THE EFFECT OF TEMPEH FLOUR FROM TREE BEAN (PARKIA TIMORIANA (DC) MERR.) SEEDS ON LIPID PROFILE IN PROTEIN-ENERGY MALNUTRITION RATS ...
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Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences
Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences
vol. 15, 2021, p. 173-180
https://doi.org/10.5219/1525
Received: 11 December 2020. Accepted: 11 March 2021.
Available online: 28 March 2021 at www.potravinarstvo.com
© 2021 Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences, License: CC BY 4.0
ISSN 1337-0960 (online)
THE EFFECT OF TEMPEH FLOUR FROM TREE BEAN
(PARKIA TIMORIANA (DC) MERR.) SEEDS ON LIPID PROFILE IN
PROTEIN-ENERGY MALNUTRITION RATS
Nurmasari Widyastuti, Nita Hasna Luthfiah, Rimadhani Ulfa, Mohammad Sulchan,
Gemala Anjani, Nyoman Suci Widyastiti, Diana Nur Afifah, Vita Gustin Almira
ABSTRACT
Children with protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) need a food product that can be easily absorbed by the body because they
have impaired nutrient utilization and lipid profile disorder. The provision of fermented products such as tempeh is an
alternative approach. Seeds of tree bean (Parkia timoriana (DC) Merr.) are a good source of various nutrients needed by
children with PEM. This study aimed to prove the effectiveness of the administration of tempeh flour from tree bean (Parkia
timoriana (DC) Merr.) seeds on the lipid profile in PEM rats. PEM in rats was induced by a zero-protein diet containing
granulated sugar (20 g), vegetable oil (1 g), and cornstarch (24 g). The animals were categorized into a normal control group
(K+), a PEM group without treatment (K−); a group fed tempeh flour from tree bean (Parkia timoriana (DC) Merr.) seeds
1.5 g.kg-1 BW (P1); and a group fed tempeh flour from tree bean (Parkia timoriana (DC) Merr.) seeds 3 g.kg-1 BW (P2). The
intervention was administered for 30 days. There was a significant increase in HDL levels (p = 0.001) and significant
decreases in cholesterol (p = 0.001), triglyceride (p = 0.001), LDL levels (p = 0.001), and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP)
(p = 0.000) in treatment groups. In conclusion, the administration of tempeh flour from tree bean (Parkia timoriana (DC)
Merr.) seeds increases HDL levels and decreases cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL level, and atherogenic index of plasma
(AIP) in rats with PEM.
Keywords: atherogenic index of plasma; lipid profile; protein-energy malnutrition; tempeh flour; tree bean
INTRODUCTION triglycerides, LDL, and cholesterol and low HDL levels
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is defined as (Alves et al., 2014; Velásquez and Cano, 2012).
malnutrition in which energy and protein intake are under Children with PEM need food products that are easily
the nutritional adequacy rate (Adriani and Wirjatmadi, absorbed by the body because of impaired utilization of
2016; Data and Information Center Ministry of Health nutrients. Fermented foods contain nutrients that are easily
Indonesia, 2015). It occurs because of a lack of absorbed by the intestines; one of the fermented foods is
consumption of foods containing calories and protein and tempeh (Masdarini, 2011). Tempeh is consumed by
the presence of infectious diseases that affect nutrient Indonesians, as a functional food. It is typically made from
utilization (Adriani and Wirjatmadi, 2016). soybeans using Rhizopus sp. as its starter (Cempaka et al.,
The highest prevalence of PEM in children under 5 years 2018).
of age (Adriani and Wirjatmadi, 2016). The prevalence of Tree bean (Parkia timoriana (DC) Merr.) is a plant that is
stunted and wasted children in 2019 in the world was 21.3% still classified as a legume or Leguminosae. Tree bean seeds
and 6.9%, respectively (UNICEF, 2020). Based on are high in protein, minerals, essential amino acids, and
Riskesdas 2018, in Indonesia, the prevalence of fatty acids (Mohan and Janardhanan, 1993). Several
malnutrition and undernutrition was about 3.9% and 13.8%, studies have demonstrated that tree bean seeds have anti-
respectively (Center Ministry of Health Indonesia, 2018). proliferative, antibacterial, and antioxidant functions.
Undernutrition and the presence of infectious diseases can (Angami et al., 2018). This study aimed to prove the
aggravate the diseases and worsen nutritional status. Poor effectiveness of the administration of tempeh flour from tree
nutrition in children leads to slow growth and affects bean (Parkia timoriana (DC) Merr.) seeds on the lipid
cognitive abilities (UNICEF, 2020). PEM causes profile in rat models of zero-protein-diet-induced PEM.
hypoalbumin and decreases the immune system (Hoffer,
2001). Also, this condition affects the lipid profile in which
children who are malnourished will have high levels of
Volume 15 173 2021
Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences Figure 1 Tree bean (Parkia timoriana (DC) Merr) seeds. Figure 2 Peeling the black part of tree bean seeds. Figure 3 Inoculation. Figure 4 Tempeh from tree bean seeds after fermentation 48 h. Figure 5 Drying tempeh. Figure 6 Tempeh flour from tree bean seeds. Volume 15 174 2021
Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences
Scientific hypothesis The animals were individually housed and provided a
Tempeh flour from tree bean (Parkia timoriana (DC) standard feed of Comfeed II at 15 g per rat per day and water
Merr.) seeds increases HDL levels and decreases ad libitum. Rats were randomly divided into four groups
cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL level and atherogenic (n = 6/group): the normal control group (K+), the PEM
index of plasma (AIP) in rats with PEM. group without treatment (K−), the group fed tempeh flour
from tree bean (Parkia timoriana (DC) Merr.) seeds at
MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY 1.5 g.kg-1 BW (P1), and the group fed tempeh flour from
This study is included in the research project Study of the tree bean (Parkia timoriana (DC) Merr.) seeds at 3 g.kg-1
Administration of Tempeh Flour from Tree Bean (Parkia BW (P2). All animals, except the K+ group animals, were
timoriana (DC) Merr.) Seeds in Nutritional Status, fed a zero-protein diet for 14 days. This diet contained
Hematological Profile, Immune Status, and Metabolic granulated sugar (20 g), vegetable oil (1 g), and cornstarch
Response on PEM Rats. (24 g) and was administered orally at 10 g per rat per day.
Samples PEM was defined when the rats had albumin
Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences
Table 1 The average body weight before and after treatments.
Bodyweight (g)
Groups
Pre Post ∆ p
K+ 124(120-128) 156(154-161) 33(31-35) 0.026*
K- 99(97-104) 109(107-113) 10(7-12) 0.027*
P1 100(99-103) 130(128-132) 29(29-31) 0.020*
P2 102.5(98-105) 129(126-132) 27.5(25-28) 0.026*
1 * * *
P 0.002 0.000 0.000
Note: normal control group (K+), PEM group without treatment (K-), tempeh flour from seeds of Parkia timoriana (DC) Merr.,
1.5 g.kg-1 BW group (P1), and tempeh flour from seeds of Parkia timoriana (DC) Merr., 3 g.kg-1 BW group (P2); p = Wilcoxon
test, p1 = Kruskal Wallis test; * = significant (p
Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences
Table 6 AIP before and after treatments tempeh flour from tree bean seeds.
AIP (mg.dL-1)
Groups
Pre Post ∆ p
K+ -0.07±0.01 -0.048±0.03 0.02(0.01-0.05) 0.048*
K- 0.35±0.01 0.38±0.01 0.03±0.01 0.001*
P1 0.36(0.35-0.41) 0.09±0.02 -0.28±0.01 0.027*
P2 0.36(0.34-0.42) 0.21±0.03 -0.13(-0.25-(-0.11)) 0.027*
1 * * *
p 0.004 0.000 0.000
Note: normal control group (K+), PEM group without treatment (K-), tempeh flour from seeds of Parkia timoriana (DC) Merr.,
1.5 g.kg-1 BW group (P1), and tempeh flour from seeds of Parkia timoriana (DC) Merr., 3 g.kg-1 BW group (P2); p = Wilcoxon
test, p1 = Kruskal Wallis test; * = significant (p
Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences
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liver kinase B1 and silent information regulator T1/AMPK- Contact Address:
dependent pathway. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, *Nurmasari Widyastuti, Universitas Diponegoro, Faculty
vol. 57, no. 3, p. 471-482. of Medicine, Department of Nutrition Science, Jl. Prof H.
https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201200529 Soedarto, SH, Tembalang, 50275, Semarang, Indonesia,
Priastiti, D. A., Puruhita, N. 2013. Perbedaan Kadar Tel.: +6281575897167,
Kolesterol Ldl Penderita Dislipidemia Pada Pemberian Tempe E-mail: widyastutinurmasari@gmail.com
Kedelai Hitam Dan Tempe Kedelai Kuning. Journal of ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2964-2632
Volume 15 179 2021Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences Nita Hasna Luthfiah, Universitas Diponegoro, Faculty of Nyoman Suci Widyastiti, Universitas Diponegoro, Faculty Medicine, Department of Nutrition Science, Jl. Prof H. of Medicine, Department of Clinical Pathology, Jl. Prof H. Soedarto, SH, Tembalang, 50275, Semarang, Indonesia, Soedarto, SH, Tembalang, 50275, Semarang, Indonesia, Tel.: +6282134810258, Tel.: +628122841970, E-mail: nhasna98@gmail.com E-mail: nyoman.suci@gmail.com ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3146-8269 ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4083-1293 Rimadhani Ulfa, Universitas Diponegoro, Faculty of Diana Nur Afifah, Universitas Diponegoro, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Nutrition Science, Jl. Prof H. Medicine, Department of Nutrition Science, Jl. Prof H. Soedarto, SH, Tembalang, 50275, Semarang, Indonesia, Soedarto, SH, Tembalang, 50275, Semarang, Indonesia, Tel.: +6282353256169, Tel.: +6287770380468, E-mail: rimadhaniulfa@gmail.com E-mail: d.nurafifah.dna@fk.undip.ac.id ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1424-655X ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8808-1826 Mohammad Sulchan, Universitas Diponegoro, Faculty of Vita Gustin Almira, Universitas Diponegoro, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Nutrition Science, Jl. Prof H. Medicine, Department of Nutrition Science, Jl. Prof H. Soedarto, SH, Tembalang, 50275, Semarang, Indonesia, Soedarto, SH, Tembalang, 50275, Semarang, Indonesia, Tel.: +62816655235, Tel.: +62896702780780, E-mail: mohsulchan@gmail.com E-mail: vitagalmira@gmail.com ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6961-2780 ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0432-9084 Gemala Anjani, Universitas Diponegoro, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Nutrition Science, Jl. Prof H. Corresponding author: * Soedarto, SH, Tembalang, 50275, Semarang, Indonesia, Tel.: +6281285376785, E-mail: gemaanjani@gmail.com ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7774-7693 Volume 15 180 2021
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