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SURGE
Highlights
Navy Arctic Strategy
Climate & Energy Executive Orders
Energy Security Lessons
Nord Stream 2 Report
Ambassador Richard Morningstar
Battery Reactivity
ENERGY ACADEMIC GROUP QUARTERLY NEWSLETTER SPRING 2021
Russia’s
Dangerous Game:
Mutually Assured
Darkness?
By Lawrence M. Walzer
Faculty Associate-Research,
Energy Academic Group
Increasingly, the United States
is confronted with a strategic While many Americans were distracted with other headlines
environment of intense Great Power
in the fall and early winter closing out 2020, there were
Competition and persistent hybrid
threats where the energy sector can be
several reports of alleged Russian hacking into all levels of
used to leverage governments politically U.S. energy infrastructure and systems including into the
through potential energy market Department of Energy.
manipulation or—more dangerously—
via targeted attacks on energy
infrastructure. While there are concerns the first reported blackouts caused antics go far beyond Ukraine and the
regarding China, Iran, North Korea, and by a cyberattack in 2015. Russia’s previous incursions in Georgia, as
some non-state actors, Russia remains deliberate hybrid campaign led to its Russia aggressively seeks to return a
a very prominent hybrid threat actor illegal occupation of Crimea making perceived sphere of influence into its
on many fronts and in many regions— the Kremlin an international pariah in fold. Volunteers are few.
some far away, others closer to home. the West and beyond. Nonetheless, Much closer to home, cyberattacks
As we seemingly enter a new era of its advancement of the Nord Stream into our election apparatus and energy
potential Mutually Assured Darkness, 2 pipeline both furthers its energy infrastructure—reportedly at the hands
the recent blackouts in Texas and other influence in Western Europe and of the most sophisticated Russian-
areas highlight that it is more than just attempts to weaken Ukraine in order directed hackers—paint a stark picture
the lights that go out. to punish Kyiv for its steadfast goals of our vulnerabilities, which Russia
Most will recall Russia’s aggression to escape Moscow’s yoke and align
and attacks on Ukraine, which led to with the liberal West. Russia’s hardball Continued on page 2
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Continued from page 1 energy infrastructure and systems Combating Hybrid Threats, which will
including into the Department of Energy. focus initial research efforts on Russia,
undoubtedly seeks to exploit in order Deterring our adversaries from energy, and naturally, hybrid threats in
to achieve its objectives of returning to conducting hybrid attacks will the maritime domain. We must do far
great power status and broadening its take a whole of government and more than keep the lights on.
scope and influence on an international comprehensive approach in partnership
scale. While many Americans were with the private sector, and also a LEARN MORE
distracted with other headlines in the
fall and early winter closing out 2020,
there were several reports of alleged
determined team effort with our
allies and other partners. The Naval Email Larry Walzer at
lmwalzer1@nps.edu
Postgraduate School will do its part
Russian hacking into all levels of U.S. with its recently approved Center on
Defense Energy Certificate Awardees
Dr. Dan Nussbaum and the Energy Academic Group (EAG) congratulate Cohort III students for completing the
Defense Energy Certificate, and also acknowledge their hard work and dedication to the program. Upon conclusion
of the winter quarter, we conferred certificates to 24 students. Feedback from these talented students indicates a
NPS's academic
worth-while and “eye-opening” programs
experience, in Defense
with Energy
a practical are supplemented
application to address DoDby aneeds.
seminar series which
provides a forum for leading voices within the field, practitioners,
EAG’s Defense Energy Certificate program is a graduate-level accredited certificate program and other consisting
Defense Energy
of four
influencers. These professionals give presentations, engage in brown bag
courses, offered via Distributed Learning on a pace of one course per quarter for four consecutive quarters. discussions, and
The
program is open tofacilitate informal
all federal civiliangatherings
employeesthat andencourage
active dutyDefense
military. Energy faculty
It provides thoseand students
working to discourse
military and
civilian employeesover current issues
the opportunity in Defense
to gain Energy, supplementing
an understanding of the complex classroom teaching
issues facing with practical,
the Operational and
Installation Energyprofessional
segments ofexperiences.
the DoD. The Defense Energy Seminars Series is a permanent part of NPS's
We are pleasedDefense
to reportEnergy
that Cohort IV began
program, and athekeyprogram on 29 March
to its real-world 2021 with a capacity-filled class of 30
relevance.
students. Cohort Five is expected to begin on 28 March 2022 with an announcement scheduled for 1 October 2021.
For more information, or to apply, email Kevin Maher at kjmaher@nps.edu.
Giovanni Albanese (CIV) Clinton Gorman (CIV) Noe Nunez-Feliz (CIV)
Directorate of Public Works, Public Works Department Naval Sea Systems Command,
U.S. Army Garrison, Italy Monterey, CA Washington Navy Yard
Washington, D.C.
Jeannie Belew (CIV) Geoffry Graves (CIV)
Director of Public Works Norfolk Naval Shipyard James Olden (CIV)
Fort Leonard Wood, MO Portsmouth, VA Office of the Deputy Assistant Secretary
of the Air Force (SAF/IEN), Pentagon
Marisol Bonnet-Acosta (CIV) David Kiel (CIV)
Washington, D.C.
Department of Energy Naval Surface Warfare Center,
Washington, D.C. Dahlgren Division Benito Perez (CIV)
Dahlgren, VA Installation Management Command
Philip Criswell (CIV)
Fort Bliss Garrison
Naval Surface Warfare Center, Frank Kim, CDR, USN
Fort Bliss, TX
Philadelphia Division Commander, Logistics Group
Philadelphia, PA Western Pacific Jesse Rougeux (CIV)
Sembawang, Singapore Program Executive Office Ships,
Michael Davis, COL, USA
Washington Navy Yard
North Atlantic Treaty Joshua Lappen (CIV)
Washington, D.C.
Organization School Naval Surface Warfare Center,
Oberammergau, Germany Carderock Division Matthew Suess (CIV)
West Bethesda, MD Public Works Department
Zachary Eberbach (CIV)
Monterey, CA
Installation Management Command, Sara Lohmann (CIV)
U.S. Army Garrison Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Daniel Temple (CIV)
Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany Division, Washington Navy Yard Energy Academic Group, Naval
Washington, D.C. Postgraduate School
Joshua Edwards (CIV)
Monterey, CA
Department of Public Works William Mcshane (CIV)
U.S. Army Garrison, Italy Department of Energy Benny Tomlinson (CIV)
Washington, D.C. Installation Management Command
Toniann Fisher (CIV)
Fort Bliss Garrison
Office of the Deputy Assistance Matthew Munroe, Maj, USMC
Fort Bliss, TX
Secretary of Defense for Environment 6th Engineer Support Battalion
and Energy Resilience, Pentagon Battle Creek, MI Gregory Vallery (CIV)
Washington, D.C. Installation Management Command
Garmisch, Germany
FROM THE CHAIR
Dan Nussbaum, Chair of the Energy Academic Group
In this article I address three senior officials in the Pentagon are most recent NDAA speaks directly
issues: climate change concerns of clear implementations of these new to this fact, and it imposes sanctions
the new administration; geopolitical policies. Mr. Bryan has been appointed on some participants in the
implications of a natural gas pipeline; as the Senior Advisor to the SECDEF on program. You can read about some
and a recent development in climate change; he was a former DASN of the EU-U.S.-Russia geopolitical
assessing issues in hybrid warfare. for operational energy. Mr. Kidd is tensions of NS2 in “Nord Stream 2:
Every new administration comes now the DASD (Environment & Energy Implications and Outcomes for U.S.-
with its own priorities. For example, Resilience), with a portfolio covering German Relations and the NATO
the Biden administration has “enabling resilience and cyber-secure Alliance “, here.
reintroduced climate change as an energy for weapon systems and Finally for this article, I want to
aspect of National Security, reviving installations, oversight of programs mention the establishment of a new,
what has been an in-and-out topic related to climate change, compliance interdisciplinary research center at
ever since the 1990s when the U.S. with environmental laws, prevention NPS that was initiated by the Energy
Naval War College issued Global of pollution, management of natural Academic Group, the Center on
Climate Change Implications for and cultural resources, and cleanup of Combating Hybrid Threats (CCHT). In
the United States, which found that contaminated sites, as well as energy an era of Great Power Competition,
“Naval operations in the coming half resilience, risk, and performance.” we face increased challenges from
century may be drastically affected He was formerly a Deputy Assistant hybrid threats as adversaries seek
by the impact of global climate Secretary within the Army Secretariat. to operate in the “gray zone” which
change.” Later, in October 2003, I know them both as dedicated, falls short of full war, is less costly,
the National Defense University articulate and committed civil servants, and yet is an increasingly effective
published a report stating that and look forward to working with them space to conduct hybrid operations
“global warming could have a chilling and their offices. and campaigns. The ongoing
effect on the military.” In 2018, the The worldwide flows of natural gas challenges from Russia, China, Iran,
National Defense Authorization Act are a hard-to-overestimate dimension North Korea, and non-state actors
(NDAA) addressed the vulnerabilities of international politics and economics, pertaining to hybrid threats require
to military installations over the and, as such, they play an important greater interdisciplinary attention.
next two decades and warned that role in great power competition. Two The Center will have three pillars,
rising temperatures, droughts, recent developments in this sphere are namely research, education, and
and famines might lead to more noteworthy: the recently completed outreach, and will work closely with
failed states―which are “breeding Southern Gas Corridor, and the almost other departments and centers on
grounds of extremist and terrorist completed Nord Stream 2 (NS2) the NPS campus such as the Center
organizations.” Now, President natural gas pipeline. The Southern Gas for Infrastructure Defense and the
Biden’s Executive Order (EO) Corridor routes natural gas from the Cyber Academic Group. If you’re
establishes climate considerations Caspian to Europe, and one of its main interested in this topic, please do
as an essential element of U.S. goals is to reduce Europe's dependency not hesitate to reach out to me.
foreign policy and national security. on Russian gas by diversifying Europe’s
The EO commissions a “National energy sources. NS2 will double CONTACT
Intelligence Estimate on the security
implications of climate change,” and
the capacity of the existing, parallel
undersea route (NS1) from Russian
DR. DAN NUSSBAUM
Email danussba@nps.edu
it directs DoD to “develop plans fields to Germany (and then onwards or call 831-656-2387
to adapt to a warming world.” The to get to Europe). There is some
recent announcements of Mr. Joe concern that NS2 increases Europe’s
Bryan and Mr. Richard Kidd as dependence on Russia. In fact, the
ENERGY POLICY
Navy Releases Strategic
Blueprint for the Arctic
By Kristen Fletcher,
Faculty Associate-Research,
Energy Academic Group
The crew of the Seawolf-class fast-attack submarine, USS Connecticut (SSN 22) during Ice Exercise (ICEX) 2020.
(U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Michael B. Zingaro)
On January 5, the Navy released a
Blue Arctic, its “strategic blueprint” "Without sustained American naval presence and
for the Arctic region in preparation
for an increasingly accessible and
partnerships in the Arctic region, peace and prosperity
navigable region. The document will be increasingly challenged by Russia and China, whose
defines the Arctic region as “stretching interests and values differ dramatically from ours."
from Maine in the North Atlantic across
the Arctic Ocean through the Bering
Strait and Alaska in the North Pacific to claim as a “near-Arctic state,” the 2019 Guard capabilities, and synchronizing
the southern tip of the Aleutian Island DoD Arctic Strategy disputes the claim. our Fleets.” Continuing joint military
chain.” With the increased investments and exercises, like the submarine-focused
The document follows the 2019 activities by China and Russia, the ICEX, are essential to evaluate and
Strategic Outlook for the Arctic, Arctic document prioritizes the need for enhance American preparedness for
Roadmap 2014–2030, and 2009 Navy sustained partnerships with allies within operations in the region.
Arctic Roadmap. The blueprint opens by and outside the region.
acknowledging the significant changes The blueprint shows prioritization
in the region, especially increasingly of operating more assertively across
the region “to prevail in day-to- LEARN MORE
navigable Arctic waters as a result of
rapidly melting sea ice. It states that a day competition as we protect the Download a Blue Arctic
blue Arctic “will create new challenges homeland, keep Arctic seas free and from defense.gov
and opportunities off our northern open, and deter coercive behavior and
EAG Interns have prepared two
shores. Without sustained American conventional aggression.” This includes
Arctic reports available at:
naval presence and partnerships in the improving the Navy’s exercises and fleet
nps.edu/web/eag/intern-research
Arctic region, peace and prosperity will synchronization above and underwater
by “regionally posturing our forces, Email Kristen Fletcher at
be increasingly challenged by Russia
conducting exercises and operations, kristen.fletcher@nps.edu
and China, whose interests and values
differ dramatically from ours.” While the integrating Navy-Marine Corps-Coast
blueprint does not reference China’s
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ENERGY POLICY
Executive Orders Create
National Priorities on
Climate and Energy
By Kristen Fletcher,
Faculty Associate-Research,
Energy Academic Group
President Joe Biden signs one of the 17 Executive Orders he signed on Inauguration Day Wednesday, Jan. 20, 2021, in the Oval Office of the
White House. (Official White House Photo by Adam Schultz)
Between January 20 and February EO 14008 calls for the creation of its future National Defense Strategy.
4, President Biden issued three of a National Climate Task Force, DoD will analyze its own carbon
Executive Orders (EOs) which prioritize which is chaired by National Climate footprint and spur the “development
climate at the center of U.S. foreign Advisor Gina McCarthy, and includes of climate-friendly technologies at
policy and national security and senior White House officials and scale.” Secretary Austin concluded
instruct executive agencies regarding Cabinet-level leaders from 21 federal the statement with “There is little
energy and climate actions. The agencies including the Secretaries about what the Department does to
Executive Orders are: of Defense, Homeland Defense, and defend the American people that is
Energy. The Task Force will facilitate not affected by climate change. It is a
• Executive Order 13900 (January the organization and deployment national security issue, and we must
20, 2021): Protecting Public Health of a government-wide approach to treat it as such.”
and the Environment and Restoring combat the climate crisis, including
Science to Tackle the Climate Crisis leveraging federal procurement to
decarbonize the electricity sector by
• Executive Order 14008 (January 27,
2035 and replace government vehicles LEARN MORE
2021): Tackling the Climate Crisis at
with zero-emission vehicles. EO 14008 The Climate Change EOs and
Home and Abroad
reboots the Presidential Memorandum Secretary Austin’s statement are
• Executive Order 14013 (February on Climate Change and National available at: nps.edu/web/eag/
4, 2021): Rebuilding and Enhancing Security of September 21, 2016, and energy-climate
Programs to Resettle Refugees and calls for an analysis of the security
All Executive Orders and
Planning for the Impact of Climate implications of climate change to be
Presidential Memoranda are
Change on Migration incorporated into defense planning
available at:
along with deployment of clean energy
whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/
EO 13900 calls for conservation of 30% technologies and infrastructure.
presidential-actions
of federal land and oceans by 2030; Secretary of Defense Austin issued
institutes a moratorium on new oil and a statement noting that the Pentagon Email Kristen Fletcher at
gas leases on public lands and waters; will begin incorporating climate analysis kristen.fletcher@nps.edu
and coincides with the United States into its war-gaming and analysis efforts
reentering the Paris Climate Accord. as well as featuring the issue as part
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ENERGY POLICY
Lessons for
the States
on Energy
Security
By Brenda Shaffer,
Faculty Associate-Research,
Energy Academic Group
Article originally published February 23,
2021 in RealClearEnergy and reprinted These lessons include the need for government involvement
with permission.
in energy security, the necessity of emergency-supply
The recent extended electricity
plans, the importance of diversifying fuel sources, the need
outage in Texas has spurred a sharp for energy storage and dual-fuel power plants, and legal
debate on how to prevent future protection of ownership and operations of critical energy
disasters in Texas and other states. infrastructure.
Much of this debate ignores the
fact that few states have adopted a
proactive approach to energy security. alone can’t provide it. Accordingly, U.S. particularly residential customers, will
Instead, most have left energy security states need energy security policies. receive energy supplies. As the recent
matters to market mechanisms and While market mechanisms and private bitter freeze loomed, Texas should have
to Washington, neither of which can companies can play the dominant preemptively ordered such a shutdown.
deliver on local needs. States would role in energy production, transit, and Instead, several days into the crisis,
benefit from adopting energy security marketing, the state must stay involved energy-intensive industries in Texas,
policies. In crafting these policies, in ensuring that mechanisms are in like gas-liquefaction plants, chose to
they can learn from the tenets of place for energy security. shut down. Texas and many other U.S.
international energy security policy Second, well-governed states states rely on market mechanisms to
as practiced by many countries with develop and execute detailed direct such shutdowns, but the market
smaller populations and GNP than emergency plans in case of disruptions mechanisms did not deliver. A simple
medium and large U.S. states. of natural gas, liquid fuels, and emergency-response plan could have
These lessons include the need for electricity supplies. Most NATO prevented the meltdown.
government involvement in energy member countries, for instance, have Next, diverse fuel mixes enhance
security, the necessity of emergency- energy emergency-supply plans. These security of energy supply. Following the
supply plans, the importance of plans allow these governments to pre- Texas outage, interested parties sought
diversifying fuel sources, the need emptively shut down energy-intensive, to blame specific energy sources such
for energy storage and dual-fuel non-essential industries, such as as wind and natural gas for the failure.
power plants, and legal protection of cement production, desalination plants, It’s a good thing that Texas’s electricity
ownership and operations of critical and some manufacturing. is produced by multiple energy
energy infrastructure. By doing so, governments can sources, but as foreign countries know,
Lesson one is that energy security is prevent grid collapse and ensure that energy systems need back up and
akin to national security, and markets those that need the supplies most, redundancies. Governments need to
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mandate that natural gas companies ownership in U.S. energy infrastructure. equipped than the vast federal
store backup supplies, not leave it to Most foreign countries enact laws to government to provide for local
the companies’ discretion. protect their strategic infrastructure security of supply of energy. Market
Israel, for instance, despite from being acquired by potential hostile mechanisms are not enough to get
possessing, like Texas, vast natural actors. For instance, Lithuania in 2012 the job done. The public expects local
gas resources in the ground, stores barred ownership of its energy and governments to ensure secure energy
liquefied gas for emergency use. And other strategic national infrastructure supplies. When the lights go out,
some of the electricity power plants by companies that do not share a citizens blame their states, not private
should be dual-fuel, so that when gas “trans-Atlantic orientation,” in an effort companies or Washington.
supplies are disrupted, they can easily to prevent Russian ownership of its
transfer from one fuel type to another grids and ports. U.S. states need also LEARN MORE
and keep generation going. The dual-
fuel plants are less efficient, so the
private market tends not to install
to assess the risks from foreign actors
and put legislation in place to protect
essential energy infrastructure.
Email Brenda Shaffer at
eag_poc@nps.edu
them. Again, it falls to governments Marketization of energy trade has
to ensure some backup plants are had many worthwhile results, leading
available when needed. Most Eastern to greater supplies and lower prices
European nations possess dual- of many forms of energy. However,
fuel power plants to offset potential U.S. states need to enact policies
disruptions of Russian gas. that ensure the reliability of those
While not connected to the Texas supplies, especially as most American
supply outage, future disruptions could communities plan expanded use of
be tied to foreign actors that acquire electricity. States are much better
NEW REPORT
Nord Stream 2: Implications and
Outcomes for U.S.-German Relations
and the NATO Alliance
Resolving the areas of 2 will secure additional volumes NATO Alliance. Ultimately, careful
contention between Germany from Russia. Ironically, this will diplomacy and compromise
and the United States is of also increase Russia’s political and solutions from Washington and
the utmost importance early in economic leverage over Ukraine as Berlin offer the best potential
President Joe Biden’s term. One well as several Central and Eastern for ameliorating trans-Atlantic
of these disputes is the ongoing European Allies dependent on relations during a fraught election
disagreements on the Nord Russian gas. The U.S. has voiced year in Germany.
Stream 2 undersea natural gas strong opposition to Nord Stream
pipeline. This issue comes at 2, but Germany is determined to
a difficult time as Berlin is in a proceed with its construction,
precarious position regarding its further complicating efforts to LEARN MORE
energy security outlook. To meet normalize relations between the Read the entire report
economic and environmental two nations. This position paper on the EAG's website at
obligations after the shutdown of provides three potential scenarios nps.edu/web/eag/news
its nuclear power plants, Germany on Nord Stream 2, discussing
will depend on steady imports the implications of each for U.S.-
of natural gas; and Nord Stream German relations, as well as for the
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ENERGY OUTREACH
Interview with Ambassador
Richard Morningstar
By Brenda Shaffer, Faculty
Associate – Research, Energy
Academic Group
Ambassador Richard Morningstar (retired), founding chairman of the Atlantic Council’s Global Energy Center
In August 2020, the Energy we were thinking about and we really successful project.” This project brings
Academic Group held an advanced wanted there to be a diversity of the first new gas volumes in decades
energy security course for pipelines, not just pipelines going to Europe, versus pipeline projects that
professionals in Azerbaijan, through Russia. We didn’t want to see just reroute existing gas supplies.
Georgia and Turkey. The virtual pipelines going through Iran—but
course was co-sponsored with ADA it was important that pipelines go
University in Baku. One of the highlights west… We really wanted to emphasize
of the course was an interview and ensure the sovereignty of the LEARN MORE
with (retired) Ambassador Richard new states, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Watch the full interview at
Morningstar, founding chairman of Central Asian countries.” In addition, nps.edu/web/eag/august-12-2020
the Atlantic Council’s Global Energy “What was important is that this was
Center. Ambassador Morningstar held a a bipartisan policy. Republicans and Read the full interview at the
number of positions over the last three Democrats both supported it. And atlanticcouncil.org
decades leading major aspects of U.S. it’s been consistent since that time. Email Brenda Shaffer at
international energy policy, including With all of the issues in the United eag_poc@nps.edu
U.S. Special Envoy for Eurasian Energy States, all the fighting back and forth
and U.S. Ambassador to the EU, and between Republicans and Democrats,
U.S. Ambassador to Azerbaijan. His our Caspian policy has been fully
interview captures lessons learned on consistent for 25 years. And I think
U.S. international energy policy and is that’s been very important because it
an important primary document for gave us credibility.” On the Southern
students and researchers studying Gas Corridor natural gas project, which
the intersection between U.S. foreign brings gas from the Caspian to Europe
policy and U.S. international energy and which Morningstar worked over a
policy, Caspian energy, and the politics decade to help establish, Morningstar
of the South Caucasus. In addition remarked, “I think that the Southern
Morningstar explained “At that time, Gas Corridor has been an incredibly
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RESILIENCE CORNER
The Four
Horsemen of
Infrastructure
Vulnerability
arise as a challenge to a system that by determining the probability it will be
By Dan Eisenberg, PhD, causes assets and systems to fail. inoperable given normal conditions.
Department of Operations Here, experts use consequence Reliability engineering focuses on
Research, NPS models to estimate impacts brought updating poorly managed, out-of-
by challenges. In contrast, threats also date, and faulty systems before they
Resilience is a “new” term creeping arise from flaws within our systems. fail. Reliability is the language of
into military directives, but what Here, bad design or poor management systems engineers and engineering
does it mean and how do we use can cause systems to fail. Flaws can be professionals.
it to guide decisions? Earlier in the managed without knowing the failures
Resilience Corner, we described or consequences they may cause. Adversarial Analysis: Adversarial
how achieving resilience means Taken together, these perspectives analysis deals with possible challenges
improving the robustness, extensibility, allow us to organize a comprehensive to a system. While the likelihood
restoration, and adaptation of military framework for vulnerability analysis. of an adversarial attack can only
systems. However, improving resilience Specifically, perspectives relate to four be estimated with possibility, the
is impossible without first knowing technical fields, each exemplifying one consequences of an adversarial attack
system vulnerability. of the “four horsemen of infrastructure can be explicitly measured. Adversarial
So, how do we identify vulnerability” that will come to your analysis is the language of military and
vulnerabilities? My answer to this base to tell you that your energy security experts.
question hinges on the idea that system is vulnerable. A comprehensive
Safety Engineering: Safety deals
vulnerabilities arise from how we model vulnerability analysis should consider
with possible flaws in a system.
the predictability and source of threats. each perspective prior to making
Safety concerns itself with managing
There are at least two ways to model recommendations on how to improve
dangerous conditions and tries to
threat predictability. Predictability resilience.
identify protections and precautions
can be modeled with probabilities
Risk Analysis: Risk analysis identifies that prevent failures from occurring.
representing the likelihood of a threat
predictable challenges to a system. Safety is the language of safety
(e.g., the return period for a flood).
The likelihood of a risk is modeled with professionals and human factors.
Predictability is also modeled with
possibilities representing imagined probability and the consequences of
events that are unlikely, but possible. system failure is explicitly measured. LEARN MORE
In the military, we often consider
possibilities through wargaming and
Risk analysis is the language of the
insurance industry and actuaries. Email Dan Eisenberg at
daniel.eisenberg@nps.edu
exercises to see how people respond to
Reliability Engineering: Reliability
ficticious situations.
identifies predictable flaws in a system.
There are also two ways to model
The reliability of a system is informed
the source of threats. Threats can
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ENERGY RESEARCH
COTS Microgrid
Lab Operational
at NPS
By Brandon Naylor, Faculty
Associate-Research,
Energy Academic Group
The microgrid is housed in a 20’ standard shipping container for easy to transport for future experiments in different testing environments.
The Energy Academic Group at the the COTS components used in the as monitoring the voltage of individual
Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) microgrid differ from what students battery cells. Demonstrating COTS
has completed construction of might see in a forward deployed technologies in this microgrid lab may
a small-scale microgrid using low operational environment, their pave the way for future exploration or
cost commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) open architecture and component- adoption of COTS energy technologies
parts. This microgrid facility will allow agnostic nature makes them ideal for at CONUS DoD installations. Until
students to collect experimental student experimentation; the COTS then, the microgrid lab will serve as a
data on the performance of different components used in the microgrid valuable educational tool for students
technologies for renewable generation, are designed to interface with a wide studying power electronics at NPS.
energy storage, and power distribution. variety of hardware, so students will be
The microgrid is housed in a 20’ able to integrate new components such LEARN MORE
standard shipping container which
makes the system easy to transport
for future experiments in different
as hydrogen or compressed air energy
storage. Work is ongoing to improve
the data collection capabilities of the
Email Brandon Naylor at
blnaylor@nps.edu
testing environments. Although microgrid for adavanced features such
Operational Energy Research
Available on Calhoun
Allreserved
Space NPS resident students Energy
for our Operation write aTheses
thesisplug
or capstone project report as part of
their curricular requirements. Many theses are unclassified and accessible
on Calhoun—the Naval Postgraduate School's digital repository for research
materials and institutional publications created by the NPS community. To access
theses which involve operational energy, please use the following link. New theses
are added every quarter.
View operational energy theses available on Calhoun:
https://calhoun.nps.edu/
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Battery Reactivity, a Key Consideration
By Eric Hahn, Faculty Associate –
Research, Energy Academic Group
Energy storage is an integral
component of an increasingly
Spent Li-ion batteries add to hazardous waste streams
electrified modern battlefield.
This will result in a greater need generated by the force. The risks and costs associated
for light-weight yet energy-dense with this waste stream could be reduced or potentially
storage systems. The increasing eliminated with implementation of deactivation
demand for these systems has technology.
resulted in the deployment
of lithium ion (Li-ion) battery
technologies across the force. materials recycling describes it as Defense Logistics Agency (DLA),
The requirement to enable and follows: “Li-ion battery reactivity can OnTo Technology LLC (a DLA Small
protect the force on the modern lead to explosion, even with state-of- Business Innovation Research
battlefield, as well as minimize the-art recycling practices. To show Contractor), and the Energy
risks of collateral damage, places a the risk of fire and energy release with Academic Group are collaborating
premium on efficient and effective batteries, a single small cell can reach on concept stage exploratory study
life cycle management of Li-ion over 600˚C and melt aluminum when in the southwest region to identify
battery technology. cut with a shearing action, like what and prioritize specific research
Key life cycle considerations occurs in an industrial shredder.” Spent development locations, activities
of Li-ion battery systems Li-ion batteries add to hazardous and transition needs to enable
involve efficient and effective waste streams generated by the implementation of new battery
management of not only their force. The risks and costs associated deactivation technology.
energy storage benefits, but with this waste stream could be
also their hazardous energy reduced or potentially eliminated
risks. Steve Sloop, a technology LEARN MORE
developer focused on battery
with implementation of deactivation
technology. Email Eric Hahn at
ehahn1@nps.edu
S U R G E S P R I N G 2 02 1 Q UA R T E R LY N E W S L E T T E R , E N E R G Y AC A D E M I C G R O U P, N AVA L P O S T G R A D UAT E S C H O O L 11Calendar of Events
JUNE
June 29–July 2
Critical Energy Infrastructure
Protection (CEIP) Analysis Workshop
Baku, Azerbaijan
Interested in Energy-related Thesis Research?
Since 2013, NPS and the EAG supported a plethora of student thesis research in the area of
energy. Publicly viewable student theses can be searched from the Resources page of the EAG
website at nps.edu/web/eag/resources. The EAG’s extensive resources, intellectual capital,
and connections with multi-disciplinary faculty and energy professionals provide students
enhanced support for energy-related research. If interested in energy research, please reach
out to the EAG team!
Contribute to
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Connect with the Energy Academic Group contribute an article or
The Energy Academic Group is located in Room 101A, Spanagel Hall on have your research/work
the NPS campus in Monterey, California. A wide range of NPS faculty are published in the Surge
affiliated with the energy program, actively participate in energy graduate newsletter, please contact
education, energy executive education, and energy research. For questions, Lois Hazard via email at
please contact one of the principal EAG faculty members: lkhazard@nps.edu.
CHAIR LCDR USN (Ret) Dr. Brenda Shaffer
Dr. Daniel Nussbaum Eric Hahn eag_poc@nps.edu Surge is published quarterly by
danussba@nps.edu ehahn1@nps.edu the Energy Academic Group at
LtCol USMC (Ret)
831-656-2387 Tahmina Karimova Dan Temple the Naval Postgraduate School.
ASSOCIATE CHAIR ttkarimo@nps.edu daniel.temple@nps.edu
831-656-6405 Lois Hazard
Alan Howard LtCol USMC (Ret) Editor-In-Chief
arhoward@nps.edu Brandon Naylor Lawrence Walzer
831-656-3855 blnaylor@nps.edu lmwalzer1@nps.edu Frank Chezem
831-656-1986 831-656-3777 Art Direction and
FACULTY
Graphic Design
Kristen Fletcher CDR USN (Ret) Jacob Wigal
kristen.fletcher@nps.edu Kevin Maher jacob.wigal@nps.edu
831-656-6195 kjmaher@nps.edu 831-656-1897
831-656-2691
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