Referencing Guide: APA Style - 2020 Margaret Cameron & Oksana Feklistova - Tabor Online
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Referencing Guide: APA Style
2020
Margaret Cameron & Oksana Feklistova
Revised by Dr Lesley Houston 2020
This document has been prepared as an introductory guide only and in all cases, further inquiry needs to be made directly to
APA (2019). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association, (7th ed.). American Psychological Association.
Contents
Contents ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 2
PART 1: Frequently Asked Questions about APA style and related issues............................................................................................................................................................. 3
A. Format, Style and General Questions......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
B. Tricky References and Terminology ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
PART 2: APA Referencing examples: In-text citations and Reference List ............................................................................................................................................................. 8
Books ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Journal articles...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Newspaper Articles............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
Internet/Websites ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 18
Lecture Notes, Tabor texts and other Personal Sources ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 20
Audio-visual and other non-book, non-journal media ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 21
Miscellaneous Sources ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 24
Example of In-text Citations and References ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
References for this Referencing Guide ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 27
2
PART 1: Frequently Asked Questions about APA style and related issues
These FAQs are arranged in sections by theme, and alphabetically by keywords in each section. Many of the answers contain cross references to other
sections of the Guide, especially to the tables of examples for citation and referencing of various source types. Some questions are not strictly “APA” but
relate to the conventions used at Tabor Adelaide, which may not be clearly specified by APA. For depth and detail about APA Referencing, refer to:
Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). (2019).
American Psychological Association.
A. Format, Style and General Questions
What is APA? APA stands for the American Psychological Association, whose publication manual is the standard for writing and
referencing style in the social sciences in many universities across the world.
What changes are there to APA Very few changes are necessary, except for:
style for the Australian context? • Australian spelling in all but quotations from American text or titles
• For Australian spelling and contemporary usage you may also consult: The Macquarie Dictionary (2017). Macquarie
Dictionary Publishers; and for editing conventions: Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) (6th ed., rev. by
Snooks & Co.) John Wiley & Sons.
What is the purpose of an Appendices are for relevant supplementary materials that would be distracting or inappropriate for inclusion in the body of the
Appendix (or plural, text, such as a sample of work from a child, a table or other data used for analysis, or essential background information.
Appendices)? Appendices are usually brief. If more than one, they should be labelled Appendix A, Appendix B, etc. Appendices are attached
AFTER the Reference List, and any references used should be cited and included in the same Reference List as the main paper.
Appendices do not need to be double spaced.
Can I use acronyms in place of The full name of the organization should be used the first time it is mentioned in-text and in the Reference List. The acronym may
full names of organizations? be used in subsequent citations. For example: The Australian Curriculum: English (TACE)(Australian Curriculum, Assessment and
Reporting Authority, n.d.), may subsequently be cited as (ACARA, n.d.). Usually the acronym is inserted in brackets after the first
mention, if it is to be used in subsequent discussion, as with TACE in this example.
3What are the best sources to This will vary according to the task, so be guided by your lecturer. As a rule, journal articles (from professional journals) and
use for my assignments? textbooks are most highly valued. These may be either print or electronic versions. The wide range of sources represented in this
guide may be used for different purposes, most often with a core of relevant books and journal articles. “Popular” texts, websites
and personal communication are more often illustrative of points that are supported by more solid research, rather than being
regarded as authoritative sources on their own.
What is a citation? See in-text referencing.
When should I use or not use an The normal mode of assignment submission is via Tabor Online (Moodle). Please ensure documents are compatible with Microsoft
assignment cover sheet? Word 2007. For online submissions, you are not required to use a cover sheet but you are advised to insert your name and
assignment title (brief) in a header or at the beginning of the document. In some circumstances where electronic submission is not
possible, your lecturer and/or faculty administrator will advise. For such assignments, attach a completed Assignment Cover Sheet.
These can be found in Student Resources> Forms and Documents. More information regarding assignment submissions can be
found on unit outlines.
What font and spacing should Font and size not specified, but simple clear font, size 12, would normally be used for assignments. Double spacing is required for
be used for assignments? normal text but may be altered for tables or other specialised formats. Your REFERENCE LIST should be double spaced, though
otherwise set out as in this guide, with the first line at the margin, and second and subsequent lines of each entry indented by
approximately one centimeter. This can be done automatically using Word paragraph settings >indentation>special>hanging.
Can or should I use footnotes? Footnotes are rarely necessary in undergraduate writing where the information could just as well be included in the main text or
inserted in an Appendix. On rare occasions, a footnote may be used to “supplement or amplify substantive information in the
text… [and ] should convey just one idea” (Publication Manual of the APA, p. 38).
How many references do I have This will vary with the subject and type of assignment. As a rule, not less than five substantial, relevant texts per 1000 words should
to use? be used. Check with your lecturer for specific requirements.
What is in-text referencing and In-text referencing (or citation) is the acknowledgement of a source in the body of a text, such as your assignment. Format may
how is it formatted? vary but will always include parentheses with the date (if the author is mentioned in the preceding sentence) or author and date of
publication. Include a page number for specific information, but not for a more general statement based on the author’s work.
Examples: According to Milne (2005), the human brain is an amazing piece of circuitry (p.1). OR An understanding of the brain’s
circuitry can help teachers to design effective teaching (Milne, 2005). The full work must be cited in the Reference list.
Are paragraphs indented? Yes. Indent paragraphs by one tab space, and do not leave more than the standard double spacing between paragraphs.
Does a paraphrase (in my own Yes. A paraphrase is your own re-wording, or explaining, of the ideas of one or more authors. It is important to acknowledge the
words) need to be referenced? source of the ideas. There are different ways of doing this. See “What is in-text referencing?”
What is plagiarism? Plagiarism is the use of other people’s work without appropriate acknowledgement. This Referencing Guide explains how to
acknowledge the sources used in your writing using “APA style”. Plagiarism is a serious offence and can have serious consequences
(see current Tabor Adelaide Student Handbook under “Academic Misconduct”).
4How much direct quotation is At Tabor, the general rule is that up to 10% of an assignment may consist of direct quotations. Quotes are usually included in the
appropriate in an assignment? total word count but consult your lecturer if in doubt.
How should quotations be Quotations of less than 40 words should be integrated into the paragraph, enclosed by double quotation marks, without italics, and
formatted? followed by an in-text citation in brackets. The full stop is placed after the closing bracket. Quotations of 40 words or more should
be formatted as a “block” (next item).
What is a “block quote”? Any quotation of 40 words or more should be formatted as a “block”: no quotation marks; single spaced; whole block indented
(left aligned); same size font as the body of the text; no italics. Citation as for other quotations.
How should a Reference List be Do NOT use dot points.
formatted? Begin the entry at the left margin and use double spacing.
Indent second and subsequent lines (hanging indent).
List entries alphabetically by the first letter of the reference (usually the author’s surname, but sometimes a title if author is
unknown).
All other details for formatting References can be found in Section 2.
What range (relative to the Normally, 10% less or 10% over the given word count is acceptable. If in doubt, ask the subject lecturer.
word count) is acceptable?
What is included/not included Reference list, appendices, words on maps, graphs or inserted tables are NOT included in the word count. Normally an automatic
in the word count? count from the first word of the first paragraph, to the last word of the final paragraph would be taken as sufficiently accurate.
B. Tricky References and Terminology
What needs to be referenced? All sources of quotations and information that you have used in your writing need to be acknowledged formally by referencing.
This includes paraphrased information, where you have reworded the idea from a source, so it is not directly quoted, but the
concept has been adopted from the source.
What does not need to be Ideas of your own, or ideas that are considered common knowledge in the field of study do not need to be referenced. Bible
referenced? quotations are not included in the Reference List but are acknowledged in an “in-text citation” (see Section 2).
What do you do with references Sources cited in Appendices are referenced in the same way as the body of the text, using the same list of references.
for Appendices? References to the Appendices can be made in the body of the text, for example: (see Appendix) or (see Appendix B).
How do you cite an audio of a Refer to Section 2, under Lecture Notes, Tabor texts and other Personal Sources, page 20
Tabor lecture? Or lecture
notes taken during a lecture? Your own notes taken during a lecture are classed as Personal Communication, as on page 20.
5How do you cite the Bible or Example:
other classic works? Reference list entries are not required when you cite ancient Greek and Roman works or classical religious works. However, in the
first text citation, indicate the version of the classic work you used.
Example of a general reference to the Bible:
The researchers consulted the Bible (King James Version) to provide items for the development of their religious values
assessment.
Example of a direct quote:
The Bible enumerates these virtues: “And now these three remain: faith, hope and love. But the greatest of these is love” (1 Cor.
13:1 New International Version).
OR
The Qur’an 5:3 specifies some dietary restrictions, such as forbidding Muslims to eat "the flesh of swine."
How do I reference a chapter of Refer to Section 2, under Article or Chapter in a Book, page 12
a book, by an author who
contributed a chapter but did
not write/edit the book?
What is a doi and how is it used A Digital Object Identifier (doi) is a unique identifier and should be provided in the reference where it is available. This
in referencing? alphanumeric string usually located on the first page with other referencing elements in both print and electronic articles. If no doi
is available for an electronic article, provide the URL information in the reference. For a full explanation, go to http://www.doi.org/.
For referencing with doi, see Section 2, under Journal Articles, page 15, and e-books, page 12.
How do I reference a work with If available, use the organisation’s name as author. When a work has no identified author, cite in-text the first few words of the
no author provided? reference entry (usually the title) and the year. Use double quotation marks if you are referring to the title of an article, chapter or
web page; italicize the title for the title of a periodical, book, brochure or a report. Refer to Section 2: Book: No Author, Journal:
No Author; Website: No Author.
How do you cite online lectures, Refer to Section 2, under Podcast, page 23. The note in square brackets should be [Podcast lecture].
such as those on iTunes?
6When should page numbers be Page numbers should always be cited in-text, when available, for direct quotations. Where there are no page numbers available,
used, and when should they not paragraph numbers or headings may be used. Page numbers may be used for paraphrased ideas (where you have rewritten an idea
be used? in your own words but drawn heavily on a specific part of your source text). (See the Publication Manual of the APA, pp. 170-172
for details.) Page numbers are not needed where your paraphrase draws upon multiple parts of a source text or describes the gist
of an entire text. Page numbers should be used in your Reference List where you reference a book chapter, or journal article.
How do you cite personal Refer to Section 2, under Personal Communication, page 20.
letters, emails and interviews?
What is a podcast and how do A podcast is a multimedia file, such as a radio programme or music video, that can be downloaded from the Internet and played on
you cite it? an mp3 player or similar piece of equipment. See Audio-visual: Podcast, page 22.
What is a secondary source and A secondary source is one cited in the text of another author. For example, in an article by Williams, written in 2009, there is
how do you cite it? reference to the work of Clay, who wrote in 2001. If you use the information from Clay, this should be referenced as a secondary
source. For higher levels of academic study, it is preferable to go to the original source to ensure that you understand the context
of the original work. For referencing and citations, see Section 2, under Secondary Sources, pages 13, 16.
How do you cite a video from Refer to Section 2, under Audiovisual media, page 22
YouTube?
NOTE: The following Referencing Guide is formatted with SINGLE SPACING, font size 11, to save space (and paper in printed editions). For your
assignments, please use DOUBLE SPACING and font size 12 for body text and References, in accordance with the Cover Sheet guidelines.
7PART 2: APA Referencing examples: In-text citations and Reference List
Books
Author Year Title (in italics)
McNiff, J. (2017). Action research: all you need to know.
SAGE.
Indent Publisher
MATERIAL TYPE IN-TEXT EXAMPLE REFERENCE LIST EXAMPLE
Book: single author "It is self-identification..." (Fuller, 2011, pp. 34-35). Fuller, C. F. (2011). Sociology, gender and educational
OR aspirations: Girls and their ambitions. Continuum
Fuller (2011) suggests that self-identification... (pp. International.
34-35).
Add page numbers for direct quotes and specific
information.
Book: 2 authors According to Weinberg and Gould (2011) ... Weinberg, R. S., & Gould, D. (2011). Foundations of sport and
OR exercise psychology. Human Kinetics.
... this is evident (Weinberg & Gould, 2011).
Cite both authors each time the reference occurs.
8Book: 3, 4 or 5 authors ... in festival organisation (Allen, O'Toole, & Donnell, Allen, J. E., O'Toole, W., & Donnell, J.-B. (2011). Festival and
2011). special event management (5th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
OR
Allen, O'Toole, and Donnell (2011) have found ... Provide the names of all authors in the reference list.
Cite all the authors the first time the reference If an author's first name is hyphenated, retain the hyphen and
occurs. In subsequent citations include only the include a full stop after each initial as in Jean-Baptiste Donnell
surname of the first author followed by et al. and the above.
year, e.g.
... events are a celebration (Allen et al., 2011).
OR
Allen et al. (2011) have stated ...
Book: 6 or more authors Mussen et al. (1995) have found ... Provide the names of all authors in the reference list up to and
OR including seven authors.
... for all learning (Mussen et al., 1995).
Mussen, P., Rozenweig, M. R., Aronson, E., Elkind, D.,
Cite only the surname of the first author followed by Feshbach, S. T., & Geiwitz, P. J. (1995). Psychology: An
et al. and the year, for the first and subsequent introduction (7th ed.). Thompson Delmar Learning.
citations.
For 8 authors, Include the first six authors' names, followed by
three dots, then add the last author's name.
Leggat, I. K., Hutchings, D., Poliness, S., Nemeth, T., West, A.,
Ngo, A., … Mascilongo, J. (2009). How to maximise the
use of libraries in educational institutions. Victoria
University Press.
9Book: no author As defined in the Style Manual for Authors, Editors Style manual for authors, editors and printers. (2002). (6th
and Printers (2002) reference lists should be double ed.). Canberra, ACT: AGPS.
spaced.
If no author or editor, the title is used as the first element of
... should be double spaced (Style Manual for Authors, the reference.
Editors and Printers, 2002).
Use the title where no author is available; capitalise
the major words in titles of books and articles when
used within the body of your paper.
Multiple works by same author, published The year of publication distinguishes these works. Rossbridge, J. & Rushton, K. (2010). Conversations about
in different years Rossbridge and Rushton (2010) discuss many ideas for text: Teaching grammar using literary texts. e:lit.
teaching grammar using literary texts. Their second
These examples also show Title with book extends this to the teaching of grammar through Rossbridge, J. & Rushton, K. (2011). Conversations about
Subtitle. factual texts (Rossbridge & Rushton, 2011). text 2: Teaching grammar using factual texts.
PETAA.
Multiple works by same author, published Place lowercase letters in alphabetical order Westwood, P. (2008a). What teachers need to know about
in same year immediately after the year of publication. spelling. ACER Press.
Westwood published a series of books about basic Westwood, P. (2008b). What teachers need to know about
understandings all teachers should have, including numeracy. ACER Press.
spelling (2008a) and numeracy (2008b).
Book: editor(s) ... for future learning (Ashwin, 2006). Where there is an editor instead of an author, follow the author
rules, but also include the abbreviation 'Ed.' or 'Eds.' in
(continued next page) OR parentheses following the editor names.
As described in Ashwin (2006) ... Ashwin, P. (Ed.). (2006). Changing higher education: The
... health care is described (Lemone et al., 2011). development of learning and teaching. Routledge.
OR OR
Lemone et al. (2011) describe health care... Lemone, P., Burke, K. M., Dwyer, T., Levett-Jones, T.,
Moxham, L., Reid-Searl, K., ... Raymond, D. (Eds.).
(2011). Medical-surgical nursing: Critical thinking in
client care. (1st Australian ed.). Pearson Australia.
10Book: organisation as author (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2011) Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2011). 2011 Census
dictionary (No. 2901.0). Author.
(Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2008)
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2008). Childhood education and
(Department of Health and Family Services [DHFS], care (No. 4402.0). Author. Retrieved from
2007) http://www.abs.gov.au
If you want to cite from the report more than once, Add the ABS Report's Catalogue Number after the title.
in the first citation provide the full name of the 'Author' is used in place of the publisher name if they are the
organisation, as above. In subsequent citations use same body.
the abbreviated organisational title. e.g.
(DHFS, 2007) Department of Health and Family Services. (2007). Youth
suicide in Australia: The National Youth Suicide
Prevention Strategy. AGPS.
Provide the full name of the organisation in the reference list.
(Findlay, 2006, p. 51) Findlay, B. (2006). How to write psychology research reports
and essays (4th ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall.
The edition number is included after the title of the work (not
necessary for first editions). If it is a revised edition, put ‘Rev.’
e.g. (Rev. ed.).
Book: with volume numbers ... as this complex theory is dealt with in detail by Russell, B. (2003). The autobiography of Bertrand Russell
Russell (2003, vol. 2, p. 23; vol. 3, pp. 17-36). (Vols. 1-3). Allen & Unwin.
If more than one volume is given, separate with a
semi-colon.
Article or Chapter in a book, where the “The differences between a literary piece of writing Webb, J. (2012). Using children’s literature. In Cox, R.
author is different from the book as a and an ‘ordinary’ one are the ways in which the writer (Ed.), Primary English teaching (pp. 51-70).
whole. uses language to create images and experiences in the Hawker Brownlow.
mind’s eye of the reader...” (Webb, 2012).
11Book on a Kindle or similar digital format ... in all outcomes (Gladwell, 2008). Gladwell, M. (2008). Outliers: The story of success
OR [Kindle DX version]. Retrieved from Amazon.com
Gladwell (2008) remarks ...
Include the type of e-book version you read e.g. [Kindle DX
For direct quotations of digital material without version]. In lieu of publisher information, include the book’s
pagination, name the major sections, chapter, DOI, or if there is no DOI the site from which you downloaded
section, and paragraph number e.g. the e-book.
One of the author’s main points is that “people don’t
rise from nothing” (Gladwell, 2008, Chapter 1, Section
2, para. 5).
This is preferred to location numbers (sometimes
available on Kindle books) as they are not always
retrievable and therefore should not be used.
E-book – no DOI assigned; downloaded (Rosen, 2011) Rosen, L . (2011). The culture of Islam: Changing aspects
from internet but NOT Kindle or similar OR of contemporary Muslim life. University
format Rosen (2011) regards... of Chicago Press. Retrieved from
http://www.eblib.com
Note inclusion of both publisher details AND URL.
E-book – with DOI assigned ... in all communities (Hill, 2001). Hill, C. E. (Ed.). (2001). The helping skills: The empirical
OR foundation. American Psychological
Hill (2001) regards ... Association. doi:10.1037/10412-000
If a DOI is available include it at the end of the citation. The
database name, URL or date of retrieval are not required.
12Bible 1 Cor. 13:1 (Revised Standard Version) You do not need to include an entry in the reference list.
OR
First citation: Acts 10:17 (King James Version)
Subsequent citations: James 3:12 (KJV)
Commentary (Longnecker, 1981, p. 220) Longenecker, R.N. (1981). Acts. In F. E. Gæbelein (Ed.),
The expositor’s Bible commentary with the New
International Version (Vol. 9. John and Acts, pp. 205-
573). Zondervan.
Encyclopaedia or dictionary article Author known: Author known:
(Collins, 1983, p. 223) Collins, R. F. (1983) Fundamentalism. In A. Richardson & J.
Bowden (Eds.), The Westminster dictionary of Christian
Author unknown: theology (pp. 223-224). Westminster.
(“German army,” 1984, p. 101) Author unknown:
German army. (1984). In J. Keegan (Ed.), The Rand
McNally encyclopedia of World War II (Vol. 1, pp.
99-102). Colporteur Press.
Online dictionary (“Pluperfect,” 2009) Pluperfect. (2009). In Oxford English dictionary online.
Retrieved from http://dictionary.oed.com/
Secondary sources: when you are Michael Halliday’s work included “the rich data El- Cox, R. (Ed.). (2012). Primary English teaching: An introduction to
referring to the ideas or words of an analysis of his own son’s first 20 months of language language, literacy and learning. PETAA.
author who has been cited in another learning” (as cited in Cox, 2012, p.3)....
work. OR Provide the full reference for the book that you actually read.
(Halliday, cited in Cox, 2012, p.3)
Provide names of both authors.
13Journal articles
MATERIAL TYPE IN-TEXT EXAMPLE REFERENCE LIST EXAMPLE
Journal Article: single author "... contributes to overall physical health" (Brill, 2011, Brill, J. B. (2011). Heal your heart with food: Eight foods that
pp. 39-40). prevent a second heart attack. Better Nutrition,73(2), 38-42.
OR
Brill (2011) suggests "Physical activity ..." (pp. 39-40).
Include page numbers for direct quotes.
Journal Article: 2 authors ... many years (Allen & Black, 1995) but others Allen, M. C., & Black, R. (1995). The future of higher education in
disagree. Australia. Journal of Higher Education, 15(2), 16-25.
OR
Allen and Black (1995) have found ...
Cite both authors each time the reference occurs.
Journal Article: 3, 4 or 5 authors ... decreasing with increasing class size (Allen, Zuboff, Allen, M. C., Zuboff, T., & Black, R. (2011). Educational praxis in
& Black, 2011). Australia: the state of play. Distance Education, 16(1),
OR 26-34.
Allen, Zuboff, and Black (2011) have found ...
Cite all of the authors the first time the reference
14occurs. In subsequent citations include only the Provide the names of all authors in the reference list.
surname of the first author followed by et al. and the
year, e.g.
... events are a celebration (Allen et al., 2011).
OR
Allen et al. (2011) have found...
Journal Article: 6 or more authors ... aided by design (Allen et al., 1993) that has For 6-7 authors, provide the names of all authors in the
complemented instruction. reference list:
OR
Allen et al. (1993) have found... Allen, M. C., Grant, B. A., Zuboff, T., Roper, R. W., Ng, V.,
Leonard, P., & Black, R. (1993). Instructional designers in
Cite only the surname of the first author followed by
Australia: A brief history. Online Education, 14(3), 15-17.
et al. and the year for the first and subsequent
citations.
For 8 or more authors, include the first six authors' names,
followed by three dots, then add the last author's name:
Stice, E., Marti, C., Spoor-Thompson, S. R., Presnell, K., Shaw, T.
G., Trinh, V. O., ... Roper, M. A. (2008). The effect on
educational achievement of university library design.
Journal of Psychology and Education, 25(2), 29-33.
Journal Article: no author ... as was the case for most students ("The Pain of The pain of being a caffeine freak. (2001, October 6). New
Being a Caffeine Freak," 2001). Scientist, 172(2311), 27.
OR Give the year and the exact date of the publication (month or
... as in the "The Pain of Being a Caffeine Freak" (2001) month and day), separated by a comma.
which reveals ...
Online Journal Article: DOI assigned ... found in the recruitment process for companies Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process
(Klimoski & Palmer, 1993). in organizations. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice
OR and Research, 45(2), 10-36.
Klimoski and Palmer (1993) have found ... doi:10.1037/1061-4087.45.2.10
If a DOI is available include it at the end of the citation. The
database name, URL and date of retrieval are not required.
15Online Journal Article: no DOI assigned ... for many (Sillick & Schutte, 2006). Sillick, T. J., & Schutte, N. S. (2006). Emotional intelligence and
OR self-esteem mediate between perceived early parental love
As Sillick and Schutte (2006) say ... and adult happiness. E-Journal of Applied Psychology, 2(2),
38–48. Retrieved from
http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap
If a DOI is not available, provide the home page URL of the
journal publisher. The retrieval date is not required.
Online Journal Article: no page numbers ... in all outcomes (Williams, 2008). Williams, J. (2008). The victims of crime. Sociology Review, 17(4),
OR Retrieved from
Williams (2008) remarks ... http://magazines.philipallan.co.uk/Magazines/Sociology-
Review.aspx
For direct quotations of online material without
pagination, name the sections and paragraph
number e.g.
One of the author’s main points is that “people don’t
rise from nothing” (Williams, 2008, Section 2, para. 5).
Secondary sources: when you are "...optimistic, independent yet good at collaboration" El-Shamy, S. (2004). How to write a Psychology report. Journal of
referring to the ideas or words of an (Tapscott as cited in El-Shamy, 2004, p. 45). Research in the Social Sciences, 17(4), 44-52.
author who has been cited in another OR
work. Tapscott's diary (as cited in El-Shamy, 2004) states ...
Provide names of both authors. Provide the full reference for the journal article that
you actually read.
16Newspaper Articles
NEWSPAPER ARTICLES IN-TEXT EXAMPLE REFERENCE LIST EXAMPLE
Newspaper: print A report in The Australian indicates that isolated Elks, S. (2013, January 7). School’s out forever in outpost
schools are closing under directives from the Newman with only one pub. The Australian, p. 3.
government (Elks, 2013).
Newspaper: from a website “The heatwave gripping most of the continent is Schliebs, M. & Morton, R. (2013, January 7). The
showing no signs of abating” (Schliebs, M. & Morton, Australian. Retrieved from
R., 2013). http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/
the-heat-goes-on-and-on/story-e6frg6nf-
1226548526778
Newspaper article: without author “Doctors fear soaring electricity prices could have Saving power can kill. (2013, January 7). The Advertiser, p. 14.
killer consequences on hot days as people at risk of
heat stroke turn off air conditioners to save money”
(“Saving Power,” 2013).
Press or Media Release As for other news articles. Either an author As for other news articles. Either an author (spokesperson) or
(spokesperson) or organisation may be cited. organisation may be cited.
17Internet/Websites
• Include author(s) surname for internet/website references where possible (an author may be a corporate body or organisation responsible for
creating, producing or publishing a webpage or website).
• Where there is no identifiable author or authoring body, use the title of the webpage or website.
• Check the webpage for the date of the last update, if available.
• It is advisable, though not essential, to cite the date retrieved, as shown in examples below.
MATERIAL TYPE IN-TEXT EXAMPLE REFERENCE LIST EXAMPLE
Internet homepage with date ...as found on the SPELD-SA website (2013)... SPELD-SA (2013). Specific learning Difficulties. Retrieved 9
January 2013 from http://www.speld-sa.org.au/
Web document: no date (Field, n.d.) Field, E. M. (n.d.). Bully blocking. Retrieved February 5, 2012,
from http://www.bullying.com.au
Web document: no author ("Tips on Taking Multi-Choice Tests," 2011) Tips on taking multi-choice tests. (2011). Retrieved from
http://www.socialpsychology.org/testtips.htm
Web document: no date, no author (“GVU’s 8th WWW user survey,” n.d., para.2) GVU’s 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved May 2, 2012, from
http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/user_surveys/survey-
1997-10/
18Web document: government department According to the South Australian Department of Department of Education and Child Development (2012). Literacy
as author Education and Child Development (DECD) “Literacy Achievement for All Learners in All Communities
competencies begin from a child’s earliest days” (Literacy Secretariat Resource Paper, June). Retrieved from
(2012). http://www.decd.sa.gov.au/literacy/files/links/Literacy_
Subsequent citations may use the acronym only: Achievement_for_A.pdf
(DECD, 2012).
Web document: organisation as author (Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority
Authority, n.d.) (ACARA) (n.d.) The Australian Curriculum: History. Retrieved
If you want to cite from the document more than from http://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/History/
once, in the first citation provide the full name of the Content-structure
organisation, as above. In subsequent citations use
the abbreviated organisational title.
(ACARA, n.d.)
Blog post or forum discussion (Frook, 1999, July 23) Frook, B. D. (1999, July 23). New inventions in the cyberworld of
toylandia [Msg 25]. Message posted to
http://groups.earthlink.com/forum/messages/25.html
Wikis ("Self-study," 2007) Self-study: Broadening the concepts of participation and program
support. (2007). Retrieved June 18, 2008, from the Adult
Literacy Education (ALE) Wiki:
http://wiki.literacytent.org/index.php/Self-Study:
Broadening_the_Concepts_of_Participation_and_
Program_Support
Wikipedia entry (“Global warming,” 2009) Global warming. (2009, January 1). In Wikipedia. Retrieved
January 8, 2011, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming
19Lecture Notes, Tabor texts and other Personal Sources
MATERIAL TYPE IN-TEXT EXAMPLE REFERENCE LIST EXAMPLE
PowerPoint slides online According to Bruck (2010) Bruck, D. (2009). APP1016: Foundations of Psychological
OR Research, week 6 notes [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved
Research indicates ... (Bruck, 2010) February 13, 2012, from
http://learn.taboradelaide.edu.au/mod/book/
view.php?id=6663
PowerPoint slides obtained from any Learning Management
System such as Tabor Online, are referenced as above adding
the URL of the website.
Printed/online Lecture notes, Subject According to Sonn (2011) OR Research indicates ... Sonn, C. (2011). APM5003: Exploring methodology for
Outline (Sonn, 2011) psychological research [Class handout]. School of Social
Sciences and Psychology, Victoria University, Melbourne,
Australia.
Davies, F. (2013). Primary Pedagogy 1 [lecture notes]. School
of Education, Tabor Adelaide, Australia.
Personal communication: interviews, For an e-mail:
emails, letters An email (J. W. Ayers, personal communication, They are only cited within the text and not included in the
September 2, 2011) confirming that results are ... Reference List.
Lecture in this subject at Tabor ...(cross-cultural communication (Houston, Lecture 8, They are only cited within the text and not included in the
2013) Reference List.
Article or chapter in a Tabor book of If it is a journal article within the reader, or uploaded Cite each reading according to the source.
Readings or uploaded online on the on Tabor Online, it should be cited as a journal article.
subject webpage
20Audio-visual and other non-book, non-journal media
Director year title of film
Moore, M. (Writer & Director). (2003). Bowling for Columbine.
[DVD]. Umbrella Entertainment.
Media type Name of Studio
MATERIAL TYPE IN-TEXT EXAMPLE REFERENCE LIST EXAMPLE
DVD Director last name, 1st initial. Second initial. (Director). (Year).
(Moore, 2003) Title of film [DVD]. Name of Studio.
Moore, M. (Writer & Director). (2003). Bowling for Columbine.
[DVD]. Umbrella Entertainment.
Television (Anderson & Morgan, 2008) Anderson, R., & Morgan, C. (Producers). (2008, June 20).
60 Minutes [Television broadcast]. CBS News.
Motion picture Director last name, first initial. Second initial. (Director). (Year).
(Scorsese & Lonergan, 2000) Title of film. Name of Studio.
e.g. Scorsese, M. (Producer), & Lonergan, K.
(Writer/Director). (2000). You can count on me
[Motion picture]. Paramount Pictures.
Music recording (St. Laurance Chamber Choir, 2005) St. Laurance Chamber Choir (Performers), & McEwan, N.
(Director). (2005). Commemoration, ritual and
performance: the Iberian connection: medieval and
renaissance music from the St Laurence Chamber Choir
[CD]. Sydney, NSW: Centre for Medieval Studies, University
of Sydney.
21Music track from an album (Yunupingu, 2011) Yunupingu, G. G. (Performer). (2011). Gopuru. On Rrakala [CD].
Winnellie, NT: Skinnyfish.
Podcast (Rheinberger & Hogan, 2011) Rheinberger, J. (Script Writer), & Hogan, A. (Director). (2011,
October 25). Episode 26 [Podcast radio programme]. In C.
Thompson (Producer), Nerdzilla. Hobart, TAS: ABC
Local Radio. Retrieved from
http://www.abc.net.au/local/audio/2011/10/24/
3346730.htm
It is not necessary to insert the full URL, but just the homepage,
especially if the more specific URL is lengthy or likely to change
over time. For a public lecture, insert [Podcast lecture].
Video clip (Youtube) (Hall, 2007) Hall, A. (2007, December 20). How to study at Oxford University
[Video file]. Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vxAU88LxLis
Online or streaming video (Zubrycki, 1991) Zubrycki, T. (Producer & Director), & Chi, J. (Writer). (1991).
Bran nue dae: A musical journey [Video]. Retrieved from
http://www.kanopystreaming.com
Review of a motion picture (Kraus, 1992, p. 1146) Kraus, S. J. (1992). Visions of psychology: A videotext
of classic studies [Review of the motion
picture Discovering Psychology]. Contemporary
Psychology, 37, 1146-1147.
Software (“Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (Version2)”) Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (Version 2) [Computer
or software]. Englewood, NJ: Biostat.
An example of software for individual use is the Eureka (n.d.) Maths Skills Builder [Computer Software].
“Maths Skills Builder” (Eureka, n.d.). Australia: Nodtronics.
Image in a book My car poem [Image]. (2005). In Tunica, M. A passion for
poetry. Newtown: PETA. p.117.
Online lecture (other than Tabor) See Podcasts See Podcasts
22Image online Where a caption to the image is appropriate, use the Human skeleton [Image]. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.
title of the image OR the creator of the image (artist teachpe.com/images/anatomy/skeleton.jpg
or photographer) and date. Saudi Arabia [Topographic map]. (2009). Retrieved from
http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/
Examples from University of Southern Queensland sa.htm
(USQ) (n.d.) Tunbridge, D. I. (2003). Volunteers of the ACT Bushfire
Service lighting a back-burn on the Mount Franklin Road,
Brindabella Ranges, on the night of 11/12 January 2003
[Digital photograph]. Retrieved from http://nla.gov.au/
nla.pic-an24954626
Brochure or Catalogue ...(National Tertiary Education Union, n.d.) National Tertiary Education Union (n.d.). NTEU: The union for all
higher education staff [Brochure]. South Melbourne, Vic:
(Smart Kids, 2012) NTEU.
Smart Kids (2012) Maths and numeracy [Catalogue].
These are examples; you may need to adapt according to
available information.
23Miscellaneous Sources
MATERIAL TYPE IN-TEXT EXAMPLE REFERENCE LIST EXAMPLE
Annual report of an organisation ... as stated in World Vision’s Annual Report (2012) World Vision Australia (2012). Annual Report. Retrieved from
OR http://www.worldvision.com.au/aboutus/
...(World Vision, 2012)... AnnualReportsAndReviews.aspx
Australian Curriculum First time mentioned: Australian Curriculum and Assessment Reporting Authority (n.d.)
... in the Australian Curriculum (Australian Curriculum The Australian curriculum. Retrieved on 14 January 2013
Reporting and Assessment Authority [ACARA], n.d.) from http://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au
Subsequently:
(ACARA, n.d.)
Conference proceedings: published (Wilkinson, 1999, p. 282) Wilkinson, R. (1999). Sociology as a marketing feast. In M. Collis,
L. Munro, & S. Russell (Eds.), Sociology for the New
Millennium. Paper presented at The Australian Sociological
Association, Monash University, Melbourne, 7-10 December
(pp. 281-289). Churchill, Australia: Celts.
Conference proceedings: unpublished (Gidley, 2000) Gidley, V. (2000, October 11-13). Working together to make the
dream a reality. Paper presented at the ATSIM Indigenous
Health Conference, Wahroonga, Australia.
Government Publications (Print) ...as stated in the Accreditation of Initial Teacher Australian Institute for Teaching and School Leadership (2011).
Education Programs in Australia (Australian Institute Accreditation of initial teacher education programs in
for Teaching and School Leadership, 2011) (AITSL). Australia: Standards and procedures. Carlton South, Vic:
Subsequently: (AITSL, 2011) Education Services Australia.
Thesis – published (Arnott, 2005) Arnott, G.D. (2005). Working in aged care and disability services:
An introduction. Croydon, Vic: Tertiary Press.
Thesis - unpublished (Wescombe-Down, 2013) Wescombe-Down, D. (2013). Working with gifted and
Or ... Wescombe-Down (2013) stated that... twice-exceptional undergraduate and postgraduate
Education students in Australia. Unpublished Doctoral
Dissertation, Perth, WA: Curtin University.
24Example of In-text Citations and References
Teachers need to understand the theory behind their subject area in order to interpret curriculum documents appropriately. For
example, an understanding of the Four Resources Model, developed by Luke and Freebody (1999), can help a teacher to interpret the
Australian Curriculum: English (Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority, n.d.) which is based on a similar but different
structure of Language, Literature and Literacy. Furthermore, familiarity with the developmental phases commonly experienced by
children learning to read and write will provide greater depth and suitably targeted teaching approaches for particular groups of children.
As stated by the authors of First Steps, “[First Steps] is only one part of an explicit and cohesive approach to improving literacy learning. It
can be implemented in the company of other programs, and alongside a variety of resources and personal ideas” (Annandale et al., 2003,
pp. 3-4).
Note that References begin on a new page.
25References
Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority. (n.d.). The Australian curriculum: English. Retrieved on 16th January 2012
from http://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/English/
Annandale, K., Bindon, R., Handley, K., Johnston, A., Lockett, L., & Lynch, P. (2003). Linking assessment, teaching and learning (2nd
ed.). Rigby Heinemann.
Luke, A. & Freebody, P. (1999). A map of possible practices: further notes on the four resources model. Practically Primary, 4(2), 5-8.
26References for this Referencing Guide
Monash University. (2012). American Psychological Association (APA ) Style Examples. Retrieved 9 January 2013 from
http://monash.edu/library/skills/resources/tutorials/citing/apa.html
Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). (2010). American Psychological Association.
University of Southern Queensland Library. (n.d.). APA Referencing guide. Retrieved 9 January 2013 from
http://www.usq.edu.au/library/referencing/apa-referencing-guide
Untitled images (n.d.). Retrieved from Clip Art on Office Online.
Kids-study-cartoon.jpeg [image]. (2008). Retrieved from http://shahriar08.files.wordpress.com/2008/11/kids-study-cartoon.jpg
For an online tutorial on referencing, see
Monash University (2012). Demystifying citing and referencing [Power point slides]. Retrieved 9 January 2013 from
http://monash.edu/library/skills/resources/tutorials/citing/index.html
27You can also read
