THE MODEL UNITED NATIONS - Information BOOKLET Ministry of Education and Human Resources, Tertiary Education and Scientific Research
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THE MODEL UNITED NATIONS Information BOOKLET Ministry of Education and Human Resources, Tertiary Education and Scientific Research February 2015 1
Acknowledgement Members of the editorial team wish to thank all those who have helped in the making of this booklet. Thank you for your continuing support for our important work in this field! 2
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Contents WHAT IS THE MODEL UNITED NATIONS? ..................................................................................................................... 1 PREPARATION FOR THE CONFERENCE ................................................................................................................ 2 Research on the United Nations ..................................................................................................................... 2 Research on countries ..................................................................................................................................... 2 Research on the Conference topics ................................................................................................................. 3 Learn How to write a Resolution and then write one. .................................................................................... 3 Learn how to write a country statement and then write one. ........................................................................ 3 DEFINITION OF TERMS ........................................................................................................................................ 4 PARTICIPANTS IN A MODEL UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE. ........................................................................................ 6 SECRETARY GENERAL ................................................................................................................................................ 7 CHAIRING THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY DURING READING OF COUNTRY STATEMENT .................................................................. 9 DELEGATES........................................................................................................................................................ 11 Role and Function: ........................................................................................................................................ 11 DRESS CODE .................................................................................................................................................. 12 Boys .............................................................................................................................................................. 12 Girls ............................................................................................................................................................... 12 National Dresses ........................................................................................................................................... 13 Badges .......................................................................................................................................................... 13 Seating Arrangements .................................................................................................................................. 14 Placards ........................................................................................................................................................ 14 Certificates .................................................................................................................................................... 15 Country Table Flags ...................................................................................................................................... 15 Messages ...................................................................................................................................................... 15 CONFERENCE DAYS ................................................................................................................................................ 16 Day 1 ............................................................................................................................................................. 16 Day 2 ............................................................................................................................................................. 16 Day 3 ............................................................................................................................................................. 16 GENERAL RULES OF DEBATE..................................................................................................................................... 17 MODE OF ADDRESS ........................................................................................................................................... 18 SPECIAL RULES OF PARLIAMENTARY PROCEDURE ............................................................................................ 19 Rule 1: Points of Order ................................................................................................................................. 19 Rule 2: Points of Information ....................................................................................................................... 20 Rule 3: Points of Privilege............................................................................................................................. 21 Rule 4: Points of Parliamentary Enquiry ...................................................................................................... 22 Rule 5: Quorum for General Assembly ......................................................................................................... 22 Rule 6: Quorum for Commissions ................................................................................................................. 22 Rule 7: Suspension of Rules .......................................................................................................................... 22 Rule 8: Amendments, friendly ...................................................................................................................... 22 Rule 9: Resolutions of the Security Council .................................................................................................. 23 Rule 10: Agenda ........................................................................................................................................... 23 Rule 11: Voting ............................................................................................................................................. 23 Rule 12: Written Communications between Delegations ............................................................................ 24 Rule 13: Interruption of Speeches in the General Assembly ........................................................................ 24 Rule 14: Time Limit of Debates .................................................................................................................... 25 Rule 15: Open Debate .................................................................................................................................. 25 Rule 16: Previous Question ........................................................................................................................... 26 Rule 17: Extension of Debate ....................................................................................................................... 26 Rule 18 : To Adjourn ...................................................................................................................................... 26 RESOLUTIONS ................................................................................................................................................... 28 INITIATING PHRASES for Preambulatory Clauses ......................................................................................... 31 OPERATIVE CLAUSES .............................................................................................................................................. 32 INITIATING PHRASES for Operative Clauses .................................................................................................. 33 SAMPLE RESOLUTION ............................................................................................................................................. 34 Kuwait ........................................................................................................................................................... 34 Croatia .......................................................................................................................................................... 35 2
Egypt Pg 1 ..................................................................................................................................................... 36 Pg 2 ............................................................................................................................................................... 37 Maldives Pg 1................................................................................................................................................ 38 Maldives Pg 2................................................................................................................................................ 39 MERGED RESOLUTION ...................................................................................................................................... 40 SAMPLE MERGED RESOLUTION ................................................................................................................................ 41 Pg 1 ............................................................................................................................................................... 41 Pg 2 ............................................................................................................................................................... 42 Pg 3 ............................................................................................................................................................... 43 COUNTRY STATEMENT ...................................................................................................................................... 44 Sample Country Statement ........................................................................................................................... 46 RIGHTS OF REPLY TO COUNTRY STATEMENTS .................................................................................................. 50 CHAIRPERSONS...................................................................................................................................................... 51 Role and function .......................................................................................................................................... 51 THE ORDER OF EVENTS IN COMMISSION .......................................................................................................... 53 DEBATING PROCEDURES ............................................................................................................................... 53 Voting ........................................................................................................................................................... 55 Explanation of votes ..................................................................................................................................... 55 Some modes of address ................................................................................................................................ 55 Out of Order .................................................................................................................................................. 57 SECRETARIES ......................................................................................................................................................... 59 On Day 1 ....................................................................................................................................................... 60 SECURITY GUARDS ................................................................................................................................................. 63 PRESS OFFICERS .................................................................................................................................................... 65 SECURITY COUNCIL ................................................................................................................................................ 66 Delegate Preparation.................................................................................................................................... 67 Security Council Meeting .............................................................................................................................. 67 Resolution of the Security Council................................................................................................................. 67 To be effective the Security Council delegate needs to ................................................................................. 68 COORDINATOR ...................................................................................................................................................... 69 Time-Line ...................................................................................................................................................... 69 Selection of participants ............................................................................................................................... 69 Choice must be done from those students .................................................................................................... 69 Secretaries/Security Guards .......................................................................................................................... 70 Chairpersons ................................................................................................................................................. 70 PRESS ............................................................................................................................................................ 70 ISSUES ........................................................................................................................................................... 70 PRE RAP ........................................................................................................................................................ 72 LIST OF UNITED NATIONS MEMBER STATES ...................................................................................................... 73 3
What is the Model United Nations? The Model United Nations (MUN) is the simulation the activities of the United Nations, usually the Security Council, the General Assembly and its Commissions. It is a “learning by doing” method of studying the United Nations. Participants of MUN assume the roles of representatives of member States of the United Nations and consider items from the vast agenda of the United Nations. MUN began as early as 1923 with simulated sessions of the then “League of Nations”. MUN is held in many countries of the world. Each year about 60, 000 secondary and university students participate in Model United Nations programme worldwide. Each programme is run independently, but goals common to all are to increase international understanding and develop the art of peaceful negotiation. The Model UN programme is a great way for students to learn about international relations and to gain a better sense of what a varied and fascinating world we live in. With a view to respond to global competitiveness in the field of knowledge- based economy, the education strategies are gradually taking new turns. MUN was first held in Mauritius as a pilot project in l993, involving 18 Secondary Schools. However, the programme grew in size to include all schools teaching up to Form VI. Institutionalised in 1994, the MUN concept fits appropriately in the school curriculum as it covers historical, social, economic, political, philosophical topics including science, literature and the arts. MUN has now become an annual feature. Participation in MUN is an unforgettable learning experience that not only immerses young people in the study and discussion of global issues, but also encourages the development of skills which they will find useful throughout their lives. It enhances student’s capacity to engage in problem-solving, teaches aspects of conflict resolution and communication skills and creates the opportunity to meet new people and make new friends. This booklet is designed to familiarise both coordinators and student delegates with some of the guidelines to preparations, general rules of procedure and necessary information about MUN. 1
PREPARATION FOR THE CONFERENCE In order to successfully participate in the Model United Nations programme, participants must:- Research on the United Nations Gather background information on the United Nations Organization Its structure and other agencies Read the UN Charter Understand its purposes, practices and rules of procedures Find out what issues are on the UN agenda Research on countries Familiarise with the assigned country Its location and geography Past and recent history Social and cultural structure Political structure Economy Foreign policy Understand the role and influence of geo-political groupings Find out more information about the country's recent UN activities through the local embassy or other UN body offices Keep abreast of recent and current affairs and relationships of the country being represented with others 2
Research on the Conference topics Develop an understanding of the issues that will be debated Look out for background materials on these issues How does the issue affect the country being represented What is the position of the represented country on the issue Learn How to write a Resolution and then write one. Follow the required format Be realistic- do not write objectives that cannot be met Make sure that the actions mentioned can be taken Learn how to write a country statement and then write one. Keep it simple Abide by the country’s policy Start with a brief introduction to describe the generalities of a few issues How the issue affects your country Outline how your country would like to address any problem related to that issue 3
DEFINITION OF TERMS General Assembly (GA): is one of the six major organs of the United Nations. It is only in the GA that all UN members are represented. Security Council (SC): is the organ of the UN having the major responsibility for keeping peace. The Security Council has 15 members - 5 Permanent and 10 Non-Permanent members. Motion: the proposal for debate which will eventually be voted upon, the main motion is the resolution. Resolution: the resolution is the document used for negotiations. Pre-ambulatory clauses: Clauses which form the first part of a resolution. They state the problems related to the issues discussed in the resolution. Operative clauses: Clauses which form the second part of a resolution .They state the solutions proposed in relation to the problems stated in the pre- ambulatory clauses. Country statement: expresses the views and opinions of the country on UN issues or world affairs. Pre-RAP: Pre Resolution Approval Panel. RAP: Resolution Approval Panel. 4
The House: All the members (delegates) present, except the Chairperson. The Sponsor: The sponsor is one of the co-authors of a resolution. Co – Sponsors: Those countries supporting a resolution. Recognize: Recognise is to grant to a member of the house the privilege to speak by the Chair. The Chair recognises the member by pronouncing the name of the country he/she represents. Right of Reply: Answer to a country statement-delegates are usually allowed 30 seconds. Yield the floor: means the delegate who was speaking leaves the floor and returns to his seat. Open to points of information: means that the speaker is ready to answer questions from delegates. Yield the floor to the Chair: means returning to the Chair the right to speak. Yield the floor to another country: means giving another country the opportunity to speak. 5
PARTICIPANTS in a Model United Nations Conference. Secretary General: Chief Administrator of the conference and final arbiter in all disputes. Assistant Secretary General: Assists Secretary General in the smooth running of the Conference. Chairperson: Chairs Commissions. Head of Delegation: is the leader among the group representing a country. Delegates: are students representing countries at the Conference. Delegation: is a group of usually 4 students representing one country at the conference. Secretaries: those who help the Chairperson in commissions and the General Assembly. Security Guards: those who ensure security during the Conference. Press Officers: Those who gather information and help in the publication of the MUN journal that gives an account of the day’s work. 6
Secretary General The Secretary General is responsible for the running of the Conference. The Secretary General: Must be ready to shoulder great responsibility Must know the UN Charter thoroughly Must know all the rules of procedure of the MUN Must command respect at all times Must be conversant with all the issues on the MUN agenda Must be aware of the pertinent current world issues Must know all the chairing procedures Must be ready to take quick decisions Must set the agenda for the Security Council and communicate it to all members of the Security Council Must have tact and courtesy in dealing with delegates and other participants 7
Must chair the General Assembly Must draw the agenda of General Assembly Must make sure that the Conference runs smoothly Will be assisted by an Assistant Secretary General 8
Chairing the General Assembly during reading of Country Statement The Secretary General chairs the first session of reading of Country Statements which proceed as follows:- Will the House please come to order The first country to read the Country Statement is drawn by lots He announces the name of the country The first country to read the Country Statement is Congo Republic of Delegate from Congo Republic of, you have the floor We will now hear Country Statements from the following countries Costa Rica, Cote D’Ivoire, Croatia . . . . This yielding is in order Chair will now entertain three rights of reply Delegate wishing to have the floor, please raise your placard Delegate from country X, you have been recognized 9
The Chair will now entertain another right of reply (If right of reply is wrongly stated) Chair says: Delegate you are out of order Delegate your time has expired, please yield the floor 10
DELEGATES Role and Function: Write Resolutions Present Resolutions Defend Resolutions Present Country Statement Meet with interest groups Lobby for their Resolutions Attend and contribute to discussions of General Assembly and the various Commissions Act as diplomats Must be courteous Refrain from being arrogant during lobbying sessions Remain strong but flexible, cooperate and make compromise Consider the suggestions proposed by sponsors Must honour their commitments at all times Must project an image of seriousness Must use proper language & should not be vulgar Must project the best image of the country being represented Must always remember that national interest should have priority over personal interest Should be punctual during the three days of the conference 11
DRESS CODE Dressing professionally and appropriately is an important aspect of MUN preparations. Just like being polite and having proper manners, dressing appropriately is an important way to show respect for the country a delegate represents, to other delegates and to the United Nations. Delegates must ensure a tidy appearance. Boys Business attire: trousers, a matching jacket, a button-down shirt and tie Dress shoes and socks No T-Shirts , No Jeans, No Sports Shoes, No Long Hair. Failing to conform to the dress code will result in being dismissed from the conference. Girls Formal dress (Eastern or Western) for girls. Skirts or dresses should be of a decent length (not more than two inches above the knees). Remember high heels look pretty but they can also be very uncomfortable . No T-Shirts, No Jeans, No Sports Shoes. 12
National Dresses Delegates may dress up in the national dresses of their country only for reading the Country Statement. Failing to conform to the dress code will result in being dismissed from the conference. Badges All delegates attending MUN must wear a badge. Badge will bear name of the delegate and the delegate’s photograph. Access inside the Conference Hall will not be allowed if delegate does not have a badge. Badges will be provided to all participants by the Secretariat. Participants will have to submit a passport size photo with the names of participant, school, country, and commission written at the back. Badges to be worn all the time during the three days of the Conference. 13
Seating Arrangements In the General Assembly delegations are seated in the country’s alphabetical order starting with Afghanistan and ending with Zimbabwe. Each delegation will have its country name plate on the table in front. In the Commissions, the delegates may be requested to sit according to alphabetical order of countries. Placards 4 placards with the country name printed will be issued to each delegation. Placards will have to be returned to the Secretariat after the Conference. Lost or damaged placards will have to be paid for by delegates Delegations which do not return their placards will not receive certificates. 14
Certificates All participants will receive a Certificate of Participation of MUN. Participants have to make sure that their names are submitted as they would like it to be written on the certificate. Country Table Flags Each delegation has to bring its own table flag. These will be placed on the table in front of each delegation in the General Assembly. Only one flag should be prepared by each delegation. The size of the flag should be 13 cm x 18 cm. The flag should be 30 cm high, including the base. Messages Messages must be written on identifiable notepaper. Messages must have distinctive heading and bearing the name of the country. Private messages will not be allowed. 15
Conference Days Day 1 Registration and briefing Official Opening Drawing of lots for the 1st country to read the Country Statement Reading of 5 Country Statements 3 Rights of Reply Break Reading of country statements ongoing Security Council meeting Caucus group meetings Day 2 Commissions meeting Security Council Meeting Day 3 Report of deliberations in General Assembly by Chairpersons Closing Ceremony Announcement of Best Delegations and Best Delegate Award 16
General Rules of Debate Delegates should remember that: the decision of the Chair is final everybody cannot speak at the same time only the Chair or a Member of the House recognized by the Chair or the speaker holding the floor has the right to speak All speakers must: obtain the floor before speaking stand up when speaking address the Chair first yield the floor when required to do so by the Chair Chair may extend debate time reduce debate time limit the number of Points of Information 17
MODE OF ADDRESS Some examples:- Mr./Madam Chairperson I rise to a Point of Information/Point of Order/Point of Privilege I wish to speak in favour of/against this Resolution Is the Chair/the Speaker (not) aware that Does the Speaker (not) agree with me that The Speaker stated in his speech ... Does he (not) realize that - I yield the floor to the Chair - I move to amend the Resolution by striking/inserting/ adding the words - I urge the House to give me their support by voting for/against this Resolution/amendment All references to other speakers should be: in the third person Points of Information should begin with a phrase such as: "Is the speaker aware that " Points of Information should never begin with a phrase such as: "Do you think ” Within a speech, a speaker should say: "As my (dear, learned, honorable) delegate from Mauritius has told the house " Within a speech, a speaker should not say: " you said ” 18
SPECIAL RULES OF PARLIAMENTARY PROCEDURE Group discussions or meetings require rules for their operation. Such rules are commonly called “Parliamentary Procedure”. These rules regulate the procedure in meetings. They allow meetings to be carried out in an organised and effective way. Like real UN, MUN commissions may have lengthy agendas and many delegates want to convey their country’s positions. To help maintain order, the MUN Conference has adopted certain rules of procedure to establish when a delegate may speak and what he or she may address. Rule 1: Points of Order A Point of Order is defined as an objection to procedure. Relates to procedural matters only During the discussion of any matter, a delegate may rise to a Point of Order if there is misuse of Parliamentary Procedures or if the Chair has taken a wrong decision The Point of Order must be raised immediately after the error has been made A delegate may rise to a Point of Order by saying as he puts his placard up ( and without being recognized by the chair) “Mr. Chairman., I rise to a Point of Order.’ The Point of Order shall be immediately decided by the Chair in accordance with the rules of procedure 19
A delegate rising to a Point of Order may not speak on the substance of the matter under discussion The delegate must not make a long speech but should be short A member who misuses a Point of Order may lose this privilege for the rest of that day's session May interrupt a speaker who has the floor and is speaking but in the General Assembly it can only be used between speakers A speaker having the floor when a Point of Order is raised must take his seat until the Point of Order is decided Rule 2: Points of Information May interrupt the speaker who has the floor Must be directed to the Chair even though aimed at the Speaker who has the floor May be asked by a delegate when he/she wants to ask a question or needs some clarifications A point of Information must be formulated as a short question, for example "Is the Speaker aware that " or "Does the Speaker (not) realize that " A short introductory statement of reference may precede the question, for example, "The Speaker stated in his speech that is he not aware ?" 20
A Point of Information may also be a statement to give more information to support what the speaker has said (i.e in favour of the resolution) OR A statement to bring down the resolution (i.e against the resolution) A series of questions from the same questioner will not be in order All answers to questions are addressed to the Chair Time taken to ask the question is not included in the debate time but time taken to answer is included Rule 3: Points of Privilege Refers to the comfort and well being of the delegate or of the Assembly as a whole. For example, if the room becomes too hot or too cold or there is not enough light, a delegate may interrupt the speaker in order to ask the Chair to provide better ventilation or light. Therefore they are given immediate consideration regardless of what is before the Assembly Does not refer to the content of any speech May also interrupt a speaker if the speech is inaudible Does not need to be seconded Does not need to be voted or debated Is always addressed to the Chair and never to the speaker 21
Delegates must not make an abuse of this point Rule 4: Points of Parliamentary Enquiry Is a Point of Information directed to the Chair concerning the Rules of Procedure. Rule 5: Quorum for General Assembly A majority of the total member nations present at the General Assembly shall constitute a quorum. Rule 6: Quorum for Commissions One-third of the members of a Commission shall constitute a quorum. The presence of a majority of the members of the commission is, however, required for a question to be put to a vote. Rule 7: Suspension of Rules Except by decision of the Chair, there will be no suspension of the rules. Rule 8: Amendments, friendly A friendly amendment is one on which all the sponsors of the Resolution have agreed and is not debatable. 22
Friendly amendments can only be proposed in Commissions, not in the General Assembly. Amendments can be made to Operative Clauses only. Rule 9: Resolutions of the Security Council Resolutions passed by the Security Council are binding on all members of the General Assembly and cannot be overturned by the General Assembly, except by a Unity for Peace Resolution which requires a two/third vote. Rule 10: Agenda Agenda for the Commissions and the General Assembly shall be set by the Secretary General in consultations with Chairpersons. Only resolutions approved by the Resolution Approval Committee with the official MUN stamp will be accepted by the Chairperson for the commission agenda Rule 11: Voting A. Conduct During Voting After the Chair has announced the beginning of voting, no representative shall interrupt the voting except on a Point of Order in connection with the actual conduct of the voting. 23
B. Right To Explain Vote After the voting has been completed, one country on each side will be allowed thirty seconds to exercise the right to explain its vote. C. Abstentions The number of delegations actively abstaining (as opposed to simply failing to vote) will be recorded and the right to explain their vote may be accorded to a delegation, which abstains. Rule 12: Written Communications between Delegations All written communication transmitted through the Secretaries must be written on identifiable notepaper, with a distinctive heading. Messages must bear clear FROM and TO designations at the top of the paper. Messages not fulfilling the above requirements will not be transmitted. Delegations are expected to provide their own notepaper. Rule 13: Interruption of Speeches in the General Assembly A. A speech may NOT be interrupted by any point, EXCEPT a Point of Personal Privilege referring to audibility. B. All other points e.g. Order, Parliamentary Inquiry, Information to the Chair or Speaker, will be dealt with only when the Speaker 24
yields the floor to Points of Information, or to another delegate or back to the Chair. Rule 14: Time Limit of Debates All General Assembly limits of debate will be 10 minutes For and 10 minutes Against, with one possible extension of 5 minutes open debate. Only at the end of 10 minutes against will the point of Previous Question be in order. A maximum of 1 extension of debate will be allowed on Resolutions. Rule 15: Open Debate The floor may be yielded only once consecutively in both Commissions and General Assembly. The floor is open to 5 minutes For and 5 minutes Against. The Chairperson can use his/her discretion depending on the availability of time. 25
Rule 16: Previous Question Means close the debate. This point requires voting. It requires 2/3 majority. It cannot interrupt the speaker The delegate proposing this motion must be recognized by the Chair. Rule 17: Extension of Debate After debate time against Before voting procedures Depends upon the discretion of the Chairperson. Rule 18 : To Adjourn A commission may take a recess from time to time till its business is completed. The Chair may decide to give a break if he finds that members are passive. A member may request the Chair to adjourn (he needs to have a good reason for it). 26
Then he states: Mr/Madam chairperson “I move that we adjourn for. . minutes”. It is advisable to state the reason for wanting the recess. The Chair will then decide the action to take and put it to vote if there is no consensus. 27
RESOLUTIONS The resolution is the document used for negotiations. Resolutions are written suggestions for addressing a specific problem or issue. All delegates must write a country based resolution on one of the issues in their respective commission. The Resolution should not be more than two pages While most Resolutions state policy, some may include entire treaties, declarations, or conventions Resolutions may either be general statements or contain directions for specific organizations, bodies or states They may condemn actions of a state, call for collective action It must be typed and submitted in two copies to the Pre Resolution Approval Panel (Pre RAP) A delegate’s main aim should be to formulate a resolution, which both sustains his country’s position and attracts the support of others. 28
A delegate should never violate his country’s own position in the process of negotiation, but neither should he be uncompromising in his position if the end-result is mutually beneficial to the negotiating parties Resolutions should on the whole, attempt to be conciliatory. They should only rarely be condemnatory in nature Resolution writing should not be viewed as an opportunity to make a rhetorical or an ideological statement Resolutions should draw parties together into dialogue and stimulate mutual interest in negotiation and compromise for the greater good Resolutions should not condemn any party as it will decrease the chance of success in achieving peaceful solutions to world problems The Resolution is a one sentence document Resolutions must be written in the correct MUN format The Font to be used is verdana size 12 Resolutions have three main parts -The Heading -The Preamble section -The Operative section 29
The Heading shows the Commission, the Session, the Sponsors, the Date, the Title. The Preamble section The clauses in the preamble of a resolution (Preambulatory clauses) state the reason for which the commission is addressing the topic and highlights past actions on the issue Each clause begins with a present participle (called a preambulatory phrase or initiating phrase) The preambulatory or initiating phrase must be underlined and indented five spaces Each clause ends with a comma Preambulatory clauses can include: References to the UN Charter Citations of past UN Resolutions or treaties on the topic under discussion Mention of statements made by the Secretary General or a relevant UN body or agency Recognition of the efforts of Regional or NonGovernmental Organizations in dealing with the issue General statements on the topic, their significance and their impact. 30
INITIATING PHRASES for Preambulatory Clauses Affirming Encouraged Having studied Alarmed Endorsing Keeping in mind Approving Expecting Mindful Aware of Expressing deep concern Noting further Bearing in mind Expressing its appreciation Noting with approval Believing Expressing its satisfaction Noting with deep concern Cognizant Fulfilling Noting with regret Concerned Fully alarmed Noting with satisfaction Confident Fully aware Observing Conscious Fully believing Reaffirming Considering Further deploring Realizing Contemplating Further recalling Recalling Convinced Grieved Recognizing Declaring Guided by Referring Deeply concerned Having adapted Reiterating Deeply conscious Having considered Seeking Deeply convinced Having decided Stressing Deeply disturbed Having devoted attention Taking into account Deeply regretting Having examined Taking into consideration Deploring Having heard Taking role Desiring Having received Viewing with appreciation Determined Having regarded Welcoming Emphasizing Having reviewed Wishing 31
Operative Clauses Operative clauses identify the actions or recommendations made in a resolution. They explain what the committee will do to address the issue. Each Operative clause begins with a verb (called an operative phrase) Each Operative clause ends with a semicolon. Operative clauses should be organized in a logical progression, with each containing a single idea or proposal. They are always numbered. If a clause requires further explanation bulleted lists set off by letters (a,b,c) or roman numerals can also be used. After the last operative clause the Resolution ends with a full stop. 32
INITIATING PHRASES for Operative Clauses Accepts Draws the attention Notes with satisfaction Acknowledge Emphasizes Proclaims Adopts Encourages Reaffirms Affirms Endorses Recommends Appeals Expresses its Regrets Applauds appreciation Reiterates Appreciates Expresses its conviction Reminds Approves Expresses its hope Renews its appeal Authorizes Expresses its regret Repeals Calls Expresses its sympathy Requests Calls upon Expresses its thanks Solemnly affirms Concurs Further invites Stresses Condemns Further proclaims Strongly condemns Confirms Further recommends Suggests Congratulates Further reminds Supports Considers Further requests Takes role of Decides Further resolves Transmits Declares accordingly Have resolves Trusts Demands Instructs Urges Deplores Invites Welcomes Designates Notes Directs Notes with approval Notes with interest 33
Sample Resolution Kuwait 34
Croatia 35
Egypt Pg 1 36
Pg 2 37
Maldives Pg 1 38
Maldives Pg 2 39
MERGED RESOLUTION The Merged Resolution is a resolution which is sponsored by countries having the same concerns on a given issue in a Commission. All the Resolutions to be debated at the Conference are merged resolutions. Delegates will be informed with which countries they have to negotiate and lobby to write and present a merged resolution. A Merged Resolution must have the consensus of all the sponsors before it is written and submitted to RAP. The Merged Resolution must: 1. be typed. 2. be written according to the format. 3. The Font to be used is verdana size 12 4. be submitted to the RAP in two printed copies and one copy on a floppy disc, properly labelled. All approved Resolutions for all Commissions of the Conference will be saved in a CD. Schools will have to make arrangement to collect the completed CD. A Resolution which is not approved by the RAP must be rewritten and resubmitted to RAP together with the rejected version. 40
Sample Merged Resolution Pg 1 41
Pg 2 42
Pg 3 43
COUNTRY STATEMENT The Country Statement expresses the views and opinions of the country on UN issues / or world affairs. Each delegation represented in the General Assembly must write a Country Statement which will be read by the Head of the Delegation on Day 1 of the Conference. The first country to read the country statement will be drawn by lots. The speaking order will then follow alphabetically from that name. The country statement may not be longer than one minute when read and is not to be interrupted. The country statement should be read in English. It may be read in the native language of the country represented but it must be translated into English. Both the readings must be no longer than one minute. The statement must be representative of the country’s primary concerns about the state of the world. Heads of delegation should comment on two or three issues or world events that seem to be most important and relevant to the country they represent. 44
The speakers should not attempt to state their country’s position on too many agenda issues. The speaker should not abuse the privilege to insult other Members of the UN and should not present their own country in an unworthy fashion The statement usually concludes with an expression of support for the United Nations. Every speech should start with a formal greeting to the assembly. Example: “Secretary General, Honoured delegates” and should finish with a “Thank you”. 45
Sample Country Statement Jamaica 46
Democratic Republic of Congo 47
Pakistan 48
USA 49
RIGHTS OF REPLY TO COUNTRY STATEMENTS Following the delivery of 5 Country Statements, 3 Rights of Reply will be entertained. Rights of Reply are statements pertaining to an item or items presented in any 5 of the opening speeches read, not questions addressed to the speaker. A Right of Reply should not exceed 30 seconds. The Right of Reply must refer to one of the preceding five Country Statements. 50
Chairpersons Role and function Chairpersons: Must have the ability to keep order and enforce the rules and regulations of MUN Must have complete control of the proceedings and maintain order at any meeting Must see to it that the agenda is respected Must declare the opening and closing of each plenary meeting of the sessions Must accord the right to speak Must make sure that the floor is not given to the same speaker again and again Must have his ruling on Points of Order and have complete control of the proceeding Must put question and announce decision May in the course of the discussion of an item, propose to speak on any question May propose to close debate May propose suspension of the debate if there is a problem to allow time to find a solution May decide to adjourn the meeting for a break May suspend the use of Points of Privilege or Information for a delegate or the whole assembly if the points are being misused May take away the floor from speakers who misuse it 51
Must call a speaker to order if his remarks are not relevant to the subject under discussion Must make sure that all debates go through the Chair and that there are no two way conversation among members of the assembly Must make sure that interruptions are held to a minimum May take action against individuals or delegations that cause major or repeated disruptions in commissions and the General Assembly Must take the role of Rapporteur, reporting the results of their commission deliberations to the General Assembly Should have commonsense, self-confidence, fairness and even temper Must have to work actively with the delegates of the commissions in the lobbying process Must assist delegates during the merging sessions Must act as group facilitator and mediator Must have a good knowledge of world affairs 52
THE ORDER OF EVENTS IN COMMISSION DEBATING PROCEDURES All Delegates must be seated. (1) Chairperson calls the House to order. Takes roll call Makes an opening remark emphasizing the committee objectives and the significance of the issues Announces the title of the Resolution to be debated Requests Secretaries to distribute copies of the Resolution to all delegates present (2) Chairperson calls upon a sponsor of the first Resolution on the agenda to read and explain the Resolution. The sponsor comes forward and reads the operative clauses of the Resolution When he has finished reading the Resolution, he yields the floor to the Chair (3) Chairperson asks for a second. Any member of the House may simply call out: "Second" without being recognized. (This will be the case, since an unseconded motion cannot be debated) (4) Chairperson calls a sponsor to explain the Resolution (2 Minutes). A sponsor comes forward and explains the Resolution 53
(5) Chairperson fixes the debate time 10 minutes for the motion and 10 minutes against the motion and announces it to the House. Sponsors will have 6 minutes and co-sponsors will have 4 minutes to debate for Resolution Chairperson will announce that 10 minutes 'for' debate has started and the secretary will note the time Chairperson then gives the floor to a delegate to speak for the Resolution After speaking the Delegate should be open to at least 2 Points of Information: He will then: yield the floor to another country or yield the floor to the Chair (6) When the debate time for the motion has been exhausted, the Chairperson calls upon the Speaker to yield the floor. He then declares the floor open to members of the house who wish to speak against the motion Chair fixes 10 minutes debate time against the motion The Chair recognizes a member of the house to speak against the motion The same procedure is followed for the opponents as for the proponents 54
When the debate time has been exhausted, the Chair may, according to circumstances, propose an extension of time or close the debate and put the motion to a vote Delegates may request an extension of debate time which is at the discretion of the Chair When the debate time has been exhausted, the Chair may, according to circumstances, propose an extension of time or close the debate and put the motion to a vote Voting (7) Once the Chair has closed the debate, the motion is put to a vote. The Chair announces the result of the vote Explanation of votes (8) Time allocated for the explanation of votes: - 30 sec: in favour of the resolution - 30 sec: against the resolution - 30 sec: abstention (9) The Chair then announces the next Resolution on the agenda and the same procedures will follow. Some modes of address “Will the House please come to order” “We shall first proceed by taking the roll call” 55
“Delegates please answer loudly when your country name is called” “Will the sponsor of the resolution come forward to read the Resolution” “The Resolution has been read. Is there a second’ ? “The Resolution has been read and seconded we shall now debate the Resolution” “The time has been fixed as follows ” “We are now in debate time for the Resolution. We have . . . minutes to debate for the motion” “Will you please rephrase your question” “ We shall now proceed in debate time against the motion” “Mauritius You have been recognized .Mauritius you have the floor” “This yielding is in order.“ Delegate from India you have the floor” ”All debate is now closed we are now proceed with voting procedures” “All those in favour /against of this motion please raise your placards” “All those abstaining please raise your placards” “The Resolution passes/ fails by. . votes for or . . votes against and. .abstention. 56
If a member rises to a Point of Order the Chair should say ” delegate from (name the country) state your point. After the delegate has stated his point , the Chair decides whether the Point of Order is relevant or not. The Chair may then say “delegate your point is not well taken “and proceeds with whatever business is before the assembly. OR He decides “your point is well taken” then he proceeds with whatever business is in order under the reversed ruling. Out of Order A proposal (motion), remark, delegate may be “out of order”. A delegate is out of order when he/she starts to make a speech without being recognized by the Chair therefore has no “right to the floor”. Remarks are out of order when they are insulting, profane or are stated to offend another delegate. A motion is “out of order” if it is moved when a motion of higher precedence is pending. 57
Then the Chair must act promptly to state The motion or the delegate or the remark is “out of order”. Explain why it is “out of order” Tell the assembly what is in order 58
Secretaries Should be conversant with all Parliamentary Procedures. In Commissions, Secretaries: Should count the total number of delegates seated in the Commission and find - !/2 + 1 of that number - 2/3 of that number - 1/3 of that number. Should write the three numbers and keep them close at hand for easy recall. Must keep a record of the number of times each country - is recognized - uses Points of Information - uses Points of Privilege - loses any of the points mentioned above. Must act as time keepers during debates. Must write down the time when debate starts and inform the Chair when time for debate is over. If the Chair announces vote on Previous Question (Close Debate) 59
Secretaries must count the number for or against and tell the Chairperson 2/3 vote is needed to close debate Must count votes for, against and abstensions during voting time and inform the Chair. It requires a majority vote ( ie ½ + 1 ) for a resolution to pass. Must write PASSED or FAIL according to the results on the resolutions that are debated and get the Chairperson to sign. In The General Assembly On Day 1 One Secretary must keep track of the time during the reading of Country Statements and must inform the Chairperson when 1 minute is over. Another secretary must keep track of the time during Rights of Reply and inform the Chairperson when the speaker has spoken for 30 seconds. Must keep track of the countries on the list and tell the Chair the next country to read the Country Statement On Day 2 and 3 During debate secretaries must keep track of time and tell Chairperson when time limit is up Must take note of the number of times countries use the Points of Information or Privilege 60
During voting procedures secretaries must count the number and inform the Chair. Each Country has only one vote Secretaries must be careful not to count a country twice On the floor Secretaries act as channel of communication for the delegates by passing on the written messages from one delegation to another Should make sure that messages must bear clear FROM and TO Should make sure that it is not a personal message Conduct Secretaries must be polite at all times Secretaries should be quick, efficient and courteous even under difficult circumstances Secretaries should not be seen loitering around Secretaries should not crowd in little groups Other duties Must be ready to help the Secretariat when requested 61
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