Study on prevalence and cyst characterization of cystic Echinococcosis (Hydatidosis) in bovine slaughtered at Bishoftu municipal Abattoir ...
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Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. (2021). 8(6): 93-108
International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences
ISSN: 2348-8069
www.ijarbs.com
DOI: 10.22192/ijarbs Coden: IJARQG (USA) Volume 8, Issue 6 -2021
Research Article
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22192/ijarbs.2021.08.06.013
Study on prevalence and cyst characterization of cystic
Echinococcosis (Hydatidosis) in bovine slaughtered at Bishoftu
municipal Abattoir, Centeral Ethiopia
Amanuel Ashebo1 , Mulugeta Sosango2, * Kefele Yohannes2
1
(DVM, Graduate), Kembata Tembaro Zone , Hadero Tunito Zuriya Woreda Livestock and Fisher resource
, Hadero, Ethiopia. E-mail: amnuelashebo@gmail.com
2
(DVM, Graduate), Kembata Tembaro Zone, Hadero Tunito Zuriya Woreda Livestock and Fisher resource,
Hadero, Ethiopia. E-mail: mulugetasosango@gmail.com
3
(DVM, Graduate), Jimma University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jimma, Ethiopia.
*Corresponding author- Kefele Yohannes; Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
E-mail : kefeleyohannes@gmail.com
Abstract
Objective A cross-sectional study was conducted from November, 2015 to March, 2016 at Bishoftu municipal abattoir with
the objectives of determining the prevalence of bovine hydatidosis and its associated risk factors, and characterizing
the cysts.
R e s u l t ; A total of 420 animals were randomly sampled, of which 161 were found harboring a single or multiple hydatid
cysts based on routine meat inspection. Therefore the prevalence (95% CI) of hydatidosis (or cystic echinococcosis) in
cattle was estimated at 38.3% (33.66 ‒ 43.17). Hydatid cyst count and further characterization were conducted. The statistical
analysis showed that there was no significant association (p > 0.05) between the prevalence of bovine hydatidosis and breed
of animals. Infection of hydatidosis has shown statistically significant (OR=1.637, p = 0.00) association with age of cattle,
being higher in those above five years (41.7%) of age than in five and below five years old group (30.44%). Also the result
revealed that highest prevalence of bovine hydatidosis was recorded in cattle with lean body condition (54.5%) followed
by medium (34.4%) and then in fat body condition (27.3%), with strong statistically significant difference (OR=1.558
p=0.02). The total number of organs affected by one or more hydatid cyst(s) was found to be 180, out of which lung
account for 101 (66.73%), liver 68 (31.52%), kidney 6(0.96%), heart 3 (0.48%) and spleen 2 (0.3%). Lungs and livers
accounted for more than98% of the infected organs, with lungs being the highest infected organ. Out of 82 cystsexamined, 33
(40.24 %) calcified, 35 (42.68%) sterile, and 14 (17.07%) were fertile, of which 13.33% were found viable. The rate of cyst
calcification was higher in the liver than in the lung while fertility rate was higher among the cysts of the lung.
Conclusion; In conclusion the findings reported here has shown that hydatidosis is widespread in cattle slaught eredat
Bishoftu municipal Abattoir. Hence, application of the conventional preventive and control measures like detail meat
inspection, proper disposal of infected organs and control of stray dogs are recommended to control the disease.
Keywords: abattior; Bishoftu; cattle; cyst viability; hydatidosis; prevalence
93
Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. (2021). 8(6): 93-108
1. Introduction Echinococcus granulosus remains as a cause of a
persistent and reemerging problem in low
Hydatid cyst is the larval stage of the income countries where resources for an intensive
tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus or control program are not available. Future control
Echinococcus multilocularis, containing daughter programmes for human echinococcosis are also
cysts, each of which, if fertile, will have many likely to depend on the reduction of transmission
protoscoleces. It is the cause of the disease of the parasite from animals to humans [3].
hydatidosis, also termed cystic echinococcosis [1]. Diagnosis of the disease relies on epidemiologic and
Infection, with the metacestode hydatid cyst clinical findings; on detection of the hydatid cyst by
of Echonococos granulosus, larval stage of parasite imaging techniques, and serology. There are several
tape worms is recognized as one of the world‟s major major options for treatment of cystic echinococcosis
zoonosis affecting both humans and domestic animals (CE), including surgery, puncture
[2]. The life cycle of Echinococcus species is aspiration injection respiration (PAIR), and
complex, involving two hosts (Definitive hosts and chemotherapy [ 4 ]. Control of E.granulosusis
intermediate hosts) and a free-living egg stages. based on the regular treatment and exclusion of dogs
Dogs are the usual definitive hosts whilst a from their diet of animal material containing hydatid
large number of mammalian species can cysts.
be intermediate hosts, including domestic ungulates
and man [1]. Ethiopia have an estimated livestock This is achieved by denying dogs access to abattoirs,
population of approximately 49.3 million cattle, 25.02 and where possible, by proper disposal of carcasses
million sheep, 27.88 million goats, 8.41 million on farms (Oku et al., 2004). Several reports had
equines, 1.06 million camels, 20,000 pigs, and 58 indicated that hydatidosis is widely prevalent in
million chickens, which stands first in Africa and livestock population of various regions of Ethiopia
tenth in the world [2]. However, the contribution [5]. However there is no current information
from these huge livestock resources to the national regarding the prevalence of bovine hydatidosis
economy is disproportionately small, owing to in Bishoftu and its surroundings, which is found in
several factors such as drought or malnutrition, the central Ethiopia, Oromia region. Hence, it would
management problems, poor genetic performance be essential to have information on the status of
and livestock diseases. Among the many hydatidosis with regard to its magnitude of this
prevalent livestock diseases, parasitism represents disease in the region. Therefore, based on the
a major constraint to livestock development in the above justification, the current study was undertaken
tropics in general and hydatidosis is among the with the objectives of:
major parasitic diseases contributing to low
productivity of meat production due to carcass or Estimating the prevalence bovine
organ condemnation, in particular [1].The definitive hydatidosis and factors associated with
hosts of Echinococcus species are carnivores itsoccurrence in cattle slaughtered at Bishoftu
which harbor mature tapeworm in the intestine and municipal Abattoir;
excrete the parasite eggs along with their feces and Assessing the organ distribution, fertility
play a major role in the epidemiology of the and viability characteristics of cysts
disease, while livestock and humans are identified during routine meat inspection of animal
intermediate hosts for whom the outcome of carcasses.
infection is the development of hydatid cysts in lung,
liver or other organs. The transmission of 2. Literature Review
Echinococcus species from intermediate to definitive
host is the result of predator-prey relationship 2.1. The Hydatid Disease
existing between hosts; however, it can
be modified by human behavioral factor
synathropic cycles and man is usually a dead end Hydatid disease is a syndrome characterized by
intermediate host [1]. In Africa E. granulosus has the development of the larva or metacestode stage
long been recognized from most countries of a genus of tapeworm Echinococcos species
including Ethiopia. Previous and recent report has found in small intestine of dog; the definitive host.
described the endemic occurrence of E.granulosus Hydatid disease is characterized by the formation of
in dogs and hydatid cyst in livestock [2].
94Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. (2021). 8(6): 93-108
large fluid filled cysts in the internal organs of the 2.3.2. Hydatid Cysts (The Metacestode)
intermediate host [7]. The disease is also referred to
as cystic echinococcosis. In carnivores, the The metacestode (second larval stage) basically
adult worm has very little clinical effect if any. consists of a bladder with an outera cellular
However, in the intermediate host, the effect due to laminated layer and an inner nucleated germinal
hydatid cyst can be grave, depending on the site of layer, which may give rise to asexual budding to
infection and the organ involved [8]. brood capsules. protoscoleces arise from the inner
2.2. Etiology wall of the brood capsules, protoscoleces and brood
capsules are frequently described as hydatid sand,
Cystic echinococcosis is a zoonotic infection caused occasionally also, daughter cysts complete with
by the larval stage (hydatid) of tapeworms of the tegument and germinal layer are formed
genus Echinococcus (Family Taeniidae) found in the endogenously or, if the cyst wall ruptures,
small intestine of carnivores. Although there are exogenously [11]. Cysts containing protoscolices
different species of Echinococcus identified, are fertile and can produce daughter cysts, whereas
only five of them, namely: E. granulosus, E. cysts without protoscolices are sterile. Before
multilocularis, E. oligarthrus, E. shiquicus and E. becoming daughter cysts, these daughter vesicles are
vogeliare are recognized as taxonomically relevant attached by a pedicle to the germinal layer of the
and only E. granulosus and E. multilocularis are the mother cyst. At gross examination, the vesicles
most pathogenic to humans and other domestic resemble a bunch of grapes. Daughter cysts may grow
animals through the wall of the mother cyst, particularly in
[9]. bone disease [12].
2.3. General Morphology 2.3.3. Echinococcus granulosus Adult Worm
2.3.1. The Eggs Echinococcus granulosus adult worms develop
from protoscolices and are typically 6mm or less in
The eggs (Figure 2.1) of Echinococcus are ovoid length and have a scolex, neck and typically three
in shaped, 30-40 micro meter in diameter, proglottids, one of Which is immature, another of
consisting of hexacanths embryo (first larval stage) which is mature and the third of which is gravid
surrounded by several envelops. Echinococcus eggs (or Containing eggs) [13]. These proglottids increase
contain an embryo that is called an oncosphere in size and maturity as you travel down the
or hexcanth, the latter name of this embryo being tapeworm's body from the head (scolex) towards the
stem from the fact that it has six hook lets. The eggs tail. At the tail end, the proglottid segments are
of Echinococcus are morphologically large and sexually mature with hundreds of
indistinguishable to those of other tapeworms of the Fertilized eggs contained inside of them. These
genus Taenia [10]. tapeworm eggs are released into Environment with
feces (ready for the intermediate host to come along
and consume).
Still contained within their protective proglottid casing
[14]. Basically, the entire proglottid segment (mature,
egg bearing proglottid segment located towards the
tail end of the tapeworm parasite), eggs and all,
exits the definitive host animal's body via the
animal's anus. The gravid segment either physically
crawls from the anus of the host animal by contracting
its muscles and creeping along or it is voided
passively in the animal's stools as the pet
defecates. The scolex of the adult worm contains
four suckers and a rostellum that has about 25-50
hooks (Figure 2.2). Similar to other tapeworms, the
hydatid tapeworm is a hermaphrodite organism
Figure 2.1: Morphology of egg of E. granulosu in (bearing both male and female sex structures) [15].
feces (Rahman et al., 2015)
95Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. (2021). 8(6): 93-108
intermediate or aberrant hosts by metacestodes can
cause severe and even fatal echinococcosis [20].
2.5. Epidemiology and Transmission
Echinococcus granulosus lives as a small
intestinal tapeworm of dogs and occasionally
other carnivores. The shedding of gravid proglottids
or eggs in the feces occurs within 4-6 weeks after
infection of the definitive host. Ingestion of eggs by
intermediate host animals or humans results in the
release of an oncosphere into the Gastrointestinal
tract, which then migrates to primary target organs
such as liver and lungs, and less frequently to other
organs. Usually the fully mature metacestode (i.e.
Figure 2.2: Morphology of Adult Worm of E. hydatid cyst) develops within several months or years
granulosus (Rahman et al., 2015). [21]. Cystic echinococcosis (CE) has a serious
impact on human health and livestock production
2.4. The Life Cycle of Echinococcus granulosus in endemic areas such as in South and Central
America, the Middle East, some sub-Saharan African
The life cycle of Echinococcus includes a countries, China, and the former Soviet Union). CE
definitive host (usually dogs or related species) and occurs mostly in poor communities raising sheep and
an intermediate host (herbivores such as sheep, other livestock, and involving dogs in guarding as
horses, cattle, pigs, goats and camels). Humans are well as herding animals. E.granulosusis mainly
incidental hosts; they do not play a role in the transmitted in a cycle between dog definitive hosts
transmission cycle. E. granulosus adult tapeworms and livestock; the human behaviour also helps to
are usually found in dogs or other canids [17]. perpetuate the domestic cycle of E. granulosus [22].
The adult stage affects several final hosts such as
domestic dogs, wild carnivores such as foxes, 2.5.1. Disease Distribution
coyotes, wolves, and jackals. Gravid proglottids
release the eggs that are spread in the feces of Echinococcus granulosus has a world wide
carnivores. Intermediate hosts include sheep, cattle, geographic range and occurs in all continents
swine, goats, equines, camelids and cervids. These including circumpolar, temperate, sub tropical and
get the infection by ingesting infective eggs during tropical zones (Craig etal., 1996). Very few countries
grazing or feeding. Within the intermediate hosts, the are considered to be completely free of E.
eggs hatch in the small intestines and release an granulosus. Areas of the world where there is a high
oncosphere that penetrates the intestinal wall and rate of infection often coincide with rural grazing
migrates through the circulatory system into areas where dogs are able to ingest organs from
various organs, especially the liver and lungs [18] . infected animals[23]. The host, agent and environment
In these organs, the oncosphere develops into a cyst interaction determines the distribution of the
that enlarges gradually, producing protoscolices and disease. Provided the pre-condition, occurrence in the
daughter cysts that fill the cyst interior. Carnivores same environment of suitable definitive and
get the infection by feeding on the raw materials from intermediate host, a predator pray relationship
the intermediate hosts, mainly the visceral [19]. After between host and introduction of the parasite are
ingestion, the protoscolices evaginate and attach maintained: the following factors determine the
themselves to the mucosa and develop into adults in epidemiology ofEchinococcus granulosus in its
30 to 80 days and the cycle starts all over again. domestic cycle. These are extrinsic
Accidentally, eggs are also ingested by humans and factors(environment, temperature, humidity, and
other “aberrant” hosts that do not play a role in egg spreading agents) socio ecological factors
the natural cycle. Whereas the infection of (farming system, feeding behavior of intermediate
carnivores with immature or mature intestinal stages and definitive host, and level of awareness of human
does not cause morbidity, the invasion of population) and intrinsic factors(biotic potential of
various organs (mainly liver and lungs) of the tape worm, innate and acquired resistance to infection)
[25].
96Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. (2021). 8(6): 93-108
2.5.2. Status of Hydatidosis in Ethiopia abattoirs and Slaughter houses causing huge
economic losses [26]. In Ethiopia prevalence rate
In Ethiopia, hydatidosis has been known and varying between 11.3 to 48.9% in cattle and 9.9 to
documented as early as 1970‟s. Hydatidosis is the 35% in sheep was described [26] (Table2.1).
major cause of organ condemnation in most Ethiopian
Table 2.1: prevalence of bovine hydatidosis in cattle slaughtered at 14 abattoirs in Different parts of Ethiopia.
Location Sample size prevalence Reference
Gondar elfora 400 28 [27]
Ambo 384 29.69 [28]
Debre markos 400 48.9 [29]
Kombolicha 376 17.6 [30]
Mekele 540 17.6 [31]
Shire 484 25.92 [32]
Addis abeba 384 40.5 [33]
Hosana 153 24.4 [34]
Dire dawa 679 20.5 [35]
Harar 384 11.3 [36]
Hawassa 395 22.9 [37]
Sebeta 384 24.5 [38]
Jimma 384 30.7 [39]
A possible reason for these variations in prevalence are facilitated by husbandry Systems. Lack of
of hydatidosis among different Geographical drinking water and utilities, combined with low
locations could be associated with the strain levels of education and poor sanitary conditions
difference of Echinococcus granulosus that exist in increases the transmission of diseas[44]. The biotic
different geographical locations, age of the animals potential of E. granulosus is a major contribution to
and other factors like socio-economic activities and the transmission dynamics of this parasite. The biotic
management of dogs in different region [40]. potential can be defined as „the potential number of
viable cysts which can be established in an
2.5.3. Host Range intermediate host by an individual definitive host
per day [45].
It is likely that echinococcusus granulosus originally
complete its life cycle among wild animals in The well-known factor in transmission of the disease
sylvatic cycle that involved, for example, wolves and is the feeding of infected material (hydatid cysts) to
cervides or lions and warthogs. It has now adopted dogs by pastoral communities and other rural
in domestic cycle in which dog and sheep are communities where backyard slaughtering (home
commonly involved animals as final and intermediate slaughtering) is done. In endemic areas, hunting dogs
hosts [41]. Echinococcusus granulosus has less host are Often fed the raw viscera of backyard
specificity with regarded to intermediate hosts. slaughtered animals [46]. Dogs scavenging on the
Hydatid cysts of this species have been seen in a carcasses of intermediate hosts are also important in
wide range of mammals including domestic the transmission of the parasite [47]. Predator- prey
ruminants, camels, giraffes, pigs, equines, associations play an important role in the
elephants, hippopotamus, marsupials and different transmission of the disease as well as human
types of deer as well as human [42]. But sheep is the behavior and traditional animal husbandry practices.
optimum intermediate host [43]. As dogs can get infected with the wild species, they
constitute a grater reservoir for echinococcosis [48].
2.5.4. Transmission
Various factors perpetuate the transmission and
endemicity of echinococcosis. They can be
biological, demographic and culture risk factors that
97Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. (2021). 8(6): 93-108
2.5.5. Risk Factors cattle, horses, etc.) are typically asymptomatic,
except a few cases of long-standing and heavy
The following factors were responsible for the infections, for example in horses. There are no
perpetuation of the disease: cultural and social reliable methods for the routine diagnosis of the
taboos that favor close association of dogs with infection in living animals, but in rare cases
human beings. Almost all cattle owners had one dog cysts have been identified by ultrasonography
and no deworming was reported. Backyard alone or in conjunction with serum antibody
slaughtering of animals and slaughtering animals detection (Eckert and
along the roads was common. There was a [53].
wide spread tradition of giving dogs uncooked offals,
poor public awareness of the disease and improper 2.8. Diagnosis
disposal from the slaughter houses which allows
easy access to carnivores. There was also a habit of 2.8.1. Diagnosis in live Animals
disposing dead domestic or wild animals leaving them
open hence allowing the maintenance cycle. Sheep, Safety precautions: Handling of material
which were found to have a high infection rate, are containing viable eggs of E. granulosus Represents
never brought to the abattoir, they show the highest an infection risk for humans. Detection of eggs
number of backyard slaughtered animals [49]. and proglottids: The E. granulosus infection in
Proper disposal of carcasses and offal after home canids cannot be diagnosed by microscopic egg
slaughter is difficult in poor and remote detection in faecal samples, because these eggs are
communities and therefore dogs readily have access morphologically indistinguishable from those of E.
to offal from livestock, thus completing the parasite multilocularis and the Taenia species. Furthermore,
cycle of Echinococcus granulosus and putting egg excretion is often irregular. Eggs can be detected
communities at risk of cysticechinococcosis [50]. in faecal samples using routine flotation techniques
or on the perianal skin using clear adhesive tape,
2.6. Pathogenesis in Animals which is pressed to the skin, transferred to
a microscopic slide and examined. Proglottids of E.
The adult tape worm is comparatively harmless to the granulosus spontaneously discharged by dogs and
dog although in large numbers Enteritis may be seen. detected mostly on the surface of faecal samples
The pathogenesis of hydatidosis heavily depends on may allow a correct morphological
the extent and severity of infection and the organ on diagnosis, if they are in good condition[54].
which it is situated. In domestic animals Clinical
sign are not commonly seen despite heavy There are no reliable methods for the routine
infection [51]. Depending on mode of diagnosis of the infection in living Animals, but in
development of cystic echinococcosis (CE) are two rare cases cysts have been identified by
types, Primary CE and secondary CE. In primary ultrasonography alone or in Conjunction with serum
echinococcosis, hydatid cysts develop in Various antibody detection [55]. A new ELISA with a high
sites from oncospheres after ingestion of E. specificity and a sensitivity of 50 to 60% might be
granulosus eggs. In secondary echinococcosis, larval useful for detecting E. granulosus cysts in sheep on a
tissue spreads from the primary site and flock basis but cannot be used for reliable diagnosis
proliferates after spontaneous or trauma induced cyst of infected individual animals [56].
rupture or after release of viable parasite
material during invasive treatment procedures [52]. 2.8.2. Post Mortem Diagnosis
2.7. Clinical Effects In cattle, diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis is
mainly through post-mortem findings during meat
The initial phase of primary infection is always inspection. The presence of hydatid cysts in
asymptomatic. The infection may then Remain internal organs is a very important tool of diagnosis
asymptomatic for years or even decades depending in that it actually confirms the disease [57].
upon the size and site of The developing cyst or
metacestode mass. After a highly variable incubation
period, The infection may become symptomatic due
to a range of different events. Infections With E.
granulosus cysts in intermediate hosts (sheep, goat,
98Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. (2021). 8(6): 93-108
2.9. Economic Importance of the Disease 2.12. Control Options and Prevention of Cystic
Echinococcosis
Hydatidosis (cystic echinococcosis) caused by the
larval stage (metacestode) of Echinococcus Several options for the control of E. granulosus have
granulosus, the most important worldwide parasitic been thoroughly evaluated and Two basic options are
disease of livestock that has both economic and formulated as guide lines. Option type- I emphasizes
public health significance [58]. The major economic long-term Measures of public health education with
impacts caused by cystic echinococcosis in food- primary health care [65] and veterinary public health
producing animals are losses in productivity such activities, such as the improvement of slaughter
as reductions in carcass weight, milk production, hygiene and meat inspection, dog registration and
fleece and wool value, fertility, hide value, birth sanitation measures [66]. Another option (type II)
rate and fecundity, delayed performance and growth, is based on legislation and includes specific
condemnation of organs especially liver and measures targeted to interruption of parasite
lungs, costs for destruction of infected viscera, and transmission. Prior to the “attack phase” of
dead animal[59]. the program, base-line data are collected to serve
as references for measuring control progress.
2.10. Public Health Importance Important base-line data are the prevalence of
E. granulosus in dog populations, the age-
Humans acquire primary CE by oral uptake of E. dependent prevalences of cysts in cattle, sheep
granulosus eggs excreted by infected carnivores. The and other domestic ungulates, and human cases of
infection may be acquired by handling infected CE. Modern techniques can now be used for surveys;
definitive hosts, egg containing feces, or egg- for example, the coproantigen ELISA can be used to
contaminated plants or soil followed by direct hand- detect E. granulosus in dog populations (instead of
to-mouth transfer. It has been shown that arecoline testing) and ultrasonography alone or
Echinococcus eggs adhere to the coat of in combination with serology can be used for mass
dogs, particularly to the hairs around the anus and diagnosis of CE in humans [67].
on the thighs, muzzles, and paws. The same applies
to dogs infected with Taenia species and to In addition to targeting risk factors and transmission,
foxes infected with E. multilocularis [60]. control and prevention strategies of cystic
echinococcosis also aim at intervening at certain
2.11. Treatment points of the parasite‟s life cycle, in particular, the
infection of hosts (i.e. especially dogs) that reside with
Treatment in definitive hosts can be accomplished by or near humans. For example, many countries
giving candids praziquantel or Arecoline. Arecoline endemic to echinococcosis have
is a parasympathetic agent and increase the tonus implemented programs geared at de-worming dogs
and the Motility of smooth muscle resulting in the and vaccinating dogs and other livestock, such as
intestinal tract to the outside through fecal Material. sheep, that also act as hosts for E. granulosus.
The drug works by paralyzing the tapeworms, Careful washing of vegetables and contaminated
resulting in relaxation of its hold on the intestinal fresh produce can also reduce infection. Prohibition
wall [ 6 1 ] . After treatment it is advisable to of home-slaughter of sheep will prevent dogs from
confine dogs‟ for48 hours to facilitate the collection consuming infected viscera, thus disrupting the life
and disposal of infected faeces. In man, hydatid cysts cycle of the parasite [68].
may be excised surgically although Mebendazole,
Albendazole and praziquantel therapies have been 3. Materials and Methods
reported to be effective [62]. Treatment of the
disease in human host involves surgical removal of 3.1 Study Area and Animals
either the entire cyst (Laparotomy) or its contents by
Puncture, Aspiration, Injection and Re- The study was conducted from November, 2015 to
aspiration (PAIR) [63] or the use of benzimidazole March, 2016 in Bishoftu municipal Abattoir, which is
chemotherapy. Albendazole is the drug of choice; found in Bishoftu town, located in Central Oromia
beneficial results have been obtained in 75% of cases regional state, at a Distance of 47 km of the South
treated with it [64]. Eastern part of Addis Ababa. It is the main city of
Ada‟a Liban district, which is located at 90Nlatitude
99Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. (2021). 8(6): 93-108
and 39° E longitude with an altitude of 1860 meter age categories: those less than or equal to 5 years as
above sea level [62]. The study animals were cattle young, and those above 5 years old as adult. The
presented to Bishoftu municipal abattoir from body condition scoring was performed on a 1 – 9
November, 2015 to May, 2016 for slaughtering scale according [27]. During data analysis, ages were
and the study animals was taken randomly classified in to three groups as lean (Score 1, 2 and
and routinely inspected for 3), medium (Score 4-6) and fat (7-9).
cystic echinococcosis.
3.4.2. Postmortem Examination
3.2. Study Design
At postmortem examination, organs of the
A cross-sectional study designs was employed to abdominal and thoracic cavities namely; Liver,
generate the desired data. It was of Active abattoir lungs, heart, spleen and kidney were inspected for the
survey carried out from November, 2015 to May, presence of hydatid cyst And organ distribution by
2016 at Bishoftu Municipal abattoir on three days applying the routine meat inspection procedures
per week and according to the standard procedures [42]. If evidence of hydatid cyst is found, the
Recommended for ante mortem and post mortem primary examination involved was visualization and
inspection by [47]. palpation of organs and muscles. Secondary
examination involved further incision of each organs;
3.3. Sampling Method and Sample Size particularly lungs, liver, spleen, kidney and heart.
In the case, when and where a single or more
A systematic random sampling technique was hydatid cysts are found, each organ hydatid cysts
employed to choose the study animals. The total are carefully removed and separately collected (In
number of cattle required for the study was organ basis) in clean containers for further cyst
calculated based on the formula given by [69]. The characterization to assess the status of the cysts.
sample size was determined based on The number of cysts was recorded, as well as calcified
expected prevalence of 46.5% (Yilma Jobre et al., cysts was registered.
1996) reported around Bishoftu, 5% accepted level of
precision and 95% confidence interval using the 3.4.3 Cyst characterization
following formula:
All collected hydatid cysts were subjected to cyst
2
N= (1.96) (Pexp) (1-Pexp) fertility and viability studies. The pressure of the
d2 cyst fluid was reduced by using a sterile
Where, hypodermic needle. Then, cyst was incised with a
N = Total number of sample size sterile scalpel blade and the content was poured into
Pexp = Expected prevalence a glass petri dish and examined under stereo
d=Absoluteprecision microscope for the presence of protosclices.
If protosclices were present, seen as white dotes
Accordingly, a minimum sample size required for on germinal epithelium or brood capsule or
the study was calculated to be 382 cattle. But to hydatid sands within the suspension, the cyst was
increase the level of accuracy of determining the categorized as fertile. Fertile cysts were subjected to
prevalence, the sample size was increased to 420. viability test. A drop of fluid from cyst containing
the protoscolices was placed on the microscope
3.4. Study Methodology glass slide and with a cover slip and observed for
amoeboid like peristaltic movements, with X40
3.4.1. Ante Mortem Examination objective. For clearer vision, a drop of 0.1%
aqueous eosin solution was added equal
During ante mortem examination each of the study volume of protoscolices in hydatid fluid on
animals was given identification number by using microscope slide with the principle that
ink. Age, breed and body condition of animal‟s were viable protoscolices should completely or partially
also recorded. Estimation of age was carried out by exclude the dye, while the non-viable protoscolices
examination of the teeth eruption and wear, absorb the stain [43] Furthermore, infertile cysts
following the approach forwarded by [30] (Annex were further classified as sterile or calcified. Sterile
4). For simplicity, animals were grouped in to two hydatid cysts were characterized by their smooth
100Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. (2021). 8(6): 93-108
inner lining usually with slightly turbid fluid in its municipal abattoir, 161 were found positive of
content. Typical calcified cysts produce a gritty hydatidosis with an overall Prevalence of 38.3 %.
sound feeling up on incision [ 44] (Annex5). The 95% CI of hydatidosis (or cystic
echinococcosis) Prevalence in cattle was estimated
3.5. Statistical Analysis at 33.66 ‒43.17. The prevalence of bovine
hydatidosis across different breeds was found to be
All data analyses were performed by IBM© SPSS® 38.3% and 38.5% in local and cross breeds,
Statistical package version 20 [39]. The animal respectively. Hence, breed types were shown to be
prevalence level was defined as the number of not differing in their prevalence of hydatidosis
positive per 100 animals examined. Estimates of (OR=1.006, p > 0.05). Rate of infection of hydatidosis
prevalence were given in ±95% confidence interval with Respect to age group has statistically
(CI). Chi-square (χ2) and multivariable logistic significant (OR=1.637, p = 0.00) association, Being
regression analyses were used to examine the effect higher in cattle above five years (41.7%) than in five
of risk factors on animal prevalence (P). A χ2 value and below five years old group (30.44%). Also
and associated odds ratios (OR ±95% confidence the result revealed that highest prevalence of
interval) were estimated. A p value < 0.05 was bovine hydatidosis was recorded in cattle with lean
considered to be statistically significant. body condition (54.5%) followed by medium
(34.4%) and the lower prevalence was observed
4. Results in fat body condition (27.3%), with strong
statistical significance difference between body
4.1. Prevalence of Bovine Hydatidosis in condition score of the animal and occurrence of the
Cattle Slaughtered at Bishoftu Municipal disease(OR=1.558 p=0.02) as depicted in Table 4.1.
Abattoir
The present study showed that from a total of 420
cattle slaughtered and examined at Bishoftu
Table 4.1: Prevalence of bovine hydatidosis in cattle slaughtered at Bishoftu municipal abattoir and effect
of various risk factors on the prevalence
Number
factor Category Prevalence (%) ±95%CI OR P value
of examined
Local 407 38.3 33.6_43.2 1
breeed 1.00
1.006
Exotic 13 38.5 13.8_68.4
≤ 125 30.4 22.4_39.2 1
Age group 0.00
> 295 41.7 36.00_47.5 1.637
Lean 142 54.5 40.8_57
1
Body condition Medium 212 34.4 28.06_41.2 0.002
1.558
Fat 66 27.3 17.03_39.6
Total 420 420 38.3 33.66_43
4.2. Distribution of Hydatid Cyst between the three organs at the same time. In majority of the
Internal Organs animals harboring hydatidosis, the cysts had the
tendency to be located more in lungs and liver than
The postmortem inspection revealed that different in other organs such as heart, spleen and kidneys.
organs were affected with hydatid Cyst. Out of 420 The total number of organs with one hydatid and
animals examined, 101 (62.7%) cattle had affection their relative proportion of each organ is as
of a single organ (lung, liver, kidney or heart), follows: lung only 86 (53.41%), liver only 10
whereas 60 (37.26%) had affection of two or (6.21%), kidney only 4 (2.48%), heart only 1 (0.6%),
three organ systems. In this study there was no spleen only 0 (0%).
cattle found affected with hydatidosis at more than
101Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. (2021). 8(6): 93-108
54 cattle (33.54%) were found harboring both lung spleen and lungs, liver and heart, respectively were
and liver infections, 2(1.24%) were found harboring also observed in the study period as it could seen on
both lung and kidney infections. 2 (1.24%) and table 4.2.
2 (1.24%) hydatid infections in their lungs, liver and
Table 4.2: Distribution of hydatid cysts in different visceral organs of cattle Slaughtered at Bishoftu
Municipal Abattoir.
Affected organ No. of infected animal Proportion from infected (%)
Lungs only 86 53.41
Liver only 10 6.21
Kidney only 4 2.48
Spleen only 1 0.6
Lung and liver only 54 33.54
Lung and kidney only 2 1.24
Lung, liver and spleen only 2 1.24
Lung, liver and heart only 2 1.24
Total 161 100
Single and multiple hydatid cyst distributions were (0.48%). Among the different organs Affected, lung
recorded in different organs of Infected cattle. The and liver constituted almost 98% of the overall
total number of organs affected by one or more infection of the organs. The number of cysts found
hydatid cyst(s) Was found to be 180 out of which range from 1-25 in the different organs, the
lung account for 101 (66.73%), liver 68 (31.52%), highest Number of cysts (n=25) was observed in lung
Kidney 6 (0.96%), spleen 2 (0.3%) and heart 3 and liver (Table 4.3).
Table 4.3: The total number, relative prevalence and number of cysts harbored in Affected organ of infected
cattle.
Cyst count
Affected organ No. of infected organ Relative prevalence Total
mean range
Lung 101 66.73 6.81 1-25 688
liver 68 31.52 4.78 1-20 325
kidney 6 0.96 1.6 1-5 10
Spleen 2 0.3 1.6 2-3 3
Heart 3 0.48 1.5 1 5
180 100 3.25 - 1031
4.3. Cyst Fertility, Viability and Sterility organ involvement was found to be 23 (51.11%)
sterile, 12 (26.67%) fertile, of which 6(50%) were
During the study period, out of the total 82 cysts viable and 10 (22.22%) were calcified in the lung. 8
examined, 33 (40.24 %) were calcified, 35 (25%) sterile, 2 (6.24%) fertile of which 1 (50%)
(42.68%) were sterile, and 14 (17.07%) were fertile were viable, and 2 (68.75%) were calcified in the
of which (13.33 %) Viable. The cyst condition by liver, but cysts in spleen, heart and kidney were sterile.
102Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. (2021). 8(6): 93-108
5. Discussion [48] at Ambo abattoir. The difference in infection
rate could mainly be attributed to the fact that aged
Hydatidosis is known to be livestock and public animals are exposed over a long period of time to E.
health important disease and forestablishment of a granulosus eggs. Moreover, the growth of the
control strategy, detailed information on local hydatid is slow, maturity being reached in 6 to 12
epidemiology andsignificance of the disease must months [59]. Thus the reason for the lower prevalence
be known. The overall prevalence of rate of hydatidosis in young cattle may be due to early
bovinehydatidosis in Bishoftu municipal abattoir culling of the infected young cattle through selling
in the present study was 38.3%. The present or slaughtering before they reach old age[60]. In
finding is lower than the 46.5% figure reported by [65] this study, an assessment was made to establish
at the same study area but different times. The relationship between body condition scores and the
difference may be due to a decrease in illegal occurrence of the disease. Animals with lean body
slaughtering of animals over the length of study condition were found to have highest infection rate
period, which subsequently lade to a reduced in (49.3%) followed by medium (34.4%) and fat body
infection rate in dogs. When compared with other condition score (27.3%). These results are fully
reports this study is higher than 16% prevalence of consistent with those obtained by [61],explained that
bovine hydatidosis reported at Wolaita Sodo in moderate to severe infection, the parasite may
municipality abattoir [65], 28.6% at Gonder cause retarded performance and growth, reduced
ELFORA® abattoir , 25.92% at Shire municipal quality of meat and milk, as well as live weight loss.
abattoir [34]. However, it is lower than the findings In the current study the lungs and liver are the most
from different places in Ethiopia like 61% in commonly infected organs, with prevalence of
Assela[69], 52.69% in Hawassa [52], 48.9% in 66.73% and 31.52% respectively, whereas the kidney,
Debre[21], and 40.5% at Addis Abeba abattoir heart and spleen are the least affected organs. Similar
enterprise [22]. A possible reason for the variation findings were also obtained by [33]. It has been
in prevalence of hydatidosis among different indicated that the lungs and liver are the most
geographical locations could be associated with the commonly affected organs with hydatid cyst. This is
straindifference of Echinococcus granulosus that due to the fact that lungs and liver possess the
exist in different geographical locations, age of the first great capillaries‟ sites encountered by the
animals and other factors like socio-economic migrating echinococcus oncosphere (hexacanth
activities and management of dogs in different region embryo) which adopt the portal vein route and
[25]. Estimating the rate of infection of hydatidosis primarily negotiate hepatic and pulmonary filtering
between breeds of cattle was one of the objects of this system sequentially before any other peripheral
study. Accordingly there is no statistical significant organ is involved. Likewise, due to older age of
association (p >0.05, OR = 1.006) between the slaughtered cattle, during which time the liver
breeds. However, this may not reflect the true capillaries are dilated and most oncosphere pass
pictureBecause only 13 (3.1%) cross breeds were directly; additionally, it is possible for the hexacanth
included in the study. This is due to Slaughtering embryo to enter the lymphatic circulation and be
of higher number of local breeds in the municipal carried through the thoracic duct to the lungs in such
abattoir than cross and Exotic breeds. But according a way the lung may be infected before or instead
to [61] there is Significant variation (p < 0.05) of the liver [45].
between the breeds which shows higher prevalence in
Local breeds than cross breed cattle, this is mainly However, development of hydatid cyst occurs
due to production system, local Breeds are used for occasionally in other organs and tissue when
extensive production system, so the animals are onchosphere escape in to the general systemic
expose to the Parasite, while the cross breed were circulation [48]. The proportion of animals with
intensive farming system so less exposed to the fertile, viable cysts is an important indicator of the
Parasite and regularly treated with anthehelmentic. significance of a species as an intermediate host.
With regards to rate of infection of hydatidosis in Viable cysts may play an active role in disease
different age groups of cattle, Significant difference transmission. The finding of 42.68% sterile, 26.67%
(P < 0.05) was observed. Animals with more than 5 fertile and 40.24% calcified cyst may generally
years of age (41.7%) were highly affected than five or imply that most of the cysts in cattle are infertile.
bellow five years old (30.4%). This finding is in The variation in fertility rate among different species
agreement with report of [66] at Nekemte Abattoir, in different geographical zone could be due to the
103Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. (2021). 8(6): 93-108
difference strain of Echinococcus granulosus [56]. To break the life cycle, feeding of infected
The fertility rate of cysts among the organ was found or undercooked offal to dogs and canine species
higher in lungs (26.67%) as compared to liver which should be avoided and prevent their access to
was (6.24%) while the liver harbored higher number condemned organs from abattoirs. All infected
of calcified cysts. This finding was in agreement with visceral organs should be buried.
the reports of [70]; This could be due to the relatively
softer consistency of the lung allows easer Awareness creating programs should be
development of the pressure cyst and fertility of given for butchers, abattoir workers and dog owners
hydatid cyst may show tendency to increase in as to the dangers of hydatidosis to human and animal
advanced age of the hosts, while the higher yield of health.
calcified cysts in liver could be attributed to
relatively higher reticuloendothetial cells and Dog proof garbage collection and waste
abundant connective tissue reaction of the organ [71]. disposal system should be applied, Particularly
The variation between tissue resistances might also around slaughter places and abattoirs.
influence the fertility rate of cysts with respect to
organ type; for example, host reaction that limit Reduction of stray dog‟s population to
fertility rate of hydatid cysts in liver is more than in reduce the risk of hydatidosis to animals and
that of the lungs. humans should be incorporated with ant rabies
campaign for successful Outcome. Detailed studies
6. Conclusion should be conducted on epidemiology of the disease
in order to Expand and implement disease
From the present study, it can be concluded that investigation
hydatidosis was one of a very Common parasitic
disease in cattle slaughtered at Bishoftu Municipal
Abattoir. The Overall prevalence of the disease in the Conflict of Interest.
study area was 38.3%. This is due to a habit of
Feeding dogs with raw visceral, lack of adequate There is no any conflict of interest in the publication
meat inspection and the absence of Proper fencing, of this manuscript and control strategy.
disposal pits for slaughterhouses (where dogs and
other carnivores get an easy access) and presence of
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