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      SCHOOL OF
        HEALTH
    ADMINISTRATION
    Graduate Program

        Master of Health Administration
                         Faculty of Health

                                dal.ca/sha

             1
SCHOOL OF HEALTH ADMINISTRATION - Graduate Program Master of Health Administration - Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova ...
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section 1: Important Dates ..................................................................................................................................3
Section 2: About the MHA and Thesis Option ..............................................................................................4
Section 3: Part-time Study and Grading Scheme .........................................................................................6
Section 4: School Awards .....................................................................................................................................7
Section 5: Faculty .....................................................................................................................................................9
Section 6: Professor Emeritus ............................................................................................................................9
Section 7: Sessional Lecturers ............................................................................................................................10
Section 8: Executive-in-Residence ....................................................................................................................10
Section 9: MHA Course Descriptions ...............................................................................................................11
Section 10: MHA Program of Study ..................................................................................................................14
Section 11: NEW MHA Program of Study .......................................................................................................15
Section 12: MHA+ Certificate…Legal Matters in Health Admin. ............................................................16
Section 13: MHA+ Certificate…Strategic Decisions in Health Admin. ..................................................17
Section 14: JD/MHA Program of Study ...........................................................................................................18
Section 15: New JD/MHA Program of Study ..................................................................................................19
Section 16: Policy on Criminal Conviction .....................................................................................................20
Section 17: Equity & Inclusion Policy ..............................................................................................................20
Section 18: MHA Thesis Stream Option ...........................................................................................................21
Section 19: Academic Support Policy for Students ....................................................................................21
Section 20: Human Rights & Equity Services ...............................................................................................21
Section 21: Student Grievances and Appeal Procedures. .........................................................................21
Section 22: Guidelines for Writing Papers .....................................................................................................25
Section 23: Professionalism ................................................................................................................................30
Section 24: Online Support ..................................................................................................................................33
Section 25: Dalhousie Libraries .........................................................................................................................34
Section 26: Presentation Skills Evaluation ....................................................................................................36
Section 27: Norms for Working Together ......................................................................................................37
Section 28: Student/Faculty Advising .............................................................................................................37
Section 29: CA+HME ................................................................................................................................................40
Section 30: NCHL Competencies .......................................................................................................................42
Section 31: Administrative Odds and Ends ...................................................................................................43
Section 32: School Contacts and Information ...............................................................................................44

                                                                                             2
Section 1: Important Dates

Undergraduate & Graduate Calendar Dates

                         Fall 2020-2021
                      September - December
 August - September          Mandatory Orientation for New Students
 September 7                 Labour Day – University closed
 September 8                 Classes begin, fall term
 October 12                  Thanksgiving Day – University closed
 November 19-13              Study Break
 November 11                 Remembrance Day – University closed
 November 16                 Classes Resume
 December 1                  Last day to Apply to Graduate for Spring 2021 Convocation
 December 8                  Classes end, fall term
 December 10                 Examinations begin
 December 20                 Examinations end
 December 25-31              University Closed
                      Winter 2020 - 2021
                        January - April
 January 1                   New Years Day – University closed
 January 6                   Classes begin, winter term
 February 5                  Munro Day – University closed
 February 15                 Nova Scotia Heritage Day – University closed
 February 15-19              Study break
 February 22                 Classes resume
 April 2                     Good Friday – University Closed
 April 8                     Classes end unless otherwise indicated
 April 10                    Examinations begin, regular session
 April 23                    Examinations end, regular session
                  Summer/Spring 2020 – 2021
                        May - August
 May 24                      Victoria Day – University closed
 TBA                         Spring Convocation
 July 1                      Canada Day – University closed
 July 1                      Last day to Apply to Graduate for Fall 2021 Convocation
 August 2                    Halifax/Dartmouth Natal Day – University closed
                                              3
Section 2: About the MHA and Thesis Option

Mission
Prepare highly qualified and motivated health administrators through knowledge, skills, and values acquired
using a competency-based model of learning.

Conduct research that enriches the body of knowledge in healthcare.

Engage in strategic collaboration to improve health and wellbeing through innovative and effective administrative
practice.

Vision

To inspire tomorrow’s healthcare leaders through the integration of research, practice and lifelong learning.

Values
    •   Accountability
    •   Collaboration
    •   Diversity
    •   Excellence
    •   Integrity
    •   Leadership
    •   Professionalism

About the School

The School of Health Administration offers a Master in Health Administration (MHA) degree that is accredited by
the Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Management Education (CA+HME) which prepares the graduate for
administrative careers in the Canadian healthcare delivery system. The MHA is guided by the National Centre for
Healthcare Leadership (NCHL) competencies. See Sections 27 and 28 of this Handbook for more information on
CA+HME and NCHL.

The program options are designed specifically for careers in hospital administration, nursing administration, and
administration of health and health-related areas in district, provincial and federal governments. The School seeks
to provide a conceptual background for the increasingly complex managerial tasks that need to be performed in
health institutions and health related government departments. An effort is made to balance political, social,
cultural, medical and psychological approaches to understanding the healthcare delivery system with those of the
management sciences.

The emphasis in the School is on an academic, multidisciplinary and professional education. It is academic in that it
emphasizes knowledge of current research findings and treats the practice of health administration as a
phenomenon subject to social scientific analysis. It is multi-disciplinary in that faculty are drawn from traditional
social and administrative sciences. It is a professional program in the sense that it attempts to broaden the social
perspective of the student, emphasizing that a professional has a special responsibility to society, and must maintain
ethical standards appropriate to a career in Health Administration.

                                                          4
Enrolment in the School of Health Administration is limited in order to ensure close faculty-student interaction.
Those admitted to the School have varied backgrounds covering many fields of undergraduate, graduate, and
professional study. Student interaction is encouraged in all aspects of the program. Indeed, the program is
committed to the principle that graduate education is, in large part, learning how to teach oneself. In this sense,
one's fellow students become very important educational resources.

The atmosphere is informal; classes are small; students and faculty meet frequently. The program is demanding,
challenging, and rewarding, and students must be committed to serious study. Ten full course credits plus a 16-
week residency are required.

The Health Administration student is self-motivating and capable of considerable self-direction; in short, a self-
starter. A major function of the faculty of the School is to promote and foster the development of these attitudes,
skills and characteristics. Student organization and participation in program governance is encouraged. There is
opportunity for student representation at the School's faculty meetings, professional, social, and sports activities
interspersed throughout the year.

Students are encouraged to act as ambassadors to the School. Students are requested to participate in recruitment
by speaking to others regarding the program and providing information to those interested in pursuing a graduate
degree.

In addition to the Master of Health Administration , the School also offers the following programs:
    • Master of Health Administration (MHA+) - Certificate in Advanced MHA studies:
            o Legal Matters in Health Administration
            o Strategic Decisions in Health Administration
    • Juris Doctor/Master of Health Administration JD/MHA
    • MHA Thesis Option
    • JD/MHA Thesis Option

The MHA thesis option is typically opened to a maximum of three new students per year. Student research topics
should be consistent with the School's research strategy and the availability of the research advisors. Research
topics should be interdisciplinary where appropriate and grounded in the residency/field experience. For detailed
information on the MHA Thesis Option, please see the 2020-2021 MHA Thesis Handbook.

                                                         5
Section 3: Part-time Study, Advanced Standing, and Exemption, Grading System and
Good Standing

PART-TIME STUDY
The program offered through the School is available to students on a part-time as well as a full-time basis.
A part-time student may take up to two and a half full credits in any academic year (September 1 -August
31). In order to ensure that graduate students benefit from a reasonable concentration in their studies,
part-time studies must normally be completed within six years. MHA students may switch between part
and full time status, e.g. if employment situation changes. MHA students may also take the two year
course over three years, e.g., to cope with family responsibilities.

ADVANCED STANDING AND EXEMPTION
Applicants wishing to receive advanced standing should include course outlines for those classes previously
taken which they consider to be equivalent to Dalhousie MHA classes.

Where it is determined at time of admission that a student has the equivalent of a required class but is
not granted advanced standing (e.g. because the coursework was at undergraduate rather than graduate
credit level), an exemption may be permitted, so that another class is substituted for the required class.

GRADING SYSTEM AND GOOD STANDING
The passing grades are: A+, A, A-, B+, B, and B-

MHA students are required by the Faculty of Graduate Studies to achieve a grade of "B-” or better in all
classes taken. If a student receives an "F" grade in a class, the student (full time or part time) is withdrawn
from the program for academic reasons.

Letter Grade                    Numerical Grade                         GPA
A+                              90-100                                  4.3
A                               85-89                                   4.0
A-                              80-84                                   3.7
B+                              77-79                                   3.3
B                               73-76                                   3.0
B-                              70-72                                   2.7
F
Section 4: School Awards
The following awards are made annually:

1. CCHL - Bluenose Chapter Award
  Sponsored by the Bluenose Chapter of the Canadian College of Health Leaders and awarded to the graduating
  student of Dalhousie University's Master of Health Administration program who exhibits both high academic
  standing and a high degree of professionalism generally consistent with the standards (e.g. ethical conduct,
  competencies) endorsed by the College. Activity in the College is considered in the selection process.

2. Robert Wood Johnson Award
  Sponsored by Johnson & Johnson Ltd. honouring excellence in the study of health administration. The award
  is given to the graduating student who is viewed most likely to contribute valuable service in the career of
  health services administration.

3. Dr. Alan D. Thomson Award
  Awarded to the graduating student who achieves the highest GPA in HESA 6330 Health Services Planning.
  This award will be given to the student who best demonstrates the ability to integrate two essential elements
  of health services planning: (1) the application of epidemiological methods to define the health services needs
  of a population, and (2) an understanding of the political, social, and organizational dynamics that shape the
  process by which health services are planned.

4. Dr. A. Peter Ruderman Award
  Awarded to the graduating student who achieved the highest GPA of the graduates and has demonstrated the
  most originality and creativity in class, projects and papers in HESA 5320 Epidemiology and HESA 6505.

5. Northwood’s Edward L. Roach Continuing Care Award
  Sponsored by the Northwood Foundation, and awarded to the graduating student of the MHA program who
  has achieved high academic performance in Health Administration and has demonstrated particular interest
  in the field of long-term care.

6. Glen Moore Memorial Award
  Sponsored by the School of Health Administration in memory of Glen Moore, and awarded to the first year
  student, selected by her/his peers, faculty and staff, for showing effective leadership, congeniality and deemed
  most likely to make a noteworthy contribution to the field of health administration.

7. Association of Health Administration Students (AHAS) Award
  Awarded to a graduating student in recognition of fellowship and valuable contribution to student life within
  the Association of Health Administration Students, the School of Health Administration, and the community at
  large.

8. Nestman Prize for Accounting Excellence
  Awarded to a student who has achieved academic excellence in HESA 5345 Health Services Accounting and
  Management Control, and HESA 5350 Health Services Management Accounting and Control. This award was
  created to honour the contributions of Professor Lawrence Nestman on his retirement. For many years,
  Professor Nestman was the instructor for these courses.

9. Dr. Thomas A. Rathwell Award
  Awarded to the graduating student who achieves the highest GPA in HESA 6310 Healthcare Policy and HESA
  5341 Economics.

                                                         7
10. Shannex Prize In Innovative Practice For Aging Populations
   The Prize was established to recognize outstanding achievement in innovation and optimization of quality
   care of our aging population. Recipients will be a graduating student in the Master of Health Administration
   program at Dalhousie. The recipient will have demonstrated outstanding achievement in innovation and/
   optimization of quality care for our aging population through course work, residency, a research project
   and/or volunteer work.

11. First Year Academic Excellence Award
   Awarded in recognition of the first-year student engaged in full time studies who has demonstrated the highest
   level of academic excellence. To be awarded in September following completion of all 10 first year classes.

   Full time study defined as completion of all 10 first year classes in the first academic year of the program.

                                                          8
Section 5: Faculty
For additional information about our faculty please follow website link

Michael Hadskis, BSc (Hons.), LLB, LLM
University Teaching Fellow (on Sabbatical 2020-21)

Mohammad Hajizadeh, BA (Iran), MSc (Iran), PhD (Australia)
Associate Professor (on Sabbatical 2020-21)

Catherine Mah, MD, FRCPC, PhD
Associate Professor, Canada Research Chair in Promoting Healthy Populations

Tanya Packer - BSc (OT) (Western), MSc (Queens), PhD (Queens)
Director, Assistant Dean, Partnerships, Faculty of Health Vice-Chair

Jeanna Parsons Leigh – BA, MA, PhD
Assistant Professor

David Persaud - MSc (Queens), MSA (Central Michigan), PhD (Toronto)
Associate Professor

Christopher Simms, BA, MPA, MSc, PhD
Assistant Professor

Section 6: Professor Emeritus
For additional information about our faculty please follow website link

Grace Johnston – BSc Honours (McGill), MHSA (AB), PhD (Western Ontario)
Professor Emeritus

Lawrence J. Nestman - BComm (SK), CA (AB, NS), MHSA (AB) Professor
Emeritus

                                                    9
Section 7: Sessional Lecturers
For additional information about our faculty please follow website link

Steve Ashton, BSc (Hons), MBA (Dal), CHRP
Lecturer SHA, Vice President, People and Organization Development at the IWK Health Centre.

Sheila Brown, PhD
Lecturer SHA, Educational consultant and facilitator and President Emerita of MSVU.

Shawn Harmon, BA, LLB, LLM, PhD, FHEA
Lecturer SHA, Part-Time Faculty, Schulich School of Law and School of Health Administration, Dalhousie University,
Adjunct Professor, Paediatrics Dept., School of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Honorary Fellow, School of Law,
University of Edinburgh

Min Hu, PhD
Lecturer SHA, Min obtained his Ph.D. in Economics and held a postdoctoral position in Health Economics at
Dalhousie University.

Leah Hutt, BA, LLB, LLM
Lecturer SHA, Senior Health Law Policy Analyst

Dion Mouland, BSc (Dal), DHSA (Dal), MHSA (Dal)
Lecturer SHA, President & CEO Ocean View

Matthew Murphy, MAHSR, CHE
Lecturer SHA, Director, Performance, Analytics & Accountablity, Nova Scotia Health Authority

Kathleen Norman, PhD(c), MBA
Lecturer SHA, Senior Director of Strategic Planning, Risk and Quality at Shannex

Section 8: Executive-in-Residence

Robert Zed, MHA (Dal)
Chair and CEO, Triangle Strategies Healthcare Consulting

The Executive in Residence is uniquely positioned within the School to foster the professional growth and
development of future leaders in the health sector. Robert’s ability to inspire future leaders in health
administration, to see their potential and offer guidance spans several decades within the healthcare sector. To
read more about Robert please visit School’s Executive-in-Residence

                                                       10
Section 9: MHA Course Descriptions

FALL COURSES – First Year

HESA 5330 - MANAGEMENT AND DESIGN OF HEALTHCARE ORGANIZATIONS
Pre-requisite: None                                     Instructor: D. Persaud

HESA 5345 - FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING, GOVERNANCE AND MANAGEMENT CONTROL
IN HEALTHCARE
Pre-requisite: None                                     Instructor: M. Hu

HESA 6360 - HEALTHCARE LAW
Pre-requisite: None                                     Instructors: L. Hutt

HESA 6370 - INT. COMPARATIVE FUNDING AND INSURANCE SYSTEM
                                                        Instructor: C. Simms

HESA 6505 - STATISTICS FOR HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
Pre-requisite: course in introductory statistics        Instructor: M. Hu

FALL COURSES – Second Year

HESA 6100 – ETHICAL DECISIONS IN HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
Pre-requisite: HESA 5315                                Instructor: J. Parsons Leigh

HESA 6305 - ANALYZING THE OUTCOMES OF HEALTHCARE
Pre-requisite: None                                     Instructor: M. Murphy

HESA 6330 - STRATEGIC PLANNING IN HEALTHCARE
Pre-requisite: HESA 6505, HESA 5320                     Instructor: K. Norman

HESA 6340 - HUMAN RESOURCES IN HEALTHCARE
Pre-requisite: HESA 5330                                Instructor: S. Ashton

HESA 6366 - HEALTH LAW AND POLICY: CURRENT ISSUES I
Pre-requisite: HESA 6360                                Instructor: Shawn Harmon

HESA 6400 - EXECUTIVE DECISIONS: DYNAMICS OF BIAS, RISK, AND PERSUASION
                                                        Instructor: Sheila Brown

SUMMER COURSE
HESA 6390 - HEALTH ADMINISTRATION RESIDENCY
Pre-requisite: First year courses                       Instructor: D. Persaud

                                                   11
WINTER COURSES – First Year

HESA 5315 - MANAGING CHANGE IN HEALTH SYSTEMS: SUSTAINABILITY AND
ADAPTATION.
Pre-requisite: HESA 5330                    Instructor: D. Persaud

HESA 5320 - EPIDEMIOLOGY AND POPULATION HEALTH
Pre-requisites: HESA 6505, HESA 6370        Instructor: C. Mah

HESA 5341–HEALTHCARE ECONOMICS: EVALUATION AND POLICY
Pre-requisites: None                        Instructor: M. Hu

HESA 5350 - MANAGEMENT CONTROL AND FUNDING SYSTEMS IN HEALTHCARE
Pre-requisite: HESA 5345                    Instructor: TBA

HESA 5505 – STRATEGY AND CHANGE LEADERSHIP IN HLTH SYSTEMS
                                            Instructor: D. Persaud

HESA 6341 - MANAGEMENT UNION RELATIONS: DECISIONS AND IMPLEMENTATION
Pre-requisite: HESA 5330                    Instructor: D. Mouland

HESA 6361 - BUSINESS LAW FOR HEALTH ADMINISTRATORS
Pre-requisite: 6360                         Instructor: TBA

WINTER COURSES – Second Year

HESA 5335 - INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN HEALTH ADMINISTRATION
                                            Instructor: M. Hu

HESA 6310 - HEALTHCARE POLICY
Pre-requisite: HESA 6370                    Instructor: C. Simms

HESA 6345 - HEALTHCARE LEADERSHIP: DEDISIONS, OWNERSHIP AND
ACCOUNTABILITY                           Instructor: C. Simms

HESA 6362 - ADVANCED HEALTHCARE LAW (not offered 2020-21)
Pe-requisite: HESA 6360                     Instructor:

HESA 6365 - QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN HEALTHCARE
Pre-requisite: HESA 5315                    Instructor: D. Mouland

HESA 6367 – HEALTH LAW AND POLICY: CURRENT ISSUES II
Pre-requisite: HESA6360                     Instructor: Shawn Harmon
                                       12
HESA 6380 - SENIOR SEMINAR
Pre-requisites: All required courses                               Instructor: C. Simms

DIRECTED PROJECT*
Graduate Calendar Link

DIRECTED READING*
Graduate Calendar Link

Please note: Students are limited to two half credit directed studies during their MHA program. Please see
Administrative Manager for outline, proposal template and Faculty of Graduate Studies form.

Students are not permitted to take classes outside the prescribed MHA program without prior approval from the
Graduate Coordinator.

IPHE 5900: Interprofessional Health Education Portfolio
All students enrolled in a program within the Faculty of Health are required to register for IPHE 5900. Students
enrolled in the MHA program are required to complete a minimum of four experiences throughout their program.
There are four mandatory IPHE experiences for MHA students which are the Dalmazing 1.0 (September), Dalmazing
2.0 (October), MHA Residency and MHA Senior Seminar. Students must register during both the fall and winter
terms for IPHE and all requirements must be satisfied prior to graduation. A final portfolio must be submitted to
the Graduate Coordinator. A separate IPHE handbook is available for reference. Please note: Fall graduates must
also register for summer term in the last year of their program.

ELECTIVE CLASSES
Students choose 3 credit electives from the following, or other Faculties, pending approval of Graduate Coordinator.
Please consult school as electives may not be offered every year.

    ➢   CH&E 5040        Intro. to Health Serv. Res. & Policy
    ➢   NURS 5893        Health Program Planning and Evaluation
    ➢   HINF 6020        Research Methods
    ➢   NURS 5830        Palliative Care Nursing
    ➢   HPRO 5514        Current Frameworks in Health Promotion
    ➢   ECMM 6022        Project Management: A Managerial Approach
    ➢   HPRO 5620        Topics in Biopsychosocial Health
    ➢   HINF 6220        Networks and Web for Health Informatics

PLEASE REMEMBER: If you have registered for a course and need to drop it—you'll need to officially drop it
through Dal Online by the withdraw deadlines. Non-attendance is not considered a withdraw otherwise, you
will receive an F or Incomplete (INC), which counts as 0 in your GPA. Information is available at

CANADIAN COLLEGE OF HEALTH LEADERS CERTIFICATION
The Canadian College of Health Leaders has developed a competency-based program. It is the only Canadian
professional credential available for people involved with health care management. Students graduating with their
MHA are eligible to be certified. For further information, please visit the College website.

                                                        13
Section 10: MHA Program of Study
Course Number                              Course Name First Year - (5 credits) - Required
Fall
HESA 5330                                  Management & Design of Healthcare Organizations
HESA 5345                                  Financial Accounting, Governance & Management Control
HESA 6360                                  Healthcare Law
HESA 6370                                  Int. Comparative Funding and Insurance System
HESA 6505                                  Statistics for Health Administration
IPHE 5900                                  Interprofessional Health Education
Winter
HESA 5315                                  Managing Change in Health Systems
HESA 5320                                  Managerial Epidemiology
HESA 5341                                  Healthcare Economics: Evaluation and Policy
HESA 5350                                  Management Control and Funding Systems in Healthcare
(.5 credit elective)                       or HESA Elective
IPHE 5900                                  Interprofessional Health Education

Summer - (1 credit) - Required
HESA 6390                                 Health Administration Residency

Second Year - (4 credits required)
Fall
HESA 6100                                   Ethical Decisions in Health Administration
HESA 6305                                   Analyzing the Outcomes of Healthcare
HESA 6330                                   Strategic Planning in Healthcare
HESA 6340                                   Human Resources in Healthcare
(.5 credit elective)                        or HESA Elective
IPHE 5900                                   Interprofessional Health Education
Winter
HESA 5335                                   Information Systems in Health Administration
HESA 6310                                   Healthcare Policy
HESA 6365                                   Quality Management in Healthcare
HESA 6380                                   Senior Seminar
(.5 credit elective)                        or HESA Elective
IPHE 5900                                   Interprofessional Health Education

HESA Electives selected from the following
HESA 6000                    Nursing Administration & Leadership
HESA 6325                    Continuing Care Administration
HESA 6341                    Management Union: Decisions & Implementations
HESA 6361                    Business Law for Health Administrators
HESA 6362                    Advanced Healthcare Law
HESA 6366*                   Health Law and Policy: Current Issues I
HESA 6367*                   Health Law and Policy: Current Issues II
HESA 6394                    Directed Project
HESA 6395                    Directed Reading
Total: 11 credits

* HESA 6366 and HESA 6367 must both be completed.
Other electives can be explored on an individual basis. Approval must be received from the School prior to registering for non-HESA electives.
* Must register in IPHE 5900 during every term of MHA program
Approved: School Council December 15, 2000; revised October 15, 2004, revised September 2015

                                                                             14
Section 11: NEW MHA Program of Study
Students beginning the MHA in September 2020 may Opt In to the new 16-month
Program and follow the Program of Study below.

Year 1 Fall Term
  HESA 5330 Management and Design of Healthcare Organizations
  HESA 5345 Accounting and Financial Management I Healthcare
  HESA 6360 Healthcare Law
  HESA 6370 Canadian and International Health Systems
  HESA 6505 Statistics for Health Administration
  IPHE 5900 Interprofessional Health Education

Year 1 Winter Term
  HESA 5320 Epidemiology and Population Health
  HESA 5335 Information Systems and Project Management for Health Administration
  HESA 5341 Healthcare Economics Evaluation and Policy
  HESA 5350 Management Control and Funding Systems in Healthcare
  HESA 5505 Strategy and Change Leadership I Health Systems
  IPHE 5900 Interprofessional Health Education

Year 1 Summer Term
  HESA 6390 Health Administration Residency

Year 2 Fall
   HESA 6100 Ethical Decisions in Health Administration
   HESA 6305 Analyzing the Outcomes of Healthcare
   HESA 6310 Healthcare Policy
   HESA 6340 Human Resources in Healthcare
   HESA 6365 Quality Management in Healthcare
   IPHE 5900 Interprofessional Health Education

TOTAL 8.5 Credits

                                                    15
Section 12: MHA+ Certificate in Advanced MHA Studies: Legal Matters in Health
Administration Program of Study WHEN ENROLLED IN THE OLD MHA PROGRAM
First Year - (5 credits)
Fall
HESA 5330                                    Management & Design of Healthcare Organizations
HESA 5345                                    Financial Accounting, Governance & Management Control
HESA 6360                                    Healthcare Law
HESA 6370                                    Comparative Healthcare Funding and Insurance Systems
HESA 6505                                    Statistics for Health Administration
IPHE 5900                                    Interprofessional Health Education Portfolio
Winter
HESA 5315                                    Managing Change in Health Systems: Sustainability and Adaptation
HESA 5320                                    Managerial Epidemiology
HESA 5341                                    Healthcare Economics: Evaluation and Policy
HESA 5350                                    Management Control and Funding Systems in Healthcare
HESA 6361                                    Business Law for Health Administrators
IPHE 5900                                    Interprofessional Health Education Portfolio

Summer - (1 credit)
HESA 6390                                    Health Administration Residency

Second Year - (5 credits)
Fall
HESA 6100                                    Ethical Decisions in Health Administration
HESA 6305                                    Analyzing the Outcomes of Healthcare
HESA 6330                                    Strategic Planning in Healthcare
HESA 6340                                    Human Resources in Healthcare
HESA 6366                                    Healthcare Law and Policy: Current Issues I
IPHE 5900                                    Interprofessional Health Education Portfolio
Winter
HESA 5335                                    Information Systems in Health Administration
HESA 6310                                    Healthcare Policy
HESA 6362                                    Advanced Healthcare Law
HESA 6365                                    Quality Management in Healthcare
HESA 6367                                    Healthcare Law and Policy: Current Issues II
HESA 6380                                    Senior Seminar
IPHE 5900                                    Interprofessional Health Education Portfolio
TOTAL: 11 CREDITS
Students must register for IPHE 5900 during every term of the MHA program

MHA+ Certificate in Advanced MHA Studies: Legal Matters in Health Administration
The purpose of the MHA+ Certificate in Advanced MHA Studies: Legal Matters in Health Administration is to provide MHA students with advanced knowledge
of the myriad legal matters in healthcare administration. The Certificate is not a free-standing, nor an entry-level credential. Certificate recipients can neither
practice law nor represent themselves to imply the right or competence to practice law.

Only students of the Master of Health Administration program [MHA] will be eligible to complete the MHA + Certificate. The four law-related courses will be
completed concurrently with the MHA degree. Students enrolled in the JD/MHA program may pursue any of the elective courses noted below as MHA electives,
but these courses would not count toward Law School credit hours.

The five courses include: HESA 6360 Healthcare Law, HESA 6361 Business Law for Health Administrators, HESA 6362 Advanced Healthcare Law, and HESA
6366 & HESA 6367 Healthcare Law and Policy: Current Issues I & II. MHA students choosing not to complete the Certificate, continue to access other elective
courses.
Note: HESA 6366 and 6362 are both required for certificate.
Students should declare the MHA+ at the beginning of their program, however they may opt out and complete the regular MHA program of study.
                                                                               16
Section 13: MHA+ Certificate in Advanced MHA Studies: Strategic Decisions in Health
Administration Program of Study WHEN ENROLLED IN OLD PROGRAM

First Year - (5 credits = 30 credit hours)
Fall
HESA 5330                       Management & Design of Health Care Organizations
HESA 5345                       Financial Accounting, Governance & Management Control
HESA 6360                       Healthcare Law
HESA 6370                       Int. Comparative Funding and Insurance System
HESA 6505                       Statistics for Health Administration
IPHE 5900                       Interprofessional Health Education
Winter
HESA 5315                       Managing Change in Health Systems
HESA 5320                       Managerial Epidemiology
HESA 5341                       Healthcare Economics: Evaluation and Policy
HESA 5350                       Management Control and Funding Systems in Healthcare
HESA 6341                       Management Union Relations: Decisions and Implementation
IPHE 5900                       Interprofessional Health Education

Summer - (1 credit – 6 credit hours)
HESA 6390                     Health Administration Residency

Second Year - (5 credits – 30 credit hours)
Fall
HESA 6100                      Ethical Decisions in Health Administration
HESA 6305                      Analyzing the Outcomes of Healthcare
HESA 6330                      Strategic Planning in Healthcare
HESA 6340                      Human Resources in Healthcare
HESA 6400                      Executive Decisions: Dynamics of Bias, Risk and Persuasion
IPHE 5900                      Interprofessional Health Education
Winter
HESA 5335                      Information Systems in Health Administration
HESA 6310                      Healthcare Policy
HESA 6345                      Healthcare Leadership: Decisions, Ownership and Accountability
HESA 6365                      Quality Management in Healthcare
HESA 6380                      Senior Seminar
IPHE 5900                      Interprofessional Health Education

TOTAL:              11 CREDITS (66 credit hours)

Students must register for IPHE 5900 during every term of the MHA program

MHA+ Certificate in Advanced MHA Studies: Strategic Decisions in Health Administration
The purpose of the MHA+ Certificate in Advanced MHA Studies: Strategic Decisions in Health Administration is to provide MHA students with advanced
knowledge of the science of decision-making. The Certificate is not a free-standing, nor an entry-level credential.

Only students of the Master of Health Administration program [MHA] will be eligible to complete the MHA+ Certificate. The Certificate requires that students
complete four courses to be completed concurrently with the MHA degree.

The four courses include: HESA 6341, Management Union Relations: Decisions and Implementation, HESA 6100, Ethical Decisions in Health Administration,
HESA 6400, Executive Decisions: Dynamics of Bias, Risk and Persuasion, and HESA 6345, Healthcare Leadership: Decisions, Ownership and Accountability.
MHA students choosing not to complete the Certificate, continue to access other elective courses.

Students should declare the MHA+ at the beginning of their program, however they may opt out and complete the regular MHA program of study.

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Section 14: JD / MHA Program of Study
Course Number                           Course Name First Year - (5 credits) - Required
Fall
HESA 5330                                Management & Design of Healthcare Organizations
HESA 5345                                Financial Accounting, Governance & Management Control
HESA 6360                                Healthcare Law
HESA 6370                                Int. Comparative Funding and Insurance System
HESA 6505                                Statistics for Health Administration
IPHE 5900                                Interprofessional Health Education
Winter
HESA 5315                                Managing Change in Health Systems
HESA 5320                                Managerial Epidemiology
HESA 5341                                Healthcare Economics: Evaluation and Policy
HESA 5350                                Management Control and Funding Systems in Healthcare
.5 Credit elective
IPHE 5900                                Interprofessional Health Education

Summer - (1 credit) - Required
HESA 6390                                Health Administration Residency

Second Year
First year of Law School
Note: Years 1 and 2 can be done in reverse order.

Third year and fourth year is a combination of MHA and Law classes.

Healthcare Law is a required class and can be done either in Law or MHA (HESA 6360, Healthcare Law). If
students opt to take the class in Law rather than the first term of the MHA program, one of the remaining MHA
requirements would be taken in its place.

Remaining MHA requirements – 4.0 credits:
Fall
HESA 6100                Ethical Decisions in Health Administration
HESA 6305                Analyzing the Outcomes of Healthcare
HESA 6330                Strategic Planning in Healthcare
HESA 6340                Human Resources in Healthcare
IPHE 5900                Interprofessional Health Education
Winter
HESA 5335                Information Systems in Health Administration
HESA 6310                Healthcare Policy
HESA 6365                Quality Management in Healthcare
HESA 6380                Senior Seminar
IPHE 5900                Interprofessional Health Education

TOTAL:              10 CREDITS (with HESA 6360, Healthcare Law)
                    9.5 CREDITS (without HESA 6360, Healthcare Law)

Students must register for IPHE 5900 during every term of the MHA program
Note: All requirements for both programs must be completed prior to graduation. A student cannot graduate with only one component of a combined degree
(e.g. Students cannot graduate with the JD if MHA component is not complete and vice versa).

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Section 15: New JD/MHA Program of Study

Year 1 Fall Term
IPHE 5900                      Interprofessional Health Education
HESA 6370                      Canadian and International Health Systems
HESA 5330                      Management & Design of Healthcare Organizations
HESA 6360                      Healthcare Law
HESA 5345                      Accounting and Financial Management in Healthcare
HESA 6505                      Statistics for Health Administration

Year 1 Winter Term
IPHE 5900                      Interprofessional Health Education
HESA 5320                      Epidemiology and Population Health
HESA 5341                      Healthcare Economics: Evaluation & Policy
HESA 5350                      Management Control & Funding Systems in Healthcare
HESA 5335                      Information Systems and Project Management for Health Administers
HESA 5505                      Strategy and Change Leadership in Health Systems

Year 1 Summer
HESA 6390                      Residency

Year 2 Fall and Winter
IPHE 5900                      Interprofessional Health Education
First year of Law School
Note: Years 1 and 2 can be done in reverse order.

Year 3 and 4 Fall and Winter
IPHE 5900                 Interprofessional Health Education
Third year and fourth year is a combination of MHA and Law classes.

Healthcare Law is a required class and can be done either in Law (LAWS 2132) or MHA (HESA 6360). If students
opt to take the class in Law rather than the first term of the MHA program, one of the remaining MHA requirements
would be taken in its place.

Remaining MHA requirements Fall year 3 and 4
HESA 6305                Analyzing the Outcomes of Healthcare
HESA 6100                Ethical Decisions in Health Administration
HESA 6340                Human Resources in Healthcare
HESA 6365                Quality Management in Healthcare
HESA 6310                Healthcare Policy

NOTE: JD/MHA students must take all 15 courses: 10 in Year 1, and 5 across the fall terms of Years 3 and 4.

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Section 16: Policy on Criminal Conviction
Applicants to the Master of Health Administration should be aware that a prior criminal conviction may render
them unable to practice in their field of study upon graduation, or to be able to participate in some fieldwork
experiences in agencies throughout their course of study.

The Faculty of Health does not require a Criminal Records Check or other screening procedure (e.g. Vulnerable
Sector Screen) as a condition of admission into its programs. However, students should be aware that such record
checks may be a residency or other fieldwork requirement. It is the student’s responsibility to have such procedures
completed.

Facilities may refuse to accept students on the basis of information contained in the record check or other screening
procedure. If the student is unable to complete a clinical requirement due to a failure to meet the record check or
screening requirements of the faculty, or if the student is refused access to the facility on the basis of the information
provided, such a student may fail the course, and as a result, may not be eligible for progression or graduation.
Facility requirements may change from time to time and are beyond the control of the University.

Students are required to sign the Faculty of Health Statement Regarding Records Check, to verify that they have
read the statement.

Section 17: Equity and Inclusion Policy
The School of Health Administration recognizes that deliberate Equitable Admissions processes are required to
increase the support and admission, and graduation of students who self-identify as belonging to historically
underrepresented groups: persons of Aboriginal/Indigenous ancestry (especially Mi’kmaq), members of racialized
groups, persons of African descent (especially African Nova Scotians), Acadians, persons with dis/Abilities, and
persons belonging to minority sexual orientation and/or gender identity (SOGI) groups and women.

The School of Health Administration will develop and implement Equitable Admissions policies and processes
consistent with the NS Human Rights Act. It will develop and implement strategies to identify and create
recruitment and support systems, plus complementary policies and practices that create an inclusive, equitable
learning and working environment, to attract and support members of under-represented groups to enter and
succeed in the School of Health Administration programs.

* Source: Nova Scotia Department of Human Resources
Approved: HSA School Council, February 1, 2001
FHP Faculty Council, March 8, 2001
SHA School Council, April 20, 2010
Revised Version, June 2019

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Section 18: MHA Thesis Stream Option
The MHA Thesis Option is not for everyone. First, the student must be interested in the research of a fulltime or
cross-appointed School faculty member. Second, the student should have a well-developed rationale for pursuing
the Thesis Option rather than the MHA coursework program.

Thesis students may be either full or part time MHA students. They may be joint degree students. JD/MHA students
should include both a legal and health management focus in their thesis. The Thesis Option is not recommended for
certificate (MHA+) students since they would need an extra nine credit hours and a minimum of 28 months to
complete. Further information on the Thesis stream is available in the Handbook.

Section 19: Academic Support Policy for Students
A new Accommodation Policy for Students was approved by the Board of Governors at its meeting on June 24th,
2014. Please refer to the following website.

Section 20: Human Rights & Equity Services
Human Rights & Equity Services (HRES) provides confidential Advisory service to members of the Dalhousie
Community seeking advice & support.

Discrimination & Accommodation

The Statement on Prohibited Discrimination sets out Dalhousie University's commitment to safeguarding its
students and employees against all forms of prohibited discrimination in the course of work or study or
participation in University-sponsored organizations, activities and programs.

What is discrimination?
“For the purpose of this Act, a person discriminates where the person makes a distinction, whether intentional or
not, based on a characteristic, or perceived characteristic…that has the effect of imposing burdens, obligations or
disadvantages on an individual or a class of individuals not imposed upon others or which withholds or limits
access to opportunities, benefits and advantages available to other individuals or classes of individuals in society.”
-Section 4 of the Nova Scotia Human Rights Act

For further information on Discrimination & Accommodation, Sexual Violence, Equity & Inclusions, Harassment &
Conflict, please see the HRES website at: https://www.dal.ca/dept/hres/human_rights_discrimination.html

Section 21: Student Grievances & Appeal Procedures
Appeal of Academic Standing

Student may dispute matters of academic standing. Students who wish to raise questions or register concerns
about matters of academic standing are encouraged and strongly advised to communicate informally with
their instructor or the Director of the School of Health Administration (hereafter referred to as the Director)
before seeking a review under formal procedures. (See form on page 33)

For matters concerning fairness or an appeal of a procedure or process, students should contact the Faculty
of Graduate Studies.

                                                          21
Appeals of a final grade
If you have questions or concerns about a final grade, you are encouraged to discuss them with your
instructor. If the matter cannot be resolved informally, you can begin a formal reassessment process by filling out
a Request for a Reassessment of a Final Grade [PDF - 246kB]. Your completed request form is to be submitted to
the Registrar's Office with a fee of $50, which is refundable if the grade is changed. The Registrar will forward
your request to the dean of the faculty or director of the college/school offering the course. The reassessment
will then be carried out according to the procedures developed for this purpose by the faculty/school/college.
These procedures should reflect the academic disciplines and assessment involved and should provide for a
review of the assessment by a qualified person not responsible for the original evaluation.

For more information on the grade reassessment process, please go to
https://www.dal.ca/campus_life/academic-support/grades-and-student-records/appealing-a-grade.html

or contact the School Administrative Manager (mgrsha@dal.caor 902-494-1547).

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23
24
Section 22: Guidelines for Writing Papers
The following are suggested guidelines for the preparation and submission of written assignments. Please
refer to your specific course syllabi for additional guidance and instructions from your course instructors
with regard to assessments.

School of Health Administration students are to use the American Psychological Association (APA)
publication manual. It is available without cost to MHA students at American Psychological Association
https://www.apa.org/. Some conventions which differ from or go beyond the APA Manual but are accepted
in the School are detailed below.

1.     General Format
1.1    The title page can be prepared on the basis of personal preference.

1.2    For longer papers (i.e. greater than 5 pages), include an abstract and table of contents.

1.3    If desired, margins may be set at one inch (1") on all sides.

1.4    The use of 'I' or 'we' is discouraged.

1.5    Avoid emotional statements; concentrate on an analysis of facts.

1.6    Avoid using italics, underlining, boldfacing, or capitals in the text for emphasizing points. This tends
       to stop the reader and thus the flow of the ideas which you are trying to convey. Use headings and
       sub-headings to guide the reader and emphasize your key points.

1.7    Avoid using one sentence paragraphs. This form of writing is difficult to read. Also, avoid paragraphs
       which are longer than half a page. Readers tend to lose your line of reasoning in long paragraphs.

2.     References
It is recommended that reference manager citation software be used. An orientation on Citation Management
is provided each September by a librarian from the Kellogg Library. Zotero is another option available at no
cost.

2.1    The reference list may be typed single spaced, with a space between references. The second and sub-
       sequent lines of the reference need not be indented.

2.2    In the body of the paper, when references are at the end of a sentence, place the period at the end of
       the citation: (Smith, 1989).

2.3    Interviews (personal communication) should be included in the reference list. You may choose to
       incorporate them directly into the list or compile them separately. You should include the name,
       position, agency and city of the interviewee as well as the date of the interview. Reference to the
       interview should follow the standard format: (Smith, 1989).

2.4    Underlining the volume numbers of journals is optional; however, remain consistent in the style you
       have chosen.

2.5    Page numbers should be cited in the text i.e. (Smith, 1989, p. 10), if the reader might have trouble
       locating the reference. For example, generally the page number would be important to include when
       referencing books, government reports or other longer documents.

                                                         25
3.     Government References

3.1    Citation of an internal government document:
       Document Title (date) Unpublished manuscript received from [name, agency, address]

3.2    Guidelines for the referencing of Canadian Legislation (i.e. books, journals, statutes and case reports)
       can be found in the Legal Resources. It is on reference at the Dalhousie Law Library.

4.     Web Site References

More information is provided in the APA Manual. (Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association, 6th ed.)

5.     Non-sexist Language

5.1    DIVERSITY AND INCLUSION – CULTURE OF RESPECT

       Every person at Dalhousie has a right to be respected and safe: http://www.dal.ca/cultureofrespect.html.
       We believe inclusiveness is fundamental to education. We stand for equality. Dalhousie is strengthened in
       our diversity. We are a respectful and inclusive community. We are committed to being a place where
       everyone feels welcome and supported.

5.2    University Secretariat, Diversity, Equity and Inclusion -
       https://www.dal.ca/dept/university_secretariat/university_senate/diversity--equality-and
       inclusion.html

5.3    Government of Canada – Status of Women Canada - https://cfc-swc.gc.ca/gba-acs/index-en.html

6.     Preliminary Steps

6.1     Carefully read the instructions that you are given. Make sure that you understand exactly what to
        do. If you have any questions, ask your instructor.

6.2     Refer to some key reference to get an overview of the subject area that you selected. Attempt to
        narrow your focus and develop a well-defined topic/problem, one that you can handle in the time
        and space allowed.

6.3     Develop a preliminary outline of your paper, using appropriate headings and sub-headings. Provide
        a brief sketch of what you plan to report in each section.

                                                         26
Develop a time frame for the work that you must do.

Writing is like a muscle which must be developed through exercise. Many people find it difficult to write
clearly, concisely and logically. Write, rewrite, revise, edit, rework; your paper can always be improved.

7.      Intellectual Honesty
The Faculty of Graduate Studies Calendar states that a University should epitomize the quest for intellectual
honesty. Failure to measure up to the quest for such a standard can result in an academic offence. The seniority
of the student concerned, the presence of a dishonest intent, and other circumstances may all be relevant to the
seriousness with which the matter is viewed.

7.1     Plagiarism or Self-Plagiarism
Dalhousie University defines plagiarism as the presentation of the work of another author in such a way as
to give one’s reader reason to think it to be one’s own. Plagiarism is a form of academic fraud. Plagiarism is
considered a serious academic offence which may lead to loss of credit, suspension or expulsion from the
University, or even the revocation of a degree. The University attaches great importance to the contribution
of original thought to scholarship. It attaches equal importance to the correct attribution of authorities from
which facts and opinions have been derived.

In its grossest form, plagiarism includes the use of a paper purchased from commercial research cooperation
or prepared by any person other than the individual claiming to be the author. Plagiarism using material
from web sites, including inadequate citations, is a major concern. Therefore, instructors are being made
aware of ways to detect fraud of this type.

Self-plagiarism is the submission of work by a person which is the same or substantially the same as work
for which he or she has already received academic credit. You can build on work of your own and others in
other courses, but this work must be referenced using the standards for referencing published papers.

In an effort to bring important information on this subject together in one place, the Libraries’ website on
plagiarism has been revamped and added to by the Senate Ad Hoc Committee on Plagiarism. It has also been
linked from the Dal web pages for Students and Faculty and moved to a more visible and accessible web
address Web Link

Both students and faculty will find important and useful information on what plagiarism is, how to avoid it,
how to detect and prevent it, what policies exist as well as the penalties and discipline process. In addition,
there is information about the Committee including members and terms of reference.

The Committee would especially like to draw your attention to an interactive multimedia presentation
“Research Ethically” which was developed by the Libraries. It covers what plagiarism is, the Dalhousie

                                                          27
discipline process and strategies for avoiding plagiarism including citing and paraphrasing. Information can
be found on the following website: Academic Support or Writing Centre Resource Guide

Students who are in any doubt about the proper forms of citation and attribution of authorities and sources
should discuss the matter in advance with the faculty members for whom they are preparing assignments.
Failure to abide by the attribution standards of the School in the preparation of assignments, reports, term
papers, and theses might constitute plagiarism.

7.2     School of Health Administration
Ethical standards of scholarly writing are expected. Plagiarism has occasionally been a concern. Therefore,
during the term, you could be asked by the instructor to provide your rough notes, drafts, etc. When people
write good quality, original papers, their working notes will contain evidence of literature reviews, numerous
drafts that have been edited, and documentation of sources of information. You should be able to show
evidence of how sections of your paper evolved. Therefore, do not destroy any of your work in progress
material.

Students are expected to work co-operatively, discuss ideas, and debate differences in interpretations of
information. Reviewing and critiquing papers and assignments of past and present students also aid in
learning. However, no past or present student should make available his or her own, or any other person's,
work in hard copy or electronic form by email, on USB, or otherwise unless 1) the students involved are
working together on a group project, or 2) the work is made available through an open disclosure process
that is known and available to all students and faculty, e.g. permission has been granted by the student(s) for
a professor to provide the work as example(s) for all others to review, the work is catalogued and available
in the School, Dalhousie Library, or elsewhere. Standard referencing practices should then be used to cite the
work of past and present students.

7.3     Faculty Responsibilities

All faculty shall discuss with students the reasons plagiarism is considered to be a serious academic offence.

The following statement shall be deemed to be part of every course outline, whether it appears there or not;
however, instructors are encouraged to include this wording on written handouts or web-based course
information.

All students in this class are to read and understand the policies on plagiarism and academic honesty
referenced in the Policies and Student Resources sections of the plagiarism website. Ignorance of such
policies is no excuse for violations.

URKUND: Plagiarism Detection
Students may be asked to submit their written papers through a plagiarism detection program called Urkund.

Urkund is a practical tool for plagiarism control and has been integrated with Dalhousie's Brightspace. Students
send their assignments to their professors for analysis via email, direct upload or through an LMS/VLE. Urkund
automatically checks texts against the internet, archives and databases, reporting any similarities, and offers
source track-back in an easy to operate analysis.

Urkund then presents the information required by the professor in order to determine whether or not the text
contains plagiarism.

8.      Accuracy in Resumes (job and career services for resume help)

The student is to be fully accurate in the facts given in their resumes. For example, they are to state that they
are a student or candidate for an MHA, and not imply they are an MHA graduate until such time as they are
granted the degree. If MHA students or graduates are applying for a position that asks for or is more familiar
                                                            28
with an MHA or MPH or other designation, their resume should state MHA and their cover letter should
describe how the MHA can be considered equivalent to the required degree. Students in the coursework
option should not prepare their resume in a way that implies they have completed a thesis (e.g. a Senior
Seminar paper is not a thesis). Activities should be fully and accurately presented, e.g. co-secretary of AHAS,
should indicate co-secretary on resume, not secretary.

9.       Research for Academic Papers

Research for a paper should be developed with the quality and reliability of sources in mind. As much as
possible, students should seek verified and expert sources. Scholarly sources which have been approved by
a group with recognized expertise in the field, for example, books published by university presses, articles in
peer-reviewed journals or journals that appear in the ranked list of journals are good sources for academic
writing. It should be noted that some internet sources may be comparatively easy to access but may contain
unverified opinions or unreliable information (for example, Wikipedia, private websites etc).

To make researching for papers easy, Dalhousie University Libraries have recently added LibGuides, a
webbased portal to information arranged by subject. There is a LibGuides designed specifically for students
and faculty in Health Administration where you can find links to databases and journals, the library’s online
catalogue of materials, websites in SHA, podcasts and RSS feeds, electronic books and more. To access the
LibGuides, visit the library home page at Web Link and click on Subject Guides or here is the direct link: Web
Link. You may want to book mark it.
Journal Citation Reports – Search a journal title.

Definitions of terms

Adapted from Web of Science, ISI Web of Knowledge Web Link

The following definitions and terms will be helpful in understanding ranking lists:

•    Immediacy Index: Average number of times an article is cited in the year it is published.
     Cites to current articles: Number of current articles
•    Impact Factor: Average number of times articles from the journal published in the past two years have
     been cited in the JCR year.
•    Cites to recent articles: Number of recent articles
•    JCR year (Journal Citation Report): The year of the JCR edition displayed in the top right-hand corner of
     the page. Each JCR year contains one year of citation data. You select the JCR year on the
     Welcome page.
•    Citing Half-Life: Median age of articles cited by the journal in the JCR year.
•    Cited Half-Life Calculations: The cited half-life calculation finds the number of publication years from the
     current JCR year that account for 50% of citations received by the journal.
•    ISSN: International Standard Serial Number, a unique number that identifies a journal. The format is four
     numbers, a hyphen (-), three numbers, and then a check character that may be a number or X (e.g., 0010-
     4620).
•    Citation: A citation is the formal acknowledgment of intellectual debt to previously published research.
     It generally contains sufficient bibliographic information to uniquely identify the cited document
•    Total Cites: The total number of times that a journal has been cited by all journals included in the database
     in the JCR year.

     Citations to journals listed in JCR are compiled annually from the JCR year’s combined database,
     regardless of which JCR edition lists the journal and regardless of what kind of article was cited or when
     the cited article was published. Each unique article-to-article link is counted as a citation.

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