State of the County Report: Community Services - COMMUNITY COMPASS REPORT NO. 16-2
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State of the County Report:
Community Services
COMMUNITY COMPASS REPORT NO. 16-2
Hamilton County, Ohio
November 2004Abstract Context
Title: COMMUNITY COMPASS
COMPONENTS
State of the County Report:
Community Services 1 Vision
Community COMPASS (What do we want?)
Report No. 16-2
2 Initiatives
(What strategies
Subject: should we consider?)
Current conditions and find- 3 Indicators
The Planning Partnership Community COMPASS ings regarding sewer, water, (What should we measure?)
is a collaborative initiative (Hamilton County’s Com- storm water, solid waste,
of the Hamilton County Re- prehensive Master Plan and 4 Trends
crime, homeland security, (Where have we been?)
gional Planning Commission. Strategies) is a long-range and technology in Hamilton
The Partnership – open to all plan that seeks to address mu- 5 Projections
County.
political jurisdictions in the tual goals related to physical, (Where are we headed?)
County and to affiliate mem- economic, and social issues Date: 6 Research
bers in the public, private, and among the 49 communities November 2004 (What's the story
civic sectors – is an advisory within Hamilton County. behind the trend?)
board that works to harness Through a collective shared
Synopsis: 7 Partners
the collective energy and vi- vision for the future based (Who can help?)
sion of its members to effec- on the wishes and dreams of This report presents exist-
tively plan for the future of our thousands of citizens, Hamil- ing conditions and trends 8 Strategic Plans
in Hamilton County related (What can we do that works?)
County. Rather than engaging ton County now has direction
in the Planning Commission’s to chart its course into the 21st to sanitary sewer and water 9 Action Plans
short-range functions such as century. service, storm water manage- (How do we make it happen?)
zoning reviews, the Plan- ment, solid waste, recycling,
10 Performance Measures
ning Partnership takes a In developing a broad vi- public safety, homeland se- (Are actions making a
long-range, comprehensive sion with broad support, curity, and communications. difference?)
approach to planning, work- Community COMPASS The report identifies seven
ing to build a community that will help ensure that trends important findings as well This Report
works for families, for busi- are anticipated, challenges as the importance of trends
nesses and for the region. The are addressed, priorities are associated with each finding, STATE OF THE
Partnership firmly believes focused, and our collective and provides key indicators COUNTY REPORTS
that collaboration is the key future is planned and achieved for measuring progress to-
ward the Vision for Hamilton • Civic Engagement and
to a positive, competitive, and strategically over the next 20
County’s Future. Social Capital
successful future for Hamilton to 30 years. Through an in-
County. depth analysis of all aspects • Community Services
of the County, the multi-year Source of Copies: • Culture and Recreation
Visit planningpartnership.org process will result in a com- Hamilton County • Economy and
and communitycompass.org prehensive plan. Regional Planning Labor Market
for more information. Commission
The State of the County • Education
138 East Court Street
report series outlines condi- • Environment
Room 807
tions, findings, opportunities, • Environmental and
Cincinnati, OH 45202
and key measures related to Social Justice
improving and sustaining 513-946-4500
quality of life in twelve ma- www.hamilton-co.org/hcrpc • Governance
jor systems in our community. • Health and
The individual reports lay the Download this report at Human Services
groundwork for an overall communitycompass.org
• Housing
State of the County analysis
• Land Use and
or report card, and provide
Development Framework
support for refining action
strategies. • MobilitySTATE OF THE COUNTY REPORT: COMMUNITY SERVICES
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements....................................................................................................................... iii
Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................... v
Introduction.................................................................................................................................... 1
Finding 1: Demand driven utility expansion policies tend to override
community goals .................................................................................................. .2
Finding 2: The number of failures of on-site sewage treatment systems is
increasing for mechanical systems and decreasing for
non-mechanical systems........................................................................................ 8
Finding 3: Pollution from storm water runoff and sanitary sewer problems
is being addressed through government mandates as well as legal
settlements. .......................................................................................................... 10
Finding 4: Hamilton County’s solid waste recycling now exceeds the
amount of waste deposited in the area’s sanitary landfills. ................................. 13
Finding 5: Once in decline, crime rates for the Cincinnati metropolitan region
are increasing, although overall crime levels are lower than most
other Midwestern metropolitan areas .................................................................. 15
Finding 6: Homeland security planning is an important new concern in
Hamilton County ................................................................................................. 17
Finding 7: Technological advances in communications will bring economic,
education, and social changes over the next years. ............................................. 19
Appendix A: Endnotes .............................................................................................................. 23
Appendix B: Community COMPASS Publications.................................................................. 25
COMMUNITY COMPASS - STATE OF THE COUNTY REPORT iii HAMILTON COUNTY REGIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION / PLANNING PARTNERSHIP
STATE OF THE COUNTY REPORT: COMMUNITY SERVICES
Acknowledgements
2004
Board of County Project Staff Reviewers
Commissioners
Principal Research: • Pat Karney,
• John S. Dowlin, • Andrew A. Dobson, AICP Past Director,
President Senior Planner Metropolitan Sewer
District
• Phil Heimlich Research and Forecast:
• K.D. Rex, • Dan Schaeffer,
• Todd Portune
Senior Planner Principal Engineer,
Cincinnati Water Works
• John Huth,
2004
Senior Planner • Jeffrey W. Aluotto,
Regional Planning Solid Waste Program Manager,
• Sam Hill,
Commission UC Planning Student
Hamilton County Solid
Waste District
• Robert F. Alsfelder, Jr., • Jesse Hartman,
Chairman UC Planning Student
• Hal Franke
Graphics & Layout:
• Darrell Leibson • Karen Ambrosius,
• Melvin D. Martin Administrative
Coordinator
• M. Larry Sprague
• Paul Smiley,
• James R. Tarbell, Senior Planner
Vice-Chairman
• Jay Springer,
• Jerry J. Thomas Planning Communication/
Graphics Specialist
2004 • Kevin Sewell,
UC Planning Student
Planning
Partnership Editing:
Officers • Caroline Statkus, AICP,
Planning Services
• Steve Galster, Chair Administrator
• Gwen McFarlin, • Ron Miller, FAICP,
Chair-Elect Executive Director
• Elizabeth A. Blume, AICP,
Vice-Chair
COMMUNITY COMPASS - STATE OF THE COUNTY REPORT iiiiv HAMILTON COUNTY REGIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION / PLANNING PARTNERSHIP
STATE OF THE COUNTY REPORT: COMMUNITY SERVICES
Executive Summary
FINDING 1
Demand driven utility expansion policies
tend to override community goals.
• Although total population is decreasing, and surround- • Approximately ten percent of the County’s on-site
ing counties continue to become more fashionable wastewater treatment systems completely fail every
places to live and work, development activity continues year. Furthermore, the Hamilton County General
in Hamilton County. Health District estimates that as many as 50 percent
of septic and aeration systems are not functioning
• In an area that has not been developed, the location of properly.
a sewer trunk line is an excellent predictor of where
the growth will occur. • Due to the number of on-site sewage systems that fail
each year, there is a strong incentive to extend sewer
• In low-density developments, sewer lines are not cost- lines throughout much of the County. MSD’s QUEST
effective. Likewise, if a new development is located in Plan identifies opportunities along with limitations for
a remote part of the County or in an area with rugged sewer line extensions.
terrain, providing public utilities may be unfeasible.
FINDING 3
• On-site sewage disposal systems generally are not an
Pollution from storm water runoff
ideal situation for new development, and can lead to
public health and environmental problems. and sanitary sewer problems is being
addressed through government
• Sewer and water service extensions in Hamilton mandates as well as legal settlements.
County appear to be primarily driven by demand for
new development. Having a demand-driven utility • Storm water runoff and sewer overflows into rivers,
expansion policy can lead to problems in prioritizing streams, and buildings are longstanding problems in
where funding and efforts for service expansion will Hamilton County. Hundreds of overflows and dis-
do the most public good, and often prevents progress charges each year cause enormous damage to our en-
in achieving adopted community goals. vironment and property, to say nothing of the public
health hazards.
FINDING 2
The number of failures of on-site • The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency created the
sewage treatment systems is increasing NPDES Phase II Permit Program (National Pollutant
for mechanical systems and decreasing Discharge Elimination System) requiring urban coun-
ties to adopt programs to improve storm water qual-
for non-mechanical systems. ity. Accordingly, the Hamilton County Storm Water
• Approximately 19,000 housing units in Hamilton District (HCSWD) was formed in 2003 with 45 of the
County have on-site private septic (non-mechani- County’s 49 communities joining together to work on
cal) or aeration (mechanical) wastewater treatment a watershed basis.
systems. • HCSWD has a five year program for phasing in storm
• The Hamilton County Board of Health must approve water measures. It is important to note that HCSWD
all on-site wastewater treatment systems before they will issue guidance ordinances and procedures manu-
can operate. Beginning in 1996, the Board of Health als for member communities, but regulations for storm
began regular inspections of existing systems to water will remain under local control.
ensure they are functioning properly.
COMMUNITY COMPASS - STATE OF THE COUNTY REPORT v• Storm water management in Hamilton County needs to FINDING 5
advance from an engineering problem to a multi-juris- Once in decline, crime rates for the
diction planning initiative with long-range perspectives Cincinnati metropolitan region are
and solutions. The measures taken by HCSWD over increasing, although overall crime levels
the next years are a first step in working together to
address watershed issues.
are lower than most other Midwestern
metropolitan areas.
• The Hamilton County Planning Partnership has a role
to play in storm water management as well. Inde- • An important aspect of an area’s quality of life is related
pendently of the NPDES II program, the Partnership to the safety of its citizens. Many factors impact the
developed an educational storm water management level of crime, some being employment rates, educa-
workshop for planning commissions of member ju- tion levels, and stable family environments.
risdictions. Several communities have participated in
• Crime rates began dropping in the City of Cincinnati
the workshop and some have subsequently revised their
during the 1990s. However, those rates began rising
storm drainage requirements.
with the 2000 recession.
FINDING 4
• During the 1990s, overall crime rates declined in the
Hamilton County’s solid waste recycling Cincinnati metropolitan region and have stabilized over
now exceeds the amount of waste the past two years around 4,500 incidents per 100,000
deposited in the area’s sanitary landfills. residents. Reductions in both property crime rates and
violent crime rates in the City of Cincinnati drove this
• Recycling is an increasingly important part of solid trend.
waste management in Hamilton County. As more ma-
terials are recycled, less solid waste is being sent to • When compared with the Cleveland, Columbus,
the Rumpke Sanitary Landfill. Indianapolis, Louisville, Pittsburgh, and St. Louis
metropolitan regions, violent crime in the Cincinnati
• Hamilton County generates an average of 2.5 mil- region is among the lowest.
lion tons of waste annually, 1.2 million of which is
deposited in the Rumpke Landfill, and the remainder FINDING 6
is recycled. Between 1992 and 2002, the total amount Homeland security planning is an
of material collected for recycling in Hamilton County important new concern in Hamilton
increased over 500 percent, from about 227,000 tons
in 1992 to approximately 1.4 million tons in 2002.
County.
• In order to create a plan for security preparedness, the
• According to the Solid Waste District, Rumpke Sani-
Hamilton County Homeland Security Commission was
tary Landfill provides a low-cost solid waste disposal
formed in March 2003. Commission members come
option not only to Hamilton County but the entire
from the private and public sector and include elected
metropolitan region. How long this landfill remains
officials, department heads, utility managers, public
in operation has implications for every household and
safety administrators, and business leaders.
business in Hamilton County. Recycling has a direct
effect on the lifespan of the landfill. The more waste • Top capital improvement projects are a regional emer-
diverted from the landfill for recycling, the longer it gency operations center and a consolidated facility
can remain in operation. for the Cincinnati Board of Health and the County
• Beyond the benefits to the environment and landfill General Health District to store materials and conduct
operations, recycling activity brings benefits to the operations. Equipment recommendations center around
State economy. The State of Ohio had approximately providing first response personnel with hazardous ma-
$22.5 billion in sales of recycled materials in 2002. terials equipment.
vi HAMILTON COUNTY REGIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION / PLANNING PARTNERSHIP• Recommendations for short-term projects include
general improvement of first response operations,
extra protective measures against possible threats to
different facilities and locations in Hamilton County,
and equipment purchases.
• In 2004, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security
awarded Cincinnati and Hamilton County $12.7 mil-
lion in federal funds through the Urban Area Security
Initiative grant program. Ohio received $68.2 million
from the Counterterrorism Grant program to distrib-
ute statewide. While these are generous allotments to
our community, they fall short of the estimated $135
million estimated funds needed to carry out all the
recommendations in the Hamilton County Homeland
Security Commission Report.
FINDING 7
Technological advances in
communications will bring economic,
education, and social changes over the
next years.
• With its Third Frontier Project, launched in 2002, the
State of Ohio has made technology-based economic
growth a top priority. This project matches $1.6 billion
in State investment with an additional $4.5 billion in
federal and private funding to create a $6 billion ten-
year initiative.
• Hamilton County seems to be doing quite well with
high-tech jobs. That sector increased dramatically from
28,679 jobs in 1987 to 48,545 jobs in 2001.
• The Cincinnati region has benefited from $27.4 mil-
lion in awards from the Third Frontier in 2003. The
largest one, $25.2 million, was presented to a team led
by Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center to
establish the Center for Computational Medicine to
benefit children with cancer and other diseases.
• Always at issue with internet connectivity are data
transfer speed and the ability to communicate from
any geographic location. Three emerging options are
likely to address these communication obstacles in
Hamilton County: wireless broadband networking,
voice over internet protocol service, and broadband
over power lines.
COMMUNITY COMPASS - STATE OF THE COUNTY REPORT viiviii HAMILTON COUNTY REGIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION / PLANNING PARTNERSHIP
STATE OF THE COUNTY REPORT:
Community Services
THE VISION FOR HAMILTON COUNTY'S FUTURE: The Vision Statement for Community
Services, a component of The Vision
Quality of life improvements through improved safety services, for Hamilton County’s Future, is based
community beautification, and well planned and maintained on recommendations from 12 Commu-
nity Forums in the Fall of 2001 and the
comprehensive infrastructure with consideration of the impact on Countywide Town Meeting held January
the built and natural environments. 12, 2002.
The Vision for Hamilton County’s Future
was reviewed and approved by:
• Community COMPASS Steering
INTRODUCTION Team, July 30, 2002
• Hamilton County Planning Partner-
ship, Dec. 3, 2002
This report presents existing conditions and trends in Hamilton County related to sanitary • Hamilton County Regional Planning
sewer and water service, storm water management, solid waste, recycling, public safety, Commission, Feb. 6, 2003
homeland security, and communications. The report identifies seven important findings as • Hamilton County Board of County
Commissioners, Nov. 26, 2003
well as the importance of trends associated with each finding, and provides key indicators
for measuring progress toward the Vision for Hamilton County’s Future.
As communities grow outwards, new residents require the extension of services for public
health, safety, and welfare. Other than zoning and other land development regulations,
the decisions a community makes on where to build public sewer and water lines has a
significant impact on where new development will take place and how that community
will grow. These decisions are far-reaching as other community services are affected
by utility expansion. With outward growth, police and fire departments will experience
a greater number of calls over a wider area for service and will adjust their operations
accordingly. School districts must accommodate an increase in students. Hospitals and
health care providers will adjust to the needs of a changing population. Traffic generated
from new development will impact the area’s roads. All of these events to accommodate
outward growth leave the older city and "first suburb" areas with fewer residents and less
tax base to accommodate increasing cost of community services.
Ideally, community facilities planning would operate hand-in-hand with regional compre-
hensive land use planning. However, this kind of coordination has not been the tradition
in Hamilton County, the OKI region, or the State of Ohio (which does not have legislation
requiring comprehensive planning), nor indeed much of the nation throughout the last
century of urban growth and expansion. With the completion of the new comprehensive
plan - Community COMPASS - Hamilton County has identified initiatives to work towards
closer coordination of comprehensive planning and infrastructure planning. Providing
excellent community services will play an important role in retaining and attracting people
and development in Hamilton County.
COMMUNITY COMPASS - STATE OF THE COUNTY REPORT 1FINDING 1
DEMAND DRIVEN UTILITY EXPANSION POLICIES
TEND TO OVERRIDE COMMUNITY GOALS.
Hamilton County’s popu- The last large vestiges of impacts. The areas shown
lation peaked in 1970 at undeveloped lands lie in for planned sewer as shown
924,018 people. Since the western third of Ham- in Figure 4, are where mod-
then, population has de- ilton County. In an effort erate density (up to two or
clined, falling to 845,303 to plan for growth in this three homes per acre) can
in 2000. Although total area of steep slopes and be accommodated. Areas
population is decreasing, large floodplains, the 1999 without planned sewer
and surrounding counties Western Hamilton County (generally due to develop-
continue to become more Collaborative Plan (WHC- ment constraints) are more
fashionable places to live CP) brought 10 communi- appropriately kept in a rural
and work, development ties together to consider state. It must be cautioned,
activity continues in Ham- the locations and types of though, that even larger lot
ilton County (Figure 1). growth. Rather than infra- developments (in excess of
People are spreading them- structure driving growth, three acres) in rural areas
selves further out across the WHCCP instead rec- can have an environmental
the County, building new ommended areas for rural impact when private sew-
houses, office parks, and and moderate growth based age treatment plants are the
shopping centers as they on capacity of the land only means of service.
go. This new development mainly for sewers (since
encourages expansion of on-site sewer systems are Typically, when a parcel
public infrastructure for a limiting factor in housing of land is developed in
water and sewer lines as density) and to an extent Hamilton County, the
shown in Figures 2 and 3. water as well as assessing developer or owner of
fiscal and transportation the property builds the
Figure 1
RESIDENTIAL 75
DEVELOPMENT, 71
1970 - 2004 74
3RVW 'ZHOOLQJV
275
Source: Hamilton County Regional
Planning Commission
275
471
75
71
2 HAMILTON COUNTY REGIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION / PLANNING PARTNERSHIPnecessary sewer and water in Hamilton County, this are some other providers as
infrastructure within the is either the Metropolitan shown in Figures 5 and 6.
project. All infrastructure Sewer District (MSD) for
is built according to the sanitary sewer lines or Five Hamilton County
review and approval of the Cincinnati Water Works communities provide wa-
public utility that eventu- (CWW) for water lines. ter to residents through
ally will be responsible for Although MSD and CWW local utility companies.
operation and maintenance predominantly serve the Norwood and Reading
of the lines. In most cases County’s residents, there purchase water wholesale
Figure 2
SEWER LINES, 2004
75
71
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74
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Source: Metropolitan Sewer District ,
275 CAGIS
275
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75
71
Figure 3
75
WATER LINES, 2004
71
74 &LQFLQQDWL:DWHU:RUNV
:DWHU0DLQV
Source: Cincinnati Water Works
275
275
471
75
71
COMMUNITY COMPASS - STATE OF THE COUNTY REPORT 3from CWW and then nections to CWW in cases ated the district to assist
sell it to their residents of emergency. with sewer construction
through their local utili- and hookup costs in the
ties. Wyoming, Lockland, Whitewater Township Miamitown and Hooven
and Glendale, produce their has a Sewer Management areas. New sewers in these
own water from well fields District that extends across communities became nec-
but maintain standby con- the entire jurisdiction. essary when failing on-site
Township officials cre- sewage systems created a
public health hazard for
Figure 4
residents. MSD built the
RECOMMENDED 2020
sewer lines and the Sewer
SEWER AND WATER
SERVICE AREA FOR 275
275 Management District main-
74
74
WESTERN HAMILTON tains them. The sewage is
COUNTY treated by MSD treatment
plants, and Whitewater
3ODQQHG6HZHUDQG:DWHU Township does not plan
6HUYLFH$UHD
on building any treatment
3ODQQHG:DWHU6HUYLFH$UHD 126
facilities. Since Whitewater
Source: Western Hamilton County
Township has not adopted
Collaborative Plan, 1999 zoning, the recent availabil-
ity of sewers could lead to
haphazard development.
74
74
The City of Harrison Utility
275
275
Department provides sewer
service inside the Harrison
city limits. Property owners
outside Harrison have typi-
cally requested annexation
Figure 5
SEWER SERVICE
PROVIDERS, 2004 75
71
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7HUUDFH3DUN9LOODJH
:KLWHZDWHU7RZQVKLS
Source: Metropolitan Sewer District and
other local sewer service providers
275
471
75
71
4 HAMILTON COUNTY REGIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION / PLANNING PARTNERSHIPinto the City in order to ac- ern half of the Township lines. Trunk lines are high
cess public sewers. There and most of the City of capacity sewer pipes that
is also a Harrison Town- Harrison. Harrison Town- are generally too expen-
ship Sewer Management ship Water Service and sive to be constructed to
District created to manage Southwest Regional Water serve a single develop-
any future sewer develop- Service have jurisdiction ment. They are intended to
ment, but it does not own over the northern half of provide sewer service to a
or maintain any sewer lines the Township. large region and potentially
currently. thousands of customers.
Individual developments Trunk sewers are usually
Water service in the Har- - residential subdivisions, constructed by MSD or
rison area is provided by shopping malls, or indus- other sewer utilities as part
three utilities. Cincinnati trial parks - connect their of larger capital improve-
Water Works provides sewer lines into larger ment plans. In an area that
water service to the south- sewer mains or “trunk” has not been developed, the
Figure 6
75
WATER SERVICE
71
74
PROVIDERS, 2004
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&:::KROHVDOH&RQQHFWLRQV
275
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,QGLDQ+LOO:DWHU6HUYLFH
/RYHODQG:DWHU6HUYLFH
7ZLQ5LYHUV:DWHU6HUYLFH
275
:DUUHQ&RXQW\:DWHU6HUYLFH
471
75 Source: Cincinnati Water Works and other
71 local water providers
Figure 7
NEW SEWER
CONSTRUCTION IN
HAMILTON COUNTY,
Miles of New Sewer
1992-2002
Source: Metropolitan Sewer District
Year
COMMUNITY COMPASS - STATE OF THE COUNTY REPORT 5location of a sewer trunk more acres) that are nearly must use on-site wells or
line is an excellent predic- impossible to efficiently cisterns for water along
tor of where the growth will serve with public sewer with some form of home
occur. Figure 7 shows sew- (and sometimes public sewage treatment systems.
er construction as peaking water) because of the cost The latter can be a private
in the mid 1990s and then to construct the lines for treatment unit that uses
leveling off as the County so few homes. Likewise, electricity to run a motor
became more developed if a new development is that aerates the waste, a
and remaining land is of- located in a remote part septic tank or leach field,
ten more topographically of the county or in an area or connection to a private
difficult to service. with rugged terrain, provid- package treatment plant
ing public utilities may be for a grouping of homes.
In low-density develop- unfeasible. On-site sewage disposal
ments, sewer lines are systems generally are not
not cost-effective. For In cases where develop- an ideal situation for new
instance, some residential ment takes place without development, and can lead
subdivisions are designed public sewer and water to public health and envi-
with large lots (five or service, the buildings ronmental problems.
Figure 8
MSD TREATMENT
PLANT CAPACITY, 2004 75
71
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'
:LWKLQ'HVLJQ&DSDFLW\
) 275
(
Source: Ohio Enviromental Protection
Agency
*
275
& $
%
471
75
71
Plant Name Design Capacity (MGD) Used Capacity (MGD)
Mill Creek (A) 130.0 131.7
Little Miami (B) 55.0 31.0
Muddy Creek (C) 15.0 14.6
Polk Run (D) 8.0 4.5
Sycamore Creek (E) 6.0 8.7
Taylor Creek (F) 5.5 1.9
Indian Creek (G) 1.5 0.4
6 HAMILTON COUNTY REGIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION / PLANNING PARTNERSHIPWhy Is This Although MSD’s 1993
Important? Quality Upgrades for Ef-
fective Sewage Treatment
Sewer and water service (QUEST) plan identifies
extensions in Hamilton sewer status and potential
County appear to be pri- for the county, it does not
marily driven by demand prioritize or recommend
for new development. Hav- new sewers in certain ar-
ing a demand-driven utility eas over others. In the 1999
expansion policy can lead Western Hamilton County
to problems in prioritizing Collaborative Plan, sewer
where funding and efforts phasing is a major factor
for service expansion will in identifying areas for
do the most public good, higher growth and those
and often prevents prog- that should remain rural
ress in achieving adopted in character. The county
community goals. This growth plan recommended
policy can also lead to de- as an initiative in Commu-
velopment that consumes nity COMPASS should
sewer and water system continue the linkage of
capacity faster than capital public utility growth and
improvements can create land use goals.
new capacity. Figure 8
illustrates the seven large Key Indicators:
regional sewer treatment
• Number of miles of
plants operated by MSD
sewer construction
and their remaining capac-
annually (Figure 7)
ity as of July 2004. Two
plants are already exceed- • MSD treatment plant
ing their design flow capac- capacity (Figure 8)
ity and another one is close
to doing so.
Ideally, Hamilton County’s
utility extension policy and
land use policies should co-
ordinate and reinforce one
another. Capital improve-
ments to public sewer and
water service are some of
the best tools a commu-
nity has for shaping future
development. In 1963,
the sanitary sewer plan
prepared by the County
specifically referenced the
1964 County Master Plan
(draft prepared in 1961 but
not adopted until 1964)
as the guiding policy for
future development.
COMMUNITY COMPASS - STATE OF THE COUNTY REPORT 7FINDING 2
THE NUMBER OF FAILURES OF ON-SITE SEWAGE
TREATMENT SYSTEMS IS INCREASING FOR
MECHANICAL SYSTEMS AND DECREASING FOR
NON-MECHANICAL SYSTEMS.
Typically in urban areas developments in the Vil- This inspection program
public sewer is provided to lage of Indian Hill and has been vital in discover-
homes. However, approxi- Terrace Park account for ing problems with on-site
mately 19,000 housing approximately 1,300 septic sewage disposal before
units in Hamilton County systems at the eastern edge they become larger public
have on-site private septic of the County. health issues.
(non-mechanical) or aera-
tion (mechanical) wastewa- The Hamilton County Approximately ten per-
ter treatment systems. Most Board of Health must cent of the County’s on-
on-site systems are located approve all on-site waste- site wastewater treatment
in the western townships. water treatment systems systems completely fail
This is due to the rural before they can operate. every year (see Figures 9
nature and the complex Beginning in 1996, the and 10) Furthermore, the
topography of western Board of Health began Hamilton County General
Hamilton County which regular inspections of exist- Health District estimates
makes sewer line construc- ing systems to ensure they that as many as 50 percent
tion difficult. Low-density are functioning properly. of septic and aeration sys-
tems are not functioning
Figure 9
properly. Many of these
MECHANICAL ON-SITE
SEWAGE SYSTEM
failures are the result of
Mechanical System Failures
FAILURES IN HAMILTON
a faulty mechanical part
COUNTY, 1997-2003
and are relatively simple
Source: Hamilton County Board of Health
to repair. However, in the
case of a non-mechanical
failure such as a septic tank,
the on-site system must be
completely replaced at a
huge expense to the prop-
erty owner. Non-mechani-
Years
cal failures can be caused
Figure 10
by the soil where a septic
NON-MECHANICAL ON- field is located becoming
SITE SEWAGE SYSTEM saturated and unable to
Non-Mechanical System Failures
FAILURES IN HAMILTON absorb additional waste-
COUNTY, 1997-2003 water.
Source: Hamilton County Board of Health A failing on-site sewer sys-
tem can be disastrous for a
single property owner. In
some cases, entire neigh-
borhoods contain homes
with private systems that
Years begin to fail at the same
8 HAMILTON COUNTY REGIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION / PLANNING PARTNERSHIPtime. When this happens, Why Is This Key Indicators:
the problem can escalate Important?
into a public health crisis • Νumber of
requiring action by the Expanding public utility mechanical on-site
Board of Health, MSD, service enables develop- sewage disposal
and the County Commis- ment to spread further out failures per year
sioners. Public sewer may into rural areas. On the (Figure 9)
then be extended to the other hand, public utili- • Νumber of non-
area, allowing properties ties are the best method to mechanical sewage
to switch from private provide sanitary water and disposal failures per
systems to public sewer. sewer service for urban and year (Figure 10)
However, it can be very suburban development. Al-
lowing development of any • Νumber of homes
costly to extend sewer
density greater than one on private sewage
service. Tap-in fees for
unit per acre to occur with systems that convert
homeowners can be several
on-site sewage treatment to public sewer
thousand dollars. MSD and
Hamilton County have off- systems is setting the stage
set some of these expenses for eventual problems. A
with various financial assis- poorly maintained or faulty
tance programs. Between on-site sewage system can
1993 and 1999, about 540 leak untreated wastewater
houses converted from into the soil, thereby con-
on-site sewage treatment taminating nearby streams,
to public sewer. Between ponds, or rivers as well as
2000 and 2004, 460 houses drinking wells. This can
converted. lead to public health haz-
ards, environmental dam-
Due to the number of on- age, property damage, and
site sewage systems that increased insurance costs
fail each year, there is a for property owners.
strong incentive to extend
sewer lines throughout
much of the County.
MSD’s QUEST Plan
identifies opportunities
along with limitations for
sewer line extensions. The
QUEST Plan was created in
part to address some of the
problems associated with
on-site sewage systems
and water contamination
by identifying the feasibil-
ity of constructing sewers.
As discussed previously,
though, public sewer ser-
vice is not feasible in areas
with low density popula-
tions or where the topog-
raphy is very rugged.
COMMUNITY COMPASS - STATE OF THE COUNTY REPORT 9FINDING 3
POLLUTION FROM STORM WATER RUNOFF AND
SANITARY SEWER PROBLEMS IS BEING ADDRESSED
THROUGH GOVERNMENT MANDATES AS WELL AS
LEGAL SETTLEMENTS.
Storm water runoff from political jurisdiction lines Water District (HCSWD)
rain or melting snow car- arbitrarily slice through was formed in 2003 with
ries pollutants from roads, watersheds. 45 of the County’s 49 com-
parking lots, driveways, munities (plus Hamilton
and rooftops into local It is estimated that 40 per- County) joining together
water bodies. As a result, cent of rivers, streams, and to work on a watershed
"…it can lead to fish kills, lakes in the United States basis. Working indepen-
destruction of wildlife hab- do not meet water quality dently to meet these EPA
itat, excessive siltation, loss standards.2 In an effort to requirements are the Cities
of aesthetic value, impaired address this situation, the of Forest Park, Harrison,
recreational areas, and con- U.S. Environmental Pro- Loveland, Reading, and
taminated drinking water tection Agency created the Springdale.
resources.”1 Since drain- NPDES Phase II Permit
age patterns do not follow Program (National Pollut- The NPDES II require-
jurisdiction lines, storm ant Discharge Elimination ments, which spell out how
water management works System) requiring urban the County will implement
better if administered from counties to adopt programs six minimum control mea-
a watershed perspective. to improve storm water sures, are as follows:
As can be seen in Figure quality. Accordingly, the
11, Hamilton County’s 49 Hamilton County Storm
Figure 11
DRAINAGE BASINS,
2004 75
71
74
Jurisdiction Boundary
Note: Shading indicates different drainage
basins
Source: Metroplitan Sewer District 275
275
471
75
71
10 HAMILTON COUNTY REGIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION / PLANNING PARTNERSHIP1. Public Education and EPA. However, successful nation of SSOs as well as
Outreach on Storm management of Hamilton reduction of discharges
Water Impacts County’s storm water will from CSOs. In response
2. Public Involvement/ require coordination among to a 1992 lawsuit by the
Participation the County’s Soil and Wa- U.S. Department of Jus-
ter Conservation District, tice charging MSD to end
3. Illicit Discharge Detec- Public Works, General sanitary sewage overflows,
tion Health District, as well as a formal remediation agree-
4. Construction Site the City of Cincinnati’s ment was reached with
Storm Water Runoff Storm Water Management MSD, EPA, the Depart-
Control Utility, and MSD. ment of Justice, and the
5. Post Construction State of Ohio. Two decrees
Combined storm water and resulted from the agree-
Storm Water Manage- sanitary sewers are preva-
ment ment – an Interim Partial
lent in many of Hamilton Consent Decree to phase
6. Pollution Prevention/ County’s older neighbor- out SSOs by 2022 and a
Good Housekeeping hoods. When severe Global Consent Decree re-
for Municipal Opera- weather occurs, overflows quiring reduction of CSO
tors of rainwater and raw sew- discharges and creating
age are released into the en- the “Water-in-Basement
HCSWD has a five year vironment. Such an event
program for phasing in response program.”
is called a combined sewer
the above measures. It is overflow (CSO). When The City of Cincinnati and
important to note that HC- sewers designed solely for Hamilton County both re-
SWD will issue guidance, sanitary waste overflow viewed and approved the
ordinances, and procedures due to major storms or an Consent Decree in 2003.
manuals for member com- improper system operation, Final court review occurred
munities, but regulations it is know as a sanitary in June 2004. MSD is be-
for storm water will remain sewer overflow (SSO). As ginning capital improve-
under local control. Also, Figure 12 shows, Hamil- ment projects expected to
the NPDES II Program en- ton County experiences cost approximately $1.5
courages communities to a large number of these billion and take until 2022
work together on improv- overflows. to complete.
ing storm water “quality”
rather than the “quantity” The Clean Water Act in the MSD started the Water-In-
of storm water released into late 1980s and amended in Basement (WIB) program
the environment. Therefore, the 1990s called for elimi- in January 2004. With a
in Hamilton County storm
water quality and quantity Figure 12
ANNUAL COMBINED
will still be regulated at the
local level rather than on a
SEWER OVERFLOWS
AND SANITARY SEWER
watershed basis. OVERFLOWS IN
Responsibility for adminis- HAMILTON COUNTY,
Overflows
1997-2003
tering this storm water plan
falls on a variety of agen- Source: Metroplitan Sewer District
cies. The Hamilton County
Engineer’s Office is the
lead agency ultimately
responsible for submit-
ting progress reports to the Year
COMMUNITY COMPASS - STATE OF THE COUNTY REPORT 11goal of eliminating sewer and discharges each year Sewer improvements
back-ups into basements, cause enormous damage required by MSD can fur-
the WIB program provides to our environment and ther turn the tide on past
emergency assistance, property, to say nothing environmental, health,
reimburses for limited of the public health haz- and property degradation.
property damages, helps ards. Polluted waters also Although, storm water
with insurance claims, discourage recreation such and sewer “fixes” are
and installs preventative as swimming and fishing. long-term approaches that
measures to avoid future This multitude of impacts will cost billions of dol-
basement flooding projects. can diminish the economic lars, these improvements
Other projects proposed by health of the County. will strengthen Hamilton
MSD include: County’s quality of life.
Storm water manage-
• Eliminate the 90 most ment in Hamilton County Key Indicators:
active SSOs by 2022. needs to advance from an
engineering problem to • Number of
• Complete 23 capital
a multi-jurisdiction plan- measurable goals
improvement projects
ning initiative with long- implemented by the
aimed at reducing
range perspectives and HCSWD per year
and eliminating CSO
solutions. The measures • Number of combined
discharges.
taken by HCSWD over the sewer overflows
• Implement comprehen- next years are a first step in (CSO) and sanitary
sive water quality test- working together to address sewer overflows
ing, cost/benefit analy- watershed issues. Although (SSO) per year
sis of various solutions the authority of HCSWD (Figure 12)
for fixing CSOs, and is limited to issues deal-
extensive public re- • Number of reports of
ing with NPDES II, the
view of potential solu- water in basements
benefits of collaboration
tions. among jurisdictions could
• Invest $5.3 million in provide incentive for coop-
local environmental eration on a variety of other
enhancement projects storm water issues such as
including in-stream amount of run-off.
habitat improvement
The Hamilton County Plan-
along the Mill Creek,
ning Partnership has a role
stream bank stabiliza-
to play in storm water man-
tion and greenway
agement as well. In collab-
development, and
oration with the NPDES II
brownfield remedia-
program, the Partnership
tion.
developed an educational
Why Is This storm water management
workshop for planning
Important?
commissions of member
Storm water runoff and jurisdictions. Several com-
sewer overflows into riv- munities have participated
ers, streams, and buildings in the workshop and some
are longstanding problems have subsequently revised
in Hamilton County. their storm drainage re-
Hundreds of overflows quirements.
12 HAMILTON COUNTY REGIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION / PLANNING PARTNERSHIPFINDING 4
HAMILTON COUNTY’S SOLID WASTE RECYCLING
NOW EXCEEDS THE AMOUNT OF WASTE DEPOSITED
IN THE AREA’S SANITARY LANDFILLS.
Recycling is an increas- year in 2000 due to efforts various companies across
ingly important part of by the Hamilton County the region. Unless the
solid waste management in Solid Waste District. recycling stream is con-
Hamilton County. As more taminated at collection
materials are recycled, less The amount of material re- points - residential garbage
solid waste is being sent to cycled in 2002 in Hamilton mixed with recyclables for
the Rumpke Sanitary Land- County actually exceeds instance - Rumpke and CSI
fill. That landfill, operating the amount of solid waste are able to re-sell virtually
since the 1930s in Colerain deposited in the Rumpke all the materials they col-
Township, has 440 acres of Sanitary Landfill (Figures lect.
land. It has the capacity to 13 and 14). Rumpke and
handle 8,600 tons of waste CSI Waste Services are Commercial and industrial
per day or approximately responsible for residential recycled materials are usu-
3.1 million tons per year. recycling collection in ally marketed directly from
Rumpke owns and oper- Hamilton County. After business to business. There
ates other landfills in Ohio, collecting, consolidating, is a strong market for re-
Kentucky, and Indiana and and sorting material, they cycled industrial materials
manages solid waste dis- then sell the material to in Hamilton County, and
posal in all three states. Figure 13
TOTAL WASTE
Hamilton County generates RECYCLED IN
an average of 2.5 million
HAMILTON COUNTY,
tons of waste annually, 1992-2002*
1.2 million of which is
Tons
*excluding 1996 because of an unusually
deposited in the Rumpke large amount of industrial waste recycled
that year
Sanitary Landfill, 3 and
the remainder is recycled.
Source: Hamilton County Solid Waste
District
Between 1992 and 2002,
the total amount of mate-
rial collected for recycling
in Hamilton County in- Years
creased over 500 percent,
Figure 14
from about 227,000 tons TOTAL WASTE
in 1992 to 1.4 million tons LANDFILLED IN
in 2002 (Figure 13). The HAMILTON COUNTY,
largest gains have been in 1992-2002
the industrial sector, which
Tons
Source: Ohio EPA, Hamilton County Solid
account for the majority of Waste District
recycled material. After
slowly increasing from
57,429 tons in 1992 to
206,175 tons in 1999, in-
dustrial recycling skyrock-
eted to 791,391 tons per Years
COMMUNITY COMPASS - STATE OF THE COUNTY REPORT 13the Solid Waste District reduce the total amount Key Indicators:
maintains a database with of residential material re-
dozens of businesses that cycled in the County. • Tons of total waste
buy and sell all types of recycled annually
recyclables. Why Is This (Figure 13)
Important? • Number of years of
Cincinnati and Hamilton
capacity for Rumpke
County offer a variety of According to the Solid
Sanitary Landfill
recycling opportunities to Waste District, Rumpke
(Hamilton County
residents. Over 60 percent Sanitary Landfill provides
Solid Waste District)
of residents in Hamilton a low-cost solid waste
County have curbside disposal option not only
recycling service through to Hamilton County but
municipalities or town- the entire metropolitan
ships. Typically, house- area. How long this land-
hold recyclable materials fill remains in operation
are picked up on the same has implications for every
day as normal trash pickup. household and business
In places where curbside in Hamilton County. Re-
pickup is not available, cycling has a direct effect
drop off locations are on the life-span of the
available for residents to landfill. The more waste
deposit their recyclable diverted from the landfill
materials. While this op- for recycling, the longer it
tion is not as convenient as can remain in operation.
curbside pickup, drop off
recycling can still gener- Beyond the benefits to the
ate a substantial amount of environment and landfill
recycled material. operations, recycling ac-
tivity brings benefits to the
The City of Cincinnati State economy. The State
alone recycles approxi- of Ohio had approximately
mately 12,000 tons of $22.5 billion in sales of re-
residential waste per year. cycled materials in 2002.
This includes both curb- According to Hamilton
side and drop off recycling County Environmental
programs. Columbus is the Services, over 98,000
only large city in Ohio that people work statewide in
collects more recyclables the recycling industry in
- about 12,700 tons. Day- 3,177 businesses making
ton, Akron, and Cleveland average salaries of $36,600
all collect less recyclable (over $8,000 more than the
material per year than statewide average). Clearly,
Cincinnati. In 2003, the this industry is important to
City considered dropping the State and has continued
their residential recycling potential for growth.
program as a cost-saving
measure. The program is
still in operation, but pos-
sible termination of the
service would seriously
14 HAMILTON COUNTY REGIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION / PLANNING PARTNERSHIPFINDING 5
ONCE IN DECLINE, CRIME RATES FOR THE
CINCINNATI METROPOLITAN REGION ARE
INCREASING, ALTHOUGH OVERALL CRIME LEVELS
ARE LOWER THAN MOST OTHER MIDWESTERN
METROPOLITAN AREAS.
An important aspect of both property crime rates and the property crime Violent Crime
• Murder
an area’s quality of life and violent crime rates rate has been steadily in • Rape
is related to the safety of in the City of Cincinnati the middle (see Figures 18 • Robbery
its citizens. Many factors drove this trend. Because and 19). • Robbery with gun
• Aggravated assault
impact the level of crime, Cincinnati is the largest • Assault with gun
some being employment city in the region, increased Why Is This
Property Crime
rates, education levels, and decreased amounts of Important? • Burglary
and stable family environ- crime drive the crime rate • Larceny
Crime rates and percep- • Motor vehicle theft
ments. In a recent national of the entire metropolitan
study it was found that low area. tion of crime activity have
wages were an even greater a profound impact on
factor than unemployment When compared with the whether people feel com-
in terms of less-educated Cleveland, Columbus, fortable living in a com-
men turning to crime.4 Indianapolis, Louisville, munity. Potential home-
Pittsburgh, and St. Louis buyers are far less likely to
Crime rates began drop- metropolitan regions, vio- purchase in a community
ping in the City of Cincin- lent crime in the Cincinnati with higher crime rates or
nati (see Figures 15 and 16) region is among the lowest if the community seems un-
during the1990s. However,
Figure 15
those rates began rising
VIOLENT CRIME
with the 2000 recession.
RATE IN THE CITY OF
Another factor that may
Incidents/100,000 Residents
CINCINNATI, 1992-2002
have impacted crime rates
was welfare reform - the Note: For Figures 14 through 18, data not
available between 1992 and 1997
1996 Personal Responsibil- Source: FBI Uniform Crime Data
ity and Work Opportunity
Reconciliation Act - that
put a five year lifetime cap
on federally funded cash
assistance to recipients Years
along with a host of other Figure 16
phased out benefits. PROPERTY CRIME
RATE IN THE CITY OF
Incidents/100,000 Residents
During the 1990s, overall CINCINNATI,
crime rates declined in the 1992-2002
Cincinnati metropolitan
Source: FBI Uniform Crime Data
region and have stabilized
over the past two years
around 4,500 incidents
per 100,000 residents (see
Figure 17). Reductions in
Years
COMMUNITY COMPASS - STATE OF THE COUNTY REPORT 15safe. Likewise, people who County and factors into sequent economic boycott
already live in an area will the decision of whether to called for by the Coalition
withdraw from the commu- move here, bring a business for a Just Cincinnati.
nity if they do not feel safe here, or otherwise invest in
and will move out at their the area. Competition today The various causes of
first opportunity. among urban areas is fierce, crime and strategies for
and being saddled with a reducing crime are com-
The perception of crime crime problem is a serious plex and therefore beyond
operates on a larger scale handicap. Cincinnati is still the scope of this report.
as well. It impacts how wearing a tarnished label However, dealing with
people from outside the internationally as a result a crime problem is not
region view Hamilton of the 2001 riots and sub- simply a matter of more
police officers arresting and
locking up more criminals.
Figure 17
Many other issues includ-
TOTAL CRIME RATE IN 6000
HAMILTON COUNTY,
ing local economics, the
Incidents/100,000 Residents
5000
1992-2002 criminal justice system,
Source: FBI Uniform Crime Data 4000 racial issues, and social and
family structures factor into
3000
crime activity.
2000
1000
Key Indicators:
0 • City of Cincinnati
1992 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Years violent crime
incidents per 100,000
residents (Figure 15)
Figure 18
VIOLENT CRIME RATE • City of Cincinnati
BY METRO REGION, property crime
Incidents/100,000 Residents
1992-2002
incidents per 100,000
0HWURSROLWDQ5HJLRQ residents (Figure 16)
&LQFLQQDWL
&OHYHODQG
• Violent crime
&ROXPEXV incidents per
,QGLDQDSROLV
100,000 residents
/RXLVYLOOH in the Cincinnati
3LWWVEXUJK metropolitan region
6W/RXLV
Year (Figure 18)
Source: FBI Uniform Crime Data
• Property crime
Figure 19 incidents per
PROPERTY CRIME
100,000 residents
RATE BY METRO in the Cincinnati
REGION, 1992-2002
Incidents/100,000 Residents
metropolitan region
0HWURSROLWDQ5HJLRQ
(Figure 19)
&LQFLQQDWL
&OHYHODQG
&ROXPEXV
,QGLDQDSROLV
/RXLVYLOOH
3LWWVEXUJK
6W/RXLV
Year
Source: FBI Uniform Crime Data
16 HAMILTON COUNTY REGIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION / PLANNING PARTNERSHIPFINDING 6
HOMELAND SECURITY PLANNING IS AN IMPORTANT
NEW CONCERN IN HAMILTON COUNTY.
It goes without saying that three categories: commu- ers, state, and local govern-
since Autumn 2001 ques- nications, capital needs, ments with terrorism and
tions of how to protect our and equipment. Projects to other potential disasters.
cities and population from improve communication In 2004, DHS awarded
terrorist attacks is on the and information sharing Cincinnati and Hamilton
mind of almost every elect- among public safety agen- County $12.7 million in
ed official and public safety cies and the general public federal funds through
worker across the County. receive highest priority. the Urban Area Security
Indeed, many state and na- Top capital improvement Initiative grant program.
tional priorities have been projects are a regional Ohio received $68.2 mil-
re-arranged and entire new emergency operations lion from the Counterter-
agencies created to deal center and a consolidated rorism Grant Program
with domestic and foreign facility for the Cincinnati to distribute statewide.
terrorist threats. Providing Board of Health and the While these are generous
for the public safety has County General Health allotments, they fall short
always been an important District to store materials of the $135 million esti-
function of local govern- and conduct operations. mated to carry out all the
ments. What is different is Equipment recommenda- recommendations in the
the magnitude of potential tions center on providing Hamilton County Home-
threats and the money and first response personnel land Security Commission
resources that must be al- with hazardous materials Report. In fact, funds allot-
located to address those equipment. Recommenda- ted to Hamilton County are
threats. September 11, tions for short-term proj- less than 10 percent of this
2001 altered the reality of ects include general im- amount. Continued federal
what is possible to be done provement of first response allotments as well as other
to us and how vulnerable operations, extra protective funding sources will likely
our cities are. measures against possible be required in order to com-
threats to different facilities plete the work described by
In order to create a plan and locations in Hamilton the report.
for security preparedness, County, and equipment
the Hamilton County purchases. Longer term Why Is This
Homeland Security Com- projects include adminis-
mission was formed in Important?
trative measures for better
March 2003. Commission coordination among public Implementing homeland
members come from the safety agencies and expan- security measures in Ham-
private and public sectors sion of the new Emer- ilton County will mean
and include elected of- gency Operations Center spending a lot of money.
ficials, department heads, for region-wide security And as the situation stands
utility managers, public coordination. now, local and state funds
safety administrators, and have to fill the gap between
business leaders. The final The U.S. Department of assessed security needs and
Hamilton County Home- Homeland Security (DHS) federal funds allocated to
land Security Commission allocated over $8 billion fulfill those needs. As with
Report includes 11 recom- nationwide since March any expensive program,
mendations organized into 2003 to assist first respond- setting priorities and al-
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