SEPARATION OF RELIGION AND GOVERNMENT IN RETROGRADE: The impact of star signs on BC Legislative politics
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SEPARATION OF RELIGION AND
GOVERNMENT IN RETROGRADE:
The impact of star signs on BC
Legislative politics
BC Humanist
Association
April 1 2020
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promotes human dignity without belief
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charitable organization that promotes “Separation of Religion and
progressive and secular values and Government in Retrograde: The impact
challenges religious privilege. of star signs on BC Legislative
politics.” BC Humanist Association.
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SEPARATION OF RELIGION AND GOVERNMENT IN RETROGRADE:
THE IMPACT OF STAR SIGNS ON BC LEGISLATIVE POLITICS
By:
R.H. Slapp, Spiritual Consultant, BCHA
A.L. Schtick, Lapsed Sceptic, BCHA
“Science is more than a body of knowledge; it is a way of thinking. I have a foreboding
of an America in my children's or grandchildren's time… when the people have lost the
ability to set their own agendas or knowledgeably question those in authority; when,
clutching our crystals and nervously consulting our horoscopes, our critical faculties
in decline, unable to distinguish between what feels good and what's true, we slide,
almost without noticing, back into superstition and darkness."
Carl Sagan, Demon Haunted World
ABSTRACT
The Legislative Assembly of British Columbia currently opens each sitting with
“prayer and reflections” but this begs the question of why members have thus far
refused to explore other alternative supernatural means of promoting prosperity in the
province – specifically astrology. The report analyses the star signs for sitting MLAs
for whom birthdates were publicly available (n=59/87). It draws a number of headline
grabbing conclusions by analyzing MLA star and moon signs. Additional analysis is
conducted along party lines and the report also considers the astrological balance of
the cabinet. This leads to a number of obvious conclusions: that the BC Legislature hire
an official astrologer and invest in other forms of divination, and that the birth dates
for every MLA and political candidate be made publicly available.
3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract....................................................................................................................................................... 3
Table of Contents ..................................................................................................................................... 4
Introduction............................................................................................................................................... 5
Literature Review .................................................................................................................................... 6
Methodology ............................................................................................................................................. 9
Results ........................................................................................................................................................ 12
Analysis ..................................................................................................................................................... 17
BC New Democratic Party................................................................................................................ 17
BC Liberal Party ................................................................................................................................. 20
Cabinet .................................................................................................................................................. 23
Predictions ............................................................................................................................................... 26
Conclusion and Recommendations................................................................................................. 27
4
INTRODUCTION
For thousands of years, humans have looked to the stars and the movement of planets
to understand the present and foretell the future. A long-held belief has been that the
position of the stars and planets at the time of one’s birth influenced their chances at
fortune, their prospects in romance, their career and even their personalities. Various
forms of astrology can be found in cultures around the world, 1 and the practice was
part of humanity’s very first attempt at trying to understand the cosmos and our place
within them.
Despite our species’ significant scientific progress, many continue to cling to irrational
superstitions, antiquated forms of divination and bronze age mythology. And why not?
Why trust a robust and verifiable epistemology like the scientific method 2 when we
can instead go with gut feelings, draw cards, sample ancient forms of divination or
invoke supernatural powers?
After much consideration, some light statistical analysis and some reckless dabbling
in belomancy, 3 we have concluded that the most unarguably rational course of action
for the BC Legislature is to expand its practices beyond the prayers and reflections that
open each daily session and centre astrology in the provincial government.
This report analyzes the star and moon signs for sitting MLAs for whom birthdays
were available (n=59/87). This enables us to scrutinize the astrological balance of the
legislature, party caucuses and cabinet. This analysis is then used to draw a number of
conclusions: that the BC Legislature supplement prayer with astrology, hire an official
astrologer and invest in other forms of divination. Finally, to improve future political
astrological research, the birth dates down to the minute and geographic location for
every MLA and political candidate should be made publicly available.
1 Willis, R. & Curry P. (2004). Astrology, Science and Culture: Pulling down the moon. New York, USA: Routledge.
See also Pankenier, D.W. (2013). Astrology and cosmology in early China: Conforming earth to heaven. UK:
Cambridge University Press; Campion, N. (2012). Astrology and cosmology in the world’s religions. New York,
USA: NYU Press; Campion, N. (2000). “Babylonian astrology: Its origin and legacy in Europe.” Astronomy
Across Cultures, 509-553; and Kasak, E. (2000). “Ancient astrology as a common root for science and pseudo
science.” Folklore, 15.
2 Walton, D., & Zhang, N. (2012). “The epistemology of science evidence.” Artificial Intelligence and Law, 21, 173-
219.
3 If you thought this footnote was going to explain what ‘belomancy’ is, or direct you to a helpful source with
additional information about this pointed form of divination, you are mistaken. We just wanted to drop some
F’s in the footnotes for all of the interns who received puncture wounds as we tapped into ‘The Secret’ with
the ‘help’ of darts.
5
LITERATURE REVIEW
In order to conduct this research, we first had to reject a significant amount of modern
science. While the list of science that one must reject is extensive, we thought we
would highlight a number of problematic studies.
Criticism of astrology has been prevalent throughout its practice; however, starting in
the mid-20th century scholars began to study the validity of whether or not the
alignment of celestial bodies at the time of birth has an influence on one's life and
whether someone can accurately interpret this information.
Early calls from scientists, such as the 1975 study by Bok, Jerome, and Kurtz, noted the
infinitesimal impact that physical processes such as “gravitational and radiative
effects of stars and planets” would have on a person. 4 Subsequent studies have cast
further doubts on the validity of astrology and astrologers. A study completed by
McGrew and McFall, in conjunction with the Indiana Federation of Astrologers,
examined the ability of astrologers to match birth charts to volunteers based on
personal life details, test profiles and photographs. 5 Overall, McGrew and McFall
concluded that astrologers did no better at matching birth charts to volunteers than
chance or a non-astrologer control. 6 Furthermore, there was little inter-judge reliability
between the astrologers on matches, indicating an incoherent system/practice. 7
Alternatively, this could all just point to the failure of astrological self-regulatory
bodies. 8
Perhaps the most damning evidence against astrology are twin studies – both of
biological twins and of people born to different parents at exactly the same time, so
called ‘time twins.’ Here the assumption is that if the basis of astrology is sound then
two individuals born at the same time should share predictable characteristics like
personality, occupation, sociability and interests. Unfortunately, studies have not
found this to be the case with one concluding that “a large-scale test of persons born
less than five minutes apart found no hint of the similarities predicted by astrology.” 9
This same study concluded that “meta-analysis of more than forty controlled studies
4 Thagard, Paul R. (1978). “Why Astrology is a Pseudoscience”. PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the
Philosophy of Science Association. 1. 223-234.
5 McGrew, John H & McFall, Richard M. (1990). “A Scientific Inquiry Into the Validity of Astrology”. Journal of
Scientific Exploration. 4(1). 75-83.
6 McGrew & McFall 1990:80-81.
7 Ibid. 81.
8 Which wouldn’t be the first time self-regulation failed British Columbians. See: Bushfield, I. (2020) “Enshrine
evidence-based medicine in healthcare professions.” BC Humanist Association. Available at
https://www.bchumanist.ca/enshrine_evidence_based_medicine_in_healthcare_professions (retrieved March 31,
2021).
9 Dean, G.O. & Kelly, I.W. (2003). “Is astrology relevant to consciousness and psi?” Journals of Consciousness
Studies, 10(6-7), 175-198.
6
suggests that astrologers are unable to perform significantly better than chance even
on the more basic tasks such as predicting extraversion.” 10 It was studies like this one
that led newspapers to report that “scientists have once and for all debunked
astrology’s central claim — that our human characteristics are molded by the influence
of the sun, moon and planets at the time of our birth — in the most thorough scientific
study ever conducted on the subject.” 11 The fact that people born at exactly the same
time do not turn out to have identical lives or have identical personalities may come as
a surprise to some people! 12
As well as disproving the validity of astrology, scholars have also focused on whether
or not astrology as a system is more accurately classified as a pseudoscience than a
scientific theory. There are several philosophies regarding the designation of
pseudoscience, such as Popper’s “Falsifiability” or Kuhn and Lakatos’ use of
social/historical features. 13 In the application of these theories to studies examining
the validity of astrology, several hallmarks of astrology as a pseudoscience appear. 14
First is the persistence of astrology as a ‘closed system’ subject to little change or
refinement overtime, despite the existence of other more compelling theories to
explain human behaviours or life events. 15 Second is the complex and contradictory
nature of birth charts, astrological phenomenon and manifestations, which allow
astrologers the space to attribute any outcome to astrology. 16 Furthermore, meanings of
different cosmic arrangements are based on human ascribed symbolism, such as the
attribution of “Venus” to governing love, leading to a variety in astrological systems
based upon the social and historical contexts. 17
While “Big Science” seems to have definitively demonstrated that astrology is
“hokum,” 18 we have decided to reject the scientific method and embrace astrology on
the basis that:
10 Ibid.
11 The Washington Times. (2003, August 17). “Comprehensive study of ‘time twins’ debunks astrology.” Available
at https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2003/aug/17/20030817-105449-9384r/ (retrieved March 28,
2021).
12 Ertel, S. & Dean, S. (1996). “Are personality differences between twins predicted by astrology?” Personality and
Individual Differences, 21(3), 449-454.
13 Explored in detail in Thagard 1978: 225-228.
14 Kelly, IW. (1998). “Why Astrology Doesn’t Work”. Psychological Reports. 82. 527-546.
15 Ibid. 529.
16 Ibid. 537.
17 Ibid. 531.
18 Rensberger, B. (1975, September 3). “Scientists scan astrology, find a universe of hokum.” New York Times.
Available at https://www.nytimes.com/1975/09/03/archives/scientists-scan-astrology-find-a-universe-of-
hokum-scientists.html (retrieved March 24, 2021).
7
a) Astrology is very old, and therefore must be true — Everyone knows that the
older the book the greater the truth contained therein. Some forms of astrology
go back as far as 3,000 BCE, 19 and that’s older than the Bible.
b) Astrology makes us feel important — Has geocentrism been definitively
defeated by heliocentrism? Probably but thinking of ourselves as the centre of
the universe makes us feel important, and we like feeling important. 20
c) Astrology prepares us for the unknown — Some people think the future is
unknown, 21 to those people we say: hire a better astrologer. 22 The future is there
ahead of us, just waiting for those with the right ancient techniques to
understand it perfectly. This is why fortune tellers are prohibited from buying
lotto tickets in many jurisdictions. 23
d) Astrology is popular — According to a 2019 Research Co. survey, 36% of
Canadians ‘definitely’ or ‘probably’ believe in astrology and 13.5 million
Canadians can’t be wrong. 24 Likewise, every paper has a horoscope and that
coffee shop you like leaves out a horoscope for you to read while you wait for
your drink. 25
e) Astrologists have funded our research — We have received generous but
undisclosable contributions from the fictitious Astrology Science Society and
the Seventh House Astrology Research Team to support this research. 26 We all
know that research funded by interest groups with a financial stake in the
outcome is the most reliable form of research. Otherwise, why else would we
put so much faith in climate sceptic research funded by big oil companies or
cancer studies sponsored by big tobacco? 27
19 Everyone 2017.
20 And you are important too. That’s right, you are special and we wrote this report (and footnote) just for you!
21 See inter alia, Some People 2021.
22 A good astrologer could have seen this sentence coming!
23 Did you really think we had a citation for this?
24 Results from an online study conducted from December 2 to December 6, 2019, among 1,000 adults in
Canada. The data has been statistically weighted according to Canadian census figures for age, gender and
region in Canada. The margin of error—which measures sample variability—is plus or minus 3.1 percentage
points, 19 times out of 20. See Canseco, M. (2020, January 1). “One-in-Five Canadians Currently Pay Attention
to Astrology.” Available at https://researchco.ca/2020/01/01/canada-astrology/ (retrieved March 16, 2021).
25 Wait, your coffee shop doesn’t do this? You need to drink better coffee my friend.
26 See footnote 57.
27 It checks out. Don’t believe us? No problem, just send us your Venmo details...
8
f) Science can’t be trusted — We all know that science is done by scientists, and
we don’t think they can be trusted. How do we know? Shifty eyes. 28
g) The alternatives are a lot of work — Why conduct rigorous academic research
when you can just think about stuff really hard? 29 Sure Barnum statements may
be hard to come up with at first, but with a little practice they come naturally,
almost as if we are tapping into ancient sources of power and mysterious
knowledge. 30
h) Astrology has to be accurate or we are all doomed — Living in a world where
the motions of celestial bodies does not impact our lives is unconscionable and
kind of scary. Imagine living in a universe that doesn’t care about us
personally: 31 This means that our sun could just explode or a meteorite could
crash into our planet. We find these potential adverse consequences
unacceptable and so we must believe astrology is correct.
i) Other secret reasons — We aren’t telling you, but we promise they are really
good. 32
METHODOLOGY
As part of a broader and ongoing research project exploring legislative prayers in the
province, we have created a list of all of the birthdates of sitting BC MLAs. These were
identified through publicly available sources – social media, news media, Hansard
announcements – as well as emailing their constituency offices. When these sources
failed we turned to Wikipedia. Given that we just had the data laying around, it was
28 Simpson, H. (1999). “Beyond Blunderdome.” Available at https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0701069/ (retrieved
March 16, 2021).
29 See footnote 86.
30 Join us on a quest into the void for the search of the deep well of mystic power. Available at
https://zoomquilt.org/ (retrieved March 16, 2021). If you are interested in learning more about Barnum
statements, we suppose you could start with these, but don’t read them too closely. See Vohs, K.D. (2007).
“Barnum effect.” Britannica. Available at https://www.britannica.com/science/Barnum-Effect (retrieved
March 24, 2021); Ndukwu, D. (2019, May 22). “The Barnum Effect: Use flattery to instill belief (or why quizzes
work).” KyLeads. Available at https://www.kyleads.com/blog/barnum-effect/ (retrieved March 24, 2021); and
see Productive Club. (n.d.). “Barnum Effect – why horoscopes seem relevant to you.” Available at
https://productiveclub.com/barnum-effect/ (retrieved March 24, 2021).
31 Like seriously, check this out these stars and tell us it didn’t change your life! See https://wiki.polyfra.me/#
(retrieved March 16, 2021).
32 You checked the footnotes expecting us to spill our deep methodological secrets? First of all, we appreciate
your attention to detail, and keep checking the footnotes, this is a good practice and you are in for a treat. But
when we say secret, we mean secret. And wouldn’t knowing spoil some of the magic?
9
only logical that it be put to use in order to level a little (satirical) criticism of
legislative prayer. 33
We were able to identify the precise birth date for 59 of 87 MLAs. Information was
lacking or incomplete for the remainder – we were either able to locate their birth day
and month but not the year, or their year but not the day and month. These have been
excluded from our analysis as they lack the level of precision necessary to complete
the technical and challenging astrological calculations required.
For each MLA for whom we had a precise birthday, we calculated their zodiac and
moon signs using the ‘calculate your rising sign’ calculator on Astrosofa.com. 34 This
calculator was selected due to the fact that:
● It was close to the top on a Google search, which means it must be good. 35
● It provides the zodiac and moon signs on one easy to read page. 36
● Alongside the signs generated, it also provides a charming and artsy picture of
a person in cosplay roughly thematic with the star sign. 37
33 For those interested in reading serious research on the important issue of separation of religion and
government, and specifically legislative prayer, please see the following BCHA publications:
● Phelps Bondaroff, T.N., Bushfield, I., Marshall, K.E., Prasad, R., & Laurence, N. (2019, September).
"House of Prayers: An Analysis of Prayers in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia, 2003-
2019." BC Humanist Association,1-138. Available at
https://www.bchumanist.ca/house_of_prayers_report (retrieved March 24, 2021).
● Phelps Bondaroff, T.N., Bushfield, I., Marshall, K.E., Prasad, R., & Laurence, N. (2020, May).
"Decolonizing Legislative Prayers: A House of Prayers Supplementary Report." BC Humanist
Association, 1-26. Available at https://www.bchumanist.ca/decolonizing_legislative_prayers
(retrieved March 24, 2021).
● Phelps Bondaroff, T.N., Prasad, R., Laurence, N., Darveau-Morin, A., Bushfield, I. & Thom, A. (2020,
August). "Legislative Prayer Across Canada." BC Humanist Association, 1-8. Available at
https://www.bchumanist.ca/prayer-across-canada (retrieved March 24, 2021).
● Phelps Bondaroff, T.N., Laurence, N., Prasad, R., Thom, A., Darveau-Morin, A., & Bushfield, I. (2020,
September). “Duty of neutrality beyond Saguenay: Prayers at municipal councils in British
Columbia.” BC Humanist Association, 1-36. Available at
https://www.bchumanist.ca/municipal_prayer (retrieved March 24, 2021).
● Bushfield, I. & Phelps Bondaroff, T. (2020). “Arbiters of Faith: Legislative Assembly of BC
Entanglement with Religious Dogma Resulting from Legislative Prayer.” Secularism and Nonreligion,
9, 1-16. Available at http://doi.org/10.5334/snr.140 (retrieved March 24, 2021).
Did we include a bulleted list in our footnotes? Yes we did. Was this entire ‘report’ just an infomercial for our
actual research on the subject of legislative prayer in BC? Also yes.
34 Astrosofa.com (n.d.). “Calculate your rising sign / ascendant / natal / birth chart.” Available at
https://www.astrosofa.com/ca/horoscope/ascendant (retrieved March 24, 2021).
35 An online chat bot told us this. Just ask Cleverbot (n.d.) Available at https://www.cleverbot.com/ (retrieved
March 16, 2021).
36 We really didn’t want to do all the cross referencing ourselves, and our resident astrologer sprained their wrist.
37 This is definitely a legit footnote. Look, it’s got a link to something on the internet and everything. See Website
(2021). Available at http://iacopoapps.appspot.com/hopalongwebgl/ (retrieved March 16, 2021).
10● It has minimal upselling, and the products on offer were on sale! 38
● The word ‘sofa’ appears in the website’s name. 39
● In addition to zodiac and moon signs, the website also provides additional
information, including the location of every planet at the time of a person’s
birth, the ‘Imum Coeli,’ ‘Midheaven’ and ‘Descendent.’ 40
● The website includes information and explanations about possible errors,
which lends it an air of credibility allowing it to pass the ‘seems legit’ test
proposed by S.K. Burrell in 2008. 41
Each entry was checked for accuracy. To do this, a BCHA intern engaged in quiet
contemplation of the entry for at least 15 minutes. If they got a ‘bad feeling’ or ‘bad vibe’
from the entry, the MLA’s birth date was re-entered into the calculator by a different
intern. 42
In addition to the birth date of an individual, the Astrosofa ‘Calculate your rising sign’
calculator also requires the time of birth (down to the minute), the country and location
of birth (down to the longitudinal and latitudinal minute). As gathering this data
would have been far too challenging, let alone invasive, we opted to set every MLAs
birth location to Vancouver, BC (Vancouver General Hospital), and their birth minute to
38 On numerous occasions during the research process we were seriously tempted to order a ‘Personality Report’
for the low price of $14.95, marked down from $19.95, but there wasn’t room in the research budget.
Apparently we will never know if we are ‘cheap’ or just ‘frugal.’
39 Pivot, pivot, pivot. See Friends, season 5, episode 113. Available at
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8w3wmQAMoxQ (retrieved March 24, 2021). It was a toss-up between
this infamous sofa-related scene and the notoriously stuck sofa in Dirk Gently’s Holistic Detective Agency… we
couldn’t find a video of this sofa, so Friends it is.
40 See Astrobella. (2019, May 7). “The Imum Coeli in your natal chart.” AskAstrology. Available at
https://askastrology.com/the-imum-coeli/ (retrieved March 24, 2021); Pacinelli, I. (2020). “12 concise Imum
Coeli meanings, by zodiac signs.” Your Tango. Available at https://www.yourtango.com/2020335409/imum-
coeli-meanings-astrology-zodiac-signs (March 24, 2021); and for those interested in understanding the true
meaning of the Imum Coeli, see this in-depth lecture, Astley, R.P. (1987, July 27). Available at
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQw4w9WgXcQ (retrieved March 24, 2021). You can learn more about
the Midheaven in astrology at LMGTFY. (n.d.). Available at
https://letmegooglethat.com/?q=Midheaven+%2B+Astrology (retrieved March 24, 2021). And for the
Descendent, you are on your own, we’ve put enough effort into this footnote already.
41 See SlangLang. (n.d.). “Seems legit.” Available at https://www.slanglang.net/seems-
legit/#:~:text=What's%20the%20origin%20of%20Seems,forum%20as%20a%20sarcastic%20reply (retrieved
March 24, 2021); and see M.C. Hammer. (2008). “Too legit to quit.” Available at
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FmwWN5dagQs (retrieved March 24, 2021).
42 When this project began in August 2020, our interns assured us that 15 minutes of quiet contemplation of each
result was a sufficient duration of time to do a ‘vibe check’ on the results. As the project progressed, our
interns suggested that we extend this time as a means of increasing reliability, and it was gradually increased
to 30 minutes, sometimes longer if necessary. Note that spending time on social media was considered an
acceptable compliment to quiet contemplation. Also of note, the project took considerably longer than
anticipated.
11one minute after midnight on their birthday. 43 We recognize this as a possible source
of error and precludes us from determining their ascendant sign, but we strongly
believe that this is the only source of error of the entire project. 44 If other scholars want
to challenge us around ‘house cusps’ or argue the importance of Imum Coeli they are
welcome to try. 45
We also included Parliamentary Secretaries as members of cabinet for the purposes of
analyzing the star and moon of cabinet. This was done in order to increase the sample
size and therefore increase our confidence levels. As we were already pretty confident
that our analysis is spot on, this provided us with a modicum of smug satisfaction. 46
RESULTS
Here we tabulate the star and moon signs for all of the BC MLAs for whom birth dates
were available (see Table 1). Overall, we found 14% of all MLAs had their star signs in
Leo (see Diagram 2). This is unsurprising given that Leos, like lions, are natural born
leaders who are known for being outgoing, vibrant and charismatic. 47
This was followed by a tie of 12% each of all MLAs with star signs in Scorpio and
Aquarius. While the hardworking reliable Taurus appears to be a natural fit for an
elected representative, the prevalence of free spirited Aquarians, in what may be
considered a rigid and traditional system, seems unusual. However, it is important to
not only examine one's star sign in isolation but all of the phenomena that appear in
one's birth chart in order to create an accurate picture of the events of one's life, hence
the importance of contextualizing star signs with moon signs.
Sagittarius and Aries were the least represented, with only 4% all MLAs with these star
signs. While the impulsive or overly ambitious natures found in both may be seen as
undesirable, the energetic nature of Aries and Sagittarians, and their desire to engage
and connect with others, are both assets for an MLA. It is deeply concerning to see
their underrepresentation in the BC Legislature. 48
43 We apologize for the strong Vancouver bias here, it was a choice between Vancouver and Lumby, but Lumby
lost the coin toss.
44 You have to read this as though it were being said in a very confident voice. After finishing this paragraph, give
your head an affirming nod. Now don’t think about any other possible sources of error for the rest of the
paper. We assure you there are none.
45 Or maybe use your time to volunteer in the community, read a book, reconnect with an old friend or wax an owl.
46 This is greatly under-appreciated in the vaunted ivory tower.
47 Rawr.
48 See footnote 26.
12Table 1: Star and moon signs for BC MLAs with party affiliation and roles.
MLA Party Star Sign Moon Sign Role Portfolio
Pam Alexis NDP Aries Leo
Brittny Anderson NDP Gemini Aries
Michele Babchuk NDP Virgo Pisces
Harry Bains NDP Pisces Leo Cabinet Minister of Labour
Bruce Banman Liberal Aquarius Scorpio Shadow Critic for Citizens’ Services
Lisa Beare NDP Leo Aquarius Cabinet Minister of Citizens' Services
Mike Bernier Liberal Aquarius Virgo Shadow Critic for Finance
Shirley Bond Liberal Scorpio Cancer Shadow Interim Official Opposition
Leader and Official
Opposition critic for Seniors
Services and Long Term
Care.
Stephanie Cadieux Liberal Scorpio Taurus Shadow Caucus Chair & Critic for
Gender Equity, Accessibility
& Inclusion
Spencer Chandra NDP Taurus Libra Deputy
Hebert Speaker
Katrina Chen NDP Cancer Virgo Cabinet Minister of State for Child
Care
George Chow NDP Capricorn Gemini Cabinet Minister of State for Trade
Katrine Conroy NDP Scorpio Scorpio Cabinet Minister of Forests, Lands,
Natural Resource Operations
and Rural Development
Nathan Cullen NDP Cancer Leo Cabinet Minister of State for Lands
and Natural Resource
Operations
Bob D'Eith NDP Libra Taurus Cabinet Parliamentary Secretary for
Arts and Film
Dan Davies Liberal Aquarius Aquarius Shadow Critic for Social
Development & Poverty
Reduction
Mitzi Dean NDP Capricorn Leo Cabinet Minister of Children and
Family Development
Adrian Dix NDP Taurus Leo Cabinet Minister of Health and
Minister responsible for
Francophone Affairs
Fin Donnelly NDP Gemini Virgo Cabinet Parliamentary Secretary for
Fisheries and Aquaculture
David Eby NDP Gemini Leo Cabinet Attorney General and
Minister responsible for
Housing
13Mable Elmore NDP Pisces Aquarius Cabinet Parliamentary Secretary for
Seniors’ Services and Long-
Term Care
Mike Farnworth NDP Leo Pisces Cabinet Minister of Public Safety and
Solicitor General
Rob Fleming NDP Scorpio Virgo Cabinet Minister of Transportation
and Infrastructure
Sonia Furstenau Green Gemini Sagittarius
Kelly Greene NDP Capricorn Virgo Cabinet Parliamentary Secretary for
Environment
Trevor Halford Liberal Taurus Aquarius Shadow Critic for Mental Health &
Addictions
John Horgan NDP Leo Virgo Cabinet Premier
Ravi Kahlon NDP Taurus Capricorn Cabinet Minister of Jobs, Economic
Recovery and Innovation
Anne Kang NDP Taurus Leo Cabinet Minister of Advanced
Education and Skills Training
Greg Kyllo Liberal Aries Aquarius Shadow Deputy Caucus Whip & Critic
for Labour
Norm Letnick Liberal Capricorn Aquarius Assistant Deputy Speaker
Grace Lore NDP Virgo Aquarius Cabinet Parliamentary Secretary for
Gender Equity
Bowinn Ma NDP Leo Scorpio Cabinet Minister of State for
Infrastructure
Melanie Mark NDP Libra Leo Cabinet Minister of Tourism, Arts,
Culture and Sport
Andrew Mercier NDP Cancer Aquarius Cabinet Parliamentary Secretary for
Skills Training
Peter Milobar Liberal Aquarius Gemini Shadow Critic for Indigenous
Relations & Reconciliation
Mike Morris Liberal Cancer Capricorn Shadow Critic for Public Safety &
Solicitor General
Coralee Oakes Liberal Taurus Aquarius Shadow Critic for Advanced
Education, Skills Training &
Sport
Adam Olsen Green Capricorn Taurus
Josie Osborne NDP Sagittarius Taurus Cabinet Minister of Municipal Affairs
Ian Paton Liberal Leo Scorpio Shadow Critic for Agriculture & Food
Lana Popham NDP Scorpio Pisces Cabinet Minister of Agriculture, Food
and Fisheries
Murray Rankin NDP Aquarius Taurus Cabinet Minister of Indigenous
Relations and Reconciliation
14Jennifer Rice NDP Virgo Sagittarius Cabinet Parliamentary Secretary for
Emergency Preparedness
Selina Robinson NDP Pisces Sagittarius Cabinet Minister of Finance
Ellis Ross Liberal Gemini Capricorn Shadow Critic for Environment &
Climate Change Strategy
Janet Routledge NDP Sagittarius Leo
Doug Routley NDP Taurus Pisces
Roly Russell NDP Libra Taurus Cabinet Parliamentary Secretary for
Rural Development
John Rustad Liberal Leo Leo Shadow Critic for Forests, Lands &
Natural Resources
Nicholas Simons NDP Scorpio Libra Cabinet Minister of Social
Development and Poverty
Reduction
Jinny Sims NDP Gemini Sagittarius
Aman Singh NDP Cancer Leo Cabinet Parliamentary Secretary for
Anti-Racism Initiatives
Rachna Singh NDP Leo Pisces
Ben Stewart Liberal Leo Libra Shadow Critic for Housing
Todd Stone Liberal Aquarius Capricorn Shadow Critic for Jobs, Economic
Recovery & Innovation
Jackie Tegart Liberal Aquarius Capricorn Shadow Critic for Education
Adam Walker NDP Pisces Gemini Cabinet Parliamentary Secretary for
the New Economy
Turning to moon signs (see Diagram 2), 19% of all MLAs had the moon in Leo at the
time of their birth and 15% had the moon in Aquarius. Given that the moon sign
represents one's inner personal nature, the Leo’s desire for attention and recognition is
fitting for one who desires a life in the public sphere. Furthermore, the desire to bring
about change is reflected in the presence of Aquarius. Both Cancer and Aries are
underrepresented with only 2% of MLAs having our celestial orb in these houses at the
time of their birth. The sensitive and emotional nature of both may be why those
containing these moon signs have opted out for the dog eat dog world of political life.
15Table 2: Star and moon signs for MLAs in BC Legislature, total counts
Symbol Star Sign Moon Sign
♈ Aries 2 Aries 1
♉ Taurus 7 Taurus 6
♊ Gemini 6 Gemini 3
♋ Cancer 5 Cancer 1
♌ Leo 8 Leo 11
♍ Virgo 3 Virgo 6
♎ Libra 3 Libra 3
♏ Scorpio 6 Scorpio 4
♐ Sagittarius 2 Sagittarius 4
♑ Capricorn 5 Capricorn 5
♒ Aquarius 7 Aquarius 9
♓ Pisces 4 Pisces 5
Diagram 1: Star Signs for MLAs in BC Legislature, proportions
16Diagram 2: Moon Signs for MLAs in BC Legislature, proportions
ANALYSIS
As bold spiritual explorers, 49 we did not want to limit our examination of the
astrological signs of BC MLAs to a cursory level. Aspiring to empyrean heights, we
therefore set out to better understand the influences of celestial bodies on party politics
in the BC Legislature. 50 Given the small sample size, we opted to exclude the Green
Party from this analysis, after all, we are interested in conducting only the most
rigorous research. 51 As a result, we should perhaps roll back our ambitions and aspire
to telestial heights instead.
BC New Democratic Party
The BC NDP has a relatively well-balanced caucus, most notably with respect to star
signs. We see all signs represented, and ranging 2-13% (see Table 3 and Diagram 4). It is
little wonder that Tauruses and Leos should dominate the caucus, given that Leos are
natural, outgoing and charismatic leaders, and due to the solid work ethic of Tauruses.
49 Some might say star seeds or even indigo children... but this is a topic for another paper.
50 Plus, we thought the report would be more compelling with more graphs and tables. This has nothing to do
with whether or not the authors were being paid by the word.
51 This was also done for metaphysical safety reasons - we have it on good authority that spiritual warriors within
the ranks of the BC Greens are stellar at mobilizing crystal energy to disrupt the mystic energy of inquisitive
searchers.
17It is the signs that are under-represented that are particularly illuminating. Only 2% of
the BC NDP caucus are Aries. Aries are straightforward people, helpful, factual and
strong-willed. These are characteristics which, though admirable, could lead to
tension and infighting within a caucus were they over-represented. The dearth of
Aquarians within the BC NDP caucus could explain a lot with respect to the party’s
handling of controversial issues, such as Site C.
Strong representation from Scorpio (10%) also underscores the work ethic of the caucus
– Scorpios are notoriously sedulous. Quick thinking Geminis (10%) will help keep
caucus on their toes and help the government respond to rapidly emerging issues.
Cancers represent 10% of caucus, which might pose a challenge to Premier Horgan’s
leadership, as they may be highly independent and are known for being unbiddable.
One the other hand, their sensitive dispositions and proclivity for dreaming could help
the BC NDP connect with voters, something that could help swing a number of
marginal seats in the next election. If Premier Horgan can quell any dissent from this
strong Cancer contingent they will be a likely boon to the party in the future.
Table 3: Star and moon signs for NDP MLAs in BC Legislature, total counts
Symbol Star Sign Moon Sign
♈ Aries 1 Aries 1
♉ Taurus 5 Taurus 4
♊ Gemini 4 Gemini 2
♋ Cancer 4 Cancer 0
♌ Leo 5 Leo 10
♍ Virgo 3 Virgo 5
♎ Libra 3 Libra 2
♏ Scorpio 4 Scorpio 2
♐ Sagittarius 2 Sagittarius 3
♑ Capricorn 3 Capricorn 1
♒ Aquarius 1 Aquarius 4
♓ Pisces 4 Pisces 5
18Diagram 3: NDP MLAs star signs, caucus proportion
Recall that a person’s the moon sign represents one's inner personal nature. In light of
this, when we inspect the moon signs of BC NDP MLAs, we notice some significant
imbalance (see Diagram 4).
The BC NDP caucus is eclipsed by a huge contingent of MLAs with Leo in the moon at
the time of their birth (26%). Leos take pride in their work, they are natural leaders but
also love the spotlight. This will be a challenge for Premier Horgan moving forward.
Leadership skills are important but ultimately leaders need followers. We should
expect to see some minor internal squabbles emerging within the caucus as a result of
this imbalance of Leo energy. Horgan’s own contradictory signs of Leo Star and Virgo
Moon represents his own struggles between his need for the spotlight and a desire for
stability. Perhaps if he had leaned more on his Virgo nature this past week, he might
have avoided upsetting many millennials. 52
Fortunately for the BC NDP, the caucus benefits from a complete absence of MLAs born
with Cancer in the moon. Because those born with the moon in Cancer are particularly
sensitive people, the potential for conflicts created by excessive Leo energy leading to
hurt feelings is diminished. Likewise, the fact that MLAs with Aries as their moon sign
Shaw, R. (Mar 30, 2021). “Wrong message, worse time.” The Orca. https://theorca.ca/resident-pod/wrong-
52
message-worst-time/ (retrieved March 31, 2021).
19will also diminish the possibility of internal emotional conflict within the caucus. Like
Cancers, Aries are known for their intense emotions – they are impulsive, easily
excitable and often quick to anger. As such, we confidently predict the existence of
some internal disagreements within the BC NDP over the coming year and that these
will be largely driven by differences over policy.
Diagram 4: NDP MLAs moon signs, caucus proportion
BC Liberal Party
While the government caucus was relatively balanced, with MLAs of each star sign
represented, we noticed significant imbalance within the opposition. 53 A cursory
glance at the BC Liberal MLA’s star charts reveals a number of salient features (see
Table 4 and Diagram 5). The overwhelming overrepresentation of Aquarius cannot be
missed — 35% of MLAs! This is possibly the reason that the BC Liberals under Christy
Clark pushed so hard to get Site C past the point of no return.
Strong Leo energy is expected from the BC Liberal caucus (17%), as Leos are said to
stand out in a crowd with their innate charm. Leos are wise, emotional and
accommodating, features that may help the party recapture the votes of many British
Columbians who were disillusioned by the leadership of Andrew Wilkinson. While we
53 We don’t want to turn your world upside down, but this stuff really works… see The Revolving Internet. (n.d.)
Available at https://therevolvinginternet.com/ (retrieved March 16, 2021).
20were unable to find the exact birthday for the previous BC Liberal leader, the research
team agreed that he definitely gives off the aloof energy of someone with Capricorn in
their moon.
There is an interesting feature pertaining to the astrological composition of the BC
Liberal caucus that could explain a lot about internal caucus dynamics. Notably, the BC
Liberal caucus is without representation of Virgos, Libras, Sagittarians or Pisces!
Without the strong financial sense of Virgos, the BC Liberals will be unlikely to mount
strong opposition to the upcoming provincial budget. Without the balancing energies
of Libras, Sagittarians or Pisces, is it clear that Shirley Bond and the future leader of the
BC Liberals are in for some wacky times!
Table 4: Star and moon signs for Liberal MLAs in BC Legislature, total counts
Symbol Star Sign Moon Sign
♈ Aries 1 Aries 0
♉ Taurus 2 Taurus 1
♊ Gemini 1 Gemini 1
♋ Cancer 1 Cancer 1
♌ Leo 3 Leo 1
♍ Virgo 0 Virgo 1
♎ Libra 0 Libra 1
♏ Scorpio 2 Scorpio 2
♐ Sagittarius 0 Sagittarius 0
♑ Capricorn 1 Capricorn 4
♒ Aquarius 6 Aquarius 5
♓ Pisces 0 Pisces 0
21Diagram 5: Liberal MLAs star signs, caucus proportion
It is worth noting that whoever was in charge of the designing the BC Liberal logo
perfectly captured the spiritual energy of the party. As everyone knows, 54 the spirit
colour of Aquarius is sky blue and given the massive over-representation of Aquarians
within the BC Liberal caucus this colour should be front and centre. It is important to
let voters know what kind of Aquarian energy they are tapping into when they vote
Liberal. 55
With respect to BC Liberal moon signs (see Diagram 6), we see a surprising balance
with Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo and Libra all well-represented at 6%.
Imbalance begins to creep in with a tidal wave of Aquarius (29%), a horn-full of
Capricorns (23%), and an absence of Aries, Pisces and Sagittarius.
As moon signs represent someone’s inner personal nature, we can infer how these
characteristics will interact. The rugged individualism of Aquarians will need to be
reigned in, lest we see factions emerge within the party. Though floor crossing is
unlikely, we would not be surprised if the BC Liberal caucus saw at least one signficant
upheaval this year! Overall, the poor representation of Pisces in both star and moon
54 Everyone et al. (2021). “Hearsay.” Everywhere, 12(4), 12-32.
55 See Horoscope.com. (n.d.). “Aquarius sign dates & traits.” Available at https://www.horoscope.com/zodiac-
signs/aquarius (retrieved March 28, 2021).
22signs could explain the BC Liberal Party’s past failings around fish farms and
aquaculture.
Diagram 6: Liberal MLAs moon signs, caucus proportion
Cabinet
When it comes to building a cabinet, a Premier has many factors to consider – gender
balance, age and diversity, regional representation, experience and loyalty, but too
often Premiers and Prime Ministers forget about balancing energy, chakras and chi.
Perhaps Premier Horgan was aware of this past oversight as he appears to have done a
pretty good job with representation of all the star signs apart from Aries (see Table 5
and Diagram 7). He did well to avoid populating his cabinet with too many Sagittarians
(3%) and Aquarians (3%), as the independent nature of Aquarius and the argumentative
nature of Sagittarius could make for explosive cabinet meetings and lead to discord.
On the other hand, with 13% of the cabinet comprising stubborn-minded and sensitive
Cancers the Premier will want to tread carefully.
Premier Horgan will also need to manage the 13% of his cabinet that are Leos. Known
for their innate charm and readiness “to blaze a trail, vanquish injustice, and make a
23name for themselves along the way,” 56 Leos will be natural allies to the Premier as he
works to tackle inequality in the province. On the other hand, the Premier will need to
ensure that none of these Leos outshine their leader. As a result, we predict an increase
in travel by cabinet ministers, particularly Leos, to keep them on the move and out of
the Premier’s spotlight.
In another bold move, the appointment of a strong contingent of Scorpios to cabinet
(13%) bodes well for the governments’ ability to get things done. Helpful, reliable and
hardworking Scorpios will give yeoperson’s service in cabinet, taking care of some of
the heavy lifting necessary as we work our way out of the pandemic. Biddable Cancers
(13%) will likely keep in line, adding stability to cabinet meetings.
Table 5: Star and moon signs for Cabinet, BC Legislature, total counts
Symbol Star Sign Moon Sign
♈ Aries 0 Aries 0
♉ Taurus 3 Taurus 4
♊ Gemini 2 Gemini 2
♋ Cancer 4 Cancer 0
♌ Leo 4 Leo 8
♍ Virgo 2 Virgo 5
♎ Libra 3 Libra 1
♏ Scorpio 4 Scorpio 2
♐ Sagittarius 1 Sagittarius 2
♑ Capricorn 3 Capricorn 1
♒ Aquarius 1 Aquarius 4
♓ Pisces 4 Pisces 2
Diagram 7: Cabinet star signs, proportion
56 Horoscope.com. (n.d.). “Leo sign dates & traits.” Available at https://www.horoscope.com/zodiac-signs/leo
(retrieved March 28, 2021).
24While the star signs of cabinet may be relatively well-balanced, when we start getting
into moon signs unevenness begins to emerge (see Diagram 8). You will notice the
strong Leo (26%) and Virgo (16%) contingents. Voters in BC should welcome this Leo
energy in cabinet, as people with Leo in their moon are known for being warm,
welcoming and friendly (as well as all the aforementioned leadership qualities). 57 Too
often we have heard criticisms of BC politicians claiming that they are standoffish and
out of touch, we should therefore applaud Premier Horgan for populating his cabinet
with approachable Leos.
Now it is well known that people born with the moon in Virgo are reason oriented and
listen tend to listen with their heads and not their hearts. 58 This proclivity for only
making decisions after careful consideration of the evidence explains the number of
consultations and reviews being conducted by various ministers in the previous
Parliament, given the Premier’s dueling Leo-Virgo signs, and we would expect it to
continue through this Parliament. We certainly welcome this approach, but future
cabinet reshuffles may want to include at least one minister with Aries in their moon,
to help expedite decision-making.
57 See footnote 48.
58 Your heart doesn’t have ears? How strange. You should get that looked into.
25Diagram 8: Cabinet moon signs, proportion
PREDICTIONS
What would a report on astrology and the BC Legislature be without a short section on
predictions? We have made a number above but we wanted to highlight a couple of
key predictions to get them on the record so that we could brag about getting them
right next year.
Building on the above data and unimpeachable analysis, we can make a number of
predictions concerning the BC Legislature over the coming year. While not dominating
any of the groups, Virgos remain a strong presence in the BC Legislature. Virgos are
not only hard-working and dutiful but they are notable for their knowledge of
handling money. As a result, we predict that while there may be the odd incident, there
will be no major financial scandals in the coming year.
The lack of Aries across the board will present challenges for the BC Legislature. Aries
are assertive and goal driven, and strangers to indecision. A dearth of Aries in the
Parliament will almost certainly mean that we are in for some lengthy debates and
long committee meetings.
26With respect to the caucuses, as noted
above, the strong Leo energy will lead to
some conflict within the BC NDP caucus,
but due to an absence of MLAs with
Cancer and a dearth of Aries in their
moon signs, we can predict that
conflicts will largely be restricted to
issues relating to differences of opinion
around policy, rather than emotional or
spiritual conflicts.
The BC Liberal caucus will face turmoil
in the coming year and a change of
leadership is on the horizon. We predict
that due to a severe over-abundance of
Aquarius and Leo energy, without countervailing forces from Virgos, Libras,
Sagittarians or Pisces, the BC Liberals will take the wrong position on a number of
important issues in the coming year. They would do well to avoid making any hasty
decisions and consider conducting extensive polling.
With respect to cabinet, Premier Horgan has assembled a reasonably well-balanced
cabinet, which bodes well for a province working to emerge from the pandemic. Strong
Leo representation in cabinet means that we will likely see the government increasing
its efforts to tackle inequality. On the other hand, we also predict increased travel by
cabinet ministers, particularly Leos, as the Premier works to keep them on the move so
that they do not steal his spotlight with their Leo energy.59
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Building on our data and analysis, this report concludes with the following key
recommendations:
1) The BC Legislature should hire an official astrologer — This is a no brainer; sessions
already start with prayer but we have no way of knowing if the 10 am start time
(Monday, Tuesday and Thursday) or the 1:30 pm start time (Wednesday) are portentous
times to begin a legislative session. 60 Likewise, sessions of the BC Legislature are held
with seemingly no consideration for the position of celestial bodies. Without an official
astrologer, members of the BC Legislature could be conducting official business and
59 We further predict that we will release a report following-up on the success of these predictions in a year’s
time. Furthermore, we predict that in this report, we will boast about having predicted the publication of the
report in a footnote. This very footnote! Mark our words well.
60 Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. (n.d.). “Parliamentary Calendar.” Available at
https://www.leg.bc.ca/parliamentary-business/parliamentary-calendar (retrieved March 24, 2021).
27debating legislation that could impact the lives of millions of British Columbians on a
day with Mercury in retrograde! 61 Imagine passing a budget without the celestial
support of Venus ascendant? 62 This would be asking for trouble.
2) The BC Legislature should invest in other forms of divination — Astrology is only
one way of telling the future and while it is said to be highly reliable we should cross-
reference it with other forms of divination. We recommend:
a) Haruspicy — This is an under-appreciated form of divination, particularly
because it involves animals and who doesn’t like animals? Sure, you have to cut
them up for this approach to be effective but this is a small price to pay for
accuracy. In addition to providing insight into the future, oracular chickens —
especially free range, local BC chickens — are an excellent source of nutrition
and the more entrails we read the more we support local poultry farmers.63
b) Cartomancy — We are going to put our cards on the table here and say that most
people would prefer elected officials who do not hold their hands close to their
chest. An official BC Legislative cartomancer would help ensure that the next
cabinet reshuffle is conducted on an auspicious day. An added benefit of
supporting this method would be that sales of playing cards in the BC
Legislature’s gift shop would certainly increase. The BC Legislature
commissioning its own tarot deck would also support the arts.
c) Dendromancy — Not only is this tree-based form of divination a great way to
spend time exploring the outdoors of our beautiful province and an excuse to
get to know a tree better, 64 it could also serve to bolster BC’s lumber industry.
Plus, we heard there are already a bunch of wood splitters available. 65
d) Alveromancy — This form of divination from sounds is perfectly suited to the
floor of the BC Legislature. 66 Every minute that we are not analyzing the
particularly nuanced tones of speeches and their interplay with heckles and
61 As you should know, one should always take precautions when Mercury is in retrograde. See for example
Booth. J. (2021). “2021 Best & Worst Days for Various Activities.” Astrology Booth. Available at
https://astrologybooth.com/wp-content/uploads/Best-and-Worst-Days-of-2021.pdf (retrieved March 28,
2021), p. 1.
62 See for example Booth 2021:2.
63 Leftovers could also be served to feed staff and MLAs, reducing catering costs!
64 A prerequisite of giving it a hug. Take a dendrological adventure to see just how effective this method of
divination is at Chrome Canopy. (n.d.) Available at
http://1000.chromeexperiments.com/#/experiment/canopy (retrieved MArch 16, 2021).
65 Little, S. (2020, April 17). “Infamous BC legislature wood splitter seized again by RCMP.” Global News. Available
at https://globalnews.ca/news/6836028/bc-legislature-wood-splitter-seized-rcmp/ (retrieved March 24,
2021).
66 Occult World. (n.d.). “Alveromancy.” Available at https://occult-world.com/alveromancy/ (retrieved March 28,
2021).
28background noise is a minute lost! Adaptations for online hybrid sittings would
have to be developed, creating the opportunity for innovation.
e) Logomancy — We should consider this for the same reasons as above but we
ranked this form of divination through the observation of words and discourse
beneath alveromancy because we heard that logomancers can be jerks. 67
3) The birth dates, down to the minute and geographic location for every MLA and
political candidate should be made publicly available — Without accurate details such
as the location and exact time of someone’s birth, voters will have no way of knowing
if an elected official is the right match for them. Voters should have a right to know the
star signs of political candidates. Without this information they are forced to make
choices based on mundane information such as the merits of candidates, parties,
platforms or even their values and interests.
Take for example a voter born on June 30th, 1975 (a Cancer) contemplating voting for a
Green Party candidate born on October 5th, 1983 (a Libra). Not only are Cancers and
Libras notoriously incompatible, but the Green Party of BC was founded on February 6,
1983, 68 making it an Aquarius, and Aquarians and Cancers are also highly
incompatible. This highly reliable analysis from the Times of India who note that:
“Cancer is hopelessly attracted to the aloof and cold zodiac sign,
Aquarius. The latter sign too is haunted by Cancer. But, their equation
is toxic as they both can't satisfy each other's needs. Cancer cannot
give Aquarius the space they need and Aquarius doesn't relate with
the emotional depth to make Cancer feel secure.” 69
It further elaborates that:
“Cancer is a sign who needs constant reassurance from Libra. These
signs are attracted to each other because Cancers are hopeless
romantics and Libras are born flirtatious. Both Cancer and Libra can
be very sensitive, but while Libra is sensitive to potential threats to a
loved one or a relationship, Cancer is rather self-defensive. A little of
that could be a good thing, but usually, Cancer can come across as
67 A friend of a friend, but it checks out.
68 Wikipedia. (n.d.). "Green Party of British Columbia." Available at
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_of_British_Columbia (retrieved March 29, 2021).
69 Times of India. (2020, November 26). “Incompatible Zodiac signs who are often drawn towards each other.”
Available at https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/relationships/love-sex/incompatible-zodiac-signs-
who-are-often-drawn-towards-each-other/photostory/79388011.cms (retrieved March 24, 2021).
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