Reading and interpreting the gateways in contemporary cities: an educational perspective
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Journal of Research and Didactics in Geography (J-READING), 1, 4, June, 2015, pp. 19-28
DOI: 10.4458/5196-03
Reading and interpreting the gateways in contemporary
cities: an educational perspective
Caterina Cirellia, Teresa Grazianob, Enrico Nicosiac, Carmelo Maria Portod
a
Dipartimento di Economia e Impresa, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
b
Dipartimento di Scienze Umanistiche e Sociali, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
c
Dipartimento di Scienze della Formazione, dei Beni Culturali e del Turismo, University of Macerata, Macerata,
Italy
d
Dipartimento di Scienze Cognitive, della Formazione e degli Studi Culturali, University of Messina, Messina,
Italy
Email: cirelca@unict.it
Received: January 2015 – Accepted: March 2015
Abstract
This work aims at highlighting the teaching potentialities of urban geography, in particular the didactic
value of gateways in contemporary cities. Therefore, after a reflection on the still fundamental
pedagogical value of urban geography and its teaching tools, the paper provides a model of reading and
interpreting the city through the study of connections between tourist flows and consumption models in
specific urban places, that is to say, the traditional city gateways such as railway stations, ports and
airports.
Keywords: Gateway, City, Waterfront, Airports, Railway Stations, Multifunctional Spaces
into multiple sub-sectors, related to the different
1. Teaching Urban Geography: the aspects of geography, that is to say the
educational value of the city cognitive, educational, methodological, teaching
gateways and assessing ones (De Vecchis, 2004, 2011).
The main goal of the didactics of geography Geography aims at thinking the geographical
is to “translate” for the school, through an space as a set of territorial systems that have
appropriate scientific processing of results and their own autonomy and, at the same time, are
outputs achieved by research, so that the objects, the results of continuous interactions with
methods and aims of the discipline can different geographical scales and territorial
participate entirely in the educational-teaching systems. Thus the territory is seen as the output
project. The task of transmitting the results of of processes and social relations, by revealing to
research for educational aims is then divided what extent human life is involved in economic,
Copyright© Nuova Cultura Italian Association of Geography Teachers20 Caterina Cirelli, Teresa Graziano, Enrico Nicosia, Carmelo Maria Porto
political and cultural processes. and redevelopment projects, the increasing role
of finance in changing urban structure and the
It is also regarded as a spatial scale where the
spatial implications of neo-liberalism.
city gates play an important role within the
relational processes. From the educational point Apart from the fundamental role played by
of view, the territory highlights the ethical fieldwork (Fuller et al., 2006; Dunphy et al.,
connotation of geography, since the discipline is 2009), new technologies provide a wide range of
not limited to a detached observation of the tools (GIS, Google Earth etc.), many of them
territory, but it helps to suggest solutions for its easily accessible, making it possible to read,
governance through ideas and guidelines, by interpret and consequently teach the evolution of
indicating the resources and strengths to be city structure in a more innovative and appealing
leveraged and the challenges to be faced way if compared with the traditional models of
(Giorda, 2014, pp. 15-30). teaching.
The use of geographically expressed concepts Contemporary cities have recently imposed
and paradigms is still one of the most effective their role as fundamental nodes of wider global
applications in teaching the discipline, since a networks to the point that their future is
well-conceived model can provide an accessible increasingly dependent on their capacity to
and holistic perspective about a multifaceted support the innovative development of urban
issue. gateways. The presence of a city in a network of
global relationships is related to the effectiveness
One of the main fields where geographical
of urban policies inspired by creativity and
models and interpretation tools are usually
innovation that enable cities – not necessarily of a
exploited is the analysis of urban evolution,
higher order – to carve out a leading role in the
since the city structure, even though made even
scenery of international relations (Short et al.,
more complicated by current transformations at
2000).
global level, can be easily read and interpreted
through deeply-established geographical models. As a result, the future of the contemporary
Ranging from well-known traditional models city is increasingly dependent on the ability to
(Kearsley, 1983; Corna Pellegrini, 2007) to the establish itself as a gateway city, regarded not
most recent and innovative ones, the study of the only as a space shaped by the processes of
city evolution today represents one of the most cultural, political and economic globalization,
appealing geographical fields due to the but also as a place where traditional access
fascination it exerts on students of different points (airports, ports, railway stations, roads)
levels as well as its capacity to represent the contribute to shape the hierarchy of functions in
complexity of current global changes. a context of growing global competition.
Since the sixties (age of astonishing Not surprisingly, one of the areas where the
transformations of urban structures), urban extent of current changes is ever more evident is
geography has been regarded as “the most the structure of transports and, consequently, the
important and rapidly expanding focus” of the patterns of spatial organization that affect the
geographical research, since many geographical performance of the cities in which there are
schools had already understood “the fundamental terminals (Ahmed and Miller, 2007),
educational value of urban geography as a subject determining the rank in the urban hierarchy at
which introduces pupils to basic geographical the regional, national or international level
principles in terms of the most familiar (Rodrigue et al., 2006).
environments”(Keeble, 1969, p. 18).
Main international cities, such as the gateway
Today, the vitality of urban geographical cities, operate together as a single network
research, both at the theoretical and system linked to flows of information, capital,
methodological level, reflects the unprecedented new technologies, cultural and ideological
patterns and practices of contemporary cities influences. They not only play a role of modal
deriving from dynamics such as the effects of interchange that allows an easy passage of
urban sprawl, the consequences of regeneration travelers from one kind of transport to another,
Copyright© Nuova Cultura Italian Association of Geography TeachersCaterina Cirelli, Teresa Graziano, Enrico Nicosia, Carmelo Maria Porto 21
but rather they principally represent the core of centuries due to the process of industrialization
the modern network city and are, at the same (Vallega, 1992).
time, symbols of urban and territorial identity
During the eighties, in fact, after the case
(Dematteis, 1991; Dupuy, 1991).
study of Baltimore reported in an article by
As a consequence, current economic structures Wrenn (1983), the theoretical frame was focused
of contemporary cities are shaping new urban on a series of contributions dedicated to the
spaces, where the national and international transformations of urban waterfront, such as that
infrastructures of transports have not only to assure of the French geographer Chaline (1988) who
connection efficiency, but also to reorganize the analyzed the London case. The English
functional hierarchies in order to promote tourism geographer Hoyle (1988) proposed a space-time
development (Rodrigue et al., 2006). model of the dynamics of the port-city relations
organized in five stages (Hoyle et al., 1988) that
Moreover, recent projects of urban
explained the evolution of port cities from the
regeneration have been revealing unexpected
Middle Ages (primitive Cityport) to the present
potentialities of enhancement of such city
day (the stage of expanding port between
gateways, due to the increasing presence of
eighteenth and nineteenth century, the modern
leisure and retail facilities within these places,
industrial Cityport and Maritime Industrial
which contribute to building the first tourist
Development Areas “MIDs”). During this
image of a city.
evolution the port is increasingly far from the
city centre, due to the need for new spaces
which are less dependent on the competition
2. Waterfront and tourism, new
with other land uses (Soriani, 1998).
potentialities of urban revitalisation
The beginning of the process of de-
Ports and waterfronts have been recently industrialization determined the final separation
become among the most studied sub-fields of the of roles between city and port, despite the
geography, due to their strategic importance progressive expansion of Brownfield sites in the
within global economic and urban networks. surroundings of the old port areas. However, this
They thus represent a highly attractive field from will be the driving force for the functional
the pedagogical point of view. redevelopment of many waterfront areas which
Ports are among the oldest urban structures rediscover a new level of relations at the
dedicated to the exchange of people and goods, expense of traditional port activities.
as well as the meeting places for different Thus, the contemporary port-city should be
cultures, perhaps the oldest examples of urban able to interpret the waterfront as a complex
laboratory of cultural mediation. system, apart from considering it as a network of
The first theories about the processes of “geo-communities”, that is to say a specific
functional redevelopment of coastal areas date complex of innovative milieus.
back to the sixties of the last century when the The re-appropriation of the highly original
English geographer J. Bird considered the waterfronts of Amsterdam, Rotterdam and
proximity of the sea as a factor of urban and Hamburg is not only a good example of port
suburban polarization. He proposed a model, reorganization that allows the enhancement and
called Anyport, to explain the dynamics in the reorganization of public spaces, but it also
process of development of the main ports of underlines the ability of these urban communities
northern Europe, with particular reference to to question the old functional system, in order to
those located within estuaries, as in the case of imagine new driving forces of the urban economy.
London (Soriani, 1998). The balance between old and new functions can
Only at the end of the seventies Vigarié promote the revitalization of the city centre, as
(1979) underlined the horizontal relations happened in the London Docklands where the
between ports and coastal areas, to explain the project has been characterized by the association of
growing separation between city and port two images of the city, the one linked to the water
activities in the nineteenth and twentieth activities and the other linked to the new urban
Copyright© Nuova Cultura Italian Association of Geography Teachers22 Caterina Cirelli, Teresa Graziano, Enrico Nicosia, Carmelo Maria Porto
tertiary and quaternary economies at the core of 3. Railway stations as contemporary
the global city. leisure places
During the Olympic Games in 1992 Port Vell Within the wide sub-field of urban geography
in Barcelona was transformed into a huge new and geography of transports, railway stations
“public space” where pedestrians, leisure and have always represented a good example of the
extravagant architectural forms are the tangible ability to attract geography students of different
signs of the renewal undertaken, by involving levels, due to their capacity to fascinate.
the whole metropolitan area (Nicosia, 2009;
Rocca, 2010). Interventions would then be Railway stations have been changing their
carried out on the waterfronts of Lisbon and aims, functions and relationship with the
Genoa to host international major events as – in surrounding urban fabric. Regarded as places to
some cases the only ones – potential tools of intercept flows of people and goods, as well as
urban regeneration which may exert a positive public places of connection between the rail
impact on the capacity of local governance. system and the city, railway stations have a dual
nature: the infrastructure that belongs to the
While the experiences of Bilbao and local system and the functional specialized
Liverpool show how the city can still have the space.
ability to challenge the economic decline of the
post-industrial city, the Harbour Place in Since the second half of the nineteen century,
Baltimore and the whole South Street Sea-port the architecture of railway stations has tended to
of New York clearly show the “spectacle” of the combine the meaning of a new gate of the city
interventions as symbols of post-modernity and technological progress. More frequently
(Harvey, 1993). abroad than in Italy, the façades of the stations
are dominated by a tower, sometimes as a
We should also remember the case of Dubai, functional element for monitoring the line, more
where the coastal projects seem to indicate the often as a symbol of the building. This is the
culmination of difficult and complex research on case of the Prague Main Train Station, with its
the new dimensions of the 21st century city. facade in Art Nouveau style (Ventura, 2004) and
Beyond the already described experiences, the Grand Central Station (more precisely
European and Mediterranean cities should aim at Terminal) in New York, which opened in 1871,
achieving a clever interpretation of existing and today a multi-functional and global space
urban spaces in the process of the recreation of both of transit and leisure, with its several
new urban waterfronts, by trying to enhance the restaurants (the most famous of which is the
sense of place. Oyster Bar) and fast food, as well as delis,
bakeries, newsstands, a food market, a location
Therefore, the processes of redevelopment of of the New York Transit Museum, and more
the waterfront, despite being the result of than forty retail spaces.
different models of development, share the same
theoretical principle, based on an evolution of In the nineteenth century, moreover, the
the contemporary city far from conventional railway stations were built for major events such
patterns. The model of development should be as the World Expositions. This is the case of
smart, competitive, cohesive and sustainable, as Victoria Station, built for the Great Exhibition of
warmly recommended also in the Territorial 1851, which was when the railway line to the
Agenda of the EU (2011). West End of London and Crystal Palace Railway
were created, and the Gare de Lyon in Paris,
Fieldwork in port areas, in cities of different built for the Universal Exhibition of 1900. At the
dimensions and functions, can represent a useful end of the century a prevailing language of
tool for students to understand not only the classical architecture, adopted mainly in French
current changes in waterfront areas but also stations, such as the Paris St Lazare, North, East,
wider transformations that have been affecting Lyon, Montparnasse, Orsay, and later even in
the whole economic system at global level. Budapest, Zurich and Dresden. The railway line
style is even typical of the great American
Copyright© Nuova Cultura Italian Association of Geography TeachersCaterina Cirelli, Teresa Graziano, Enrico Nicosia, Carmelo Maria Porto 23
stations, such as the Union Station in Washington In contemporary cities, travelers are at the
and revised in some cases in Italy, such as in the centre of the new concept of the railway station.
Milan Centrale which is inspired by Assyrian- Commuters, tourists, users of the services in
Babylonian styles. In other circumstances, the general ask for mobility needs to be satisfied
railway line, which has become non-competitive, with high quality services, but they also want to
was gradually abandoned. find social spaces where to meet and spend their
free time in places that allow different
Today, many of the main railway stations of
sociability, which enhance and strengthen the
the past have been dismantled and redeveloped
local identity (Camasso, 2010; Ingallina, 2010;
to assure the rationalization of the network. This
Nicosia, 2013).
is the case of the Penn Station in New York
City, demolished to support a redevelopment The newly-built railway stations, techno-
project that has implied the covering of the logically advanced, are also cleverly conceived
tracks and the realization of Madison Square in terms of appearance and design. The new
Garden. Another example is the Gare d’Orsay in spaces are designed for multiple uses and
Paris, abandoned for demolition in the seventies, functions and their spaces are designed to be
later declared a national monument and then comfortable both for those who have to take a
converted into a museum. train and for those who simply want to buy a
newspaper or have a cup of coffee. An example
Moreover, we should remember the
of redevelopment of European railway stations
Promenade Plantée of Paris, a linear urban park
is that one of Almere, a Dutch town, where the
located on the track of an old abandoned
train station has become a town square from
elevated rail line (ligne de Vincennes) which
which you can observe the passage of trains
extends for more than 4 km from the Place de la
from a window; another example is Basel, where
Bastille.
a shopping mall has been built in the railway
These great architectural works, that have station and finally Dortmund and Lucerne where
become fundamental axes of urban cultural centers have been built near the railway
development, have often been used by many stations (Pini and Boschi, 2004).
directors as locations for their films (de Spuches,
Today, even in Italy, the new organizational
2002), so that they can be used as a useful
structure of the railway stations aims to expand,
teaching aid to show real examples in the
reshape and replace the spaces for passengers’
classroom. Films and television are useful tools
facilities. The Italian Railway Infrastructure
for teaching geography since they provide a
Company of the State Railways Group has
great deal of information useful for the
elaborated several redevelopment projects, in
understanding of the world. The analysis of a
order to reinvent the public space of the railway
film, through an interpretive key of geographical
stations by transforming them into “urban
matrix, can play a significant role in the teaching
plazas” (Ministero delle Infrastrutture, 2007).
plan (De Vecchis, 2011).
While the nineteenth century railway station
Among the different movies, we can mention
traditionally fostered urban development,
Signori in Carrozza! (1951) by Luigi Zampa,
generating new ways of connection or
Stazione Termini (1953) by Vittorio De Sica,
redevelopment, nowadays the railway station is
North by Northwest (1959) by Alfred Hitchcock,
strictly linked to the development of areas
Murder on the Orient Express (1974), directed
devoted to the tertiary, so that they embody one
by Sidney Lumet, based on the novel by Agatha
of the first retail and leisure spaces of the
Christie, Train de vie (1998) by Radu
gateway city.
Mihăileanu, Men in black (I and II 1997 2002)
by Barry Sonnenfeld, Before Sunset (2004) by
Richard Linklater, some sequences of which
were shot along the Promenade Plantée and the
recent Midnight in Paris (2011) by Woody
Allen.
Copyright© Nuova Cultura Italian Association of Geography Teachers24 Caterina Cirelli, Teresa Graziano, Enrico Nicosia, Carmelo Maria Porto
4. Airports as multifunctional spaces analysis of the impact of air traffic and airport
infrastructures is one of the most dynamic areas
Due to the current changes at global and local of research, which focuses primarily on concepts
level, teaching geography in the postmodern age such as connectivity, accessibility, model
implies a holistic approach that takes into account development at different scales and the
the complexity of transformations (Morgan, implications of the global economy (Graham,
2002). A highly interesting subject from the 1995; Vowles, 2006; Shaw and Hesse, 2010).
pedagogical standpoint is the role of modern
airports in reconfiguring interconnections within The ability of an airport node to act as a
city systems as well as providing unprecedented cohesive territorial element is particularly evident
patterns of the use of urban and suburban spaces. in the case of the Airport System, a system of
airports of different sizes and functions making
Although located near the urban belt, at a up an integrated infrastructure in a large
certain distance from metropolitan centres, the metropolitan area. The London airports, which
airport has a significant influence on the include London Heathrow, London Stansted,
surrounding socio-economic area as well as on London Gatwick, London Southend and London
the nearby city, linked together through a network City, is an example.
of more or less integrated infrastructures and
connections. While these great Airport Systems are usually
located in already very dense areas in terms of
Today the airport plays the same role of economic, political and social structures, on the
reconfiguration of the socio-economic structures other hand even a single airport located close to a
in the urban landscapes that was already played medium-sized city is able to exert significant
by the railway stations at the time of the first impact in terms of urbanization, patterns of
Industrial Revolution (Güller and Güller, 2001). spatial organization, employment implications
What is more, it acts as a magnet for local and functional hierarchies (O’Connor and
economy by linking the global network of Fuelhart, 2012).
interconnections and urban hierarchies. In
addition to influencing existing settlements, The performance of efficiency and
changing ranks and functions in the hierarchy of accessibility guaranteed by air transport, in fact,
urban nodes, an air terminal can establish itself represents a competitive advantage not only for
as a player of urban development (Dematteis, the global cities (Sassen, 2010), but also for
1996). It also nourishes hybrid forms of settlements of smaller size and rank that thanks
urbanization close to main agglomerations, by to the presence of an airport can establish
creating urban sprawl which connects semi-rural themselves as gateway cities at a national or
urbanized areas located between the existing international level (Short et al., 2000; Geurs and
settlements. van Wee, 2004; Ahmed and Miller, 2007).
Thanks to an airport, these cities can also enable
There are five categories of impacts linked to innovative processes for development, linked to
the economic activities of the airport, which knowledge economy, typical of the smart city or
interact with each other: the direct impact, which the creative city (Florida, 2005).
includes activities related to the air transport of
goods and people inside the airport; the indirect It is by no accident that the geography of the
impact, or activities outside the airport, but contemporary air system reflects the current
destined to users; the induced impact, determined geo-economic scenery. In addition to the
by the multiplicative effects of the previous development of regional hubs in Southeast Asia
categories; the catalytic impact, which identifies – Hong Kong, Singapore, Bangkok (O’Connor,
the airport as a catalyst for investment, resulting 1995) – countries with “emerging” economies
in employment, income and tax revenues; the such as India, China or Brazil have understood
overall impact, or the sum of all previous the need for integration in the airline system as a
categories. prerequisite to intercept global flows of capital,
goods, people and information (Hooper, 1998;
Due to the growing importance of global Bowen, 2000; Jin, Wang and Liu, 2004).
airports, even in the geography of transport the
Copyright© Nuova Cultura Italian Association of Geography TeachersCaterina Cirelli, Teresa Graziano, Enrico Nicosia, Carmelo Maria Porto 25
The airports based on a new concept include possible to grasp some factors that data do not
a wide range of urban values because of the underline, that is to say, aesthetic/architectural
proliferation of features and facilities linked to elements and the organization of leisure and
leisure and retail industries. In the international service spaces within the airport system.
rankings of the most popular airports chosen by
passengers – but also rewarded by experts –
there are terminals such as those located in Hong 5. Conclusions
Kong, Singapore and Seoul that, in addition to
the highest levels of accessibility and intermodal Geography is a discipline that can make a
connections with other transport infrastructures, significant contribution to addressing current
ensure passengers patterns of consumption and urban changes on the local and global scale. Its
high-level services. In particular, despite being teaching can promote a greater awareness of the
one of the largest freight hubs, the airport of socio-economic and cultural transformation of
Hong Kong, the first in the 2011ranking, boasts contemporary cities through the development of
several lounge rooms, high-level restaurants, knowledge, skills and values in students that
golf, 3D cinema, wi-fi, as well as a link to trains encourage an effective model of interpretation of
to and from the city centre that allows remote city structure (see also Pasquinelli d’Allegra,
check-in from the railway station. The Singapore 1998; Laneve, 2003; Wellen et al., 2006; De
Changi Airport, the second in 2011, offers Vecchis, 2004, 2011). In particular, the analysis
passengers the opportunity to benefit from of gateway functions can provide a different
swimming pools, spas, prayer rooms, roof model of understanding current urban systems.
gardens and retail arcades. The Seoul Incheon, The gateway functions do not necessarily
ranked third, has private rooms for resting, free depend on the status of a global city, but rather
showers, spa, golf, ice-skating, roof garden, as on the ability to develop innovative urban
well as a museum of Korean culture and open policies focused on intermodal ways of
spaces for shows and live performances. transport. It is especially in urban settlements of
Thus, such hubs represent the first tourist higher order that the integrated and systemic
sites of a gateway city, because passengers do approach in urban planning and transport has
not only pass through them, but they really visit allowed the “gates” of the city to serve not only
and use them as leisure or retail spaces. as places of access, but as real multifunctional
spaces, which have often turned out to be
As a result, modern airports can no longer be development potentials, even for tourism
considered as simple interchange nodes, because (Graham, 2000). In fact, the gateways of the
they are increasingly becoming multifunctional contemporary cities contribute to building the
citadels of leisure, shopping and services. They first image of the city, apart from acting as one
are not only simple transit spaces, but they of the main players of the whole urban economy.
appear as a patchwork of specific micro-spaces
where passengers are entertained, through a From the strictly didactical perspective, it
wide range of services that join the patterns of could be interesting to organize a workshop
shopping centers with those related to the leisure about gateway cities, made up of a first
industry (Adey, 2007), which helps to create the theoretical stage followed by a tutorial one,
first image – even the tourist one – of the city. based on the use of new technologies, and
finally by fieldwork.
From a pedagogical point of view, the in-
depth study of the impact of an airport can First of all, students can compare different
provide useful information about the functional city systems according to their transport
role of the transport system and the nearby networks and gateways, both at the global level
urbanized area. The study can be based both on and the local one, by calculating the centrality
the examination of flows based on official indexes as well as measuring specialization and
sources (data and statistics) and more innovative polarization among cities.
educational tools, such as pictures, videos, The teacher can lead students in making this
websites analysis. Through these tools it is comparison of different gateway cities by
Copyright© Nuova Cultura Italian Association of Geography Teachers26 Caterina Cirelli, Teresa Graziano, Enrico Nicosia, Carmelo Maria Porto
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systems at the different levels as well as didattica della geografia”, in Bozzato S.
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Secondly, students can also use new
5. Bowen J., “Airline hubs in Southeast Asia:
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