Study on bioaccumulation of heavy metals (cadmium, nickel, zinc and lead) in the muscle of wels catfish (Silurus glanis) in the Anzali Wetland
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Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 17(1) 244-250 2018
.DOI: 10.22092/IJFS.2018.118782
Study on bioaccumulation of heavy metals (cadmium, nickel,
zinc and lead) in the muscle of wels catfish (Silurus glanis) in
the Anzali Wetland
Khanipour A.A. 1*; Ahmadi M.1; Seifzadeh M.1
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Received:August 2015 Accepted: December 2016
1-Inland Water Aquaculture Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute
(IFSRI), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Anzali, Iran
*Corresponding author's Email: aakhanipour@yahoo.com
Keywords: Wels catfish, Heavy metals, Muscle edible tissue, Wetland
Introduction the type of ecosystem that embraces
After entering aquatic ecosystems, water from 11 rivers from one side and
heavy metals accumulate in the organs passes water into the Caspian Sea
and tissues of aquatics including fish through a second outlet on the other
and finally enter the food chain. These side. The rivers passing through urban
heavy metals can enter the human body and rural areas and forests carry
through eating contaminated fish. different types of organic matter,
Absorbance values and accumulation of minerals, sediment, and industrial
heavy metals in aquatics especially the sewage (Taheri, 2013). The Anzali
fish depend on ecological conditions, Wetland is one of the valuable wetlands
physical, chemical and biological registered in the Ramsar International
factors of water, the element type, and Convention the contamination of which
the physiological state of the aquatic has become the main challenge for the
(Oryan et al., 2010). Among aquatic people and officials during the past two
ecosystems, wetlands and rivers are decades (Khosravi, 2011). Wels catfish
considerably important from the point with the scientific name Silurus glanis
of ecology. Rivers act as carriers of belongs to the family wels catfish
nutrients and non–nutrients and (Siluridae) and is distributed in Eastern
wetlands act as sinks for these Europe, Asia Minor and Central Asia.
substances. Now this effect will be Wels catfish is found in the Anzali
more apparent if the wetland is an Wetland, but in spite of the high food
intermediary between a river and a variety it mostly feeds on low-value
static ecosystem. The Anzali Wetland is creatures such as insects, crustacean245 Khanipour et al., Study on bioaccumulation of heavy metals (cadmium, nickel, zinc and lead) in …
(Macrobrachium rosenbergii), (S. glanis) collected from the Danube
amphibian (frog) and low-value fish river of Europe (Peycheva et al., 2014).
(Carassius carassius, Rhinogobius
similes, Gambusia). Wels catfish is one Materials and methods
of the fishes of economic importance of The Anzali International Wetland is
the Anzali Wetland, and can be used for located on the southern coast of the
meat production in terms of its Caspian Sea at 37° 28′ northern latitude
and 49° 25′ eastern longitude in the
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commercial fishing and satisfactory
growth (Abbasi, 2005). Many studies Guilan Province (Sadeghi Rad, 1997).
have been done to measure heavy metal In this research 30 wels catfish were
concentrations in wels catfish in various caught using boats and gillnets from 3
environments in the world and Iran. stations (Abkenar, Hendekhaleh and
Some of these studies include the Shaykhan) of the Anzali Wetland in
accumulation of copper, zinc, 2012 (Fig. 1). The samples were gutted,
chromium, zinc and lead was studied in peeled and filleted. Then the fillets of
the muscle tissue of the species muscle tissue from each station were
Pseudoplatystoma corruscans caught homogenized by a bone-consuming
from two Paraopeba River stations in device. For the assessment of cadmium,
Brazil (Fábio et al., 2015), nickel, lead and zinc approximately 20-
Determination of heavy metal 30 g of homogenized samples of fish
concentrations in muscle, liver, were freeze dried (CHRIST-LCG
intestine and gills of wels catfish Model, Germany) at -55°C for 10
(Clarias gariepinus) sampled from hours. The samples were made soft and
Nigerian waters (Adegunloye et al., smooth using an electric mill.
2015), Investigation of the amount of
heavy metal contaminants in edible
tissues of
Figure 1: Location of research stations in the Anzali Wetland.Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 17(1) 2018 246
Chemical digestion of samples was calculated. The results of standard
done by wet digestion method using addition to fish samples and percent
acid mixture (HNO3/ HClO4). After recovery of heavy metals (98.3-92.8)
cooling the digested samples were showed an appropriate confidence level
passed through Whatman filter paper of the method used for the
(number 42) and made up to a volume determination of heavy metals. The
of 25 mL in a volumetric flask using standard used in this method for
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double-distilled water. The samples calculating the percent recovery and
were poured into polyethylene bottles calibration curve was "Standard
with labels and sample codes. The Reference Materials" (SRM). Normal
obtained sample solution was injected distribution of data was shown using
into the device and concentration of Kolmogorov - Smirnov, and the
heavy metals including cadmium, statistical analyses of the obtained data
nickel, lead and zinc was determined by were computed using SPPS-17
flame atomic absorption spectrometry software. One way analysis of variance
(AA/680, Model Shimadzu Company, (ANOVA) was used to determine
Japan) (Roger, 1994, MOOPAM, whether there were any statistically
1999). To draw a calibration line, significant differences between the
standard solutions with different means of two groups and Tukey’s test
concentrations that was prepared from a was used to determine differences
stock standard solution of 1000 ppm between means at significance level
concentration. All laboratory reagents (pPb>Ni. This
recovery. In this study, 10 mL of increase was significant at a statistical
standard solution of the metals to be confidence level of 95% (p0.05). Also average
solution was added to just one of them. concentrations of heavy metals were
Then the concentration of the metal was compared to standard guidelines on the
determined separately and the percent World Health Organization (WHO).
recovery percentage of each metal was The mean cadmium concentration in247 Khanipour et al., Study on bioaccumulation of heavy metals (cadmium, nickel, zinc and lead) in …
wels catfish in the west and central regions were well below the
wetland were 0.05 and 0.02 µg g-1 dry permissible levels set by WHO. Mean
weight, respectively and its concentrations of lead wels catfish
accumulation in east wetland wels samples from the west, central and east
catfish was below the detection limit wetland were 0.49, 0.5, 1.11 µg g-1 d.w,
set. The mean nickel concentrations in respectively. Compared to WHO
wels catfish samples from the west, guidelines (0.5), toxicity level of Pb
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central and east wetland were observed in the west and central
equivalent to 0.44, 0.37 and 0.22 µg g-1 wetland samples were close to
d.w, respectively. Also mean zinc allowable levels for this metal, while Pb
concentrations in wels catfish collected levels in the East wetland samples
from west, central and east wetland exceeded the recommended limit (Table
were 22.35, 20.25, 22.35 µg g-1 d.w, 1).
respectively. Toxicity levels of
cadmium, nickel, and zinc in all three
Table 1: Accumulation (Mean±standard error) of heavy metal (mg g-1 dry weight) in edible muscle
of wels catfish caught from three stations in the Anzali Wetland (p>0.05).
Heavy metal West wetland Central wetland East wetland WHO
Cadmium 0.05±0.07 0.02 ±0.07 ND 0.2
Nickel 0.44±0.38 0.37± 0.07 0.22±0.03 0.38
Zinc 22.35±1.90 20.25±1.23 22.35±1.27 100
Lead 0.49±0.47 0.5± 0.47 1.11±1.11 0.5
The results this study showed that the from the River Cross Nigeria. The
accumulation pattern of Cd, Ni, Zn and accumulation of metals based on their
Pb in edible muscle tissue of wels concentrations was reported as
catfish in the three stations (west, ZnNi>Cd. These results are of C. nigrogitatus, sampled from the
similar to the study conducted by Yamuna river of Delhi metal
Peycheva et al. (2014) on the accumulation was reported as
accumulation pattern (PbIranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 17(1) 2018 248
metals such as nickel in oil, aquatic further research should be done to
animals are always exposed to these determine the sources of this metal in
heavy metals. In addition, nickel has the east basin of the wetland. In this
been found in car smoke, industrial study, no significant differences were
wastes, burning wastes, crust and reported in metal accumulation levels in
fertilizers. Due to the proximity of the wels catfish in the three stations in the
wetland to gas stations, and agricultural Anzali Wetland. Ashja Ardalan and
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fields, untreated industrial and Sohrabi (2009) measured Zn and Pb
municipal wastewater enters aquatic levels in muscle tissue of Perca
environments and the wetland fluviatilis in two regions Abkenar and
(Khanipour and Seifzadeh, 2016). In Sheyjan of the Anzali Wetland. The
this study, nickel toxicity level was results showed no significant
below permissible limits in all three differences (p>0.05) in lead amounts
regions. Values higher than standard between samples of Abkenar area and
levels of the other heavy metals that are Sheyjan. In another study (Askari Sari
required in small amounts can lead to et al, 2010) the accumulation levels of
bad effects. Zinc belongs to this heavy metals was investigated in tissues
category (Ebrahimi et al., 2012). High of Liza abu of Karoon and Bahmanshir
accumulation of zinc can be connected Rivers. No differences were found in
to its critical role in enzymatic metal concentrations in the studied fish
processes, and metabolic processes of tissues between the two rivers. Also
aquatic animals, as well as to its Khalifi (2013) studied contamination
geological origin and natural presence. levels in liver tissue in silver carp
In addition, Zn excretion rate is slower (Hypophthalmichtys moltrix) to Pb in 6
compared to its bioaccumulation (Selda stations in the Anzali Wetland. The Pb
Tekin et al., 2005). Accumulation rates levels did not show significant
of lead in the west and central wetland differences between all stations. These
and near the eastern wetland were findings agree with the results of the
higher than the standard levels set by present research. It is suggested that a
WHO. The most polluted river entrance comprehensive research be carried out
to the East wetland is Pir Bazar River on rivers in the wetland catchment area,
that receives municipal and industrial and human activities on the margin of
wastewater. Different industries, the wetland. We also need to find ways
interface trunks, steel making, ceramics, to remove non-biological resources in
plastics, and milk industries in the cities the wetland, and continuously monitor
of Rasht, Bandare Anzali, Foman and industrial pollutants and wastewater.
Somesara are the main sources of Pb.
The waste from all these industries is Acknowledgments
emptied in this river which eventually We are sincerely grateful to the experts
enters the (east) wetland. Therefore at National Research Center for Fish249 Khanipour et al., Study on bioaccumulation of heavy metals (cadmium, nickel, zinc and lead) in …
Processing for their cooperation and to and Zn) contamination in muscle
the Inland Waters Aquaculture tissue of Esox lucius from the Anzali
Research Center for their unwavering International Wetland: Accumulation
support. and risk assessment. Journal of
Mazandaran University of Medical
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