STUDY REGARDING GENERAL ASPECTS OF SPECIALTY LITERATURE ABOUT SELECTION IN WEIGHTLIFTING
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Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov
Series IX: Sciences of Human Kinetics • Vol. 14(63) No. 1 – 2021
https://doi.org/10.31926/but.shk.2021.14.63.1.5
STUDY REGARDING GENERAL ASPECTS OF
SPECIALTY LITERATURE ABOUT SELECTION
IN WEIGHTLIFTING
G. CĂLIN1 C. CIORBĂ2 G. GHEORGHIU1
Abstract: The research of the specialized literature was done both
traditionally and online. Study the bibliographic sources were accessed from
related fields that provide theoretical information on the selection and
identification of talents in sports. The search criteria included books, articles
or doctoral theses, educational sources, medical and psychological studies,
empirical or theoretical research. Selection concepts, criteria and means of
selection in sports for different age levels have been identified. For high
performance sports, the most talented professional athletes are selected
from practitioners who reach the threshold of maximum performance
capacity at the age level at which they manifest or who meet the
requirements imposed by large-scale competitions in which they participate.
Key words: sport, performances, selections, haltere, young generation
1. Introduction Even if at the beginning the weight
training pursues other educational
Practicing physical activities is a purposes, often, this exercise acquires the
permanent concern of the young specific character of the specialized sport
generation [4]. Exercising with weights for and leads to the practice of weightlifting
the development of general strength is by young peoples (Williams & Ford, 2008).
useful for daily life, for the practice of The practice of weightlifting has existed
performance sports or for recreational for hundreds of years with notable
activities [9], [15], [27], [28]. Given the references in the literature of the ancient
wide spread of this activity, the practice of Rome, in writings from the ancient Greece
weightlifting finds its place from an early or from China. However, the last century
age [30]. has seen a dramatic increase in the
1
Dunărea de Jos” University of Galati, Romania.
2
State Pedagogical University “Ion Creangă”, Moldavian Republic.42 Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov. Series IX • Vol. 14(63) No. 1 – 2021 popularity of weightlifting, especially in Scandinavian or the Viking Gods. The the Eastern cultures or in the United existing evidence shows that this focus on States. The popularity of weightlifting muscle has advanced in the last century, seems to have increased due to the especially since the 1950s. It is not clear growing desire of the society on the what forces have fuelled this increase in development of muscles and strength. In the focus on the muscle. Certainly, part of the Western cultures, in particular, muscle the desire to be bigger and stronger was and strength have been associated for also influenced by the society's pressure centuries with the concept of masculinity, on athletes to perform at an ever-higher sexuality and strength, providing level. This created a culture of the motivation to men to try to become bigger phenomenon “at any risk” to win. In the and stronger since ancient times [21]. weightlifting and strongman With the growing popularity of the competitions there is an enormous weightlifting in the twentieth century, pressure to lift more and more from year several specific disciplines have evolved. to year, always breaking down and These are: Olympic weightlifting, obtaining new records. [29]. powerlifting, strongman and bodybuilding Weightlifting is a sport in which athletes competitions. The history of weightlifting lift heavy weights that are made up of has ancient origins, this sport being discs of different weights placed on the present in the Olympic program since the ends of a bar. The empty standard first edition of the modern Olympics, in Olympic bar (without mounted discs) 1896, but continued to evolve in various weighs 20 kg. It is an Olympic sport, but it forms until 1972, when the two Snatched can also be practiced by amateurs. and Thrown styles have been established There are two styles: snatched (consists as lifting procedures [32]. of lifting the dumbbell with both arms in a Weightlifting have grown steadily in single continuous movement) and popularity since the last century, throwing (consists of lifting the dumbbell especially since the 1950s, as evidenced to the chest, then raising it by stretching by the growing number of athletes at the the arms up). In the past there was national and international competitions, another style, "pushed", but it was as well as the number of weightlifting removed from the styles. magazines and publications. Similarly, and In the activity of a coach, the selection in parallel, the manufacture and sale of represents the first step towards the equipment specific to this sport has formation of an object of work and its increased. metamorphosis in order to obtain the An increasingly rich literature explains performance [10], [31]. the steady growth in the popularity of the The intense increase of the sports weightlifting over the last century. As performances worldwide implies the previously mentioned, musculature has permanent improvement of the athletes’ always been appreciated in the Western organizational and methodological forms culture, as highlighted by the Greek and of training at this level. Consequently, the Roman statuettes, or the tradition of the attention of specialists is focused not only
G. CĂLIN et al.: Study regarding General Aspects of Specialty Literature about Selection… 43
on perfecting the methodology of the online environment. The traditional study
high-performance sports training, but also consisted of identifying and reading books
on the selection fund necessary to and articles from specialized magazines
complete the lots of sports disciplines [8]. about sports and selection in performance
Internationally, we have the following sports and selection in weightlifting.
weight categories: Juniors U15; Junior Bibliographic sources have been
U17; Juniors U20; Youth U23; Seniors. accessed from related fields that provide
At a national level, in Romania we have theoretical information on the selection
the following age categories: Juniors III (9- and identification of the sports talents.
12 years old); Juniors U15; Juniors U17; In the online research, 26 bibliographic
Juniors U20; Youth U23; Seniors references regarding the studied problem
If at the international level we have were accessed by accessing the Google
competitions for U15 Juniors, the Scholar database.
Romanian Weightlifting Federation has The terms used in the search were:
added the age category for Juniors aged “dumbbells”, “selection in dumbbells”,
9-12 in order to train new performers to “selection in sports”, “training for
cope brilliantly in international children”, “talent identification”, “young
competitions. athletes”.
In order to reach a sports maturity that The search criteria included books,
ensures good performances on an articles or doctoral theses, educational
international level, it takes time, precisely sources, medical and psychological
for this reason the selection in studies; empirical or theoretical research.
weightlifting starts from 9 years or even
earlier. 3. Concepts of Selection in Sports
At the moment there is no evidence to
indicate the minimum age at which After accessing the databases, we found in
practicing weightlifting can be started. the specialised literature that the concept
Generally accepted are those who can of selection was initially used in an
follow the coach's instructions and who economic and social action, scientifically
can meet the requirements of the training based since the early twentieth century
program [14]. for the early diagnosis of the professional
The approach to the selection process in skills, and the orientation of talents
the performance sports in general and in towards one profession or another, based
weightlifting specialization in particular, on certain tests and methods meant to
decisively influences the rapid training of highlight the manual dexterity, the
the future high-performance athletes in reception and the correct and fast
weightlifting [16]. learning of some motor schemes. Not
being a clearly defined concept, the
2. Methodology selection only suggests the beginning of a
sports training action, which over the
The research of the specialized literature years, has known different expressions.
was done both traditionally and in the44 Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov. Series IX • Vol. 14(63) No. 1 – 2021 The most popular expression was the interdisciplinary team of specialists early specialization, which expresses the participates in the selection act, each concern to direct the child to a sporting acting in accordance with the rigors of the event from an early age [3], [22]. Then in measuring and assessing instruments. the '60s, the term early initiation was Five types of criteria act in the national used, which attenuated the direction of selection system: Medical-sports criteria; sports specialization towards a process Somatophysiological criteria; Biochemical preceding the future consecration from an criteria; Psychological criteria; Motor early age. criteria. Later, the phrase primary selection was The selection is known as the action of used, which represents the moment of the permanent sorting of athletes, which is child's entry based on criteria in the sports based on complex systemic investigation units [24]. in order to orient and direct them to the The institutionalization of the unique test or branch of sport in which they show system of selection and training of the motivation and skills. children and juniors is made in 1967, The need for selection in performance being preceded by the analysis of the sports is unanimously recognized. experience gained on a national and However, the current stage of selection international level. of athletes, performed on the basis of Thus, the selection was defined as an initial abilities, followed by the gradual organized and repeated process of early elimination of those who perform less detection of the innate availability of the well, is far from satisfactory. Currently child, junior, using a complex system of there are many premises that allow a criteria (medical, biological, psycho- substantial improvement in this problem sociological and motor) for his practice [1]. and further specialization in a discipline or Mainly, the sports result is determined sports test [26]. by the simultaneous action of several The Research Centre of MTS, together factors, whose influences are different. with the Institute of Sports Medicine have The biological training is a process of developed a complex system for testing adaptation and improvement of sports. subjects and, derived from it, a system of This process does not have an equal criteria and requirements, which apply evolution for all the functions, organs, and uniformly in the effective operation of systems of the organism. selecting the child from a heterogeneous Based on what is known today, it can be mass, which presents certainties regarding said that some of the factors on which the the integration, stability, receptivity and sports result depends are less perfectible, the capacity to assert itself in the national while others may even support a or international sports activity. substantial improvement. This system combines in a whole a Currently, in the high-performance multitude of criteria that act in a contemporary sport, the problem is to predetermined order, imposed by a find talents, to attract the most talented methodology verified in practice. An young people at an early age, who
G. CĂLIN et al.: Study regarding General Aspects of Specialty Literature about Selection… 45 through a judicious prognosis of biological Salmela, (2001) [12]. The question is no development and a rational training longer whether the genetic or process, scientifically led and directed, the environmental factors determine the today's young man may become the behaviour, but how they interact [18]. tomorrow's performer. Only the talent, Identifying positive traits in a without an exceptional sports training, preadolescent child does not guarantee does not lead to a high performance, just that this characteristic will remain during as an optimal training without talent, the the maturation process to adulthood [2]. biological endowment cannot take you to Also, Bompa, (1999) [7], considers that the the heights of the sports glory, except psychological ability is the most important exceptionally or conjuncturally. factor in detecting and identifying talents. Today, the selection criteria represent Basic motor skills should be developed the result of statistical processing of before any sports specialization, so that numerous objective data, in their centre individuals can transfer them with being the "biological model" of the today's confidence in sports [23]. and the tomorrow's performer. Life clearly Also, as athletes improve and achieve shows us that this biological model varies better technical and physical at least from one decade to another, as homogeneity, the psychological factors does the method of training or the biology (decision making, use of images, etc.) will of the athlete. For a correct approach to become increasingly important for selection, a lot of mobility, clairvoyance performance [5]. This is especially true in and at the same time a rigorous forecast sports in which the individual must must be demonstrated, especially since perform in an unstable and unpredictable the data of science are evolving at an environment. In addition, an individual's accelerated pace [11]. ability to perform consistently at the However, without the "right" highest level depends largely on the environment, namely one in which the psychological factors [20]. individual is encouraged and supported The use of the scientific programs for and has the opportunity to learn and the discovery and identification of talents practice, the optimal performance will was initiated in the Eastern and Central never be achieved. Consequently, the Europe [6]. These models were based talent selection and the identification almost exclusively on identifying the programs must not only be able to identify physical and anthropometric relevant psychological, physical and characteristics of elites in younger physiological characteristics, but must be athletes. Indeed, the Olympic success of able to identify the potential and talent Bulgaria, Romania and East Germany in developed. the 1960s and 1970s was largely In conclusion, the talent therefore attributed to the scientific processes of seems to depend on gene, environment, talent discovery [6]. As a result of opportunity, encouragement and the successful sports countries using effect of these variables on physical and anthropometry-based talent identification psychological traits, says Durand-Bush N & models; similar systems have emerged
46 Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov. Series IX • Vol. 14(63) No. 1 – 2021
and continue to emerge worldwide. For examination to which is added the
example, in China, the selection of pulmonary radioscopy and the
gymnasts takes place taking into account radiography of the spine in general and
the physical and anthropometric profile of of the lumbar spine in particular where
children aged 7 to 9 years [16]. the demand is maximum. The
The vastness at which an individual investigation of the cardiovascular
specializes in elite sports programs varies system must be done very carefully;
by sport. However, early specialization is Regarding the height, the children with
very common in the Soviet Union. The medium height are selected, between
earliest specialization appears in women's m 1.20 - m 1.30, eliminating those who
gymnastics, swimming and figure skating, far exceed the average height;
the selection being made at the age of 4-5 The weight is between kg 28-35,
years [19]. corresponding to the medium weight;
The thoracic perimeter in cm 50-55;
4. Selection Components children with clogged chest, who show
pathological changes or who have
The primary (initial) selection values below the average limits are not
corresponds to the child's first contact allowed;
with the training in the sports discipline. The pulse should have an average
This selection usually takes place at 5-6 value of 76-80 beats/ min with the
years, preschool age, in some sports signalling of beats rhythm disorders;
(sports gymnastics, swimming, figure The blood pressure with maximum
skating, skiing, etc.), at 8-10 years in other blood pressure values between 105-
sports (athletics, sports games, fencing, 120 mmHg and 60-70 mmHg minimum;
etc.) and 10-12 years other sports (boxing, The optimal waist/ lower limbs ratio is
wrestling, etc.). It should not be 55% trunk and 45% lower limbs. The
understood that at the age of 10 we are measurement is made by the coach or at a
for boxing, weightlifting, etc. from a specialized medical office.
competitive point of view; but based on a The length of the palms is determined
rigorous selection we are familiar with by measuring with the centimetre. The
some elements of the specific training on bigger the palm, the more accurate the
the background of a multilateral training, athlete will be able to execute a grip. The
in accordance with the physiological measurement is made from the wrist to
requirements of growth. the fingertips. The longitudinal palm
At weightlifting, children aged 8-9 are diameter of the world champions varies
chosen, taking into account the following between 17-24 cm depending on the
indices [25]. weight categories [13].
Health condition, mandatory The secondary, pubertal selection takes
requirement, requires the selection of place around puberty located as an age
children who are in good and very between 12-16 years, which involves a
good health. The assessment is made training period of at least 4 years. If the
on the basis of a thorough clinical primary selection takes into account theG. CĂLIN et al.: Study regarding General Aspects of Specialty Literature about Selection… 47 family history (parents, brothers, sisters), sports, otherwise they will be lost for the the neuropsychic structure of the child great performance, leaving in the and the pathological history, health and consciousness of these children’s fitness, motivation for sports, etc., at the irretrievable disappointments for the rest secondary selection that is the true of their lives. That is why the doctor and selection for the sports performance, we the coach have an extremely important must consider the biological micromodel role at this level of selection, where they of the performer, which implies, on the must operate in close collaboration with one hand, the biological effects of at least the selection and orientation in order to 4 years of training with the respective reduce to a minimum the percentage of marks, and on the other hand the the sports failures (Moore et al., 1998; Nijs development forecast that would give us et al., 2014). some certainty that the micromodel The final selection, the Olympics, for today, freed from puberty, can reach the the great performance it represents the biological macro model of tomorrow. This last stage of selection in sports. It can be micromodel considers morphological, stated and not without reason - that at structural and functional indicators and this level of selection the sports effort capacity, all factors favouring the performance operates with priority, and performance of the test [22]. the biological model of the champion for If at this level of selection, after at least the moment cannot always be generalized 4 years of training, the expected biological and set as a goal for those who come micromodel has not been obtained (most after, always hurry to reach this and why often puberty can be involved in this not to surpass it [17]. failure, possibly inadequate training), the It is very true that in general the so-called medical sports and pedagogical performance is at this level of selection orientation can be practiced, which one of the basic indicators, but even the capitalizes these 4 years of training and biological ones cannot be ignored, natural influences, puberty, offering reaching again the entity of selection, a premises for satisfaction in a sport, in a complex multidisciplinary, integrated test whose biological requirements in process [17], [32]. particular are closer to the realities of the Thus, in the conditions of selection for model. In this sense, the orientations from participation, in a championship, world or swimming to polo, from skating to ice continental, at the Olympic Games, where hockey, from athletics to short distance the competition lasts several days, it is running to long distance running, etc., sometimes required an acclimatization to would seem logical [10], [21]. altitude, time zone, or special climatic Many talented children are lost due to conditions, or a special psychophysical the selfishness of some technicians who endurance for the competition that lasts do not understand that their own students several days, the biological selection who have a training period of at least 4-6 indicators become as important as the years and have not achieved great sports performance taken as a singular performance, must redirect them to close element. Thus, the biological indicators
48 Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov. Series IX • Vol. 14(63) No. 1 – 2021
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