St GEORGE FOR ENGLAND April 2021
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St GEORGE FOR ENGLAND April 2021 In this edition England, Kingdom, Commonwealth: time to celebrate St George’s Day Visionary England – the Lake District The continuing battle for the English countryside Britain’s famous steam locomotives THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF St GEORGE – The Premier Patriotic Society of England Founded in 1894. Incorporated by Royal Charter. Patron: Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II £3.50
B AT T L E O F B R I TA I N H I S TO R I C A L S O C I E T Y
“Never in the field of human conflict was so
much owed by so many to so few”
Official Newsletter of the
Battle of Britain Historical Society 2013 Ltd
Always Remembered … Never forgotten
“Never in
the
much owe field of human
d by so man conflict
y to so few” was so
Head Office: Calais View, Channel Way, Fairlight, East Sussex TN35 4BP
Editor and Managing Director: Graves Registrar: Membership Secretary:
John Pulfer BEM JP Steve Maddock Margaret Pulfer
Tel: 01424 814866 Tel: 01895 676004 Tel: 01424 814866
Email: johnatbobhs@gmail.com stevewmaddock@gmail.com Email: bobhsmemsec@gmail.com
Historian:
Nick Hall
Battle of Offic AUTUMN / WINTER 2017
Britain Histo ial New
Tel: 01427 668122
Email: scampton.1943@btinternet.com slett
rical Soci er of theIssue 156
ety 2013
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“Never in the field of human conflict was so
We are now recruiting new members to join the
Battle of Britain Historical Society 2013 Ltd.
much owed by so many to so few”
Head
Office:
Calais
View,
Edito Channel
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John Pulfer Managing Way, Fairlig
Tel: 01424 BEM JP Direc ht, East
tor: Sussex
Email 81486 Grave TN35
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Steve Registrar:
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Tel: 01895 ock Official Newsletter of the
Members will receive bi-annual 24 page colour newsletters.
rian: 67600 Membersh
Nick Hall
Tel: 01427
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SPRING
/ SUMMER
2018
Issue 157
The Society has four main aims…
• To ensure the Battle of Britain is never forgotten •
Head Office: Calais View, Channel Way, Fairlight, East Sussex
Editor and Managing Director:
John Pulfer BEM JP
Tel: 01424 814866
Graves Registrar:
Steve Maddock
Tel: 01895 676004
TN35 4BP
Membership Secretary:
Margaret Pulfer
Tel: 01424 814866
• To erect plaques in places where the “few’ were educated •
• To look after the final resting places of the “few” •
Email: johnatbobhs@gmail.com stevewmaddock@gmail.com Email: bobhsmemsec@gmail.com
Historian:
Nick Hall
Tel: 01427 668122
Email: scampton.1943@btinternet.com AUTUMN / WINTER 2018
Issue 158
• To erect granite memorials to the “few” •
LIFE MEMBERSHIP STANDARD MEMBERSHIP CORPORATE MEMBERSHIP
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M E M B E R S H I P S E C R E TA RY
Margaret Pulfer Email: bobhsmemsec@gmail.com Tel: 01424 814866
Web address: www.battleofbritain1940.net
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Contents
Vol 19. No. 1 – April 2021
Front Cover: The Queen Victoria Memorial
in front of Buckingham Palace
4 From the Chairman
5 Editorial
7 My England St George for England
The Official Journal of
8 Dambusters The Royal Society of St George
10 Branch News
16 Overseas Reports The Society stands for:
Respect for the Monarchy; Duty to our
16 St George’s Tax Sovereign and our Country;
The cause of England and Englishness.
17 Origins of Easter Traditions In accordance with our Constitution, the Objects
of the Society are:
18 News 33 Memories of the Battle of One
Britain To foster the love of England and to strengthen
England and the Commonwealth by spreading the
knowledge of English history, traditions and ideals.
34 England’s Railway Heritage Two
38 Letters to the Editor To keep fresh the memory of those, in all walks of
life, who have served England or the
Commonwealth in the past in order to inspire
39 Heritage of the leadership in the future.
Commonwealth Three
To combat all activities likely to undermine the
strength of England or the Commonwealth.
40 William Wilberforce Four
To further English interests everywhere to ensure
that St. George’s Day is properly celebrated and to
provide focal points the world over where English
33 men and women may gather together.
41 Obituaries
20 A Saint for all Nations 42 Book Review
23 Cinematic England
43 50/50 Club
25 Book Review
27 Overlooked England 47 Membership Affiliations
28 Visionary England 48 Our Branches
32 England’s Veterans 18 50 Shop Window
17 28 34
ST GEORGE FOR ENGLAND 3
FROM THE CHAIRMAN
THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF St GEORGE
last year by people that they have loved and
The Premier Patriotic Society of England nurtured.
Founded in 1894. I should imagine that marrying into the
Incorporated by Royal Charter. Royal Family is an enormous challenge,
Patron: Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II and we can only admire those who rise to
Chairman: Joanna M. Cadman
it so well. To always present yourself well,
Published at: The Royal Society of St George, RSSG, P.O.
BOX 397, Loughton, IG10 9GN, England to make the right choices and say the right
Telephone: 020 3225 5011 things (or not say what you want to say)
E-mail: info@royalsocietyofstgeorge.com
Website: www.rssg.org.uk
must be completely exhausting from time to
Facebook page: www.facebook.com/ time, but there has never been one word of
RoyalSocietyofStGeorge Twitter: @RSStGeorge complaint or self-pity from any of the senior
Join us on LinkedIn – the Royal Society of StGeorge
Official Group Royals. Maybe they are all “trapped”, but
Opening times: Monday to Thursday, 10.30 am to 3.30 pm they recognise that they are born into, or
Editor: Stuart Millson married into, a life of service and get on with
Editorial Address
Rumbeams Cottage, Ewhurst Green
it. Whilst in some ways they do live a life of
Nr Cranleigh, Surrey, GU6 7RR incredible privilege, their life and activities
Telephone: 01483 268627 are largely choreographed and controlled by
E-mail: joanna@joannacadman.com
protocol and tradition and is certainly not as
George Andrews, FCIB FCIS FCIArb – President Emeritus
Disney would portray the life of a Royal. We
Vice Presidents
How are you?
I
The Earl of Aylesford JP look up to them, we admire them, their words,
The Lord Cope of Berkeley PC THINK WE MUST, almost all of us, be clothes, children and houses fascinate us, and
The Lord Butler of Brockwell KG GCB CVO side-swiped and punch drunk by now. we are more stable as a country because of
Clifford James Trowse – Past Chairman
Mr B M Cronan It’s probably a good thing that most of us them, as well as being admired and respected
Mr C P Fairweather (well, me anyway) didn’t take on board the throughout the world for our constancy.
Mrs Esme Robinson
Sir Henry Paston-Bedingfeld Bt
enormity of a pandemic when it started. If you Her Majesty has devoted much of her life
His Excellency Air Chief Marshall Sir Stephen Dalton GCB had told me a year ago that we would be in the building the Commonwealth into a family of
RAF (retd) third lockdown now, that we would have spent equals that represents over a 2.4 billion people
Past Presidents: William R Firth Christmas, our birthdays, a long grey winter, from all corners of the globe, something she
John Clemence QPM
and now a second Easter without our loved should be rightly proud of.
Members of Council
Chairman – Joanna M. Cadman
ones, I think I would have found it very hard to So whatever words of criticism and self
Deputy Chairman – Nick Dutt take. It has all anyway been very hard to take, justification come out of Hollywood, we can
Vice Chairman – Christopher Houghton but we seem to be almost institutionalised now have complete faith in our Royal Family. We
Honorary Treasurer – Alastair Clement FFA FFTA
Honorary Secretary – Michael Riley and live with the restrictions imposed on us by know that they welcomed Meghan – you only
Chaplain to the Society – Revd. Roderick Leece the pandemic with resignation. And if that is have to remember the wedding, and the joy
General Secretary – Elizabeth Lloyd
Website Manager – Christopher Houghton
all that we have had to do, we have been lucky. on the faces of the Queen and Prince Philip or
North of England Co-ordinator – Michael Riley So many people have lost family, friends and the wonderful moment when Prince Charles
Youth Representative – Dennis Stinchcombe MBE livelihoods in this last year and face the future walked down the Chapel to meet Meghan,
Membership affiliations – Lloyd James
Schools and Projects – Nick Hinchliffe
with loss and uncertainty. took her arm, and walked with her to her
City of London – Paul Herbage, MBE
husband to be – to know that everyone wanted
Young Professionals Network – Cdr James Nisbet The Queen
Young Professionals Network – Farah London her in the Family, everyone could see how
It will be Her Majesty’s birthday this month
Council member – Lt. Col. Leslie Clarke much Prince Harry loved her and joined in that
Council member – Alan Broomhead and the Royal Society of St George will send
love. And that went for the rest of us as well.
Administration Centre staff her, our Patron, our very best wishes for long
General Secretary – Elizabeth Lloyd
Membership Secretary – Jade King
life and happiness. Next year the Queen will England’s History and Heritage
have reigned over us for seventy years and
Charitable Trust Members
has done so with unswerving steadfastness, And while I am talking about our pride in
Chairman – Bob Smith
Secretary – Shirley Hankers grace and dignity. She has never put a foot our Queen and Royal Family, I will reiterate
Treasurer and Trustee – Lloyd James
wrong; she has never neglected her duty or the my pride in our country, its history and
Trustee – Nick Dutt
Trustee – Dennis Stinchcombe promise she made to us to serve her country heritage, whatever its flaws. We have a need
Trustee – Chris Houghton and the Commonwealth for as long as she to recognise all of the past, the bad as well as
Trustee – Michael Riley
lived. She has unceasingly been a role model the good, and learn from it. We cannot build
Trustee – Nick Hinchliffe
to us all. a sound future without a clear understanding
Special Responsibilities
Standard Bearer – Lt. Col Leslie Clarke It has been a very hard year for Her Majesty of who we are as a country and where we
Deputy Standard Bearer – Major Robert A Peedle MBE TD
as well for a number of reasons. She has sit in the world. Wiping people and events
Yachting Association – Bob Smith
also had to suffer the separations and fears out of history doesn’t stop them existing,
Photography – Fred Pearson and Georgina Burges
caused by the pandemic, and will have felt and I question how we can make the world
This Journal is sent free to all full members and is available
for purchase at £3.50. Opinions expressed in articles or very keenly the inability to go out among her a better place and give our children a better
advertisements are those of the authors and advertisers people as she always has in times of crisis understanding of what would make it so, if
and the contents do not necessarily reflect editorial or
before. The Duke of Edinburgh is just out of we try to sanitise our inheritance. We need to
official RSSG views. This Journal may not be reproduced
in whole or in part without the permission of the Editor. hospital – the longest stay he has ever had – build our future on the past, not try to change
Opinions expressed in articles or advertisements are those leaving her without her friend and ally of so it or hide it.
of the authors and advertisers and the contents do not
necessarily reflect editorial or official RSSG views. We many years, just when she must have needed
reserve the right to refuse any advertisement or article him the most. This won’t be the first time 2021
without giving a reason. E&O.E.
that the Royal Family has been attacked, and There is Spring in the air and a tentative but
Design and Reprographics: Jim Duggan
I know that they will face this crisis as they growing hope that we may be moving back
Tel: 01233 632969. Mob: 07714451952
always do, with dignity, but I can only imagine towards a life outside. Where we can see each
Printed by: The Gemini Print Group, Shoreham-by-Sea
Tel: 01273 464884 how deeply hurtful it must be to them all, but other again, share meals and experiences,
particularly the Queen, for the family to be travel, spend time with our families – even hug
ISSN Number: ISSN 2046-8369
seemingly betrayed as they have been in the those we love!
4 ST GEORGE FOR ENGLAND
at the Cenotaph on 24 April, accompanied forget a lovely hour with him over a cup of tea
by my Deputy and Vice Chairmen, two at the Little Ships Club, where Council used
other members of Council and our Standard to meet. He was a true gentleman, courteous,
Bearer. I am in discussion with our Parade wryly self-deprecating and with a lovely
Commander about the small chance that we sense of humour, and he loved and served the
may be able to have a Corp of Cadets with Society so well over a number of years.
us, as they can now meet for training, but so I hope that, when we emerge from the last
much depends on the health of the country as year of isolation, we will be able to hold a
a whole that this remains a remote possibility. service of thanksgiving for George’s life in
Rest assured though, that the Royal Society of our Society Church of St George in Hanover
St George will be at the Cenotaph to honour Square, if his family are in agreement.
our glorious dead, as we have been for so And, of course, we have lost our Honorary
many years and will continue to be. member the lovely Captain Sir Tom Moore
We are looking forward to holding our to the pandemic, such an irony when he was
Battle of Britain lunch at the RAF Club on the beacon of hope and resilience last year. He
17 September. As with everything else that we came to stand for the good in us all, the ability
plan at the moment, we don’t know what form to smile in the face of adversity, and to get up
this will take, whether social distancing will and do something about it.
still be in place, so at present we are not able These are just two of the people known
to put a price to the function, but would ask to us that we cannot see or talk to anymore.
you to let the office know if you are interested There are so many of them – Tim Brooke
in attending so that we can keep you in touch Taylor for one, with that wonderfully
So, as we stick our heads outside and sniff with our plans. It will be so good to see you. understated sense of humour and that
the air, the Society is starting to plan. endearing habit of laughing at his own jokes.
Almost inevitably, the St George’s Day In Memoriam You will be able to think of, and know, so
Parade at the Cenotaph cannot take place this Last November we were very saddened to many more. It has been such a sorrowful year.
year again – at that stage in April, assuming learn of the death of our past President and But we are coming out of it, summer will
all goes to Boris Johnson’s plan, we will be President Emeritus George Andrews. To my come, we will meet again. In the meantime,
able to meet outside in groups of six, but regret, I didn’t know George as well as I my very best wishes to you all.
that’s it. So, on your behalf, I will lay a wreath would have very much liked to, but will never Joanna
EDITORIAL
This sainted isle
T
HE ANCIENT JELLING STONE the saintly soldier became, for the people
monument in Denmark, which dates of England, a knight in shining armour
from the tenth-century, is profoundly valiantly defending damsels against dragons
important to the Danish people. Marking – usually on an English village green. (A
the beginning of the Viking transition from far cry from the reality of George as the
a worship of the old Nordic gods to the man of action in the army of the Emperor
embracing of Christianity, the stone depicts Diocletian!)
the face of Christ – yet a Christ who looks Yet St. George was not the only hero
remarkably like a Viking. To make the capable of defeating evil. . . . Tucked
new religion their own, the creators of the away near the Fowey River, at the
monument deliberately shaped it to the hamlet of Golant, Cornwall, is a church
contours of their cultural identity, something dedicated to an early Celtic Christian – St. St. Martha’s Church, near Guildford
which the mediaeval English managed to Sampson, who was reputed to have fought
considerable success in their adoption of St. a hideous, gigantic worm on Bodmin of Christ’s Apostle, St. Andrew – the sea
George as their Patron Saint. Moor. Meanwhile, on the Surrey Hills, St. breezes blowing through the ragged arches
The real George the Martyr was, as Martha’s church (not far from Guildford) of the still-proud remains.
we know, an officer in the Roman Army, records the exploits of a saint whose skill Just like the Viking Christian converts,
whose loyalty to his Christian beliefs fired with needle and thread ensured that another we have made our own version of a religion;
the imagination of successive generations dragon was defeated, this time by being our shires, villages and towns, all bearing
of knights, crusaders and holy men from bound up in what must have been a very the signs and symbols of the saints we have
across the European world. Adopted by complicated knitting pattern! And in rural, taken to our English and British hearts.
Christian societies from as far and wide as coastal Suffolk, just outside the village
Russia, Renaissance Italy and even Ethiopia, of Walberswick, are the ruins of a church Stuart Millson
Corrections and clarifications
Mrs. Marian Werner of London (one of our the December edition. ‘He’ is in fact a ‘she’: ‘Cuthbert Orde’ – which was, in fact,
long-standing members) wrote to advise Ursula Fanthorpe. (Yes, we did know this ‘Sammy Allard’ as drawn by Orde. We
us of a gender mistake, in relation to really!). apologise to Battle of Britain author, Geoff
U. A. Fanthorpe, mentioned on page 7 of And on page 26, a caption appeared – Simpson, for this error.
ST GEORGE FOR ENGLAND 5
The Beauty of England Windsor Castle
My England
Carl Portman
carl.portman@hotmail.co.uk
T
HE BEAUTIFUL COUNTY of
Shropshire is oft overlooked by the
masses, especially when choosing
a holiday in England. The good folk of
that county often prefer it that way and
can enjoy its bounty at their own leisure.
Shropshire was home to some very famous
people including the poet Wilfred Owen,
Clive of India, Mary Webb, Percy Thrower
(anyone remember him?) and none other
than the great naturalist Charles Darwin
himself, born as he was in Shrewsbury.
Way back in 1992 when I was living in
Shropshire, I hosted a visit from a Russian
chess player, and he was very keen to visit
one specific place in the county that he had
heard a lot about. Ironbridge. In particular
he wanted to visit the Ironbridge itself and
stand upon it, which he duly did to his
great delight.
The bridge is the world’s
first cast-iron bridge, built Photograph of the Ironbridge by Jeremy Smith
over the River Severn near
Coalbrookdale day of escape from the hard work and poet To think that in 1779, right there in the
J. C. Prince once wrote: birthplace of the Industrial revolution in
Shropshire, such a beautiful structure was
The bridge is the world’s first cast-iron Once more the ponderous engines are at being erected. At the same time – over in
bridge, built over the River Severn near rest, Austria, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was
Coalbrookdale by Abraham Darby III Where Manufacture’s mighty structures rise; composing his sublime music. There was
between 1777 and 1779. This bridge is still Once more the babe is pillowed at the history being made all over Europe, and
in use today and is recognised the world breast, England and the Iron Bridge occupied
over. It was a significant development Watch’d by a weary mother’s yearning eyes. centre stage. Both Mozart and the bridge are
because at the time, roads were in a very in our hearts and minds to this day and will
poor condition and the most efficient form A single arch of the Iron Bridge had a be far into the future. Shropshire’s county
of transport was a barge, using a canal span of just over 100 feet, and the rise of motto is Floreat Salopia which means, ‘may
system and of course the River Severn. forty-five feet consisted of five massive Shropshire flourish’. Personally, I could not
Vessels laden with everything from coal cast-iron ribs. The weight of the iron think of anything more appropriate for this
to wool, cheese, lead and raw materials in the whole interlocking structure was glorious English county.
for building, would busily traverse the proudly stated to be precisely 378 tons. It The Ironbridge Gorge Museum is now
waterway under the bridge. Sometimes you was repaired many times, but still stands, a UNESCO world heritage site and I can
might find a coracle on the river, which is testament to the vision of its maker and the thoroughly recommend a visit.
a practice that has almost died out now, toil of the workers assembling it. It was
sadly. actually a toll bridge until 1950 when it
Imagine the intense, back-breaking labour was then handed over to Shropshire County
in filthy conditions. Sunday was the one Council. Carpe diem
2021 DATES FOR YOUR DIARY
Friday, 17 September – Battle of Britain Luncheon – RAF CLUB, Piccadilly
ALL DATES SUBJECT TO CHANGE DUE TO CONSIDERATIONS OF THE CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC
ST GEORGE FOR ENGLAND 7
DAMBUSTERS
The Lancaster bomber and Operation Chastise
P
RIOR TO THE OUTBREAK of With the modifications completed to
World War II, British war planners had twenty-one Lancasters the RAF tentatively
studied how they might incapacitate scheduled the operation, named Operation
Germany’s industry if the UK were again in Chastise, between 14 and 16 May 1943.
conflict with Europe. One suggestion was At this time the water levels in the dam
to blow up the dams to create breaches that reservoirs would be at their highest. A breach
would cause catastrophic flooding. at this time would cause the greatest possible
Unrelated to the British war planning, flood damage.Veteran Wing Commander
aircraft designer Barnes Wallis also pondered Guy Gibson was selected to command the
the issue. By 1941 he calculated that a new Number 617 Squadron of Number 5
shockwave would cause the most damage, Group. Gibson selected twenty-one crews
especially if the bomb detonated underwater from various group squadrons which were to A breach is shown in the Eder Dam on the Weser
River in a photograph taken the day following
against the dam. The problem was the be based at Scampton in the East Midlands. the attack
Germans knew their dams were vulnerable to The crews were told that the mission would
a torpedo attack and had installed antitorpedo be against targets that would require low-
nets. Wallis wanted to find a way to deliver level flying, at night. Mohne and Eder breached
an explosive small enough to be carried by an Trials using unarmed bombs allowed Martin’s bomb veered too far off centre
existing Royal Air Force plane, yet be able to Wallis to calculate that the bomb would need before exploding, leaving Mohne Dam still
evade the antitorpedo defences. to be released at a height of sixty feet while undamaged. Young’s bomb struck the dam
Wallis calculated that a bomb skipped flying at 220mph. The RAF did not possess and sank before exploding. Although the
across the water’s surface would avoid the a bombsight or altimeter accurate enough for bomb hit the target, it appeared not to have
nets. He designed a cylindrical, air-dropped such an attack. caused any damage. Maltby noticed the dam
bomb that was sixty inches long with a Wing Commander Charles Dann solved was beginning to crumble when he released
diameter of fifty inches. the bombsight problem. He made a hand-held his ordnance. After four bounces, the bomb
Early in 1943 tests showed that the Avro- triangular device from wood with a sighting struck the dam and sank before detonating.
Lancaster heavy bomber was capable of hole at the top. The base had nails in place The resulting explosion, as with the previous
carrying the bomb. The Lancaster, which which, when lined up with the dam’s towers, four, caused a geyser of water. After ordering
carried a crew of seven men, was a very set the release point for the bomb. The height Shannon to prepare for his run, Gibson
successful aircraft. It was powered by four issue was solved by the use of two spotlights, noticed a large amount of water pouring off
1,280hp Rolls-Royce Merlin engines. With one on the nose and the other behind the the other side of the dam. He then spotted
a cruising speed of 200mph it had a range bomb bay, both angled to create a figure of a massive hole in the structure. Calling
of 2,530 miles. It could carry a payload of eight pattern visible from the front of the off Shannon, Gibson notified Group 5 that
14,000 pounds. starboard wing. Mohne Dam had been breached. Sending
Maltby and Martin home, he ordered the
Modifications others to follow him to Eder Dam.
When Wallis’s bomb design was approved Testing The Eder dam was breached after three
modifications to the Lancaster were needed Testing began on 16 April at Reculver. On strikes. The five aircraft turned for home.
to accomodate it. Powered by American-built 11 May dummy bombs were dropped for the
Merlin-28 engines, modifications included first time. Two days later the one and only
removal of the bomb-bay doors, installation test with a live bomb took place. Massive flooding
of special arms to hold the bomb and The RAF decided to proceed with A reconnaissance flight the same day showed
hydraulic gear to drive a belt which produced Operation Chastise on 16 May. The main massive flooding behind Mohne and Eder
the backspin of 500rpm which Wallis had targets were were the Mohne, Eder, and Dams. Eighty-seven percent of the water
calculated would produce the necessary spin Sorpe Dams. Alternate targets were the held in Mohne and seventy-five percent of
to make the bomb skip across the water, thus Lister, Ennepe, and Diemel Dams. the Eder reservoir had been released. The
evading the anti-torpedo nets. At 21:00 on 16 May 1943, the crews of flight revealed that power stations, factories,
the first wave boarded their aircraft. Due to roads, bridges, and pumping stations were
their longer route, the second wave left first destroyed or damaged over a large area. In
at 21:28. The first wave departed eleven addition, gas, electricity, and water supplies
minutes later. The third wave did not take off were severely interrupted. The casualties,
until 09:00. the following day. the majority of which were foreign workers,
After making a test run, Gibson lined up totaled 1,341
Mohne Dam and dropped his bomb. After The effect on the German war effort
three bounces, it sank and exploded. The has been a source of debate among British
bomb detonated too far from the dam. No military experts. Some believed that the
breach occurred, but the explosion destroyed heavy losses No. 617 Squadron incurred,
the antitorpedo nets. Hopgood’s plane was which amounted to eight Lancasters and
hit by the dam’s flak guns on his approach, fifty-six casualties, were ineffective given
which resulted in the bomb being dropped that the Germans had patched up the gaps in
late. It bounced over the dam and landed Mohne and Eder by October.
near the power station behind the dam. Other military experts hold that the strikes
The bomb exploded destroying the power had a positive result largely because of
station. Hopgood’s Lancaster caught fire and the number of workers and the amount of
blew up, but its three crewmen were able to construction materials the Germans had to
Wing Commander Guy Gibson escape. Two survived and were captured. commit to rebuild the dams.
8 ST GEORGE FOR ENGLAND
The Royal Society of St George
Established in 1894 | Incorporated by Royal Charter | Patron: Her Majesty The Queen
The Royal Society of St George is partnering with Harney & Sons Tea Company to produce, market, and sell the Imperial
Windsor Blend Tea, in support of the Royal Society’s educational programmes for young people.
The Royal Society of St George (RSSG), a charitable organisation, was founded in England in 1894 with the goal of
fostering English values and the English way of life. From its inception, it has enjoyed the support of prominent public figures in England
and throughout the British Empire. Its first Royal Patron was Queen Victoria; since then the society has enjoyed the patronage of every
reigning monarch, including the current British monarch, Queen Elizabeth II. The Society’s Charitable Trust actively provides financial
support to help young people fulfill their scholastic and career potential.
Harney & Sons is a celebrated gourmet tea company located in Millerton, New York. Founded in 1983 by John Harney, it has grown from
a hands-on cottage industry into one of the leading gourmet tea companies in the USA. It is still a hands-on family business now headed by John’s sons,
Mike and Paul Harney.
Harney & Sons has produced The Imperial Windsor Blend exclusively for The RSSG. The Imperial Windsor Blend is a medium bodied tea with briskness and
a wonderful aroma, containing black teas with rose petals.
The partnership will produce, market, and sell the Imperial Windsor Blend tea globally, with particular emphasis on promoting the tea to its direct, branch,
and affiliate members throughout the world. In return for the exclusive right to market and sell this RSSG-supporting blend, RSSG will receive a quarterly
royalty of 10% of gross sales, allowing The RSSG to build its support programmes and assist more young people, needed now more than ever.
About The Royal Society of St George
The objectives of The Society as laid down in its Royal Charter are to:
• Foster the love of England and to strengthen England and the Commonwealth by spreading the knowledge of English history, traditions and ideals;
• Keep fresh the memory of those in all walks of life who have served England or the Commonwealth in the past, to inspire leadership in the future;
• Combat all activities likely to undermine the strength of England or the Commonwealth; and
• Further English interest everywhere to ensure that St. George’s Day is properly celebrated and to provide focal points all the world over where English
men and women may gather together.
UK ORDERS – please order via our Shop Window on our website www.rssg.org.uk or via the order form on page fifty-one of this Journal
All UK enquiries to the RSSG Administration Centre – telephone 020 3225 5011 or email: info@royalsocietyofstgeorge.com
USA, CANADA, INTERNATIONAL AND BULK ORDERS – please contact Harney & Son’s distribution agent,
Mark Cooper via telephone - +164 65 29 93 11 - or via email – markcooperltd@verizon.net
The Royal Society of St. George
The Premier Patriotic Society of England
Incorporated by Royal Charter: Patron: HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN
Battle of Britain Luncheon
Friday, 17 September 2021 – Time: 12.30pm for 1pm
Venue: The Royal Air Force Club, 128 Piccadilly, London, W1J 7PY
Price – To be confirmed
Price includes: Sparkling wine reception, followed by an excellent three course meal
fine wines served throughout, coffee and mints
Guest Speaker – To be confirmed
Please come and join us at our Annual Luncheon
Dress: Men – lounge suits – Ladies – smart attire – Medals may be worn
Please contact the office to reserve your place at this very popular event at:
The Royal Society of St George, Administration Centre,
P.O. BOX 397, Loughton, Essex, IG10 9GN, England
Telephone: 020 3225 5011
Email: info@royalsocietyofstgeorge.com Website: www.rssg.org.uk
Facebook page – www.facebook.com/RoyalSocietyofStGeorge – Twitter account – @RSStGeorge
ST GEORGE FOR ENGLAND 9
NEWS FROM AROUND THE BRANCHES
BATH ship to be, by his estimation, at a depth
of twenty-four feet and rising rapidly.
Pam Preece Hastening back on deck, he and First
In the absence of any Branch activities Officer Ligtoller immediately started to
to report, hopefully for not much longer, get passengers into the lifeboats, trying not
I turned to Somerset’s Forgotten Heroes entirely successfully, to stick to the custom
by Roger Evans. There I found some of, “women and children first”. Once, two
interesting characters and their stories, such lifeboats were fully loaded permission was
as that of Herbert John Pitman who was sought and given for them to be launched.
Third Officer on the ill-fated Titanic. He Herbert Pitman’s first instinct was to stay
was born at Sutton Montis, near Castle Cary, on board ship to help with further lifeboat
November 1877, so would have been thirty- launches but was ordered to stay on one of
four at the time of setting sail. As the ship the lifeboats being launched and take overall
was considered to be unsinkable, not a lot of command of both. Ordering the oarsmen to
notice was taken of the messages received pull well away from the stricken vessel they
warning they could encounter ice. Belting could only look on helplessly at tragedy
along at full speed when the look-out unfolding before their eyes. People were in
spotted this hulking great iceberg the Titanic the water crying and screaming for help but
was going too fast to take avoiding action. there was nothing they could do for fear of
Meanwhile, Herbert Pitman had finished his being overwhelmed and capsizing.
watch at 08:00 pm and retired to his bunk.
Jolted awake by a crunch and tearing sound, Rescue
his first thought was that the anchor had Ordering the two boats under his command
been lowered, but why? Donning a dressing to be lashed together so they would not drift
gown he went up on deck to find out what apart in the darkness, the survivors waited
was going on. Nothing much it appeared, so patiently for help to arrive which it did Lady Georgiana Cavendish. portrait by Thomas
he went below to his cabin to get properly in the form of the Carpathia. Undaunted, Gainsborough
dressed. He was in the middle of this when Herbert Pitman continued his career at sea.
the Fourth Officer burst in to tell him they He retired to the village of Pitcombe where Georgiana Spencer
had bit an iceberg. Fully dressed and back he died in December 1961 and is buried Not so long back, the aristocracy, as well as
on deck, Herbert Pitman found the lifeboats in the local churchyard. As a postscript, royalty, had little if any choice as to whom
being prepared for launching. All seemed I read on Wikipedia that the Carpathia they would marry. However, they usually
calm with no hint of the panic to come; after took on board the Titanic’s lifeboats as had some idea in advance as to when it
all they were on an unsinkable ship, weren’t well as her surviving passengers as they would be. Georgiana Spencer, according to,
they? were considered too valuable to jettison. ‘Passionate Lives’ by Evelyn Hall-King was
They were handed over to the ship’s only told of it by her mother on the actual
Women and children first representatives in New York from where morning of the day itself. I am sure there
On receiving orders to go below to they seem to have vanished from history. was a good reason for this and the best I can
investigate how much damage had been Not surprising really; why would you want come up with is, that William Cavendish,
caused by the collision, Herbert Pitman to keep such graphic reminders of that tragic the fifth Duke of Devonshire, was cold,
found the water in the bowels of the event. aloof and a frightful snob, once declaring
that his cousin Henry Cavendish could not
William Cavendish, fifth Duke of Devonshire,
Titanic departing Southampton on 10 April 1912 painted in Rome by Pompeo Batoni, 1768
10 ST GEORGE FOR ENGLANDbe described as a gentleman because, “he Duchess. Georgiana was in Bath when a
worked for a living”. In contrast, Georgiana little bird whispered in the Duke’s ear about
was a warm, happy-go-lucky teenager, being her pregnancy. It didn’t take him long to
two days shy of her seventeenth birthday on confront and tell her she must go abroad to
her wedding day, who might have kicked up have this child. Unfortunately for him Bess
one almighty fuss if she had had a chance to had to go too. She could not live with him
learn something of her intended. That it was while his wife was absent. A baby girl was
a brilliant match materially, there can be no born and the two ladies rattled round the
doubt. The Duke was enormously wealthy Continent for a couple of years. Georgiana
and in the very highest ranks of the nobility. missed her children very much and sent
them notes, little presents and souvenirs
Fashion Icon from wherever they happened to be.
In time, Georgiana became a fashion icon Eventually, they were summoned home. The
with whatever she wore being copied by little girl was farmed out to Charles Grey’s
those who could afford it, especially the parents to be cared for. No way was any
huge hats, one of which she wore in a child other than those he had fathered be
Gainsborough portrait, that today is known raised under the Duke’s roof.
as a picture hat but then as a Devonshire hat. Shortly after she married, Georgiana
However, it took time. Scarcely more than became addicted to gambling. She lost
newly-weds, a contemporary saw the Duke huge amounts and was often seen being
and Duchess in a London park and recorded Bess in 1787, painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds handed into her carriage weeping bitterly
it in a letter to a friend. after another evening of heavy losses at the
Elizabeth (Bess) Foster card tables. She cadged money from anyone
We saw the young and handsome In her day to day life, she was generous, she could, family, friends, even servants,
Duchess of Devonshire walking in such charitable, gave lavish entertainments eventually resorting to money lenders. A
and undressed and slovenly manner. Two and universally loved by all with the very slippery slope!
of her curls came quite unpinned and possible exception of her husband. Then
fell lank on one of her shoulders; one the Duke did fall deeply in love, with
shoe was down at heel, the trimming of Georgiana’s best friend, Lady Elizabeth Last years
her jacket and coat was in some places (Bess) Foster. Bess fell pregnant and, in The Duchess’s last years were not very
unsewn; her cap was awry and her cloak, the time-honoured manner, went abroad happy. She suffered crippling headaches
which was rusty and powdered was to give birth. On her return the baby was and eye problems, with blindness in one eye
flung half on half off. She had hold of the passed off as being fathered by an unnamed resulting in her wearing an eye patch. It was
Duke’s arm who is the reverse of herself, French Count but when Bess soon fell not long before she morphed from a rosy-
for he is ugly, tidy and grave. pregnant again with no sign of a foreign cheeked beauty with red-gold hair into a fat,
Indeed, they were as chalk and cheese. sire, the truth was obvious to all. Whether coarse skinned frump.
If Georgiana tried to show her husband any Georgiana had any say in the matter or She adored her children and tried to
affection he was deeply embarrassed and not (probably not) Bess moved in with the create for them the happy and loving
brushed her off and her giddy, frivolous Devonshires and her children brought up atmosphere she and her brother and sister
manner annoyed him immensely. One with the legitimate offspring. had grown up in. She still supported the
thing they did wholeheartedly agree on was Whigs but did not go out in the streets to
support of the Whig Party. In the run up to Charles Grey canvas as before. She died aged forty-nine
a 1784 election, Georgiana was so enthused Charles Grey, a handsome young Whig had genuinely mourned by all those who had
and supportive she was out in the streets been trying his luck for years and finally known her. It goes without saying that the
trading kisses for votes. succeeded in his aim to seduce the lovely Duke and Bess married.
FENLAND The Chairman thanked members for National Chairman Joanna Cadman and
their support in the first part of 2020, which Robert Peedle, together with our Chairman
Peter Dennis, Press Officer from March onwards had been a terrible Brian Kierman, to affiliate the Wisbech
Fenland branch held their AGM via year, with all functions and activities Sea Cadets to our Society. It is hoped
Zoom on 19 January 2021. The following having to be cancelled. We can, however, that a framed certificate of Affiliation
officers were elected for the coming year: confirm that current membership stands and Membership will be presented to the
Chairman: Brian Kierman; Vice Chairman: at sixty-three, of which nine are founder Commanding Officer as soon as possible
Peter Dennis; Secretary: Tracey Kierman; members. in 2021.
Treasurer: Colin Harvey; Press Officer: On 3 February 2020 Robert Peedle MBE It is planned to have another Zoom
Peter Dennis; Almoner and Standard visited us to create a two page spread in the meeting sometime in March when, it is
Bearer: John Smith; Chaplain: Rev. David Journal on the branch and the Fenland area. to be hoped, we can plan a programme of
Addington. On the same date, we were joined by events for the latter part of the year.
ADVERTISE YOUR BUSINESS HERE
ADVERTISING RATES BY APPLICATION TO HEAD OFFICE
The Administration Centre, P.O. BOX 397, Loughton, IG10 9GN, England
info@royalsocietyofstgeorge.com Tel: 020 3225 5011
ST GEORGE FOR ENGLAND 11GLOUCESTERSHIRE
Patron: Mr. Edward Gillespie, OBE,
Her Majesty’s Lord-Lieutenant for
Gloucestershire
President: Councillor Pam Tracey, MBE
Chairman: Mrs. Pat Ayres, MBE
Sadly the pandemic restrictions continue to
affect our lives, even though there is now
light at the end of the tunnel.
We were hoping to re-start Branch
activities with our annual New Year Lunch
in January but that fell by the wayside.
Normally we begin detailed planning for our
St George’s Day Service at least six months
before the day, but with the announcement
of another lockdown at the end of 2020
and the prospect that it would continue
for several months, planning for the 2021
Service was put on hold. Finally we took
the sad decision in early February that we
would have to abandon the Service for this
year too.
Nairac winners
Whilst our four 2020 Nairac winners
received their Award cheques by post last
April, we still want to present them with
their Certificates in person, not only to make
it a special occasion for them but to give
our members a chance to meet them. We
are tentatively planning an event in August
to which we will invite them, their families
and friends. One of the Awardees, young
carer Brian Kobani, gained the place at
Imperial College for which he had worked
so hard and we hope he will be able to
take full advantage of that opportunity as
restrictions are lifted. Another 2020 Nairac
Awardee, Heather Kent, was one of three
finalists for the Young Litter Hero Award
2021 run by the UK’s Keep Britain Tidy
Snowdrops at Cerney House Gardens
Network. It’s wonderful that our young
people are being recognised for their work asking for nominations for the 2021 Awards appearing, along with a few hellebores and
for and in the community, which is what the which would also be presented at our other intrepid plants. It’s amazing how they
Nairac Awards aim to do. We are currently August event. survive even the hardest of frosts. This
Whilst the committee has morning I heard a busy woodpecker – why
continually communicated don’t they have headaches? We used to see
through the lockdowns by a lot of wrens in our garden but then they
email and telephone and seemed to vanish, so it was wonderful when
occasionally with Zoom a pair was intrepid enough to nest under
meetings, it hasn’t been the our back porch a year ago and I’ve spotted
same as meeting to face to one in the garden just now. Hopefully that
face. Zoom meetings can be means they are coming back along with our
unpredictable with talk-overs, ‘normal’ life. It won’t be long before the
empty chairs, phones ringing Forest of Dean is carpeted with bluebells.
(or other happenings) in the With the impressive vaccination roll-out
background and connections as a result of the brilliant hard work by
failing. We look forward to scientists, volunteers, armed forces and so
getting together again as a many others, there’s definitely cause for
committee and Branch events optimism.
resuming as soon as possible. For further information about the Branch
At least nature carries and its (hoped soon to be resumed) activities
on regardless. The clumps contact Margaret Fuller, Branch Secretary,
of snowdrops in the garden on 01291 625069 or glosrssg@outlook.com
were a joyful harbinger of or see the Branch’s page on the National
Heather Kent, Young Litter Hero spring and now daffodils are website.
12 ST GEORGE FOR ENGLANDCouncillors David Thornewell and Roger Mitchell fly the flag at Holy Trinity, Larkfield, Kent
NORTH DOWNS
President, Group Captain Patrick
Tootal, OBE
At the time of writing, the continuing Covid
crisis has meant that the branch’s normal
activities have been suspended. However,
we have tried to “tick over” as best we can
– beginning with a flag-raising ceremony at
Holy Trinity Church, Larkfield. For some
years now, the flagpole at the church had
been somewhat neglected – with not even
the flag of the Diocese being flown. Now
that Holy Trinity has joined with the Church
of St. James the Great, East Malling in a
new benefice, the time seemed to be right
to put Larkfield on the map again. With
funds donated by East Malling and Larkfield
Parish Council, three new flags have been
procured: the Union Jack, the banner of
St. George and the white horse banner of
Kent – the “Invicta” flag.
The new parish figure of the “unknown
soldier” stands close to the Holy Trinity
flagpole, so local councillors thought it an
ideal setting for the first of their flag-raising
events. But this is not the only ambition for
the church and community: plans are being
formulated for a regular work-party to tidy
the churchyard and ensure that gravestones,
trees and wildlife are all conserved.
Alongside the old village school building
nextdoor, Holy Trinity and its environs are
the only listed buildings in Larkfield. So – a
conservation campaign worth pursuing.
Finally, our recruitment drive has – as you
can probably imagine – not been a roaring
success at this time of uncertainty. But we
have managed to bring in one new member!
Welcome to the fold – to hardworking
Liberal Democrat Councillor, Roger
Mitchell, pictured in the photograph (above,
Roger is on the right) with Cllr. David
Thornewell, Parish Council Chairman. St George and the Dragon at East Malling Church, Kent
ST GEORGE FOR ENGLAND 13SEAHAVEN BRANCH
President: Laurie Holland; Chairman: Bob Peedle, MBE; Secretary: Linda Wallraven.
As with all branches another lean period with not a great deal to report but in view of the
Government’s roadmap, we are now able to start planning for a function on Monday 12 July
to commemorate the founding of England in 927AD by King Athelstan. Then in August we
hope to have our annual picnic in Bishopstone. Just hope that things plan out as they should
in the battle against Covid-19 and life returns to near normal soon.
We are all pleased because the Lord Lieutenant of East Sussex, who has been a superb
supporter of our branch, retires in August and he and Margaret have kindly agreed to join us.
So we look forward to welcoming Sir Peter and Lady Field into the fold. Sir Peter received a
knighthood (KCVO) in this year’s New Year’s Honours list, a well deserved award which we
all applaud.
Now we have the chance to get active again as a branch we can start to plan to be in a
better position to raise funds in order to help local charities and worthwhile projects. We are
now waiting to get the opportunity to present a certificate from the RSSG Charitable Trust
to the Newhaven Youth Football teams following the match funding to help with equipment. Sir Peter Field KCVO JP with RSSG Chairman
The number of teams they support has risen considerably and had stretched their resources. cutting our Anniversary Cake in January last year
WATERLOO (1896–1952), and Commonwealth realms This has shown Europe and the rest of
We were proud to see our President, since 1952. It recognises distinguished the World how resilient and innovative
Lieutenant Colonel Nana Kofi Twumasi- personal service to the Monarch Britain can be. Our Health Service and
Ankrah, RVO, on two occasions recently, Our Chairman, Bob Smith, wrote to Care professionals; scientists; uniformed
as Equerry to the Queen. The first was TA TA (the name by which he is usually Services; armies of volunteers and
when he stood near to our Monarch for called) congratulating him on being awarded kind-hearted citizens have been in the
the Trooping of the Colour ceremony, this great honour. frontline of this battle and performed with
televised at the unusual venue of Windsor distinction.
Castle quadrangle; the second, pictured At Christmas our President wrote We must remain safe and share these
here at the Tomb of the Unknown Warrior, We are coming to the close of a precious moments with those few loved
in Westminster Abbey, commemorating the challenging and eventful year, in which ones we are able to see. In the absence of
lives of those who fought and died for our we have endured a pandemic and large gatherings, we should connect to all
country, so that those who were left could the economic and social fallout of its our people in whichever way possible as
live in Peace. relentless restrictions. It’s unlike anything a gesture of community and friendship.
And what do the letters after his name many of us have ever faced; however the We look forward to a brighter New
signify? The Royal Victorian Order (RVO) great British public have stoically carried Year, with several new vaccination
is awarded at the discretion of the Monarch on despite the hardship, as we have in programmes combined with other
of the United Kingdom and the Dominions years gone by. initiatives that aid us on the long road to
recovery, and we all hope for a brighter
and more joyful 2021.”
2020 Branch Subscriptions
As our Members were unable to enjoy any
of the activities during 2020 the Committee
unanimously decided to waive subscriptions
for the year.
However the Membership were given
the choice of voluntarily paying this year’s
subscription, in which case the monies
would be donated to NHS Charities
Together, again chosen and agreed
unanimously by the Committee.
The response has been staggering, around
£1500, and should our total be matched by
the Royal Society of St. George Charitable
Trust, the contribution to this well-deserved
charity will be no less than £3000.
2021 Events
Whilst a full programme of events is waiting
The Patron of the Royal Society of St. George, Her Majesty the Queen together with the President of to be put into effect, we just have to be
the Royal Society of St. George Waterloo Branch, Lieutenant Colonel Nana Kofi Twumasi-Ankrah, RVO patient and stay safe. Patience is a virtue!
14 ST GEORGE FOR ENGLANDWILTSHIRE BRANCH Neil passed away peacefully at home on
27 September 2020. His funeral was blessed
Branch Patron: Colonel James Arkell, TD with sunshine as his coffin was draped in
Chairman: Mr Lloyd James the Union flag for his service in the Royal
Secretary: Mrs Pat Wallington Engineers. Upon this sat a small flower
Treasurer: Mrs Peggy May arrangement of white flowers with a red
cross.
In Memoriam
It is with much sadness that the Branch Chris Wannell
reports the loss of three of its keen members Chris and his wife Audrey were former
and supporters all of whom will be missed members of the Wiltshire Branch. Born
by us all. The sympathies and prayers of all in 1941 in Chippenham Chris’s interest in
the Wiltshire Branch members are with their fire engines as a boy led him to join the
loved ones. Auxiliary Fire Service in the early 1960s
and he became a retained Fireman before
Jane Henderson moving to Wootton Bassett.
As a Branch Council member Jane brought Chris and Audrey married in 1967 and
her characteristically cheerful and positive have two children Heather and Martin. Chris
outlook to meetings and was a willing help worked as an Engineer at St Ivel in Wootton
with various events. Bassett where he became a Councillor in the
Born Inez Rosemary Jane on 11 April Neil Sutcliffe with wife Ann on the left at Henley early 1970s and a founder member of the
1945, Jane, as she was known to us, Royal Regatta Carnival Committee in 1971. Chris served
especially enjoyed music. This included as a Councillor for forty years and was
2020 and was much loved by her husband twice Mayor of Wootton Bassett.
playing the piano, composing and singing, Ian whom she had been married to for
particularly as part of Bristol Choral Chris remained a retained Fireman until
forty-nine years, their daughters and 1996 ending his career as Officer in Charge
Society, Malmesbury Abbey Choir and grandchildren Lily, Rachael, Sophie and
Malmesbury Singers. of the local fire station. After his retirement
Ewan. he raised more than £100,000 for the Fire
Jane also enjoyed gardening and had
many friends from her teaching career at Fighters Charity through his work with his
Redland High and Clifton High School. Jane Neil Sutcliffe 1943 fire engine named “Martha” that he
also had many friends from East Hampstead In addition to being a keen supporter of our bought and restored in 1975. Chris received
College, from her role as Chairwoman Branch activities, members may know Neil the Fire Charity Lifetime Achievement
of the Old Girls Society, as Parish office well for arranging attendance at the Henley Award in 2018.
secretary in Malmesbury, on the PCC and Royal Regatta on alternate years. Neil very Chris enjoyed visiting steam fairs with his
with Probus. kindly sponsored our day membership of four grandchildren Bradley, Poppy, Daisy
Faith also played an important part the Remenham Club, securing one of the and Holly and was a keen supporter of
in Jane’s life as she regularly attended best vantage points and best ways to enjoy a steam rallies as far away as the Great Dorset
Malmesbury Abbey where her funeral perfect English day out. Steam Fair and Isle of Wight Steam Rally.
reflected her social nature, passion for music Neil was born on 5 August 1934 in Chris passed away on 8 February 2021
and strength of her faith. Blessed with a Surbiton, Surrey. After studying Agricultural and his funeral on Friday 26 February
warm and sunny afternoon many local Engineering at Chelsea Polytechnic he saw his coffin carried through Royal
people lined the path of the cortege to the completed his National Service from Wootton Bassett high street on the back of
Abbey. 1956–1957 with the Royal Engineers on his beloved fire engine “Martha” closely
Jane passed away on 3 September Christmas Island. He married Ann in 1961 followed by his 1930s fire engine “Belinda.”
and they had a son Ian in 1966. Flags were flown at half mast at fire stations
Having started off with a horticultural across Dorset and Wiltshire as a mark of
contracting business Neil became interested respect for this former Fireman and great
in buying and selling antiques at markets. charity fundraiser.
This started off as a side line that eventually
ended up with him running his own antique
shop in Twickenham and restoring furniture
at home in Surrey to sell.
Neil’s interest in rowing resulted in
him winning cups at various regattas on
the Thames in the 1950s and his talent for
rowing also saw him cox the Molsey Boat
Club. He and Ann enjoyed attending Henley
Regatta virtually every year up until her
passing in 2015. They also enjoyed Scottish
Country Dancing together for many years.
In 2003 Neil and Ann moved to Evershot,
Dorset. They became involved in the
church, village events and supported the
Cattistock Hunt. Neil made many new
friends locally and particularly enjoyed the
Thursday night banter over the odd glass
of wine at Summer Lodge hotel which they Mourners line streets for firefighter and former
Jane Henderson lived next door to. mayor Chris Wannell ©Swindon Ad
ST GEORGE FOR ENGLAND 15You can also read
