Rural Development Schemes In India Special Reference To Impact Of Mgnregs Vellore District In Tamil Nadu
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 02 , FEBRUARY 2020 ISSN 2277-8616
Rural Development Schemes In India Special
Reference To Impact Of Mgnregs Vellore District In
Tamil Nadu
V. Rajalakshmi, Dr. V. Selvam
Abstract: ―Panchayats or Village Councils are as old as India‘s history and have been a part of the tradition. Mahatma Gandhi said: In the true
democracy of India, the unit is the village. Even if one village wants Panchayat Raj, which is called a republic in English, no one can stop it. True
democracy cannot be worked out by the men sitting at the centre. It has to be worked out from below by the men and women of e very village‖. A rural
development schemes has been divided four categories 1. Program for self and wage employment, 2. Rural infrastructure & basic minimum needs, 3.
Natural resource management and 4. Social security. This paper is an attempt to analysis the specific central government scheme comes under program
for self and wage employment namely ―Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme‖ (MGNREGS). The ultimate aim of the scheme
is to eradicate the rural poverty, unemployment and reduced migration. The main purpose of the research paper is to investigate the rural development
schemes in India special reference to impact of MGNREGS in Vellore District in Tamil Nadu. From the findings of the research, it is found that MGNREGS
has increased employment opportunities especially for rural women in Vellore district comparing to other schemes launched by the government of India
and also women who are working under MGNREGA have less satisfaction on their work and earnings and low level of awareness in this scheme.
Keywords: Awareness, Employment opportunities, Government schemes, Impact, Mahatma Gandhi, MGNREGS, Panchayat raj, Rural development.
—————————— ——————————
1 INTRODUCTION
The key strategies of the government for rural development 1.1 Rural Development Schemes/Programs in India
Rural programs are divided into four categories. Under each
have always focused on poverty alleviation, better livelihood
opportunities, provision of basic amenities and infrastructure category, it has been sub divided into various schemes. The
facilities through innovative programmes of wage and self- figure 1.1 below helps us to understand the scheme in various
employment. In order to facilitate an environment for job categories.
creation and employment generation in rural areas, various
government programmes are in operation. The Mahatma
Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme
(MGNREGS) aims at social inclusion through the creation of
productive assets as well as enhance livelihood security by
providing at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment
in a financial year to every women member of a household
who volunteer to do unskilled manual work. In recent years
emphasis is on the construction of rural infrastructure through
convergence with MGNREGA such as Individual Household
Latrines (IHHL) for PMAY-G beneficiaries, infrastructure for
agricultural and allied activities. During 2017-18, 4.63 crore
households were provided employment in 163 lakh works and 1.1.1. Program for Self and Wage Employment
in the process, 182 crore person-days of employment was (i) Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee
generated. MGNREGS is also initially started in Vellore Scheme (MGNREGS) – Guaranteeing Wage Employment
District, Tamil Nadu and India in 2008 and it covered 20 (2006) The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment
revenue blocks with 743 gram panchayats with the sole Guarantee Scheme was launched in India on 2nd February
objective of improving the living standards, increasing 2006. The aim of the scheme is providing 100 days of
sustainable agrarian activities and wholesome economic guaranteed employment with the minimum wage in every
support for rural women. In this background, this descriptive financial year. Through this scheme, all the adult members (on
research paper is aiming to study the Rural Development and above the age of 18) volunteer to do unskilled manual
schemes in India special reference to Impact of MGNREGS in work.
Vellore District in Tamil Nadu. (ii) Swarnajayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY) –
Promoting Self-Employment (1999)
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―Swarnajayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY) is a drive
started on 1st of April 1999. It was launched by the
• V. Rajalakshmi, Research Scholar, Department of Commerce, Government of India to offer defensible income to poor
Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, India, PH-9789574855. community living in the rural backdrop of the country. The
E-mail: rajalakshmihasini@gmail.com SGSY aims at offering self-employment opportunities to
• Dr. V. Selvam, Professor, Department of Commerce, Vellore Institute
of Technology (VIT), Vellore, India, E-mail: vselvam@vit.ac.in
villagers through the establishment of Self-Help groups.
Through self-help groups, job and group activity are selected
based on the aptitude and skill of the people which are
nurtured to their maximum potential. SGSY program funds are
provided by NGOs, Banks and other financial institutions.
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Nearly 2.25 million Self-Help groups have been created with eradicating poverty. Over the last decade, considerable
the investment of Rs.14403 Core (US$2.2 billion), profiting progress has been made in improving access to primary
over 6.697 million people in India‖. health care facilities, primary education, safe drinking water
and shelter as reflected in an expansion of coverage and also
1.1.2. Programs for Rural Infrastructure and Minimum improvements in the indicators of human development‖.
Basic Needs
i) Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) (2000) vii) Credit cum Subsidy Scheme for Rural Housing
The scheme started on 25th December 2000 with the main This scheme makes it easier for all rural families with an
objective of providing good road connectivity to the income of less than Rs. 32,000 in a year to construct their
unconnected habitations in rural areas. Almost 500 persons home. The objective of the scheme is to enable the
obtained job opportunities in plain areas. The mission comes construction of houses for all the rural households who have
under the Ministry of Rural Development and managed by some repayment capacity.
National Rural Roads Development Agency. Through this
program 4, 22,031 km lengths of roadways were connected viii) Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidhyukthikaran Yojana (2005)
surrounded by the unconnected rural areas. The program aims to create electricity for rural infrastructures
and households electrification for providing access to
ii) Swajaldhara (2002) electricity to rural households. The outcome of the scheme is
The program started on 25th December 2002 with a special 1.95 free electricity connections have been given to the rural
emphasis on community based rural water supply program populations.
and to open up the reform initiatives in the rural drinking water
supply sector. This program withstands through community 1.1.3. Programs for Natural Resource Management
participation. The water facility is arranged to the rural
population via Piped Water Spot Source Scheme (PWSS) i) Integrated Watershed Management Program (2008-10)
which covers a large population and Spot Source Water Purpose of the scheme is to restore the ecological balance by
Supply Sector Scheme (SSWSS) covers a small population. harnessing, conserving and developing degraded natural
For this scheme, 90% of the capital cost is given by the resources such as soil, vegetation and water. The outcome of
Government of India and 10% of the cost is of Community the scheme is to prevent soil erosion, regeneration of natural
contribution. vegetation, rain water harvesting and recharging of the ground
water table.
iii) Provision of Urban Amenities to Rural Areas (PURA)
Dr.A.P.J. Abdul Kalam concept is the principle inspiration for ii) Land Reforms
this scheme. ―The mission of the scheme is the holistic and Land Reforms aim at redistribution of surplus land for rural
accelerated development of compact areas around a potential land less people.
growth center in Gram Panchayat through Public Private
Partnership framework for providing livelihood opportunities iii) Land Consolidation (2004)
and urban amenities to improve the quality life for rural Land consolidation farms in India are small and also scattered.
people‖. The main objectives of the program are the physical Land consolidation leads to sub-optimal use of resources.
connectivity by providing roads, electronic connectivity through Hence, this program is essential for two types namely
a communication network and knowledge connectivity by voluntary and Compulsory.
establishing the professional and technological institution.
iv) National Land Records Modernization Program (2008)
iv) Samagra Awass Yojana (1998) This program strengthens the revenue of administration and
The basic objective of the program is to improve the quality of updates the land records through computerization.
rural people‘s life. The aim of the program is to create
convergence to activities which are undertaken separately in 1.1.4. Programs for Social Security
different terms so far such as Drinking Water Schemes,
Construction of Houses, sanitation facilities and ensure their i) National Social Assistance Program
effective implementation by suitable and sustainable initiation This is a central government sponsored scheme which
of technology. provides financial assistance to elderly widows and persons
with disability in the form of social pensions. Indira Gandhi old
v) Indira Awass Yojana (1985) pension (age 60-79= Rs.200 p/m, 80< = 500 p/m and widow
This aim of this program is to provide housing for the rural and pension 40-79 = Rs.300 p/m, 80< = 500 p/m).
poor population. Financial assistance for Rs. 70,000 in plain
areas and Rs. 75,000 for the high land area is provided under ii) National Family Benefit Scheme
this scheme. The scheme allotted houses in the name of This scheme offers financial support to the family when the
women or jointly between husband and wife. The Indira Awass bread winner of a family dies in between the age of 18 to 60.
Yojana scheme is restructured in the year 2015 and now it is The family will receive a lump sum of Rs. 20,000 for
called as ―Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awaas Yojana‖. assistance.
vi) Pradan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana iii) Antyodaya Anna Yojana
―It has been long recognized that access to the minimum level This scheme provides food security for rural poor populations
of infrastructural facilities must be an integral part of the at low cost as follows; 35 kg of Rice and Wheat @ Rs. 3 and
strategy for improving the quality of life of the people and for Rs. 2 are issued respectively.
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2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
iv) Integrated Child Development Scheme (1975)
The Integrated Child Development Scheme introduced in the 2.1 Rural Development
year 1975 at India. The main objective of the scheme is to The review of literature deals with rural development
provide education, food and primary healthcare for mother and programs. Mukundan (2008) found that ―opines that the
their children. development of rural India is imperative for inclusive and
equitable growth and to unlock the huge potential of the
v) Atal Pension Yojana population that is presently trapped in poverty‖. Hence, rural
This scheme renders helping had to the poor by providing poverty alleviation policies such as Swama Jayanthi Rojgar
monthly pension to senior citizens of 60 years of age. This Yojana (SJRY), Sampooma Grameena Rojgar Yojana
scheme mainly focuses on workers in the unorganised sector (SGRY), National Food for Work Programme (NFFWP),
and is open to Indian citizens who are between 18-40 years of National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme (NREGP)
age. came into existence. In fact, the root cause of social insecurity
in India is poverty and i.e. largely due to lack of adequate
vi) Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana productive employment opportunities. Rama Chandran et al.
―Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana is a Government (2007) ―revealed that more than a billion of a poor people lack
of India scheme designed to provide continuous power supply access to the basic financial services which are essential for
to rural India. The government plans to invest ₹756 billion for them to manage their precarious lives. Good management of
rural electrification under this scheme. The scheme is the even the smallest of assets can be crucial to very poor people
replacement of existing Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran who live in precarious conditions threatened by lack of income,
Yojana. It was launched by the NDA government is an Indian shelter and food. To overcome poverty they need to be able to
program which aims to provide 24×7 power supply to all borrow, save and invest and to protect their families against
homes in rural India. After researching all schemes the risk. The author also found that the low level of income and
researcher comes to know that there is no scope for self- with hardly any savings, the poor villagers have no option but
empowerment for women. This made the researcher think go for loans for consumption as well as for production
about the MGNREGS which has given a good impact for the purposes. It has become difficult for small and marginal
upliftment of the rural women‖. farmers, rural artisans, landless labourers to repay their loans
and thus debts were accumulating. Our leaders often speak of
1.2 Rural Employment through MGNREGS eradicating poverty as well as of national and international
The budget for 2018-2019 continued to highlight the growth but when their speeches with it become clear that they
importance of MGNREGS in India. It is very interesting to see are taking about growth for a very small proportion. This
that the MGNREGS witnessed 14.6 per cent jump respectively excluded majority is largely made up of the poor who have
in their allocation against the budget estimates of 2017-18. little is no access to the engines of growth assets and credit‖.
The resource allocation of Rs.55,000 crore given in table 1 to Venkat Reddy (1988) studied that ‗Rural Development in India:
MGNREGS aimed at generating 230 crore person days, Poverty and Development‘ is of the opinion that rural
creating 10 lakh assets and registering 60 lakh new works development is both historical and analytical. Hence,
during 2018-19. To analyze of MGNREGS works indicates examining the socioeconomic structure, nature and scope,
that though the scheme has large financial absorption approaches, experiments, policies and programmes of rural
capability, yet it has not been able to generate quality assets development are pertinent points. Rural development focuses
for the community due to less focus on quality asset creation, on the resources of rural areas, rural banking, rural
faulty work plan and lack of technical supervision. In spite of industrialization and women.
these bottlenecks, the enhanced allocation for public works
under MGNREGS reflects the governments‘ commitment 2.2 MGNREGS
towards public investment for rural income and employment In this reviews deals with Mahatma Gandhi National Rural
generating public works in rural India. The following table 1 Employment Guarantee Schemes and Impact of MGNREGS
depicts the budget allocation made by the government for the Maria Navis Sorris et al. (2017) observed that in palayakayal
welfare of society in the core of core and core schemes during panchayat most of the beneficiaries have poor knowledge
2017-18 and 2018-19, out of various schemes MGNREGS about MGNREGS. Getting a job card also struggle in
stands first priority for the development of rural women. MGNRGES beneficiaries in Thoothukudi district. S. L. Kaushal
et al. (2016) found that MGNREGS is contributing significantly
to the empowering women in rural areas especially a hill state
of H.P but the delay in wage payment and low level of
awareness is a major problem in rural areas. Harikumar et al.
(2016) examined that 48% of the respondents say that the
earning from MGNREGS to be inadequate for meeting their
day to day cost of living. Wage amount is lesser compared to
other manual works. Saleem Akhtar Farooqi et al. (2015)
studied that the level of awareness about worksite facilities
and provision of guaranteed 100 days employment is very
poor in Aligarh district in UP. Xavier et al. (2014) examined
that MGNREGS women beneficiary facing various health
related problems like headache, malaise, giddiness because
of the hot climate. Women beneficiaries need for extra 50 days
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of employment drought affecting areas. Sivasankari et al. from a primary and secondary source. Convenience sampling
(2012) reported that a low level of awareness in Tirunelveli techniques were applied for the study. The total size of the
district and low level of implementation and socio economic population was 620 out which only 100 samples was collected
condition of women beneficiaries. Neha Tiwari (2012) from the respondents who have registered their name in the
conducted a study in faizabad district of UP to find out official register and got job card in katpadi block. The
constraints faced by the women beneficiaries under structured questionnaire was used to collect the data from the
MGNREGA. Taking a sample of 100 beneficiaries selected respondents using likert‘s scale ranging from 5 strongly agree
randomly and using personal interview technique for collecting to 1 strongly disagree and consisting section A deals with
data and Mean percent score for analysis it was observed that demographic profile and section B deals ―Impact of Mahatma
personal and family problems were major constraints faced by Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Sheme
them. Shubhadeep Roy et al. (2010) found that 75% of the (MGNREGS) in Vellore District, Tamil Nadu‖. The statistical
respondents say the low impact on women empowerment tools like frequency distribution, ANOVA test and pearson
through MGNREGS in 2 Districts of WB with 200 beneficiaries correlation was applied by using SPSS 20 software version for
as respondents to assess the impact. Ashok Pankaj (2010) the study in order to fulfill the research objectives.
reported ―the empowerment effects of the MGNREGA on rural
women using a field survey in Bihar, Jharkhand, Rajasthan 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
and Himachal Pradesh. The authors argue that women The data pertaining to the demographic profile of the
workers have gained from the scheme primarily because of respondents were presented in table 2.
the paid employment opportunity, and benefits have been
realized through income- consumption effects, intra household 4.1 Demographic profile
effects and the enhancement of choice and capability‖.
Table 2
Demographic Profile
2.4 Statement of the problem
Based on the above literature, the researcher identified few
research problems for the study and the same was presented
here that the MGNREGA not helping the rural initiatives to
remove their poverty, not improving their standard of living,
guaranteed hundred days of employment and earnings is not
sufficient for MGNREGS workers family, no satisfaction with
regard to work and less sustainable development through
MGNREGS in India. Based on the above statement of
research problems, the researcher identified the research gap
that only a few studies on rural development schemes in India,
women empowerment through MGNREGS, impact, challenges
and rural employment was conducted at national level only
and no one studies on ―Impact of Mahatma Gandhi National
Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) Katpadi,
Vellore district, Tamil Nadu, India‖. So, the researcher justifies
his study and wants to fill the research gap in the literature by
identifying the Rural Development Schemes in India special
reference to Impact of MGNREGS in Vellore District in Tamil
Nadu.
2.5 Research Objectives Table 2, it is showed that 44 per cent of the respondents are
1. To study the demographic profile of the respondents in male and the remaining 56 per cent of the respondents are
Katpadi, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu. female. 70 per cent of the respondents range between 20 - 40
2. To identify the ―Impact of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural years, 30 per cent of the respondents between age group
Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) in Vellore above 50. 90 per cent of the respondents are Illiterate and
District, Tamil Nadu‖. remaining 10 per cent of the respondents are SSLC. 80 per
cent of the respondent‘s income level is 1000 - 2000 rupees
2.6 Hypothesis and 20 per cent of the respondent‘s income range is 2000 -
H01 - There is no significant relationship between monthly 3000 rupees.
family income with Impact of ―Mahatma Gandhi National Rural
Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) in Vellore 4.2 One Way ANOVA
District, Tamil Nadu‖. The data, pertaining to income of the respondents working
H02 – There is no significant relationship between employment under MGNREGS and ―Impact of Mahatma Gandhi National
opportunity is increased in rural areas and the standard of Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) in Vellore
living is improved in rural areas. District, Tamil Nadu‖, were presented in table 3.
3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design
This study is descriptive in nature and the data was collected
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Table 3 The table 4 calculated value r = 0.95 the variables
One Way ANOVA employment opportunity is increased in rural areas and
standard of living is improved in rural areas are highly
correlated, the result found that positive correlation between
employment opportunity is increased and Standard of living is
improved in rural areas.
5 CONCLUSION
MGNREGS is widely acclaimed that it provides employment,
income and help the rural people to come out of poverty. In
India, agriculture and rural development have tremendous
potential to achieve the Government‘s objective of doubling
farmer‘s income by 2022. The more allocation and high credit
flow to agriculture and rural sector in the budget 2018-19 have
been designed to establish the faith of millions of farmers and
rural women depend on agriculture and rural activities. The
Source: Author‘s findings, at 5% level of significant government has taken more efforts to facilitate a good
Result environment for manufacturing revolution, job creation, skill up
gradation and poverty reduction in rural areas. Based on the
The table 3 it is showed that, the value of one way ANOVA for above this paper Impact of Mahatma Gandhi NREGA in
two variables which is less than the hypotheticali value (p < Vellore District concludes that all women who are work under
0.005) at 5% level of significance namely satisfaction of work MGNREGA have less satisfaction with their work and
and earnings as shown F = 3.424, probability (P) value = earnings. And finally, the study concluded that this program
0.037 < 0.05 and government provide more interest on enhances their standard of living at the minimum level of the
MGNREGA programme as shown F = 4.161, probability (P) vulnerable section of society, particularly women who are living
value = 0.018 < 0.05 Therefore, the null hypothesis is not in chronic poverty. Moreover, this scheme leads to a positive
accepted. Hence, there is some statistical significant impact of Vellore District in Tamil Nadu.
relationship between family income and ―Impact of Mahatma
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