SCHOLARWORKS WALDEN UNIVERSITY
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
Walden University
ScholarWorks
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection
2021
Massively Multiplayer Online Roleplaying Games and Their Effects
on Life Satisfaction and Social Skills
Heidi McCreary
Walden University
Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations
Part of the Clinical Psychology Commons
This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies
Collection at ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies by an
authorized administrator of ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact ScholarWorks@waldenu.edu.Walden University
College of Social and Behavioral Sciences
This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation by
Heidi McCreary
has been found to be complete and satisfactory in all respects,
and that any and all revisions required by
the review committee have been made.
Review Committee
Dr. Michael Plasay, Committee Chairperson, Psychology Faculty
Dr. Matthew Fearrington, Committee Member, Psychology Faculty
Dr. Elisha Galaif, University Reviewer, Psychology Faculty
Chief Academic Officer and Provost
Sue Subocz, Ph.D.
Walden University
2021Abstract
Massively Multiplayer Online Roleplaying Games and Their Effects on Life Satisfaction
and Social Skills
by
Heidi McCreary
MA, Walden University, 2013
Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
Clinical Psychology
Walden University
May 2021Abstract Adult massively multiplayer online roleplaying games (MMORPGs) gaming is a popular trend that is often perceived negatively, including having a lack of social adaptation skills and low life satisfaction. This quantitative study explored whether life satisfaction and social skills were influenced by gaming by comparing MMORPG gamers (casual and avid) and nongamers. This quantitative survey study was built upon the limitations listed in previous research. The hypothesis was that there would be no difference between MMORPG gamers and nongamers regarding life satisfaction and social skills. To conceptualize the influence MMORPG may have, this study used Diener’s conceptualization of the pursuit of happiness, which presumed that people could choose their happiness by engaging in activities that made them happy on an individual basis. Life skills were measured through the Life Satisfaction-11 Questionnaire and the Social Adaptation Self Evaluation Scale. The sample of 134 was collected by stratified sampling, and the data analysis was calculated using a multivariate analysis of variance. The results indicated that there was no significant difference in social adaptation skills between the groups. However, there was a significant difference in life satisfaction between causal and avid gamers, where casual gamers had less life satisfaction than avid gamers and nongamers. The positive social change implications on a societal level include highlighting the difference in adult gamers because the current results do not fall in line with previous findings, thus potentially changing the psychological view of the effect of video games.
Massively Multiplayer Online Roleplaying Games and Their Effects on Life Satisfaction
and Social Skills
by
Heidi McCreary
MA, Walden University, 2013
Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
Clinical Psychology
Walden University
May 2021Dedication
For my husband Sean, who has dealt and learned to calm me down on the days
when I was freaking out about finishing my degree, defeating cancer, and surviving neck
surgery. I honestly do not know if I could have made it through some of the hurdles
without you. Thank you from the bottom of my body, mind, and soul my love. To my
mom for pushing me to strive for higher things and for my Oma who was there for most
of this journey, may you rest in the afterlife.Acknowledgments
To Dr. Susan Vaught and Dr. Redding Jones for transferring so much knowledge
into my head during my Masters field experience and for giving me the final push to get
my doctorate. To Dr. Plasay and Dr. Fearrington for normalizing the breakdowns that one
experiences during the dissertation writing process. To my friends who supported me
through this journey.Table of Contents
List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... iv
List of Figures ......................................................................................................................v
Chapter 1 Introduction to the Study .....................................................................................1
Background ....................................................................................................................1
Problem Statement .........................................................................................................4
Purpose of the Study ......................................................................................................5
Research Questions and Hypotheses .............................................................................5
Theoretical Framework for the Study ............................................................................6
Nature of the Study ......................................................................................................10
Definitions....................................................................................................................10
Assumptions.................................................................................................................12
Scope and Delimitations ..............................................................................................12
Limitations ...................................................................................................................13
Significance..................................................................................................................14
Summary ......................................................................................................................14
Chapter 2: Literature Review .............................................................................................15
Literature Search Strategy............................................................................................15
Theoretical Framework ................................................................................................16
History..........................................................................................................................19
Impact of Game Play on Social Relations ...................................................................20
iPositive Social Relationships .......................................................................................20
Work, School, and Other Engagements .......................................................................21
Satisfactions of Wants and Needs ................................................................................22
Health and Mental Health ............................................................................................24
Demographics ..............................................................................................................26
Motivation to Strive for Balance..................................................................................30
Summary and Conclusions ..........................................................................................31
Chapter 3: Research Method ..............................................................................................33
Research Design and Rationale ...................................................................................33
Research Questions and Hypotheses ...........................................................................34
Population ....................................................................................................................35
Sampling and Sampling Procedures ............................................................................35
Procedures for Recruitment, Participation, and Data Collection .................................37
Materials and Instrumentation .....................................................................................38
Life Satisfaction Questionnaire 11 (LiSat-11) .............................................................39
Reliability and Validity of LiSat-11 ............................................................................39
Social Adaption Self-Evaluation Scale (SASS) ...........................................................41
Reliability and Validity of the SASS ...........................................................................42
Data Analysis ...............................................................................................................43
Threats to Internal Consistency ............................................................................ 44
Threats to External Validity .................................................................................. 44
iiEthical Procedures .......................................................................................................45
Summary ......................................................................................................................46
Chapter 4: Results ..............................................................................................................48
Research Questions and Hypotheses ...........................................................................48
Data Collection and Screening.....................................................................................49
Data Analysis ...............................................................................................................50
Descriptive Statistics ....................................................................................................51
Results ..........................................................................................................................52
Summary ......................................................................................................................55
Chapter 5: Discussion, Conclusions, and Recommendations ............................................56
Interpretation of the Findings.......................................................................................56
Theoretical Framework/Literature Review ..................................................................57
Life Satisfaction .................................................................................................... 59
Social Adaption Skills........................................................................................... 59
Limitations ...................................................................................................................62
Recommendations ........................................................................................................63
Positive Social Change Implications ...........................................................................64
Conclusion ...................................................................................................................67
Summary ......................................................................................................................68
References ..........................................................................................................................69
Appendix A: Demographics Questionnaire .......................................................................88
iiiList of Tables
Table 1 Descriptive Statistics........................................................................................... 52
Table 2 Participant Ratios ................................................................................................ 52
Table 3 Pairwise Comparison .......................................................................................... 55
ivList of Figures
Figure 1 Estimated Means of TotalLife............................................................................. 54
v1
Chapter 1 Introduction to the Study
Video games continue to be a common commodity in many households. Video
games provide individuals who enjoy fantasy with the ability to venture into fantasy
realms to play against other individuals or just for the pure enjoyment of fighting
monsters (Trepte et al., 2012). This study focused on determining the influence that
massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPG) had on adults’ life
satisfaction and social skills. In this study, I compared nongaming individuals to casual
and avid gamers to understand whether MMORPGs affected an individual’s life
satisfaction or if it is based solely on the individual’s perception.
Background
Fiske (2014) reported that social interactions highlight and potentially change an
individual’s viewpoint. On the other hand, Bong-Won and Kun Chang (2011) previously
indicated that gamers perceive the world differently than other people. Bartle (2004) and
Banks and Bowman (2016) stated that gamers viewed the world from different
components (e.g., computer versus PlayStation, social game versus strategy games) as
well as having other social interaction mediums, which included voice over internet
service providers (VOIPs) or online chat. Playing video games, especially MMORPGs, is
a way of life for many individuals (Achab et al., 2011). It is the gamer’s way of
decreasing stressors in everyday lives, building connections, and even at times escaping
from the mundane or stressful world they currently reside in (Castelli & Carraro, 2011).2
According to various studies, gamers believe that the virtual realm enhances their
life satisfaction and their perspective about viewing the difference in cultures while
interacting globally with others (Ferguson et al., 2015; Jang & Ryu, 2011). Video gamers,
especially those who play online with thousands of other gamers, often present with more
open-mindedness (Barnett et al., 2007). However, MMORPGs are often presented as
unfavorable, and it was suggested that MMORPGs had the potential to negatively affect
various aspects of an individual’s life (Yao & Yu, 2016). This information included the
realms of social interactions and life satisfaction (Bowman et al., 2012). Past research
asserted the potential effects of too much gaming (Bowman et., 2012). These effects
included overall negativity, negative social behaviors, violence, and decreased life
satisfaction and/or mental health (see Albarracin & Handley, 2011; Bailey et al., 2012;
Boxer et al., 2015).
Even though there has been an increased acceptance of video games over the past
few decades, the media and other sources continue to stigmatize individuals who play
MMORPGs regularly. Griffiths et al. (2003) noted, “The image of a typical gamer is seen
as socially negative and remains firmly within a youth subculture” (p. 81). Furthermore,
as Yee (2006) mentioned, it has become a challenge to eliminate negative assumptions
about gamers and beliefs that they lack social or daily living skills.
Social media and previous research have provided information on the stigma
about gaming and its potential adverse effects (Griffiths et al., 2003). Nevertheless, it has
become crucial to highlight that many previous research aspects have been limited to3
specific populations, primarily children, adolescents, and young adults under the age of
25 (Haagsma et al., 2013). Moreover, previous research has not indicated any potential
benefits that gaming may present for individuals over the age of 25, including the
possibility that it might enhance or balance issues related to life satisfaction and/or social
skills. The Entertainment Software Association (ESA, 2016) found that over 44% of
gamers were over the age of 35 when their survey was conducted.
Another viewpoint when observing MMORPG gaming is that it may offer a
reason why gamers hang out in an MMORPG world with other like-minded people (see
Crowe & Bradford, 2006; Li et al., 2011; Siemer et al., 2007). However, the research
results are varied due to gameplay frequency and the individual’s playing style and game
at the time of the study. Furthermore, researchers have highlighted how perceived selves
could be altered within a video game (Jin, 2011; Kim & Davis, 2009). The results by
Banks and Bowman (2016) asserted that gamers could create the avatar that resembled
their actual personality, which may not be allowed within their real-life emotions and
self-esteem.
An individual who perceives themselves as a gamer does not always flaunt that
they are a gamer. They are most likely aware of the stigma associated with MMORPG
gaming or video games in the view of nongamers or some collective societies. However,
researchers have provided insight into different reasons for a person wishing to escape
into a virtual reality (see Adams & Baptist, 2012; Barnett et al., 2007; DeWall et al.,
2011). The foundation of the participant’s overall life satisfaction and relational4
satisfaction have been studied, including leaving their stressful in real life (IRL) issues
behind or escaping into a world where they could become a different individual (e.g., a
timid individual becomes more robust).
As Kahn et al. (2015) pointed out, the stigma of the potential adverse influences
gaming presents on social skills, and life satisfaction continues to disrupt what may have
been an appropriate lifestyle for that individual. Kahn et al. mentioned that some
individuals perceive gaming improves and balances their life satisfaction and social skills
by interacting with individuals worldwide through MMORPG gaming. Jerabeck and
Ferguson (2013) asserted that the influence of violent video games potentially affects
prosocial behaviors towards self and/or others. This research also indicated that a violent
video game did not genuinely alter prosocial effects but that peer influence was one of
the leading causes of changing prosocial behaviors (see Greitemeyer, 2014; Griskevicius
et al., 2006).
Problem Statement
In 2016, the ESA indicated that almost half of the gaming population was 35
years old or older. However, the vast majority of previous research has solely focused on
child or adolescent populations. Information and analysis of adult populations were
minimal. According to Ellithorpe et al. (2015), different information levels were crucial
in understanding how MMORPG gaming has influenced and affected the adult gaming
population. In this study, I refer to adults who do not play video games as nongamers. I
compared casual gamers and avid gamers to nongamers to determine whether there is a5
measurable difference between the groups in their life satisfaction and social skills (see
Griskevicius et al., 2006; Haagsma et al., 2013; Yee, 2007; Yee & Bailenson, 2009).
Purpose of the Study
The purpose of this quantitative study is to see whether there is a difference in life
satisfaction and social skills between casual and avid MMORPG gamers and nongamers.
Bartle (2004) stated that gamers use MMORPGs to socialize and to decrease stressors of
everyday living. However, previous research about gaming has solely focused on
negative behavioral aspects, such as aggression and violence towards self and others in
preadolescents and young adults (Amialchuk & Kotalik, 2016; Huang, 2006). Therefore,
I aimed to address the effects MMORPG gaming has on adult gamers.
The quasi-experimental postonly nonequivalent control group design allowed two
specific, nonrandomized independent variables: MMORPG gamers and nongamers. The
dependent variable for this research was the measurement of life satisfaction through the
usage of the Life Satisfaction 11 Questionnaire (LiSat-11) and social skills through the
Social Adaptation Self Evaluation Scale (SASS).
Research Questions and Hypotheses
In this research, I intended to address the recognized gaps in MMORPG research
and what effect an MMORPG had on life satisfaction and social skills when compared
casual and avid gamers to nongamers. The independent variables were casual gamers,
avid gamers, and nongamers. The dependent variables were life satisfaction and social
skills.6
The research questions and hypotheses were as follows:
RQ1: Are there differences in life satisfaction between casual gamers, avid
gamers, and nongamers (as measured by LiSat-11)?
H0: There is no difference in the levels of life satisfaction between casual gamers,
avid gamers, and nongamers.
H1: There is a significant difference in the levels of life satisfaction between
casual gamers, avid gamers, and nongamers.
RQ2: Are there differences in social skills between casual gamers, avid gamers,
and nongamers (as measures by SASS)?
H0: There is no difference in social skills in casual gamers, avid gamers, and
nongamers.
H1: There is a significant difference in social skills between casual gamers, avid
gamers, and nongamers.
Theoretical Framework for the Study
The theoretical basis for this study was Diener’s (1984) and Diener et al.’s (1985)
pursuit of happiness. This theory highlights the different paths people take to achieve
overall well-being and life satisfaction and the influence on social relationships (Diener et
al., 2017). Diener highlighted that happiness does not have one exact definition but that it
has a culturally and philosophically diverse history. If his theory holds, happiness is what
an individual creates in their life. Therefore, subjective well-being measurement is made.7
Diener (1984) suggested that there are three major components to an individual’s
well-being. These include positive effects (pleasurable feelings), negative affect (painful
feelings), and life satisfaction, such as assessing one’s own positive and negative affect.
Diener also provided detail into how an individual perceives their journey to achieve
goals and aspirations. It is an individual’s pursuit and adaptability for changing their
perceptions of life satisfaction. These include but are not limited to psychological well-
being, happiness in relationships (e.g., work, family, friends), and realistic expectations
towards future goals (Diener, 1985).
Fugl-Meyer et al. (1991) built on Diener’s pursuit of happiness theory by creating
a questionnaire built on the premise that an individual’s life satisfaction could be
influenced by several additional factors, including physical health, hobbies, or social
interactions. Fugl-Meyer et al. determined that neither gender nor age was a secondary
factor in regards to happiness or life satisfaction as a whole. The information from Diener
et al. (1985) and Fugl-Meyer et al. was taken into consideration, one an individual may
find that the influence of MMORPGs is dependent on that individual and not on the
MMORPG itself. Furthermore, in this research, comparing the potential differences
between casual and avid MMORPG gamers and nongamers highlighted whether gaming
has any effects on life satisfaction or social skills. Many factors influence an individual’s
view on life satisfaction (Silvermark et al., 2008). Such factors include significant life
events (e.g., childbirth or death) or activities (e.g., playing sports, crafting). Furthermore,8
Jacobsson and Lexell (2016) provided similar results by demonstrating that various
influencing factors contributed towards or against life satisfaction.
Diener et al. (1985) emphasized that an individual and their surroundings could
influence social relationships. For example, an individual who is socially active due to
friends and social connections may not experience many negative mental health
symptoms, specifically depression, like an individual who lacks friends and social
supports (Stetina et al., 2011). Furthermore, individuals with a more significant number
of social interactions are more likely to present with personal well-being and life
satisfaction (Stetina et al., 2011). Social adaptability is a contributing factor influenced by
an individual’s behavior (Jerabeck & Ferguson, 2013). Consequently, the pursuit of
happiness and/or well-being highlights how specific events contribute to an individual’s
ability to adapt. It also contributes and helps later researchers develop newer strategies to
help intervene before the depressive symptoms increase, such as the research by Bosc et
al. (1997).
Fugl-Meyer et al. (1991) built on Diener’s pursuit of happiness theory by creating
a questionnaire built on the premise that an individual’s life satisfaction could be
influenced by several additional factors, including physical health, hobbies, or social
interactions. Fugl-Meyer et al. determined that neither gender nor age was a secondary
factor in regards to happiness or life satisfaction as a whole. Taking this information from
Diener et al. (1985) and Fugl-Meyer et al. into consideration, one an individual may find
that the influence of MMORPGs is dependent on that individual and not on the9
MMORPG itself. Furthermore, in this research, comparing the potential differences
between casual and avid MMORPG gamers and nongamers highlighted whether gaming
has any effects on life satisfaction or social skills. Many factors influence an individual’s
view on life satisfaction (Silvermark et al., 2008). Such factors include significant life
events (e.g., the birth of a child or death) or activities (e.g., playing sports, crafting).
Furthermore, Jacobsson and Lexell (2016) provided similar results by demonstrating that
a variety of influencing factors contributed towards or against life satisfaction.
Diener et al. (1985) emphasized that an individual and their surroundings could
influence social relationships. For example, an individual who is socially active due to
friends and social connections may not experience many negative mental health
symptoms, specifically depression, like an individual who lacks friends and social
supports (Stetina et al., 2011). Furthermore, individuals with a more significant number
of social interactions are more likely to present with personal wellbeing and life
satisfaction (Stetina et al., 2011). Social adaptability is a contributing factor influenced by
an individual’s behavior (Jerabeck & Ferguson, 2013). Consequently, the pursuit of
happiness and/or well-being highlights how specific events contribute to an individual’s
ability to adapt. It also contributes and helps later researchers develop newer strategies to
help intervene before the depressive symptoms increase, such as the work by Bosc et al.
(1997).10
Nature of the Study
In this quasi-experimental, postonly nonequivalent control group design, I viewed
the difference between MMORPGs gamers versus nongamers. Through the usage of a
postonly nonequivalent control group via survey format, the difference in life satisfaction
and social skills between casual gamers, avid gamers, and nongamers revealed that life
satisfaction or social skills were not influenced by MMORPG gaming but by the
individual. The independent variables included MMORPG gamers who played video
games (e.g., casual gamers who played less than 25 hours per week and avid individuals
who played MMORPGs 25 hours or more per week) and nongamers who did not play
video games. The dependent variables in this study were life satisfaction and social skills.
Definitions
Avid gaming: A term used for gamers who played a minimum of 25 hours per
week (Amialchuk & Kotalik, 2016).
Casual gaming: A term used for gamers who only played infrequently and/or
spontaneously based on real-life situations and time. The average game time of a casual
gamer was less than 25 hours per week (Amialchuk & Kotalik, 2016).
Class/build: The gamer’s chosen character or toon build (e.g., warrior, mage, and
tank) within the MMORPG (Yee & Bailenson, 2007).
Damage per second: The amount of damage a player or a group of gamers
achieved against the enemy within the game (Smyth, 2007).11
Gamer: An individual who plays video games or role-playing games (Bartle,
2004).
In real life (IRL): When speaking about a gamer’s real-life experiences not
associated with the game (e.g., cannot play MMORPG because of death in the family) or
other issues (Barrett & Russell, 1998).
Massively multiplayer online roleplaying game (MMORPG): A type of video
game within a virtual world where thousands or even millions of gamers play together or
alone in a virtual role-playing environment (Yee et al., 2007).
Newbie or noob: The term for gamers who are new to the game or do not know
about the game. At times it can be seen as a derogatory remark (Tausch & Hewstone,
2010).
Nongamer: An individual who does not play video games (Lafreniere et al.,
2011).
Non-player character (vendor): A part of the game itself and not played by a real
person. It is an artificial life created for each player’s same purpose to interact (e.g.,
receive quests, rewards, or purchase items; Williams, 2006).
Player versus environment (PvE): The definition of what aspect of an MMORPG
the player prefers, such as questing and killing monsters (e.g., computer-controlled
enemies; Trepte et al., 2012).
Player versus player (PvP): Mostly considered the opposite of PvE for most
gamers. PvPers are gamers who prefer to fight and battle other gamers to earn points and12
enjoy the challenge of fighting and learning the opposing player’s capabilities and
knowledge (Yao & Yu, 2016).
Voice over internet provider (VOIP): Often used during specific gaming events
such as raids or massive PvP events. VOIP allows the gamer to verbally communicate
with other players not to become distracted from their role during an event by typing in
the online chat.
Assumptions
In this study, I assumed that the instruments used (LISAT-11 and SASS) were
psychometrically sound assessment tools for measuring the identified constructs. I also
assumed that the participants were capable of understanding and completing the
questionnaire provided in English. Furthermore, I assumed that the participants who
represented the MMORPG gamers and nongamer populations participated in the study by
honestly responding to the questionnaires and not merely providing socially desirable
answers. It was also assumed that respondents would be honest about their experiences
and feelings.
Scope and Delimitations
The scope of this research study was confined to individuals who belonged to
online forums, were at least 25 years old, played MMORPGs, did not play video games,
were on social media sites, and agreed to participate in a survey in the English language.
There was the possibility that some MMORPG gamers and nongamers who met the
criteria may have chosen not to participate, resulting in a sample with an unknown13
sampling error. This study was not intended to focus on previous experiences that
individuals had encountered before participating in this study. Even though the inclusion
of prior experiences would have been of interest, I rejected this information due to it
increasing the scope and length of this research.
Limitations
There were some inherent limitations in this study that threatened external
validity. Researchers may have particular opinions regarding specific topics or
populations. These specific opinions could create a restriction and/or bias towards the
research. For example, researchers may generalize or skew beliefs, which could cause a
bias towards the study itself, such as only contacting individuals that will assert the
correct answers for the research, thus skewing the results (Johnson, 1988).
Additionally, a sampling error could not be estimated for this study, as I had no
control over how often a participant may have completed the survey. For example, if a
participant were to change their internet service provider address, that individual could
have completed the survey multiple times, therefore skewing the data. The limitations of
only using the assistance of acquaintances were that the data collected lacked randomized
sampling and did not provide generalizations globally. Also, by having acquaintances
distributing the survey, I may have only received data within a specific population group.
This could have decreased the generalization possibility for the overall research.14
Significance
Understanding how playing an MMORPG affects life satisfaction and social skills
for adult casual and avid gamers helped expand on what has been learned by previous
data obtained. As mentioned previously, most research regarding gaming has focused
mainly on children, adolescents, and young adults under 25 (Daneva, 2017). However,
adults’ ages beyond 25 appeared to be rarely considered, precisely when playing
MMORPGs or video games in general (Rehbein et al., 2016). This study served to extend
the literature concerning populations of adult gamers. Moreover, it highlighted the effects
MMORPG gaming had on the adult gamer when exploring life satisfaction and social
skills by comparing the data to nongaming populations.
Summary
MMORPG gaming had presented different issues and was explored in more detail
when I reviewed the needs and wants of individual MMORPG gamers and nongamers
and how their activities affected life satisfaction and social skills. This study addressed
some of these platforms, including social skills, personal well-being, life satisfaction, and
relationship satisfaction. Barnett et al. (2007), Crisp and Turner (2010), and Gruesser et
al. (2007) mentioned that there needed to be more focus on adult gamers and how the
supposed adverse psychological effects were not always present in adult MMORPG
gamers. This study added to the current literature on adult MMORPG gamer populations
and how it affects the individual.15
Chapter 2: Literature Review
This chapter addresses how playing MMORPG games devolves and influences
individuals, society, emotions, and behaviors. The topics addressed in this chapter
include the theoretical frameworks that highlight how emotions and behaviors influence
an individual regardless of if the individual is a casual gamer, avid gamer, or nongamer.
Furthermore, I discuss the research into positive and negative aspects of prolonged
gaming and its influence on well-being, such as mental and physical health. There are
different reasons for seeking out a given activity. These activities are based on an
individual’s wants and needs (Aksan et al., 2009).
Literature Search Strategy
For this study, literature was gathered through an extensive search of the Walden
University Library and Google Scholar. The selected literature focused on peer-reviewed
journal articles, studies, and published books that helped describe MMORPG gaming, life
satisfaction, effects of gaming, and social skills. The primary databases included in these
searches were Academic Search Complete, ProQuest Central, Digital Dissertations,
Google Scholar, and Psych Info.
The simple search terms began with massively multiplayer online role-playing
games, effects of gaming, life satisfaction, social skills, adult gamers, virtual worlds,
peers, and prosocial behaviors. Additional sources, which were not presented in the
initial search, were obtained in reference sections of identified journal articles.
.16
Theoretical Framework
The first theoretical framework for this study was based on Diener’s (1984) and
Diener et al.’s (1985) pursuit of happiness theory. The pursuit of happiness theory
explained many different ways to achieve happiness or life satisfaction (Diener et al.,
2018). The theory of the pursuit of happiness was founded on positive psychology.
Moreover, it described how an individual’s thinking could have altered the overall
perception of happiness. The critical points of positive psychology reflected the bases of
Diener’s research in subject well-being and included abundance, virtues, and strengths;
positive deviance; flourishing versus languishing; and happiness (Diener et al., 2002).
Each aspect of positive psychology highlighted a different influence that life, in general,
had on an individual (Corey, 2009).
There were several parts to positive psychology that were important to this study:
(a) flourishing versus languishing and (b) happiness and well-being, including subjective
well-being and psychological well-being (see Seligman, 2011). Flourishing represented
the strengths, talents, and relationships, among other things, that provided fulfillment in
one’s life and allowed that individual to cultivate those positive feelings. In contrast,
languishing referred to an individual who had failed to progress or be successful (Siemer
et al., 2007; Seligman, 2011). When reviewed through positive psychology, happiness
and well-being described emotional well-being, such as positive versus negative thinking
(Maiolino & Kuiper, 2014).17
Gorlin et al. (2018) explored happiness and well-being. Gorlin et al. determined
that happiness is classified as an individual’s state of mind. At the same time, well-being
is the thriving force behind an individual’s overall satisfaction and influenced happiness.
Further, Peterson (2008) stated, “Positive psychology is the scientific study of what
makes life most worth living. (paras. 4)” Essentially, positive psychology focuses on an
individual’s characteristics, such as life satisfaction, happiness, and well-being.
Positive psychology acknowledges and emphasizes that flourishing versus
languishing is viewed differently from person to person and should be considered when
working or talking with individuals (Gorlin et al., 2018). There are several components of
well-being. These components, such as positive affect (pleasurable feelings) and adverse
distress (painful feelings), influence an individual’s life satisfaction (Maiolino & Kuiper,
2014). Pleasant feelings vary from individual to individual and fall under various
categories, such as activities or situations that bring gratifying aspects to an individual’s
life (Sarkar, 2014). In comparison, painful feelings are derived from situations or
activities that negatively influence the individual.
Fugl-Meyer et al. (1991) extended Diener’s (1984) and Diener et al.’s (1985)
pursuit of happiness. Fugl-Meyer et al. developed a questionnaire that explored different
aspects of an individual’s life satisfaction, including physical health, hobbies, or social
interactions. Research has shown other effects for different influences in individuals in
regards to life satisfaction and happiness. According to Diener et al. and Fugl-Meyer et
al., individuals with more significant income appear to experience less life satisfaction18
than middle-class individuals. Also, Diener et al. and Fugl-Meyer et al. determined that
neither gender nor age had any influence on life satisfaction or well-being, but it had a
high link with social interactions of the individual (e.g., social butterfly, friends, and
activities). Therefore, I aimed to examine the difference between casual gamers, avid
gamers, and nongamers to determine whether playing MMORPGs provided an
influencing component towards an individual’s life satisfaction or social skills (see
Achab et al., 2011).
Social behaviors contribute to positive and negative behaviors (Banks &
Bowman, 2016). Diener et al. (1985) demonstrated that an individual and their
surroundings influence social relationships. For example, an individual who is socially
active due to friends and social relationships does not experience as many negative
symptoms of mental health, specifically depression, as an individual who lacks friends
and social supports (Stetina et al., 2011). Furthermore, individuals with a more significant
number of social interactions overall present with higher personal well-being and life
satisfaction (Stetina et al., 2011). Social behaviors are influenced or adapted in
conjunction with the pursuit of happiness and well-being. Social behaviors may also
contribute to increased depressive symptoms, which were researched by Bosc et al.
(1997).
Poor communication or lack thereof contributes to social skills deficiencies
(Diener et al., 1985). These deficiencies contribute to developing or increasing depressive
symptomology or depression itself. According to Kim-Prieto et al. (2005), there are four19
significant subjective well-being stages. These stages include and relate in an object-
oriented succession, which has life circumstances and events, affective reactions to the
events, recall of the response, and evaluating one’s life (see Diener et al., 2002; Kim-
Prieto et al., 2005). Essentially, everything that an individual completes in their life alters
or influences how they perceive their surroundings and interactions with other people or
their environment (Kim-Prieto et al., 2005).
History
To understand MMORPG, one needs to understand the evolution that brought
gaming to its current state. In Bartle’s (2004) “Designing virtual worlds,” he described
the development of gaming. The first multiplayer games described by Bartle were called
multiuser dungeons, and in 1978, Trubshaw (as cited by Bartle, 2004) coined multiuser
dungeons as MUDs. As technology developed, so did the development of video games.
This development eventually led to the creation of MMORPGs, especially once the
internet became accessible for most households (Bartle, 2004).
Over the past 25 years, MMORPGs have established another way for individuals
to socialize with other people and have created an outlet or hobby for socially awkward
individuals (Amialchuk & Kotalik, 2016). Also, the advancements in the history of
gaming included opportunities for PvP or PvE situations. However, even with the
increased popularity of MMORPGs and the social interactions with other people, some
individuals have perceived MMORPG gaming as another way to effect casual and avid20
gamers’ social relationships in either a positive or negative way (Achterbosch et al.,
2017).
Impact of Game Play on Social Relations
Numerous factors have contributed to how a particular MMORPG influences
social relationships (Bowman et al., 2012). Some individuals may exclusively only have
social relationships in virtual worlds. Others may have neglected IRL relationships. It all
depends on the person and how they interact with others. For example, some people may
be enjoyable in real-life situations but lack these skills online. Although previous
research has appeared to have focused on the negative impact of video games on
children, adolescents, and young adults, some individuals have potentially been
positively impacted (Bowman et al., 2012). For example, an individual may present as an
introvert in the real world but is a social butterfly in an MMORPG (Crowe & Bradford,
2006; DeWall et al., 2011). There is also probable cause to believe that video games’
overuse could affect physical and psychological well-being (see Boxer et al., 2015;
Castelli & Carraro, 2011).
Positive Social Relationships
Describing a positive social relationship differs from person to person and culture
to culture. Consistent communication and interactions with other gamers via in-game chat
or VOIP have developed into intimate relations, some of which have grown into real-life
relationships (Lin, 2010). Many times, these friendships began over social media sites
such as Facebook or via email. There have been times when these virtually created21
friendships turned into real-world relationships and have led to lifetime commitment
(e.g., marriage, children; see Kardefelt-Winther, 2014). As DeWall et al. (2011) pointed
out and Fiske (2014), sometimes the unknown was what attracted an individual, even if
this person had never been seen before in real life. For example, getting to know an
individual solely through a video game may allow them to become friends through
mutual experiences or hobbies. Although it may have only been virtual, a bond of
friendship was still created (Barnett et al., 2007). Nevertheless, the unknown can distract
an individual and, depending on the individual, increase the probability of disrupting
everyday requirements (Amialchuk & Kotalik, 2016).
Work, School, and Other Engagements
There are known facts that gamers lose track of time and social life (Achab et al.,
2011). Depending on the intensity of the individual’s involvement in their game,
individuals found themselves missing work, school, or other engagement priorities. There
are serious issues that arose when an individual continuously missed real-life priorities,
such as loss of grades, school/work attendance, loss of employment and finances, and
missing significant events (e.g., the child’s birth). The neglect potentially leads to other
serious issues that could be prevented if the individual remained more aware of the
intensity of his or her gaming habit (Huang, 2006). However, the additional stressor of
losing employment or the dropping of academic achievements may cause the individual
to turn back to their means of escape, creating even more significant problems associated22
with their addictive behaviors (Barnett et al., 2007; Ferguson et al., 2015; Wong &
Hodgins, 2014).
Satisfactions of Wants and Needs
MMORPGs tend to entice gamers with incentives to keep them interested in the
game. As a result, there is a high chance of an MMORPG gamer detaching themselves
from IRL social relationships (Adams & Baptist, 2012). There are different levels of
rewards in games. For example, yearly events in the MMORPG World allow gamers to
obtain rare items (e.g., mounts, clothing). In Rift, the player could receive random caches
with powerful gear to make them a more sustainable player (Crowe & Bradford, 2006;
Kahn et al., 2015). Another reward level was completing unique challenges or quests that
only occurred once a day, week, month, or year (Kardefelt-Winther, 2014). The better the
MMORPG gamer’s armor/gear, the more advancement and particular zone they could
access.
The last rewards system is the subscription-based games, free to play (f2p), and
the pay to win. Subscription rates vary by company and game. Free to play is offered in
subscriber games, but the gamer can only play the free content when using in-game
currency (if applicable, like in WoW) to pay for the subscription. Alternatively, pay to
win rewards is where the gamer uses IRL funds to pay for the best items, even if the
individual is a carebear. The rewards system is not the sole reason for keeping
individuals glued to the game, but it does play a part.23
There are quests in many MMORPGs that required the gamer to complete them
once started. If the gamer decided to start a four-hour quest chain, they must complete it
not to lose the progress and experience gained (Crowe & Bradford, 2006). Therefore,
countless gamers choose to let IRL engagements suffer. If the gamer is unable to
complete a quest, he or she might become frustrated or angry. Williams (2006) pointed
out that these mood changes are a common occurrence in MMORPG gamers. Failure to
complete a questline could push an individual into addictive-like behaviors, such as
needing to achieve power within the game of interest. Bailey et al. (2012) mentioned that
the gamer’s character’s level and armor presented the progress one has made towards
other gamers as a sign of status.
This progress provides the gamer with positive social feedback, which also helps
the gamer receive the fulfillment of social needs, primarily if they cannot obtain this in
IRL (Greitemeyer, 2014). According to Jang and Ryu (2011), the time spent only
achieving the max level of everything within a particular game is not always enough for
some individuals. Therefore, they create additional characters so that they can continue
playing their favorite game. Once the gamer becomes bored with their current game, they
transitioned into a new game or multiple games (Daneva, 2017). Often enough, the latest
games are similar to the previous ones, and that is when the “rinse and repeat” cycle
begins by relearning and achieving the rewards in the new game (Jerabeck & Ferguson,
2013).24
Whether it is social or virtual, the quality and length of the interactions tend to
suffer (Adams & Baptist, 2012). The MMORPG gamer has the potential to become
obsessed with becoming the best or just being in the virtual world because nothing else
matters to that individual at the given time (Gentile, Bender, & Anderson, 2017). The
playtime intensity and duration can exceed 12 continuous hours in a day (Collins &
Freeman, 2014). Besides creating difficulties in IRL situations, another aspect of
extended game time is an altered thinking pattern and other harmful effects on health, life
satisfaction, and mental health (Collins & Freeman, 2014).
Health and Mental Health
Two critical areas affected by time spent playing MMORPGs are physical and
mental health (Haagsma et al., 2013). However, there are times where individuals feel as
though they do not obtain what they want or need from their surroundings (Corey,
2009)—beginning in childhood and adolescence when everything appears to be
changing. Adolescents may not feel appreciated or feel they are not gaining the
satisfaction of their needs IRL. According to the recent research, adolescents who do not
have their needs met in real life had a higher risk of developing pathological internet use
issues or internet addiction (Liu et al., 2016).
Liu et al. determined an increased risk of internet addiction involved in
MMORPG play. Liu et al. found that gamers had significantly higher depression and
substance addiction rates than the general U.S. population, although they displayed lower
rates of anxiety. Van Rooij et al. (2010) found that the 31.16 was the mean age for25
gamers. In addition, more gamers were found to be in their 30s than in any other age
(Van Rooij et al.2010). By comparison, a study conducted using data collected between
2000 and 2003 found a mean age was 26.57 (Yee, 2006a). However, the previous
researchers found that the mean age varied from game to game, with an average range
from 23 to 30 (Yee, 2006a). Previous researchers also found that avid gamers would
prolong or ignore bodily needs (e.g., hygiene, toileting). Countless gamers hold off on
using the restroom to unhealthy wait times. Others would only eat or drink minimally or
eat less healthy food options (e.g., fast food, snacks, chips, soda) in fear of not achieving
their goals within the MMORPG. Due to the amount of time spent playing an MMORPG,
countless gamers do not adequately exercise (Hagstrom & Kaldo, 2014). The lack of
exercise or movement could cause physiological issues, such as blood clots (Haagsma et
al., 2013).
Achab et al.’s (2011) research on addicted gamers shows a statistically significant
negative correlation between physical health from self-reports related to the amount of
time spent playing online games. This finding highlights the potential impact of inactivity
of a gamer sitting or lying down for extended periods and not being physically active.
According to Smyth (2007), there are reasons for concern that need to look at the
consequences of excessive amounts of time spent playing an MMORPG.
Smyth (2007) pointed out that sleep quality is significantly lower in the
MMORPG groups compared to comparison groups. Smyth (2007) hypothesized that, due
to the already lowered physical health and sleep deprivation, gamers increased their26
amount of time played due to not being able to sleep, which in turn can begin a vicious
cycle of continued lack of exercise, appropriate diet, and increase in smoking. Overall,
when looking at the previously mentioned constraints to physical and mental health, these
adverse effects have a higher probability to negatively influence an individual’s life
satisfaction and social skills (Achterbosch et al., 2017).
Demographics
Society and the media have set forth an image of a typical gamer; he (used
advisably) was assumed to be a young male individual (Kasumovicet al, 2015). Yee
(2006) asserts that although most MMORPG gamers are males, the female gamer
populations are increasing considerably. The stereotypes created by social media and
society do not end here; there continues to be other inaccuracies regarding MMORPG
populations. Despite the stereotypes, not all gamers conform to an image; some manage
to balance their gaming endeavors and met IRL requirements. (O’Connor et al., 2015).
Various research studies examine variables that have not been explored in other
studies, such as race and religion (Albarracin & Handley, 2011; Ellithorpe et al., 2015).
Most of the gamers (87.62%) are Caucasian (ESA, 2020). African American, Hispanic,
and Asian gamers are all underrepresented relative to the general U.S. population,
according to Williams et al. (2009). The only ethnic minority group that was more
common in EverQuest2 (EQ2) than in the U.S. was Native Americans (Williams et al.,
2009). Concerning religion, previous researchers found very different results. Compared
to the general U.S. population, gamers were significantly more likely to belong to a27
religion other than Christianity or Judaism or choose “no religion” (Williams, 2009).
MMORPG gamers are considerably less likely to identify as Christian than the general
U.S. population and are equally likely to identify as Jewish (Williams et al., 2009). The
study by Williams et al. was conducted ten years ago and only involved a single game.
The demographics may have changed over time or maybe unique to this game. The study
conducted solely with Italian high school students provides insight into how particular
games can influence an individual’s view regarding another gender (Gabbiadini et al.,
2016). Specifically, when playing games such as Grand Theft Auto, which has a history
of portraying females more provocatively (e.g., prostitute) (Gabbiadini et al., 2016).
Further, the insight gained by Gabbiadini et al.’s (2016) study also indicates that it is
dependent on the individual and how they are being influenced.
In 2004, Griffiths et al. conducted a study comparing adolescent EverQuest
gamers with adult EverQuest gamers. Griffiths et al. defined an adolescent as a player
under the age of 20. Of the 540 gamers surveyed, 16% were adolescents. Griffiths et al.
found several significant differences between adolescent gamers and adult gamers;
unsurprisingly, there is a linear correlation between age and how long the player has been
playing. Time played per week did not have a linear relationship with age. However, the
younger groups played significantly more than the older groups and the gamers aged 20
to 22 have the highest play frequency. Considerably more adolescents selected combat as
their favorite feature of the game, while adults were significantly more likely to choose
that as their least favorite feature (see Griffiths et al., 2003). When asked what aspects ofYou can also read
