Residential Substance Abuse Treatment for State Prisoners (RSAT) Program - NCJRS
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U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Assistance Residential Substance Abuse Treatment for State Prisoners (RSAT) Program Bureau of Justice Assistance
U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs 810 Seventh Street NW. Washington, DC 20531 Alberto R. Gonzales Attorney General Tracy A. Henke Acting Assistant Attorney General Domingo S. Herraiz Director, Bureau of Justice Assistance Office of Justice Programs Partnerships for Safer Communities www.ojp.usdoj.gov Bureau of Justice Assistance www.ojp.usdoj.gov/BJA NCJ 206269 The Bureau of Justice Assistance is a component of the Office of Justice Programs, which also includes the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the National Institute of Justice, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and the Office for Victims of Crime.
Residential Substance Abuse Treatment for State Prisoners (RSAT) Program April 2005 NCJ 206269 Bureau of Justice Assistance
Contents Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 RSAT Program and Funding History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Program Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Changes to the RSAT Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 RSAT Program Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 State-by-State RSAT Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 iii
Overview A ccording to a report published by “state” refers to all states and the National Center on Addiction territories and the District of and Substance Abuse at Columbia Columbia.) In each state, a State University in March 2003, 80 percent Administering Agency (www.ojp. of all offenders in the U.S. criminal usdoj.gov/state.htm) is responsible for justice system report having substance administering RSAT funds and may abuse problems.1 A study funded by award subgrants to state agencies, units the U.S. Department of Justice’s of local governments, and Native National Institute of Justice found that American tribes. substance abusing inmates who completed treatment were less likely to As of July 2004, 300 programs are in be rearrested after release, particularly operation. Each state determines which if residential treatment was followed model or models it wants to adopt for with aftercare treatment.2 its RSAT programs; separate facilities in a state may use different approaches, The need for drug treatment in state depending on the participants. and federal prisons and local jails is Programs are available for adults and evident. The Residential Substance juveniles and males and females, and Abuse Treatment for State Prisoners they can offer individual and group Program, or RSAT, was created to help sessions. States are encouraged to states and units of local governments adopt comprehensive approaches to develop, implement, and improve substance abuse treatment that include residential substance abuse treatment life skills development, vocational programs in state and local training, relapse prevention, and correctional and detention facilities. It aftercare services. also helps them create and maintain community-based aftercare services RSAT fosters a partnership between for probationers and parolees. correctional staff and the treatment community to create programs in RSAT grants are awarded to all 50 secure settings that help offenders U.S. states, the District of Columbia, overcome their substance abuse and the 5 territories—American problems and prepare for reentry into Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana society. RSAT programs are structured Islands, Puerto Rico, and U.S. Virgin to deal effectively with substance Islands. (Throughout the document, abuse problems, work with inmates so 1
they may focus on their recovery, and substance free and with skills to obtain provide staff and resources to address employment and be productive all aspects of substance abusing members of their communities, but behavior. they also experience reduced costs to local, state, and federal governments By providing inmates with substance by reducing drug-related crimes and abuse treatment, states not only help the expense of incarcerating those who these individuals return to society commit them.3 2
RSAT Program and Funding History C ongress established the RSAT Funds are distributed based on the Program under the Violent Crime following formula: each state is Control and Law Enforcement Act of allocated a base amount of 0.4 percent 1994 (Pub. L. No. 103-322, § 1901). of the total funds available for the program. The remaining funds are The Bureau of Justice Assistance divided based on the same ratio of each (BJA), a component of the Office of participating state’s prison population Justice Programs (OJP), assumed to the total prison population of all responsibility for the RSAT Formula states. Grant Program in October 2002 after the OJP Corrections Program Office, which originally administered the Program program, was incorporated into BJA. Requirements A state may use RSAT grant funds to Through the RSAT initiative, BJA implement one of four types of provides financial assistance, training, programs: state and local correctional programmatic guidance, evaluation, facility RSAT programs, jail-based and leadership to states and local treatment programs, aftercare communities that are interested in programs, and postrelease treatment. administering substance abuse treatment programs in their correctional States must coordinate with substance facilities. abuse programs and the state alcohol and drug abuse agency, and the local Since the RSAT Program’s inception in agency if appropriate, in designing and fiscal year (FY) 1996, more than $400 implementing treatment programs. million has been provided for They also must ensure coordination residential substance abuse treatment between the activities initiated under services. In FY 2002, $64 million in RSAT and the federal assistance for grant funds was awarded to all the substance abuse treatment and aftercare states, and nearly 40,000 inmates services provided by the U.S. received treatment services. In FY Department of Health and Human 2003, BJA distributed more than $59 Services’ Substance Abuse and Mental million in grant funds. The appendix Health Services Administration. States presents a breakdown of funding also should coordinate substance abuse provided to each state from FY 1996 to FY 2003. 3
and mental health services for dually custody of a state or local diagnosed offenders (those who have government should also be tested. both a substance abuse problem and a mental health disorder). ■ Give preference to subgrant applicants who will provide aftercare services. State and Local RSAT Programs Jail-Based Substance For a state or local correctional agency Abuse Programs to be eligible to receive funds, according to the authorizing Jail-based substance abuse programs legislation, its RSAT program must: may be eligible for funding if they meet all of the following criteria: ■ Last between 6 and 12 months. Participants should have between ■ Last at least 3 months. 6 and 12 months left to serve of their sentence so they can be ■ Make every effort to separate RSAT released from prison after they participants from the general complete the program instead of correctional population. returning to the general prison ■ Focus on inmates’ substance abuse population. problems. ■ Provide residential treatment ■ Develop inmates’ cognitive, facilities that are set apart from the general correctional population in behavioral, social, vocational, and either a separate facility or a other skills to solve the substance dedicated housing unit that is used abuse and related problems. exclusively for the program. ■ Are science based and effective. ■ Focus on inmates’ substance abuse problems. Aftercare Services ■ Develop inmates’ cognitive, States must give preference to subgrant behavioral, social, vocational, and applicants who will provide aftercare other skills to solve the substance services to program participants. Such abuse and related problems. services must involve coordination between the correctional treatment ■ Conduct urinalysis or other reliable program and other human service and forms of drug and alcohol testing. rehabilitation programs, such as Individuals released from RSAT education and job training, parole programs who remain in the supervision, halfway houses, and 4
self-help and peer groups, that may substance abuse treatment when they help in rehabilitating offenders. are released from facilities or have finished parole. Each offender should States may use amounts received for have an individualized plan, beginning aftercare if a state’s chief executive when the inmate enters an RSAT officer certifies that the state is program. providing, and will continue to provide, an adequate level of residential treatment services. Postrelease Treatment States may use up to 10 percent of Correctional RSAT programs and state their total RSAT award for treatment and/or local substance abuse treatment of parolees for up to 1 year after they programs are required to work together have been released from a correctional to place participants in community facility. 5
Program Components A lthough each RSAT program is Relapse prevention is taught in many, different, they share many of the if not all, RSAT programs. Many also same components. Individual and include 12-step programs such as group counseling sessions that often Alcoholics Anonymous or Narcotics include peer feedback and self-help Anonymous. groups are provided as part of both in- prison and aftercare programs. Below A popular treatment module is are some elements that most programs “Thinking for a Change,” an integrated in prisons and jails and aftercare cognitive behavior curriculum that services provide to offenders. concentrates on cognitive restructuring and developing social and problem- solving skills. In-Prison Programs Gender-responsive treatment is RSAT programs in prisons and jails essential to programs for females. educate inmates about substance abuse, These programs educate women and including its consequences, the girls about self-esteem, self- addiction cycle, recovery, the sufficiency, and wellness and discuss relationship of alcohol and drug abuse topics such as codependent to other problems, and how to work relationships and eating disorders. through denial of and blaming others for abuse problems. They help Many programs include components participants understand behaviors such that address parenting and family as anger, criminal thinking, and poor issues such as domestic violence, skill and habit development. They relationships, and communication. teach offenders how to manage anger, Family therapy may be offered. stress, and emotions; resolve conflicts; and set goals and boundaries. They Participants learn life skills and receive help participants develop social, educational, vocational, and communication, and coping skills. employment assistance. These include Some programs reinforce positive financial management, General behaviors instead of focusing on Educational Development (GED) negative ones. courses, and job training. Some programs, particularly those that work 7
with juveniles, require offenders to family counseling to help inmates keep a daily journal. Some offer work continue in their recovery. To help release programs. participants reenter society, many continue to include 12-step programs. Many offenders undergo psychological Participants receive life skills, testing. Mental health services are employment, and vocational training provided in many programs, especially and job placement. Many aftercare those that are exclusively for dually services provide for or help with diagnosed offenders. childcare and transportation and offer housing assistance. Some help with RSAT programs include prerelease medical care, including mental health planning, transitional services, and treatment and intervention. intensive case management to help offenders reenter their communities. Regular communication between Participants help case managers treatment staff/case managers and develop individual treatment plans. offenders, as well as with family RSAT programs help participants find members if appropriate, is an transitional housing or halfway houses. important component that can help When aftercare services are not part of inmates in their recovery. Mentors, role an RSAT program, offenders are models, sponsors, and peer support provided with links to community groups also are invaluable in this resources and aftercare and social effort. Offenders’ frequent contact with services. these individuals can help them develop new friendships, find substance-free recreational interests, Aftercare Services and avoid people, places, and things Aftercare services funded through that may entice them to again use RSAT include substance abuse and drugs. 8
Changes to the RSAT Program S everal changes were made to the a residential drug treatment RSAT Program beginning with the program located in the Cook FY 2003 awards. County Jail in Chicago, Illinois that began accepting inmates in February 1991. Of the 453 inmates Jail-Based Substance who were in IMPACT, those who Abuse Programs left it within the first month were rearrested on average within 99 Pursuant to Public Law 107-273 days of release, compared with an (§ 2001), the Department of Justice average of 178 days following Appropriations Authorization Act, 10 release for those inmates who percent of RSAT funds must be passed stayed in the program at least 3 but through to local agencies to establish not more than 5 months. The jail-based substance abuse programs program achieved a 51 percent (JSAPs). This statutory change allows reduction in recidivism.4 a significant, unserved segment of the correctional population—short-term ■ Henrico County Regional Jail East: state or local offenders in local jails— Recovery in a Secure Environment to receive substance abuse treatment (RISE), a social model recovery and will help to smooth their transition program, was implemented in back to their communities. (See the August 2000 at the Henrico County Program Requirements chapter for the Regional Jail East located near criteria JSAPs must include to be Richmond, Virginia. The program eligible for funding.) focuses on wellness and inmates’ potential and addresses addictive Below are some examples of and other problem behaviors. Up to successful JSAPs. 600 inmates per year receive an average of 3 months of addiction ■ Cook County Jail: A study of recovery services, with a cost of participants in the Integrated approximately $50 per month per Multiphasic Program of Assessment inmate. RISE began at the jail with and Comprehensive Treatment, or the 36-bed program Project Fresh IMPACT, found that the rate of Start; expanded with a 44-bed rearrests decreased with the length program called Project Hope; and of stay in the program. IMPACT is added a 36-bed program called New 9
Direction: A Successful Living ■ Semiannual progress reports are no Program, which focuses on life longer required. skills, transition and reentry issues, relapse prevention, and community ■ In-kind, instead of all-cash, matches contribution. A fourth RISE are now permitted. program is currently planned for Henrico County Jail West.5 ■ Grantees are allowed to select the reporting cycle (state fiscal year, federal fiscal year, or calendar year) Streamlining for their annual reports. BJA made other changes to streamline ■ Performance measures have been requirements and incorporate statutory rewritten for shorter terms (e.g., changes to allow states to focus on 1 year, not 5 years, after release). program management instead of on administrative work. The following ■ RSAT funds awarded during the FY specific changes were made in April 2002 and FY 2003 appropriations 2003: can be used for postrelease treatment and aftercare services. ■ The project period was extended by 1 year to match the project period ■ A mandatory pass-through of funds for the Edward Byrne Memorial was created for local jurisdictions to State and Local Law Enforcement provide jail-based treatment. Assistance Grant Program. 10
RSAT Program Evaluation P rogram evaluations compare Other obstacles are low staff salaries prisoners who have and have not and travel costs to isolated and participated in RSAT programs. A unattractive prison locations.6 national evaluation and implementation and outcome evaluations have been conducted, which were funded by the State-Level former OJP Corrections Program Evaluations Office through the National Institute of A meta-analysis of evaluations at 12 Justice. RSAT sites found positive outcomes from in-prison substance abuse treatment. One important factor is that National Evaluation inmates who complete treatment are The national evaluation found that less likely to be rearrested or placed on RSAT programs primarily used one or a higher custody level. Aftercare a combination of three treatment treatment also was associated with modalities: therapeutic communities, lower levels of recidivism and relapse. cognitive behavioral approaches, and RSAT programs increase offenders’ 12-step programs (e.g., Alcoholics Anonymous, Cocaine Anonymous). Inmates who complete treatment are less likely Combination treatments, however, to be rearrested or placed on a higher custody level. Aftercare treatment also was associated have not been fully evaluated; the with lower levels of recidivism and relapse. RSAT evaluators noted that they may provide programs increase offenders’ self-esteem, less effective treatment if the decisionmaking, and self-efficacy and reduce their levels of anxiety, depression, risk taking, components are “watered down.” and hostility. An obstacle that RSAT programs confront is the hiring and retaining of self-esteem, decisionmaking, and self- treatment staff. Correctional efficacy and reduce their levels of institutions are not allowed to hire anxiety, depression, risk taking, and individuals with substance abuse or hostility. Cognitive distortions (e.g., criminal backgrounds, but many self-centeredness, blaming others, therapeutic communities outside their minimizing, assuming the worst) were facilities use recovering program also significantly reduced. graduates in mentoring and staff roles. 11
Women offenders. Many RSAT for employment and vocational and programs serve women offenders, educational services. although they are a much smaller proportion of the drug-offender Dually diagnosed offenders. An population. Both therapeutic RSAT evaluation of dually diagnosed communities and cognitive behavior- inmates pointed to the importance of a oriented therapy have produced coordinated reentry strategy for positive outcomes for women. prisoners. Offenders participating in Evaluations indicate that RSAT the study experienced lapses and participants are significantly less likely changes in medication prescriptions. to be arrested and/or convicted than The resulting physical or mental side women in comparison groups. A effects and instability sometimes led to woman’s probability of being recidivism. Ensuring that dually reincarcerated significantly decreased diagnosed offenders comply with their with the more treatment she received medication regimen will result in (e.g., RSAT only, RSAT and links to mental health stability, which was a community-based treatment and pivotal factor in reducing recidivism services during parole). Further, the and helping offenders abstain from study found favorable differences for substances within 3 months of release. RSAT program participants with respect to postrelease drug use, Findings suggest that increased employment, parenting, and coordination between institutional staff psychological functioning. and psychiatrists in the community would be beneficial to dually Evaluations of women’s programs also diagnosed offenders’ smooth reentry point to specific and substantial gaps process. In particular, institutions between services needed and services should address the important period received. Incarcerated women with immediately following release by children have difficulty finding suitable ensuring that inmates have sufficient residential aftercare services that medication to last until their first accept children. In some states, women meeting with a community mental convicted of drug crimes are not health provider, transportation to a eligible for training through welfare- place of residence, an identification to-work programs, although these card, and other benefit cards. women often have a substantial need 12
■ Strengthening Ensure a commitment from RSAT Programs Department of Corrections and prison administration officials to Several strategies were identified that adhere to treatment program goals may strengthen RSAT programs in the and minimize disruptions to the future: treatment process. ■ Develop one underlying, evidence- ■ Focus on providing coordinated based RSAT treatment model. To services for offender aftercare ensure uniform treatment for all treatment and reentry into the participants, staff should receive community. specific curriculum training to ensure that they are familiar with the particular treatment modality selected for the program. 13
State-by-State RSAT Activities Alabama F ollowing are descriptions of activities that have been funded Funding total: $8,191,390 under the RSAT Program in each state, the District of Columbia, and the five In FY 2003, 871 adult male and female territories. inmates successfully completed the program in Alabama. Each of the eight Some reports are for FY 2003; others prisons at which RSAT was conducted are for FY 2002. Some include had drug-free aftercare dorms and a cumulative data for all years RSAT has work release center to house offenders. been in existence in a state. The treatment provided is 6–8 months The descriptions vary from state to long and is divided into three phases. state because they were drawn from In the first phase, the inmates are in various reports provided—including drug treatment full time and partake in annual performance reports and annual activities that help them recognize the project-level evaluation reports—each consequences of drug use, understand of which included different the addiction cycle, and understand the information. recovery cycle while working through The RSAT program reporting forms a 12-step program. In the second uniformly asked that the following phase, the inmates discuss recovery information be provided for those issues closely related to substance offenders who successfully completed abuse, including anger, relationships, the program: the number who and poor skill/habit development. remained drug free and arrest free in Finally, during the third phase, the the residential and aftercare programs, inmates receive relapse prevention and and the number who have stayed arrest aftercare planning, coupled with free at least 1 year after their release development of work skills and habits from aftercare. in preparation for working at a daily aftercare program. Alabama’s RSAT program also regularly conducts urinalysis testing to check its inmates for drug use both in the residential 15
program and after completion as long American Samoa as the inmates remain in the custody of the state. Funding total: $1,462,254 The RSAT program continues to be Alaska implemented at American Samoa’s Tafuna Correctional Facility. The goals Funding total: $2,264,111 of the program are to provide the best possible treatment services for eligible Overall, 140 adult females have clients, counseling in specialized areas, successfully completed Alaska’s periodic drug and alcohol testing, program, which began in 1998, by preparation for integration back into meeting all of the program the community, and aftercare services requirements. All of them stayed arrest and monitoring after release. free and 97 percent stayed drug free while receiving services. A total of 138 Program admission and enrollment are women have been connected to limited to a minimum of 6 months and community substance abuse treatment a maximum of 12 months. When a programs for aftercare services. For client’s time within the program is adult males, whose program opened in complete, the warden receives a report 2000, 73 have completed RSAT and with recommendations pertaining to remained drug and arrest free while the positive and negative findings for receiving treatment. each client. Also, local probation and parole officials contribute in Recognizing the importance of monitoring the offenders allowed to bridging the RSAT Program with take part in early release and work community aftercare services for the furlough programs. participants, the State of Alaska recently added a halfway house to its aftercare services so participants could Arizona continue to support each other in their recovery. In addition, the discharge Funding total: $8,485,815 planning process begins 3 months prior Overall, 2,036 inmates—adult and to the offender graduating and includes juvenile males and females—graduated a transition counselor who assists the from one of Arizona’s seven in-prison offender in making arrangements for programs, and between 88 and 100 aftercare services in his or her percent stayed drug free while community. receiving treatment. The four programs for juvenile offenders reported that 1,747 successfully completed an 16
aftercare program, with between 57 program called Artists in Residence. and 97 percent staying drug free while During the fiscal year, nationally receiving services. recognized artists serve as mentors to the girls during two 12-week seminars. Arizona used its FY 2003 grant to help Another activity is the Challenge fund 10 programs; 2 of the 3 aftercare- Course, which is a maze of poles, only programs opened in July 2003. ropes, and cables. It requires a group One program treats substance abusing to work together to solve problems and sex offenders. help one another overcome perceived limits, and it gives the girls a sense of A total of 569 offenders successfully accomplishment. completed an RSAT-funded program in FY 2003, and between 81 and 100 Staff of the Catalina Mountain School percent tested negative for drugs while Recovery Unit for juvenile males in treatment. Of the 475 juveniles who conduct a fine arts program. The boys finished aftercare, between 30 and 98 created a video entitled “A Day in the percent did not use drugs during their Life of Recovery” in which they time in the program. discussed what they were doing and learning in treatment and presented it Two RSAT-funded programs in to their families at a Family Day. For Arizona are the Men in Recovery and another project, “Self Portrait,” the Women in Recovery programs. One youth used photography, visual arts, component of these programs poetry, and prose to create views of emphasizes family interaction and themselves that they presented to their reunification and reinforces family families. unity and inmates’ roles as parents. It focuses on parenting skills, rebuilding family relationships, and Arkansas communication, and it offers labs that Funding total: $4,480,507 allow participants to interact with their children as well as other family The Arkansas Department of members. Community Correction (DCC) supports two RSAT-funded programs The Arizona Department of that provide 100 beds for male and Corrections and the Arizona Cactus female adult special needs residents. Pine Girl Scout Council support “Girl Most offenders have a primary Scouts Beyond Bars”—inmates and diagnosis of substance abuse and a their daughters participating in girl secondary diagnosis of mental scouting activities in the prison—for disorders. The Department of the Women in Recovery program. Correction (DOC) currently runs three programs with 215 available beds for The Black Canyon School Recovery men and women. Unit for juvenile females offers a 17
Arkansas requires offenders to have a hard of hearing participants, and residence and employment as intensify cross-training for treatment conditions for parole. The aftercare and security staff about how to work program administered by Health with special needs residents. Resources of Arkansas (HRA), called Parole Release & Independent Development Effort, or PRIDE, gives California RSAT graduates first priority for 10 Funding total: $44,086,489 outpatient/residential slots at its substance abuse treatment center and California’s programs are for adult for 10 efficiency apartments when they male and female and juvenile inmates. are ready for outpatient care. Offenders In all, 9,762 offenders successfully also obtain full-time employment with completed an RSAT-funded program. a poultry-processing plant. During FY 2002, California had 5 Overall, 1,087 adult and juvenile RSAT projects representing 14 sites; a offenders have successfully completed total of 3,752 offenders completed an RSAT-funded program. All of the their treatment. offenders who graduated from the DOC and DCC programs stayed arrest The Orange County Probation free and approximately 99 percent of Department continued its New Century DOC and 84 percent of DCC graduates Education Lab, which was set up in remained drug free while receiving April 2000. The 12 workstations services. provide diagnostic, prescriptive, and instructional education components In FY 2003, 31 residents successfully and improve reading and math skills. completed the Special Needs Program The average developmental gain and were released to community showed by the participants has been supervision or unconditional release. more than one semester. All 180 urinalysis tests administered while residents were in a DCC The RSAT program administered by program were negative. A 36-month the Riverside County Sheriff’s recidivism study found that treatment Department provides study courses for worked for 84 percent. all adult male and female inmates who do not have a high school or General Funds from the FY 2003 RSAT grant Educational Development (GED) were used to add a new facility for diploma to help them earn a GED. women that also has aftercare, purchase a five-station computer lab, hire a part-time interpreter for deaf and 18
Colorado during the past 7 years is 1,524. During their time in the program, 99 Funding total: $5,631,587 percent remained drug free and 100 percent were arrest free. Aftercare was In FY 2003, Colorado provided completed by 667 offenders, of which substance abuse treatment through 90 percent remained drug free and 100 seven programs. The RSAT funding percent stayed arrest free. One year was the primary resource for intensive after completing aftercare, 408 had not drug treatment programs for offenders been rearrested. in Colorado. A total of 248 offenders have graduated from an RSAT Adult offenders who successfully program. completed the program in FY 2003 totaled 243; all remained drug free The RSAT Program at Arrowhead while receiving treatment. Following Correctional Facility, a 96-bed their release from RSAT, 110 of the therapeutic community (TC) project, 243 offenders who completed the has dedicated work sites, such as a program were not arrested in their first greenhouse, beekeeping, and tilapia year after completing aftercare. ponds, as well as more usual work sites, such as the kitchen and housekeeping. Delaware For offenders in community Funding total: $2,598,455 corrections, the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Addiction Delaware’s RSAT funding has helped Research and Treatment Services some of the 80 percent of offenders in project provides a counselor-in-training the state’s prisons who have histories program for individuals who are of drug use. To date, the total number interested in becoming employees after of adult and juvenile male offenders they successfully complete treatment who have graduated from RSAT is and are discharged of their sentences. 282, and all remained drug free while During FY 2003, 14 participants receiving services. Of those who successfully completed the training. completed aftercare, 88 percent remained arrest free after 1 year. Connecticut FY 2003 was the first year juvenile males had access to RSAT. To date, Funding total: $4,937,895 discharged youth have completed more than 85 percent of their Connecticut’s RSAT program began in individual treatment plans. As part of FY 1998. The total number of adult its program, the Ferris School for male and female offenders who have Boys is implementing family therapy successfully completed the program services. 19
In the men’s program, inmates conduct have successfully completed RSAT in several of the therapeutic activities as one of the two state correctional peer facilitators and co-counselors. The institutions. men’s program provided 125 beds, and the juvenile program supported 40 The University of South Florida, which beds. is recognized for its work in program implementation for co-occurring disorders in correctional settings, District of Columbia developed the curricula and provided ongoing consultation, site visits, and Funding total: $3,247,273 technical assistance. In total, 142 inmates have successfully The residential community corrections completed treatment in the District of program, which targets nonviolent Columbia, and 92 percent stayed drug offenders, has successfully graduated free while receiving it. Thirty offenders 156 adult males. Juveniles who have completed RSAT in FY 2002; 90 successfully completed one of percent of them tested negative for Florida’s RSAT programs total 304. drugs during their stay. Six of the eleven county correctional Efforts are underway to study the facility RSAT programs were opened outcomes of youth in the program in 2003. The programs serve adult through the implementation of a males, adult females, and juvenile 12-step program and educational males; 772 have successfully and vocational programs. A completed their treatment. multidisciplinary team facilitated by the clinical director and composed of treatment, cottage life, and education Georgia staff has met to review the objectives and determine how to meet them. Funding total: $12,645,646 Overall 1,851 adult and juvenile Florida offenders completed an RSAT program in Georgia; all the inmates stayed drug Funding total: $19,917,500 and arrest free during their treatment. Regarding aftercare, 675 adult and Beginning in FY 1999, Florida has juvenile offenders graduated; 96 provided treatment to offenders who percent of the adults and 85 percent of have been diagnosed with dual the juveniles remained arrest free 1 disorders. A total of 714 offenders year after being released from aftercare. 20
In FY 2002, a total of 459 offenders leaving aftercare, 83 percent of the completed RSAT, all of whom participants had not been rearrested. remained drug and arrest free while receiving services. Those who In FY 2002, 68 offenders completed successfully completed aftercare RSAT; all remained drug and arrest totaled 77. The Georgia Department of free while in the program. RSAT funds Corrections added 208 beds (a 65 supported up to 47 beds in Project percent increase) and 12 staff Bridge; 32 were for male inmates and members. One program moved into its 15 were for females. Five of the beds own building, and a new RSAT for females are for those who have program was started at the DeKalb been diagnosed with a co-occurring County Jail. disorder. Both the men’s and women’s programs allowed those who were eligible to work to find employment Guam outside the facility. Funding total: $1,256,781 Idaho In total, 144 adult male and female offenders have successfully completed Funding total: $2,898,994 residential treatment in Guam, and all stayed drug and arrest free while in the Since the program’s inception at one program. Ninety-nine participants were Idaho facility in 1997 and two others successful in aftercare. In FY 2003, all in 1998, a total of 449 adult and 23 of the inmates who graduated from juvenile male offenders have RSAT tested negative for drugs and successfully completed residential were not arrested during treatment. treatment. All the adult males remained drug and arrest free while in RSAT. All the juveniles remained Hawaii arrest free, and 96 percent were drug free during treatment. For the men, Funding total: $2,409,466 194 successfully completed aftercare. Hawaii’s men’s program was started in In FY 2002, 137 men and 6 juveniles 1998, and the women’s program began completed residential treatment, and in 2001. A total of 202 adult male and 31 men completed aftercare treatment female offenders have completed successfully. During that same period, RSAT. Of those, 96 percent stayed 88 treatment beds were added to the drug free while in treatment; all of the three facilities to increase their men and 99.5 percent of the women capacity to provide treatment services. remained arrest free. One year after 21
Illinois Iowa Funding total: $13,144,535 Funding total: $3,606,640 Since FY 1996, Illinois has graduated Iowa implemented its first RSAT 711 offenders. A total of 668 beds are program in 1998. The five programs available for residential substance serve adult males and juvenile males abuse treatment statewide. and females. Those who have successfully completed RSAT total During FY 2002, the Illinois 496, and 98 percent of them stayed Department of Corrections offered drug free while receiving services. treatment services in 11 adult and juvenile facilities. A total of 240 In FY 2003, a total of 139 successfully offenders successfully completed an completed an RSAT program, and 98 RSAT-funded program, 49 of whom percent tested negative for drugs were juveniles. At nine facilities, all during their stay. the inmates stayed drug free while receiving services; 98 percent of The Fort Dodge Correctional Facility offenders in a tenth facility did not use is one example of what the program drugs. These drug-free numbers were has accomplished. It started a 6-month consistent for all years. substance abuse treatment program composed of four separate blocks: addiction awareness, emotional Indiana management, criminality awareness, and relapse prevention. The program Funding total: $6,448,335 also includes 4 weeks of relationship impact/awareness, with a curriculum One Indiana RSAT program began in that includes the “Beat the Streets” 1998, one was opened in 2000, and the series, “Staying Sober” module, and newest treatment program started in “Ernie Larson on Relapse.” Staff work 2002. Two serve adult male offenders closely with the offenders to make and the third provides services for contact for continuing care upon adult females. release into the community. Contacts Overall, 600 participants have are made by telephone and letter to the graduated from an RSAT program. In various community-based agencies. FY 2002, 142 offenders completed Comprehensive discharge summaries their treatment successfully. All of the are provided to those agencies and to offenders in the Westville Correctional the parole agent and work release Facility program for men remained counselors. When appropriate, drug and arrest free while receiving information is provided to mental treatment in FY 2002 and across all health professionals, as well as years. vocational rehabilitation services. 22
Kansas Louisiana Funding total: $3,854,489 Funding total: $9,733,858 Adult males and females and juvenile Louisiana’s RSAT program treats all males can receive treatment in Kansas. types of offenders: adult and juvenile To date, 548 successfully completed males and females. Of the 2,397 who the program, and all but 2 remained successfully completed the program, drug free while receiving treatment. 2,073 stayed drug free while they All 228 offenders who completed received treatment. Aftercare was aftercare stayed drug free while successfully completed by 165 receiving services. participants. FY 2003 was the first year the In FY 2003, RSAT was successfully women’s program was in operation. A completed by 437 offenders and total of 127 offenders successfully aftercare was completed by 14. completed RSAT. All but one who completed the program remained drug free while receiving services. The 54 Maine male offenders who successfully Funding total: $2,084,460 completed aftercare remained both drug and arrest free while receiving Maine’s program, which began treating services. Of those, 36 were not inmates in 1999, has graduated a total arrested 1 year after they left aftercare. of 144 adult male offenders, of whom 98 percent remained drug free while in treatment. Kentucky Funding total: $5,611,331 In FY 2003, 99 percent of the 37 adult male offenders who successfully The Kentucky Department of completed treatment remained drug Corrections runs three RSAT free while participating in the RSAT programs; two were started in 1997 program. and the third opened in 1999. All 588 offenders who successfully completed RSAT remained drug free during their Maryland time in the program. One program Funding total: $7,863,970 reported that 130 graduates of its RSAT program also completed Of the 2,118 adult male and female aftercare, of which 67 stayed drug free offenders who completed a Maryland and 56 were not arrested while RSAT program, 2,108 tested negative receiving treatment. for drugs during their treatment. 23
In FY 2002, all 240 offenders who participants successfully completed the completed RSAT remained drug free program. Of those, 93 percent while in the program. Staffing remained arrest free while in aftercare improvements instituted by new and 91 percent were not arrested at management, such as hiring more least 1 year following their release. senior psychology associates, reduced the high employee turnover rate, In FY 2003, a total of 321 inmates helped fill vacancies, and increased the graduated from RSAT. Of the 61 staff’s level of clinical expertise. offenders who completed aftercare, 95 Employees began staying in their percent remained arrest free during the positions longer, which has provided program, and 92 percent did not get offenders with more effective arrested in the year following their treatment. release. Massachusetts Minnesota Funding total: $4,717,917 Funding total: $3,194,000 Massachusetts’ Executive Office for Currently, three RSAT programs are in Public Safety currently administers 10 operation in Minnesota. To date, the RSAT programs, of which 6 provide three programs have graduated 252— aftercare. The programs treat adult 112 adult females, 25 adult males, and males and females; 9,941 offenders 115 juvenile males. have successfully completed RSAT and remained drug free while in treatment. The three RSAT programs had 74 graduates in FY 2003. All of the In FY 2003, all of the 2,551 inmates women and juveniles who completed who successfully completed treatment their treatment stayed drug and arrest stayed drug free while participating. free while in RSAT; 98.5 percent of the adult males were drug free while participating in the program. Of the Michigan 104 juveniles who successfully completed the aftercare program, 98 Funding total: $14,036,114 percent stayed drug free and 100 percent remained arrest free while Michigan’s programs treat adult and receiving services. Almost 50 percent juvenile males and females. Those still had not been arrested 1 year after successfully completing RSAT leaving the program. numbered 2,395. For aftercare, 279 24
Mississippi the program since it began in 1998. None of the men in both programs was Funding total: $6,265,224 arrested while in RSAT. None of the men of the Ozark treatment population Since RSAT’s inception in Mississippi was arrested while receiving aftercare in 1997, 1,439 adult male and female services and 80 percent remained offenders have graduated from the arrest free 1 year after release from the program; 99 percent stayed drug free program. and 98 remained arrest free while receiving services. For the aftercare program, 943 successfully completed Montana it, with 96 percent remaining drug free and 95 percent staying arrest free. Funding total: $2,389,693 Ninety percent had not been arrested 1 year out of aftercare. In Montana, all 44 juvenile males who graduated from the program from its In FY 2002, all of the 498 who inception in 2000 through FY 2002 successfully completed RSAT stayed drug and arrest free during remained drug and arrest free during treatment. their time in treatment. For aftercare, 339 successfully completed the Specifically, the Pine Hill Youth program; 96 percent remained drug Correctional Facility (Pine Hills) is the free and 93 percent stayed arrest free state facility that receives the funds. while receiving the services. One year The Pine Hills program combines a after being released from aftercare, 89 strong resident program with a closely percent had not been rearrested. coordinated aftercare component. The grant continues to strive to improve efforts to reduce substance abuse Missouri among an increased number of juvenile inmates. The facility Funding total: $6,884,332 conducted cognitive behavioral and chemical dependency training for The Missouri Department of treatment and security staff assigned to Corrections operated two RSAT the treatment unit, transition center programs in FY 2002 that supported staff, and juvenile parole officers. The 710 treatment beds. Since its inception facility also continued implementation in 1997, the Ozark Drug Treatment of a therapeutic substance abuse Program has graduated 3,417 adult program, including a cognitive male offenders. The Co-Occurring behavioral approach, in which the Disorders Program has had 243 adult identified offenders participate for male offenders successfully complete 6–12 months. 25
All youth who are released from the OASIS began accepting offenders into Pine Hills program continue to be treatment in 2002. The two programs preplaced in an established aftercare support 412 treatment beds. Overall, program in or near their home 552 men have successfully completed community. RSAT funds are not used one of the two programs. All of the to maintain a structured aftercare offenders in WINGS stayed drug and program, but statistics are maintained arrest free and 98 percent of OASIS through the best available contact with inmates did not use drugs while in the youth, youth’s family, and parole treatment. officers and by following the youth’s progress 1 year after release or In FY 2003, 94 adult male offenders discharge from the facility. graduated from WINGS and 92 from OASIS. WINGS inmates remained drug and arrest free during their time Nebraska in the program; 98 percent of OASIS men remained drug free. Funding total: $2,503,286 Overall, 415 adult male and female offenders successfully completed 1 of New Hampshire Nebraska’s 3 RSAT programs, of Funding total: $2,232,098 which 401 stayed drug free during treatment and 396 had not been Since its inception in 2000, New arrested 1 year after their release from Hampshire’s Adolescent Drug & aftercare. In FY 2003, all 72 inmates Alcohol Program has had 86 juvenile who completed RSAT tested negative males complete treatment. The RSAT for drugs, and 68 remained arrest free program for adult male and female at the 1-year followup to their aftercare offenders, since it began in 2001, has release. had 889 graduates. The New Hampshire Department of Corrections requires all RSAT graduates to attend Nevada aftercare. Funding total: $4,172,573 In FY 2002, 24 juveniles and 148 adults successfully completed RSAT. The Nevada Department of Corrections Of those, 99 percent of the juveniles operates two treatment programs with and 99.8 percent of the adults did not RSAT funding. WINGS, the original test positive for drugs while in program, became operational in 1998. treatment. 26
New Jersey which helps participants develop job- related skills and provides assistance Funding total: $9,476,560 with employment and training through the Department of Labor. One of New Jersey’s adult male programs and the boys program started Male TC residents are encouraged to in 1997, the second adult male RSAT participate in the “Fathers as Readers” began in 1998, and the girls program program, which has been shown to opened in 2000. A total of 1,760 significantly increase communication offenders have graduated from the four between incarcerated fathers and their programs. All the juveniles and almost young children. One TC offers a all the adults stayed drug free during responsible fatherhood program. treatment. One RSAT program treats sex In FY 2003, 450 inmates successfully offenders, who receive treatment for completed RSAT. Only 0.02 percent both their chemical and sexual tested positive for drugs while in the addictions. Participants receive program. maintenance treatment and long-term relapse prevention after they graduate from the RSAT program. In FY 2002, New Mexico the program was expanded to 18 Funding total: $2,986,398 months. In FY 2002, “Thinking for Good,” a Meditation is offered by several RSAT peer-based literacy component that programs for those offenders who want ensures that all participants have an to participate. Graduates who are eighth-grade reading level, was interested can receive postrelease faith- developed for all the state’s therapeutic based mentoring from the Archdiocese communities (TCs). The Education of Santa Fe. Bureau tests the literacy level of all offenders who enter a TC. Inmates with reading difficulties who New York participated in Book Circles, a Funding total: $20,576,756 computer-based instructional literacy tool that is available at several In FY 2003, New York administered 20 communities, have shown marked RSAT programs. A total of 2,000 improvement. Offenders who inmates—991 in maximum security successfully complete “Thinking for and 1,009 in medium security— Good” are eligible for SOAR— succeeded in finishing their program Successful Offender After Release— during the fiscal year. One of the 27
programs administered by the state is for 120 days and have a dependency for chemically dependent sex diagnosis are the target population. offenders. Highly skilled, certified addiction specialists provide substance abuse A study of 2,340 offenders who treatment using best practices that participated in RSAT between focus on the total needs of the inmate September 1999 and May 2002, for reentry into the community. RSAT including 1,188 who graduated, found funds have been used to intensify, that those who successfully completed strengthen, provide followup, and an RSAT program were less likely to expand the program to the larger male return to custody. After 12 months out population. Funding also will pay for of the program, 17 percent of individual and group therapy, family graduates returned to custody intervention, 12-step meetings, and compared with 20 percent who failed followup 6 months after release. the program and 23 percent who had been administratively removed from RSAT. At 18 months, 26 percent of North Dakota graduates returned to custody Funding total: $1,882,606 compared with 28 percent of failures and 30 percent of administrative Since the North Dakota program’s removals. inception in 1996, 422 adult males have completed the program. None of the inmates were arrested and 98 North Carolina percent did not use drugs while Funding total: $10,112,176 receiving treatment. At the 1-year followup after offenders left aftercare, During FY 2003, 139 men, women, 72 percent had not been rearrested. and girls successfully completed the program in North Carolina, and 135 In FY 2002, 75 offenders graduated remained drug free while in treatment. from RSAT; 98 percent stayed drug free and 100 percent were arrest free Robeson County Addiction Services, while receiving services. All 22 for example, received RSAT funding to participants who successfully reduce recidivism rates for chemically completed aftercare remained drug and dependent offenders in the Robeson arrest free, and 84 percent had still not County Detention Center. Chemically been arrested 1 year after release from dependent repeat offenders between the program. ages 16 and 30 who are incarcerated 28
Northern Mariana funded program. More than 97 percent—1,749—remained drug free Islands while in treatment. Funding total: $1,629,466 In FY 2003, the state administered 16 The Commonwealth of the Northern RSAT programs, including 6 that were Mariana Islands’ (CNMI’s) RSAT devoted to juveniles and 2 that program is located on the island of provided treatment to dually diagnosed Saipan in CNMI’s Adult Prison inmates. Of the 461 inmates who Facility, Division of Corrections, graduated, 441, or almost 96 percent, Department of Public Safety. In order tested negative for drugs while in to qualify for the program, a substance RSAT. abusing offender must be within 6–12 months of release from incarceration, The Mohican Youth Center was part of able to be in treatment for 6–12 a National Institute of Justice-funded months, separated from the general study conducted by the University of prison population, and subject to drug Cincinnati. It compared youth who and alcohol testing. were in the center prior to its designation as a therapeutic The treatment program includes community (TC) with youth who components of the therapeutic participated in RSAT at Mohican after community model, which emphasizes it became a TC. The study found that accountability and responsibility. The youth who participated in the TC had program also is designed to be reduced levels of depression and comprehensive and to include aftercare increased self-esteem and followup drug testing to ensure that the decisionmaking abilities. The program clients not only become drug free completion rate was 82 percent. Most during incarceration, but also remain important, the study found that drug free once released from the “participation in Mohican’s therapeutic system. Although there is no outpatient community RSAT program significantly facility, the program does provide reduced the probability of being minimal outpatient counseling to incarcerated after termination.”7 alcohol and substance abusers. Oklahoma Ohio Funding total: $7,448,582 Funding total: $14,213,361 Oklahoma has 1 program for juvenile Since 1997, 1,794 adult and juvenile boys with 12 beds and 7 for adult men male and female offenders have and women with a total of 839 beds. successfully completed an Ohio RSAT Overall, 2,388 offenders have 29
successfully completed RSAT. One programs.) All the inmates stayed drug program tracks the success for the and arrest free while receiving aftercare component. All of the 110 treatment. adult females who graduated from the program stayed drug and arrest free In FY 2003, ADAPT, a jail-based while in aftercare, and 99 percent had substance abuse program, developed a still not been arrested at least 1 year strong mental health and family after their release. therapy component to assist offenders with dual-diagnosis issues and prepare In FY 2002, 636 offenders successfully them and their families for the completed their residential treatment. transitional phase of the program. Forty women were successful in the Family members must attend three aftercare program. All remained off family groups or individual sessions drugs and were not arrested while in prior to any program involvement with aftercare, and 99 percent remained offenders. arrest free at the 1-year followup. The Treatment Expansion Program at During FY 2002, the Office of Juvenile the Powder River Correctional Facility Affairs began placing more focus on (PRCF) increased alcohol and drug academics and GED preparation in the treatment services from 1 unit that boys program. Academic achievement served 50 male offenders to 2 units levels increased an average of two that serve 114. PRCF is the first total semesters, and literacy scores rose 1.8 alcohol and drug treatment facility of grade levels. The program maintains a its kind in the Oregon prison system. “Culture Board”; each month, a different culture is celebrated with events such as meals, discussions, and Pennsylvania study activities. Funding total: $11,342,076 Two of Pennsylvania’s six RSAT Oregon programs opened in 1998; the other Funding total: $4,222,364 four started in 2000. Pennsylvania has had 1,642 offenders graduate from Through FY 2002 in Oregon, 915 RSAT and 1,331 from aftercare. offenders successfully completed one During FY 2002, 647 inmates of the two programs that reported on completed RSAT and 525 finished graduation rates since their project aftercare. start dates. (Between 1996 and 2003, the state has administered six RSAT 30
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