The Experience of Sirena Project: a case-study of a Building of Historic Center of Naples
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10DBMC International Conference On Durability of Building Materials and Components
LYON [France] 17-20 April 2005
The Experience of Sirena Project: a case-study of a Building of
Historic Center of Naples
Maria Gabriella Russo
University of Naples Federico II
D.i.n.e. Departement of Building Engineering
Piazzale Tecchio n. 80 – Naples ITALY
mgrusso@unina.it
TT7-186
ABSTRACT
The maintenance of buildings and of single building components represents actually one of the most
significant instruments for the care of building heritage, during the years.
One of the assumption of building maintenance and particularly of planning of maintenance activities
is the evaluation of durability of building components, that is the capability of the single component to
maintain, during the time, the technological services of its assemblage.
The individualization of single element service life cycle is fundamental part of the process of
assessment of the time to intervene to realize the correct care of buildings.
In this period of big affirmation of programmed maintenance and of maintenance building instruments
aimed to guarantee conservation, recovery and value of buildings, an initiative of the Municipality of
Naples through Sirena Society is inserted to promote a recovery program of common parts of
buildings with contributions without restitution.
The paper discusses preventive maintenance and maintenance instruments and focuses upon the
analisis of defects and solutions of the floor covering element of a typical concrete building of the
historic centre of Naples. It proposes an example of building maintenance booklet, with a mainenance
handbook that suggests how to intervene, and a maintenance planning, that suggests when to
intervene, to preserve building quality during the years.
KEYWORDS
Programmed Maintenance, Maintenance booklet, Diagnostic schedules10DBMC International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components
LYON [France] 17-20 April 2005
1 INTRODUCTION
The planning of all activities carried out to the building during its service life, with the aim to preserve its
quality, the programmed maintenance, is a relevant argument, in the building national overview.
The maintenance idea is a part of the “project”; it introduces new action criteria, it changes obligations of all
the subjects involved in the building project, it defines new maintenance strategies.
It is a real cultural revolution that involves, especially, engineers, that are obliged to obtain competence to
plan maintenance. Time is a very important element to determine all the things which define different
maintenance strategies, control and intervention time and decisional models of building maintenance.
The result is that building maintenance cannot represent a marginal phase of the productive process.
Maintenance is not to be considered like a summary of reparative intervention but the totality of all the
activities, which are inside the building productive cycle, able to maintain quality and functionality of
buildings.
Programmed maintenance is based on scomposition of the building in single building components; here UNI
8290 introduces and sets out a classification of the technological system, dividing components in:
technological units classes, technological units and technical elements classes.
With particular reference to floore coverings, which are closings (how buildings are separated from the
external context), the Regulation differentiates, regarding to technological units, vertical closings, inferior
horizontal closings, horizontal closings on external spaces, superior closings.
A superior closing is a technological element, of a horizontal and sub-horizontal type, that separates the
building from the external spaces; these are intended as various external agents that are causes of degrade of
buildings and of building components. For example: sun, rain, wind, snow; and other unexpected events or
things that may cause defects and anomalies of building system.
At the end of the paper, a program of maintenance building activities criteria will be presented; in this
program, these activities have to be done during building service life, starting from the analysis of
pathologies, through the measurement and the analysis of the correspondent anomalies, arriving to the
preview recurrence of the same pathologies.
Maintenance activities (controls and interventions) have to be object of prevision and planning with the
definition of an actions plan aimed to maintain building quality during the years.
Generally, that means to realize maintenance plans or, more specifically, maintenance instruments such as
the maintenance booklet, made in the occasion of the Sirena Project, a program of restoration of common
parts buildings, of Municipality of Naples.
This instrument is composed by two different sections:
the Anagrafe section;
the maintenance planning section.
In the first one there are building characteristic data (geometrical, morphological, technological).
The second one is divided into other three sections, that are:
1) maintenance handbook, (which defines how to intervene), constituted by control and intervention
schedule, about maintenance actions;
2) maintenance planning (which defines when to intervene), that is a planning, a calendary of control
and intervention times;
3) use handbook, that is an instrument that contains an analysis of the principal anomalies for building
components, the frequency of time they happen, a photographic documentation, a reference to UNI
Code.
After this introduction on maintenance and maintenance instruments, the paper aims to describe the most
important pathologies on floor coverings of a building of historic centre of Naples, to define the most
adequate intervention adopted to repristinate the performance efficiency of the floor covering element, to
individuate all the maintenance activities that have to be done, during building service life, to preserve
quality of the whole building and of its single elements.
2 CAUSES THAT MAKE NECESSARY MAINTENANCE ACTIONS
TT7-186, The Experience of Sirena Project: a case-study of a Building of Historic Centre of Naples –
Maria Gabriella Russo10DBMC International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components
LYON [France] 17-20 April 2005
Before reporting about building maintenance activities, concerning coverings, it can be useful a notice to the
principal causes that make necessary maintenance actions.
Physiological obsolescence of a building, that is a natural aging due to physiological factors, could be
considerate as a consequence of other factors that determine, in different times, the progressive lowering of
materials and components quality levels.
In particular, the most common types of building obsolescence are: physical obsolescence that concerns
physical, chemical and mechanical materials performances, functional obsolescence and technological
obsolescence. The functional obsolescence concerns buildings components functions.
Particularly, these components can’t do their traditional functions, for which the were designed: this
phenomenon is due to transformation not foreseen in the project or in case of modification of use destination
of the building.
Technological obsolescence is connected to technological innovation processes; this is a component
substitution that can cause pathological phenomenon but can determine also advantages because of the
introduction in building market of new products, which are more satisfactory and with the same prices.
Unlike of natural aging, that is a foreseeable process, pathological degradation, manifests itself with different
times and effects, that are not prevedible during the element service life.
In this category there are defects, damages, caused by degradation agents which provoke building service
life, reducing its length during the years.
Sometimes, pathological defects and natural aging forms are two parts of the same process: the first one as a
degeneration of the second one.
The components characteristics and the materials properties allow an evaluation and prevision of degradation
phenomenon, connected to the building aging process, so that control and intervention activities could be
programmed to contrast effects which are negative to building functionality.
As a consequence, preventive maintenance intervention are better than after breakdown maintenance because
of the fact that the first ones are able to anticipate the pathology manifestation; in the second case, these
types of actions are following to the pathologies manifestation that can cause damages rather serious.
The more recurrent degradation factors are related to atmospheric agents action, to accidental events, to
maintenance intervention absence or to the same building utilisators that are not able to utilize well the
building, causing damages to materials and building components.
Other factors that can cause building pathologies and degradation phenomena are:
- technological solutions not adequate to the building service conditions;
- not suitable materials and products;
- wrong evaluation of environmental factors;
- defects about constructive details information.
Concerning degradation factors due to maintenance defects, it is important to observe that this type of factors
can cause a worsening defect, the appearance of new pathologies, the damaging of components.
As a consequence, there is a very strong connection between building components service life and
programmed maintenance intervention. In particular, the knowledge of building elements duration suggests
the datum about planning of buildings maintenance actions (controls and intervention; the temporal
frequency to do actions has to be introduced in the maintenance planning.
3 COVERINGS BUILDING PATHOLOGIES AND INTERVENTION CRITERIA:
A CASE STUDY
The building has a good state of conservation; however there are some degrade situations, referred to the
floor covering element, that cause problems to the whole building.
With reference to coverings, it is important to define that the technical solution (photo 1) is composed by a
waterproof membrane with a superior coat of polyurethane; particularly a zone of the terrace is lagged by
another waterproof membrane coat.
Regarding to polyurethane, it caused volumetric expansion phenomena that generate firstly a loss of
capability to guarantee impermeability to the whole solution, and also the impossibility to execute
maintenance action because of the fact that polyurethane is an inflammable material and so it is impossible to
do partial substitutions of membrane (generally a membrane is placed with a gas propane blowlamp).
TT7-186, The Experience of Sirena Project: a case-study of a Building of Historic Centre of Naples –
Maria Gabriella Russo10DBMC International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components
LYON [France] 17-20 April 2005
Figure 1. A view of the terrace
Other problems are:
decrease of the union (for rainwater discharge) section, caused by the polyurethane inside;
wrong positioning of parapet elements;
wrong configuration of weathering;
lack of adequate coat of waterproof membrane under the marble batten that runs through the terrace
perimeter;
diffuse crocodiling (surface cracks) and chromatic alteration on large parts of the terrace.
With reference to the intervention criteria proposed, it is important to precise that the polyurethane coat,
applied with insulating materials and with waterproof functions, has to be removed.
The removal result will allow the evaluation of weathering characteristics.
Particularly the following measures are suggested:
1) adequate organization of inclination along the terrace modifying the watershed lines;
2) increase of the entrance sections of pluvious that present a section of 80 mm while generally
pluvious have a section of 125 mm.
Concerning the floor covering solution, considering the necessity to guarantee the adequate water insulation,
the desirable solution are of two types: one, a more classic intervention, is the following (starting from floor
and going on toward):
an expanded clay slope footing;
a slim footing (cement);
double expanded polystyrene layer (20 mm);
a slim footing;
a double waterproof membrane layer;
an acrylic paint layer.
The second one is a reverse-roof type:
an expanded clay slope footing;
a slim footing;
a double waterproof membrane layer;
a double expanded polystyrene layer (20 mm);
TT7-186, The Experience of Sirena Project: a case-study of a Building of Historic Centre of Naples –
Maria Gabriella Russo10DBMC International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components
LYON [France] 17-20 April 2005
an NT layer put down without adhesive;
a gravel layer.
In conclusion, the adopted solution is the reverse-roof one.
This type of solution presents the waterproof membrane under the insulating layer; particularly the external
surface is represented by a coating in ceramic, stone, gravel, else.
4 MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES
It is evident that controls and interventions maintenance activities, and after these a maintenance planning,
are strictly connected with the technical solutions adopted for each building component, as individuate in
UNI 8290-1. Particularly, for floor coverings, and with specific reference to the building in centre of Naples,
the technical solution adopted for the covering element is reported in the sequent table (see UNI 8290-1).
The first column contains the definition of the layers functions, starting from the intrados of the floor, the
second one refers to the materials of each layer.
FUNCTION TECHNOLOGICAL CARACHTERISTICS
Support Expanded clay slope footing
Waterproof coating Double waterproof membrane layer
Heat-insulating element Double expanded polystyrene layer (20 mm)
Filtering layer NT layer put down without adhesive
External coating Concrete floor (tiles)
With reference to this technical solution the most recurrent anomalies are as following:
1) Surface alteration
2) Crackles, scores
3) Marks
4) Superficial deposits
5) Anchors and joints degrade
6) Surface vegetation
7) Limes
8) Biological attacks
9) Partial element detaches
10) Elements loss
With reference to all these anomalies, and in this case to the superficial coating in concrete floor, there have
been disposed diagnosis and planning schedules, described as following.
4.1 Diagnosis Schedules
The diagnosis schedules (fig. 1) contains:
• a description of the examined technical solution;
• the anomaly definition;
near the photo,
• the current localization;
• the identifiable causes;
• the caused performance degrades;
• the most important connected UNI Regulation;
• notes.
TT7-186, The Experience of Sirena Project: a case-study of a Building of Historic Centre of Naples –
Maria Gabriella Russo10DBMC International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components
LYON [France] 17-20 April 2005
Figure 1 – a diagnosis schedule example
4.2 Planning Schedules
The planning schedules (fig. 2) refer to other schedules, the maintenance action description schedules (controls
and intervention) that represent, with the planning of all the actions during the time, the contents of the
maintenance file (Sirena Project). The schedule has two fundamental fields: the first one concerning the
illustration of the examined technical solution. The second one, for each anomaly individualized on the external
coating of the technical element, are reported:
TT7-186, The Experience of Sirena Project: a case-study of a Building of Historic Centre of Naples –
Maria Gabriella Russo10DBMC International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components
LYON [France] 17-20 April 2005
• the anomaly manifestation during the years;
• the maintenance actions typology (controls and intervention) that can be don in relation to the observed
anomaly and to its importance;
• the intervention verge during the time, referring to each maintenance action.
Figure 2 – a planning schedule example
For example, with reference to the surface alteration, that is in the first column of the figure 2, the time of
manifestation is about two or the years; the maintenance actions, that are controls and interventions, suggested
are:
for the controls,
- a view control to verify the surface deposits presence
for the interventions,
- a surface layer cleanliness
- a partial renovation of the layer paint
- a substitution of the layer paint
TT7-186, The Experience of Sirena Project: a case-study of a Building of Historic Centre of Naples –
Maria Gabriella Russo10DBMC International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components
LYON [France] 17-20 April 2005
Finally, on the right side of the table, the intervention verge during the time is suggested; for the control, about
one or two years; for the interventions, respectively, six months, two or three years, four or five years.
Naturally, all the elements of the table, anomalies, times of manifestation maintenance actions and the
intervention verge, changes with different surface layer (concrete tiles, ceramic tiles, etc).
5 CONCLUSION
Preventive maintenance aims to preserve building quality and building quality components, during the years; it
means that maintenance actions, controls and intervention, made at fixed dates, make possible to intervene
before breakdown manifestation, with advantages of economic and management type.
With reference to floor coverings, and particularly to floor coverings maintenance actions, it is important to
underline that maintenance controls and interventions are related to the surface layer of the technical solution,
that doesn’t mean necessary the waterproof membrane. Particularly, in the case of the reverse-roof, adopted for
the examined building in Naples, this type of solution presents the waterproof membrane under the insulating
layer, the external surface is represented by a coating in ceramic, stone, gravel, else.
As a consequence, maintenance actions are connected to the surface tiles; preventive maintenance of this surface
layer has to guarantee a good preservation of the waterproof membrane. However, the maintenance plan, in this
case, has also to establish maintenance actions which concern the waterproof membrane, considering its more
probable duration in time. A partial renovation and a total substitution of the membrane layer have to be done
respectively within five years, in the first case, fifteen or thirty years, for the last case.
TT7-186, The Experience of Sirena Project: a case-study of a Building of Historic Centre of Naples –
Maria Gabriella Russo10DBMC International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components
LYON [France] 17-20 April 2005
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