring its own table flag.

    These will be placed on the table in front of each delegation in

       the General Assembly.

    Only one flag should be prepared by each delegation.

    The size of the flag should be 13 cm x 18 cm.

    The flag should be 30 cm high, including the base.

Messages

      Messages must be written on identifiable notepaper.

      Messages must have distinctive heading and bearing the name of the

       country.

      Private messages will not be allowed.

                                        15
Conference Days
Day 1

       Registration and briefing

       Official Opening

       Drawing of lots for the 1st country to read the Country Statement

       Reading of 5 Country Statements

       3 Rights of Reply

       Break

       Reading of country statements ongoing

       Security Council meeting

       Caucus group meetings

Day 2

       Commissions meeting

       Security Council Meeting

Day 3

       Report of deliberations in General Assembly by Chairpersons

       Closing Ceremony

       Announcement of Best Delegations and Best Delegate Award

                                        16
General Rules of Debate

    Delegates should remember that:

          the decision of the Chair is final

          everybody cannot speak at the same time

          only the Chair or a Member of the House recognized by the Chair

           or the speaker holding the floor has the right to speak

    All speakers must:

          obtain the floor before speaking

          stand up when speaking

          address the Chair first

          yield the floor when required to do so by the Chair

  Chair may

           extend debate time

           reduce debate time

           limit the number of Points of Information

                                      17
MODE OF ADDRESS
Some examples:-
          Mr./Madam Chairperson

          I rise to a Point of Information/Point of Order/Point of Privilege

          I wish to speak in favour of/against this Resolution

          Is the Chair/the Speaker (not) aware that

          Does the Speaker (not) agree with me that

          The Speaker stated in his speech ... Does he (not) realize that

-   I yield the floor to the Chair

-   I move to amend the Resolution by striking/inserting/ adding the words

-   I urge the House to give me their support by voting for/against this

    Resolution/amendment

All references to other speakers should be:

          in the third person

          Points of Information should begin with a phrase such as:         "Is the

           speaker aware that "

          Points of Information should never begin with a phrase such as: "Do

           you think ”

           Within a speech, a speaker should say:

          "As my (dear, learned, honorable) delegate from Mauritius has told the

           house "

          Within a speech, a speaker should not say: " you said ”

                                         18
SPECIAL RULES OF PARLIAMENTARY PROCEDURE

Group discussions or meetings require rules for their operation. Such rules are

commonly called “Parliamentary Procedure”. These rules regulate the procedure

in meetings. They allow meetings to be carried out in an organised and effective

way. Like real UN, MUN commissions may have lengthy agendas and many

delegates want to convey their country’s positions.

To help maintain order, the MUN Conference has adopted certain rules of

procedure to establish when a delegate may speak and what he or she may

address.

Rule 1: Points of Order

      A Point of Order is defined as an objection to procedure.

          Relates to procedural matters only

          During the discussion of any matter, a delegate may rise to a Point of

           Order if there is misuse of Parliamentary Procedures or if the Chair

           has taken a wrong decision

          The Point of Order must be raised immediately after the error has

           been made

          A delegate may rise to a Point of Order by saying as he puts his

           placard up ( and without being recognized by the chair)

                “Mr. Chairman., I rise to a Point of Order.’

          The Point of Order shall be immediately decided by the Chair in

           accordance with the rules of procedure

                                         19
   A delegate rising to a Point of Order may not speak on the substance

          of the matter under discussion

         The delegate must not make a long speech but should be short

         A member who misuses a Point of Order may lose this privilege for the

          rest of that day's session

         May interrupt a speaker who has the floor and is speaking but in the

          General Assembly it can only be used between speakers

         A speaker having the floor when a Point of Order is raised must take

          his seat until the Point of Order is decided

Rule 2: Points of Information

             May interrupt the speaker who has the floor

             Must be directed to the Chair even though aimed at the Speaker

              who has the floor

             May be asked by a delegate when he/she wants to ask a question or

              needs some clarifications

             A point of Information must be formulated as a short question, for

              example "Is the Speaker aware that "

              or "Does the Speaker (not) realize that "

              A short introductory statement of reference may precede the

              question, for example, "The Speaker stated in his speech that is

               he not aware ?"

                                          20
   A Point of Information may also be a statement to give more

                information to support what the speaker has said (i.e in favour of

                the resolution) OR

                A statement to bring down the resolution (i.e against the

                resolution)

               A series of questions from the same questioner will not be in

                order

               All answers to questions are addressed to the Chair

               Time taken to ask the question is not included in the debate time

                but time taken to answer is included

Rule 3: Points of Privilege

               Refers to the comfort and well being of the delegate or of the

                Assembly as a whole. For example, if the room becomes too hot

                or too cold or there is not enough light, a delegate may interrupt

                the speaker in order to ask the Chair to provide better

                ventilation or light.

               Therefore they are given immediate consideration regardless of

                what is before the Assembly

               Does not refer to the content of any speech

               May also interrupt a speaker if the speech is inaudible

               Does not need to be seconded

               Does not need to be voted or debated

               Is always addressed to the Chair and never to the speaker

                                        21
   Delegates must not make an abuse of this point

Rule 4: Points of Parliamentary Enquiry

      Is a Point of Information directed to the Chair concerning the Rules of

      Procedure.

Rule 5: Quorum for General Assembly

      A majority of the total member nations present at the General Assembly

      shall constitute a quorum.

Rule 6: Quorum for Commissions

      One-third of the members of a Commission shall constitute a quorum.

      The presence of a majority of the members of the commission is,

      however, required for a question to be put to a vote.

Rule 7: Suspension of Rules

      Except by decision of the Chair, there will be no suspension of the rules.

Rule 8: Amendments, friendly

      A friendly amendment is one on which all the sponsors of the Resolution

      have agreed and is not debatable.

                                       22
Friendly amendments can only be proposed in Commissions, not in the

      General Assembly.

      Amendments can be made to Operative Clauses only.

Rule 9: Resolutions of the Security Council

      Resolutions passed by the Security Council are binding on all members of

      the General Assembly and cannot be overturned by the General Assembly,

      except by a Unity for Peace Resolution which requires a two/third vote.

Rule 10: Agenda

      Agenda for the Commissions and the General Assembly shall be set by the

      Secretary General in consultations with Chairpersons.

      Only resolutions approved by the Resolution Approval Committee with the

      official MUN stamp will be accepted by the Chairperson for the

      commission agenda

Rule 11: Voting

      A.     Conduct During Voting
             After the Chair has announced the beginning of voting, no

             representative shall interrupt the voting except on a Point of

             Order in connection with the actual conduct of the voting.

                                        23
B.    Right To Explain Vote
            After the voting has been completed, one country on each side will

            be allowed thirty seconds to exercise the right to explain its vote.

      C.    Abstentions
            The number of delegations actively abstaining (as opposed to simply

            failing to vote) will be recorded and the right to explain their vote

            may be accorded to a delegation, which abstains.

Rule 12: Written Communications between Delegations

      All written communication transmitted through the Secretaries must be

      written on identifiable notepaper, with a distinctive heading.

      Messages must bear clear FROM and TO designations at the top of

      the paper. Messages not fulfilling the above requirements will not be

      transmitted.

      Delegations are expected to provide their own notepaper.

Rule 13: Interruption of Speeches in the General Assembly

      A.    A speech may NOT be interrupted by any point, EXCEPT a Point of

            Personal Privilege referring to audibility.

      B.    All other points e.g. Order, Parliamentary Inquiry, Information to

            the Chair or Speaker, will be dealt with only when the Speaker

                                        24
yields the floor to Points of Information, or to another delegate or

             back to the Chair.

Rule 14: Time Limit of Debates

      All General Assembly limits of debate will be 10 minutes For and 10

      minutes Against, with one possible extension of 5 minutes open debate.

      Only at the end of 10 minutes against will the point of Previous Question

      be in order.

      A maximum of 1 extension of debate will be allowed on Resolutions.

Rule 15: Open Debate

      The floor may be yielded only once consecutively in both Commissions and

      General Assembly.       The floor is open to 5 minutes For and 5 minutes

      Against. The Chairperson can use his/her discretion depending on the

      availability of time.

                                        25
Rule 16: Previous Question
      Means close the debate.

      This point requires voting.

      It requires 2/3 majority.

      It cannot interrupt the speaker

      The delegate proposing this motion must be recognized by the Chair.

Rule 17: Extension of Debate

      After debate time against

      Before voting procedures

      Depends upon the discretion of the Chairperson.

Rule 18 : To Adjourn

      A commission may take a recess from time to time till its business is

      completed.

      The Chair may decide to give a break if he finds that members are

      passive.

      A member may request the Chair to adjourn (he needs to have a good

            reason for it).

                                        26
Then he states:

Mr/Madam chairperson “I move that we adjourn for. . minutes”. It is

advisable to state the reason for wanting the recess.

The Chair will then decide the action to take and put it to vote if there is

no consensus.

                                 27
RESOLUTIONS

     The resolution is the document used for negotiations.

     Resolutions are written suggestions for addressing a specific problem or

      issue.

     All delegates must write a country based resolution on one of the issues

      in their respective commission.

     The Resolution should not be more than two pages

     While most Resolutions state policy, some may include entire treaties,

      declarations, or conventions

     Resolutions may either be general statements or contain directions for

      specific organizations, bodies or states

     They may condemn actions of a state, call for collective action

     It must be typed and submitted in two copies to the Pre Resolution

      Approval Panel (Pre RAP)

     A delegate’s main aim should be to formulate a resolution, which both

      sustains his country’s position and attracts the support of others.

                                        28
   A delegate should never violate his country’s own position in the process

    of negotiation, but neither should he be uncompromising in his position if

    the end-result is mutually beneficial to the negotiating parties

   Resolutions should on the whole, attempt to be conciliatory. They should

    only rarely be condemnatory in nature

   Resolution writing should not be viewed as an opportunity to make a

    rhetorical or an ideological statement

   Resolutions should draw parties together into dialogue and stimulate

    mutual interest in negotiation and compromise for the greater good

   Resolutions should not condemn any party as it will decrease the chance

    of success in achieving peaceful solutions to world problems

   The Resolution is a one sentence document

   Resolutions must be written in the correct MUN format

   The Font to be used is verdana size 12

   Resolutions have three main parts

    -The Heading

    -The Preamble section

    -The Operative section

                                     29
The Heading shows

    the Commission, the Session, the Sponsors, the Date, the Title.

The Preamble section

      The clauses in the preamble of a resolution (Preambulatory clauses) state

       the reason for which the commission is addressing the topic and

       highlights past actions on the issue

      Each clause begins with a present participle (called a preambulatory

       phrase or initiating phrase)

      The preambulatory or initiating phrase must be underlined and indented

       five spaces

      Each clause ends with a comma

Preambulatory clauses can include:

      References to the UN Charter

      Citations of past UN Resolutions or treaties on the topic under discussion

      Mention of statements made by the Secretary General or a relevant UN

       body or agency

      Recognition      of   the   efforts    of   Regional   or   NonGovernmental

       Organizations in dealing with the issue

      General statements on the topic, their significance and their impact.

                                        30
INITIATING PHRASES for Preambulatory Clauses

Affirming             Encouraged                    Having studied
Alarmed               Endorsing                     Keeping in mind
Approving             Expecting                     Mindful
Aware of              Expressing deep concern       Noting further
Bearing in mind       Expressing its appreciation   Noting with approval
Believing             Expressing its satisfaction   Noting with deep concern
Cognizant             Fulfilling                    Noting with regret
Concerned             Fully alarmed                 Noting with satisfaction
Confident             Fully aware                   Observing
Conscious             Fully believing               Reaffirming
Considering           Further deploring             Realizing
Contemplating         Further recalling             Recalling
Convinced             Grieved                       Recognizing
Declaring             Guided by                     Referring
Deeply concerned      Having adapted                Reiterating
Deeply conscious      Having considered             Seeking
Deeply convinced      Having decided                Stressing
Deeply disturbed      Having devoted attention      Taking into account
Deeply regretting     Having examined               Taking into consideration
Deploring             Having heard                  Taking role
Desiring              Having received               Viewing with appreciation
Determined            Having regarded               Welcoming
Emphasizing           Having reviewed               Wishing

                                      31
Operative Clauses

     Operative clauses identify the actions or recommendations made in a

      resolution.

     They explain what the committee will do to address the issue.

     Each Operative clause begins with a verb (called an operative phrase)

     Each Operative clause ends with a semicolon.

     Operative clauses should be organized in a logical progression, with each

      containing a single idea or proposal.

     They are always numbered.

     If a clause requires further explanation bulleted lists set off by letters

      (a,b,c) or roman numerals can also be used.

           After the last operative clause the Resolution ends with a full stop.

                                        32
INITIATING PHRASES for Operative Clauses

Accepts                      Draws the attention        Notes with satisfaction
Acknowledge                  Emphasizes                 Proclaims
Adopts                       Encourages                 Reaffirms
Affirms                      Endorses                   Recommends
Appeals                      Expresses its              Regrets
Applauds                     appreciation               Reiterates
Appreciates                  Expresses its conviction   Reminds
Approves                     Expresses its hope         Renews its appeal
Authorizes                   Expresses its regret       Repeals
Calls                        Expresses its sympathy     Requests
Calls upon                   Expresses its thanks       Solemnly affirms
Concurs                      Further invites            Stresses
Condemns                     Further proclaims          Strongly condemns
Confirms                     Further recommends         Suggests
Congratulates                Further reminds            Supports
Considers                    Further requests           Takes role of
Decides                      Further resolves           Transmits
Declares accordingly         Have resolves              Trusts
Demands                      Instructs                  Urges
Deplores                     Invites                    Welcomes
Designates                   Notes
Directs                      Notes with approval
                             Notes with interest

                                         33
Sample Resolution
Kuwait

                    34
Croatia

          35
Egypt Pg 1

             36
Pg 2

       37
Maldives Pg 1

                38
Maldives Pg 2

                39
MERGED RESOLUTION

The Merged Resolution is a resolution which is sponsored by countries having

the same concerns on a given issue in a Commission.

All the Resolutions to be debated at the Conference are merged resolutions.

Delegates will be informed with which countries they have to negotiate and

lobby to write and present a merged resolution.

A Merged Resolution must have the consensus of all the sponsors before it is

written and submitted to RAP.

The Merged Resolution must:

   1. be typed.

   2. be written according to the format.

   3. The Font to be used is verdana size 12

   4. be submitted to the RAP in two printed copies and one copy on a floppy

      disc, properly labelled.

All approved Resolutions for all Commissions of the Conference will be saved in a

CD. Schools will have to make arrangement to collect the completed CD.

A Resolution which is not approved by the RAP must be rewritten and

resubmitted to RAP together with the rejected version.

                                       40
Sample Merged Resolution
Pg 1

                           41
Pg 2

       42
Pg 3

       43
COUNTRY STATEMENT
     The Country Statement expresses the views and opinions of the country

      on UN issues / or world affairs.

     Each delegation represented in the General Assembly must write a

      Country Statement which will be read by the Head of the Delegation on

      Day 1 of the Conference.

     The first country to read the country statement will be drawn by lots.

     The speaking order will then follow alphabetically from that name.

     The country statement may not be longer than one minute when read and

      is not to be interrupted.

     The country statement should be read in English.

     It may be read in the native language of the country represented but it

      must be translated into English. Both the readings must be no longer than

      one minute.

     The statement must be representative of the country’s primary concerns

      about the state of the world.

     Heads of delegation should comment on two or three issues or world

      events that seem to be most important and relevant to the country they

      represent.

                                         44
   The speakers should not attempt to state their country’s position on too

    many agenda issues.

   The speaker should not abuse the privilege to insult other Members of

    the UN and should not present their own country in an unworthy fashion

   The statement usually concludes with an expression of support for the

    United Nations.

   Every speech should start with a formal greeting to the assembly.

    Example: “Secretary General, Honoured delegates” and should finish with

    a “Thank you”.

                                    45
Sample Country Statement
     Jamaica

                           46
Democratic Republic of Congo

                         47
Pakistan

           48
USA

      49
RIGHTS OF REPLY TO COUNTRY STATEMENTS

Following the delivery of 5 Country Statements, 3 Rights of Reply will be

entertained.

      Rights of Reply are statements pertaining to an item or items presented

       in any 5 of the opening speeches read, not questions addressed to the

       speaker.

      A Right of Reply should not exceed 30 seconds.

      The Right of Reply must refer to one of the preceding five Country

       Statements.

                                       50
Chairpersons

Role and function

Chairpersons:
          Must have the ability to keep order and enforce the rules and

             regulations of MUN

          Must have complete control of the proceedings and maintain order

             at any meeting

          Must see to it that the agenda is respected

          Must declare the opening and closing of each plenary meeting of

             the sessions

            Must accord the right to speak

            Must make sure that the floor is not given to the same speaker

             again and again

            Must have his ruling on Points of Order and have complete control

             of the proceeding

            Must put question and announce decision

            May in the course of the discussion of an item, propose to speak on

             any question

            May propose to close debate

            May propose suspension of the debate if there is a problem to

             allow time to find a solution

            May decide to adjourn the meeting for a break

            May suspend the use of Points of Privilege or Information for a

             delegate or the whole assembly if the points are being misused

            May take away the floor from speakers who misuse it

                                        51
 Must call a speaker to order if his remarks are not relevant to the

    subject under discussion

 Must make sure that all debates go through the Chair and that

    there are no two way conversation among members of the assembly

 Must make sure that interruptions are held to a minimum

 May take action against individuals or delegations that cause major

    or repeated disruptions in commissions and the General Assembly

 Must take the role of Rapporteur, reporting the results of their

    commission deliberations to the General Assembly

 Should have commonsense, self-confidence, fairness and even

    temper

 Must have to work actively with the delegates of the commissions

    in the lobbying process

 Must assist delegates during the merging sessions

   Must act as group facilitator and mediator

 Must have a good knowledge of world affairs

                               52
THE ORDER OF EVENTS IN COMMISSION

DEBATING PROCEDURES

All Delegates must be seated.

(1)   Chairperson calls the House to order.

          Takes roll call

          Makes an opening remark emphasizing the committee objectives and

           the significance of the issues

          Announces the title of the Resolution to be debated

          Requests Secretaries to distribute copies of the Resolution to all

           delegates present

(2)    Chairperson calls upon a sponsor of the first Resolution on the agenda to

       read and explain the Resolution.

          The sponsor comes forward and reads the operative clauses of the

           Resolution

          When he has finished reading the Resolution, he yields the floor to

           the Chair

(3)    Chairperson asks for a second.

          Any member of the House may simply call out: "Second" without being

           recognized. (This will be the case, since an unseconded motion cannot

           be debated)

(4)    Chairperson calls a sponsor to explain the Resolution (2 Minutes).

          A sponsor comes forward and explains the Resolution

                                            53
(5)       Chairperson fixes the debate time 10 minutes for the motion and 10

minutes against the motion and announces it to the House.

          Sponsors will have 6 minutes and co-sponsors will have 4 minutes to

           debate for Resolution

          Chairperson will announce that 10 minutes 'for' debate has started

           and the secretary will note the time

          Chairperson then gives the floor to a delegate to speak for the

           Resolution

          After speaking the Delegate should be open to at least 2 Points of

           Information:

          He will then:

                     yield the floor to another country

                                   or

                     yield the floor to the Chair

(6)   When the debate time for the motion has been exhausted, the

      Chairperson calls upon the Speaker to yield the floor.

          He then declares the floor open to members of the house who wish to

           speak against the motion

          Chair fixes 10 minutes debate time against the motion

          The Chair recognizes a member of the house to speak against the

           motion

          The same procedure is followed for the opponents as for the

           proponents

                                         54
    When the debate time has been exhausted, the Chair may, according

              to circumstances, propose an extension of time or close the debate

              and put the motion to a vote

             Delegates may request an extension of debate time which is at the

              discretion of the Chair

             When the debate time has been exhausted, the Chair may, according

              to circumstances, propose an extension of time or close the debate

              and put the motion to a vote

Voting
(7)   Once the Chair has closed the debate, the motion is put to a vote.

             The Chair announces the result of the vote

Explanation of votes
(8)      Time allocated for the explanation of votes:

                -   30 sec: in favour of the resolution

                -   30 sec: against the resolution

                -   30 sec: abstention

(9)          The Chair then announces the next Resolution on the agenda and the

same procedures will follow.

Some modes of address

“Will the House please come to order”

“We shall first proceed by taking the roll call”

                                             55
“Delegates please answer loudly when your country name is called”

“Will the sponsor of the resolution come forward to read the Resolution”

“The Resolution has been read. Is there a second’ ?

“The Resolution has been read and seconded we shall now debate the Resolution”

“The time has been fixed as follows ”

“We are now in debate time for the Resolution. We have . . . minutes to debate

for the motion”

“Will you please rephrase your question”

“ We shall now proceed in debate time against the motion”

“Mauritius You have been recognized .Mauritius you have the floor”

“This yielding is in order.“ Delegate from India you have the floor”

”All debate is now closed we are now proceed with voting procedures”

“All those in favour /against of this motion please raise your placards”

“All those abstaining please raise your placards”

“The Resolution passes/ fails by. . votes for or . . votes against and. .abstention.

                                         56
If a member rises to a Point of Order the Chair should say ” delegate from

(name the country) state your point.

After the delegate has stated his point , the Chair decides whether the Point of

Order is relevant or not.

The Chair may then say “delegate your point is not well taken “and proceeds

with whatever business is before the assembly.

                                       OR

He decides “your point is well taken” then he proceeds with whatever business is

in order under the reversed ruling.

Out of Order

A proposal (motion), remark, delegate may be “out of order”.

A delegate is out of order when he/she starts to make a speech without being

recognized by the Chair therefore has no “right to the floor”.

Remarks are out of order when they are insulting, profane or are stated to

offend another delegate.

A motion is “out of order” if it is moved when a motion of higher precedence is

pending.

                                       57
Then the Chair must act promptly to state

         The motion or the delegate or the remark is “out of order”.

         Explain why it is “out of order”

         Tell the assembly what is in order

                                        58
Secretaries

     Should be conversant with all Parliamentary Procedures.

In Commissions, Secretaries:

     Should count the total number of delegates seated in the Commission and

      find

                        -   !/2 + 1 of that number

                        -   2/3 of that number

                        -   1/3 of that number.

     Should write the three numbers and keep them close at hand for easy

      recall.

      Must keep a record of the number of times each country

         -      is recognized

         -      uses Points of Information

         -      uses Points of Privilege

         -      loses any of the points mentioned above.

     Must act as time keepers during debates.

     Must write down the time when debate starts and inform the Chair when

      time for debate is over.

     If the Chair announces vote on Previous Question (Close Debate)

                                           59
Secretaries must count the number for or against and tell the

        Chairperson

       2/3 vote is needed to close debate

       Must count votes for, against and abstensions during voting time and

        inform the Chair.

       It requires a majority vote ( ie ½ + 1 ) for a resolution to pass.

       Must write PASSED or FAIL according to the results on the resolutions

        that are debated and get the Chairperson to sign.

In The General Assembly

On Day 1

   One Secretary must keep track of the time during the reading of Country

    Statements and must inform the Chairperson when 1 minute is over.

   Another secretary must keep track of the time during Rights of Reply and

    inform the Chairperson when the speaker has spoken for 30 seconds.

   Must keep track of the countries on the list and tell the Chair the next

    country to read the Country Statement

        On Day 2 and 3

   During debate secretaries must keep track of time and tell Chairperson

    when time limit is up

   Must take note of the number of times countries use the Points of

    Information or Privilege

                                           60
   During voting procedures secretaries must count the number and inform the

    Chair. Each Country has only one vote

   Secretaries must be careful not to count a country twice

       On the floor

   Secretaries act as channel of communication for the delegates by passing on

    the written messages from one delegation to another

   Should make sure that messages must bear clear FROM and TO

   Should make sure that it is not a personal message

       Conduct

   Secretaries must be polite at all times

   Secretaries should be quick, efficient and courteous even under difficult

    circumstances

   Secretaries should not be seen loitering around

   Secretaries should not crowd in little groups

       Other duties

   Must be ready to help the Secretariat when requested

                                        61
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