RAPTORS A POCKET FIELD GUIDE TO - A Rocha Canada
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A POCKET FIELD GUIDE TO RAPTORS OF THE PEMBINA VALLEY REGION www.arocha.ca
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Osprey About raptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Vulture Osprey How to use this guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Turkey Vulture
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Vultures (Turkey Vulture) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Osprey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Eagles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Harrier Bald Eagle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Northern Harrier
Golden Eagle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Harriers (Northern Harrier) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Eagle Accipiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Bald Eagle Sharp-shinned Hawk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Golden Eagle Cooper’s Hawk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Northern Goshawk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Accipiter Buteos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Sharp-shinned Hawk Broad-winged Hawk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Cooper’s Hawk Swainson’s Hawk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Northern Goshawk Red-tailed Hawk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Rough-legged Hawk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Falcons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Falcon Buteo
American Kestrel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
American Kestrel Broad-winged Hawk
Merlin Swainson’s Hawk Merlin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Gyrfalcon Red-tailed Hawk Peregrine Falcon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Peregrine Falcon Ferruginous Hawk Rare raptors in the Pembina Valley Region . . 39
Rough-legged Hawk Check-list of raptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
1 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS INTRODUCTION
Funding for this pocket guide was provided by Birds of prey have fascinated people through the
the Canadian Wildlife Federation, Manitoba ages. They have appeared in the courts of kings,
Tourism Secretariat and A Rocha donors. Special on the arms of falconers and have been studied
thanks goes to the following people who by many biologists and scientists. For anyone
provided photographs: Alfred Aug, Vic Berardi, who has grown up on the prairies, the lazy
Gordon Court, Jerry Liguori, Bob Shettler, Phil circling of a hawk on a warm summer day is an
Swanson, Dennis Swayze, Robert Visconti and iconic memory. Historically persecuted for their
Brian Wheeler. Raymond Klassen produced the real or perceived threat as “chicken hawks”,
initial raptor silhouettes. Many thanks to Valorie raptors are now recognized as important links in
Goossen, Rudolph Koes, Allen Schritt, Bob sustaining the ecosystem. Legislation protects all
Shettler and Peter Taylor for their review of the raptors in North America and for some species
guide. Pembina Valley Tourism Association additional conservation measures are needed as
facilitated funding for this guide. Special thanks they are considered species at risk.
to Yvonne Peters for her excellent work on the
design of this guide. This booklet could not have Birds of prey can be seen in any season of the
been produced effectively without the aid of year, but one of the best times to see raptors is in
reference material (see Bibliography). Cover spring. For the novice birdwatcher, identifying
photo by A. Aug. Cover background image by birds of prey can be a major challenge and the
Raymond Klassen. cause of much frustration. Even experts can have
difficulty with raptor identification. Many raptors
look very similar to each other because of their
mottled and dull plumages. Adding to the
challenge of identification are the differing
plumages among juveniles, subadults as well as
adults. Also, some species have different
colour morphs.
Recommended citation: Goossen, J. Paul. 2015. A pocket field guide
to raptors of the Pembina Valley Region, second edition. A Rocha
Canada, Morden, Manitoba and Surrey, British Columbia. 42 pp.
Printed on FSC certified paper.
Prairie Falcon
© 2015 A Rocha Canada. All rights reserved. Photo by V. Berardi
3 4
ABOUT RAPTORS HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE
The term raptor applies to birds of prey including This field guide is intended to be a helpful
hawks, falcons, eagles and owls. Raptors are birds introduction to the novice birdwatcher and a
which capture and consume other living creatures quick reference guide for the expert in the
or feed on dead animals (carrion). Generally the identification of raptors in the PVR (see map on
term raptor applies to birds of prey which are back cover). The guide focuses on the
active during the day (diurnal) thereby excluding identification of raptors in flight.
owls which are mostly active at night (nocturnal).
Of the 21 diurnal raptor species recorded in So how do you use this guide? First determine
Manitoba, only 16 breed in the province. that the bird you are viewing is a raptor. Then
consult the silhouette guide on the front inside
Diurnal raptors can be grouped into seven cover to decide what type of raptor you are
categories: vultures, osprey, eagles, harriers, looking at. Is it a vulture, osprey, eagle, harrier,
accipiters, buteos and falcons. Vultures are accipiter, buteo or falcon? Once you have
soaring birds which feed primarily on carrion and decided what type of raptor you are observing,
rely on their sense of smell and good eyesight to consult the section in the guide that pertains to
find food. Ospreys are the fish hawks of the raptor that group of raptors. For those unfamiliar with
world. Eagles are large birds known for their the topographical terminology of birds, please
strong flight and powerful strength. Harriers are check the glossary section of this guide for
often seen flying low over marshes or grasslands definitions and see Figure 1 which illustrates
in search of small rodents. Accipiters are agile and many of the terms.
swift woodland hawks that pursue
songbirds. Buteos are the chunky hawks
seen soaring over fields and open
woodlands or perched on telephone or
hydro poles. Falcons are the fast, powerful
aerial hunters of the raptor world.
In the Pembina Valley Region (PVR), raptors live
in or near a variety of habitats including forests, Rough-legged Hawk
riparian woodlands, marshes, lakes and grasslands. Photo by V. Berardi
5 6
GLOSSARY
Adult – a bird that has reached full adult plumage. Trailing edge – the back edge of the extended
Armpit – area where underwing coverts meet wing.
body. Underwing coverts – small feathers on the open
Diurnal – active during the day. underwing covering the bases of the flight
Fingers – descriptive term referring to primary feathers.
feathers of a wing. Wing panel – area of light colouration on the
Flight feathers – the primary and secondary primary feathers.
feathers. Wrist – the bend in the wing.
Juvenile – a bird that is in its first year. Figure 1. Topography
Leading edge – the front edge of the extended Subterminal
of a raptor. Band
wing.
Morph – a descriptor of the overall colouring of a
bird (e.g., light, dark). Armpit
Moustache – a dark vertical facial mark. Belly Band
Nape – the upper neck region just below the head.
Patagium – fold of skin between the wrist and the Nape
body.
Primary feathers – the long feathers at the outer Patagium
edge of an open wing.
Rump – the region between the base of the tail Wrist
and the back.
Secondary feathers – the long inner feathers Leading
between the primary feathers and the body. Edge
Subadult – a bird that has not acquired an adult
plumage. Age may range between 1-5 years Fingers
depending on the species. Terminal Band
Subterminal band – second last band near the tip Trailing Edge
of the tail.
Terminal band – last band at the tip of the tail. Secondary Feathers
Topography – pertains to the external features of
a bird. Red-tailed Hawk Primary Feathers
7 Photo by A. Aug 8
VULTURES edges are darkish. Golden Eagle has large head
with golden nape and has steady stable flight.
TURKEY VULTURE Rough-legged Hawk has dark subterminal
(Cathartes aura) undertail band.
Size: Large raptor. Larger than Red-tailed Hawk. Status in the Pembina Valley
Region: Breeds. Arrives in late
Key identifiers: Large dark raptor, small red March or early April. Highest
head, white or ivory bill. Long wings, two-toned total spring count in the
underwings (black coverts, silvery flight Pembina Valley is 360
feathers). Long tail, silvery on underside. (2013).
Flight characteristics: Rarely flaps its wings,
usually seen soaring with wings held in a strong
V over its back (dihedral position). Teetering and
unsteady flight when soaring.
Confusing species: Golden Eagle and dark
morph Rough-legged Hawk. These species also
have two-toned underwings but their trailing
Photo by P. Swanson
TURKEY
9
VULTURE 10
OSPREY
OSPREY
OSPREY
(Pandion haliaetus)
Size: Large raptor. Larger than Red-tailed Hawk.
Key identifiers: Large raptor, whitish breast,
belly and underwing coverts. Dark brown back
and upper wings. Long, narrow wings crooked at
wrist which extends even with or beyond the
head. Wings appear in shape of a “W” or “M”
with dark wrist patches. White head with dark
brown eye stripe extending to neck. Long tail.
Flight characteristics: Wings are slightly bowed
downward; shallow, stiff wing beats.
Occasionally soars.
Confusing species: From a distance gulls may
look similar but lack the dark eye stripe and dark
wrist on the underwings and do not show
“fingers” on the wing. Subadult Bald Eagles may
be mistaken for Osprey. Osprey are smaller with a
white breast.
Status in the Pembina Valley Region: Migrant.
First arrival during second week in April.
Highest total spring count in the Pembina Valley
is 243 (2013).
11 Photo by A. Aug 12
Adult
EAGLES Photo by V. Berardi
BALD EAGLE
(Haliaeetus leucocephalus)
Size: Larger than Red-tailed Hawk.
Key identifiers: Adult - White head, dark body
and wings, white tail, yellow bill. Adult plumage
attained in five years. Subadults (1-4 years) -
various dark and white plumage patterns. Highly
variable mottling on body and wings. Underwing
coverts generally whitish.
Flight characteristics: Flapping, gliding and
soaring. Heavy, lumbering, flat wing beat. Plank-
like wings held flat when soaring.
Confusing species: Subadults can be confused
with Golden Eagles. Golden Eagles have golden
nape, tawny bar on upper wings (except juveniles)
and proportionally smaller head compared to the
rest of the body. Golden Eagles soar with wings
held in slight dihedral.
Status in the Pembina Valley Region: Breeds but
most are migrants. May overwinter, feeding on
wild or domestic carrion. Migrants first seen
around mid February. Highest total spring count in
the Pembina Valley is 1,868 (2013).
Subadult (early)
13 14
BALD EAGLE Photo by A. Aug
GOLDEN EAGLE
GOLDEN
(Aquila chrysaetos) EAGLE
Size: Larger than Red-tailed Hawk.
Key identifiers: Adult - golden nape and dark
body. Tawny upper wing bar, silvery underwing
flight feathers, dark band along trailing edge of
underwing. Juvenile - golden nape, dark body, Juvenile
lacks tawny wing bar. White wing patch visible
on upper and underwing. White tail with broad
dark band. Subadult - golden nape and dark body.
Tawny upper wing bar; base of primaries can be
white. White tail with dark broad band. Less
white in tail and primaries with age. At a
distance, shape like large buteo.
Flight characteristics: Strong, slow wing beats.
Soars with wings in slight V shape.
Confusing species: Subadult Bald Eagle, dark
morph Red-tailed Hawk and dark morph Rough-
legged Hawk - all lack golden nape. Bald Eagle
head larger and body bulkier than Golden Eagle's.
Red-tailed Hawk is smaller, has shorter wings
and lighter underwing flight feathers than Golden
Adult
Eagle. Dark morph Rough-legged Hawk, Photos by P. Swanson
compared to adult Golden Eagle, has whitish
underwing primary and secondary feathers, and a
whitish tail with one or more black bands.
Status in the Pembina Valley Region: Migrant.
First seen around mid February. Highest total
spring count in the Pembina Valley is 104 (2013).
15 16
HARRIERS
NORTHERN HARRIER
(Circus cyaneus)
Size: Medium-sized raptor.
Comparable to American Crow.
Female
Photo by
Key identifiers: Appears R. Visconti
lanky; long tail and wings.
White rump (not visible when
viewing bird from below). Owl-like face. Males
undersides are almost white, back is grey. Upper
wings are grey with black wingtips and black
trailing edge. Females brown with streaked
breast.
Flight characteristics: Flaps and
glides in a rocking motion. Wings in
slight V over back. Often flies near
ground. Soars but not as much as
some other diurnal raptors.
Confusing species: Flight is similar to Turkey
Vulture, but harriers are smaller. Depending on
flight mode and weather conditions can take on
buteo or falcon-like appearance.
Status in the Pembina Valley Region: Breeds.
First migrants arrive after mid March. Highest
total spring count in the Pembina Valley is 198
(2013). Male
Photo by A. Aug
17 18ACCIPITERS
SHARP-SHINNED HAWK
(Accipiter striatus)
Size: Small accipiter. Comparable to a Blue Jay
but a bit larger.
Key identifiers: Short, small head barely extends
past leading edge of wings. Wings held forward.
Square tail.
Flight characteristics: 3-6 rapid wing beats then
glides. Flitty flight style. Soars with wings flat.
Confusing species: Cooper's Hawk has
proportionally longer head than Sharp-shinned
Hawk when compared to rest of body and
rounded, long tail.
Status in the Pembina Valley Region: Migrant.
Arrives in late March or early April. Highest total
spring count in the Pembina Valley is 1,591
(2013).
Photos by V. Berardi
19 20COOPER'S HAWK
COOPER’S
(Accipiter cooperii)
HAWK
Size: Medium-sized accipter. Comparable to
American Crow.
Key identifiers: Cooper's head extends past
leading edge of wings. Appears long and lanky,
head extends beyond wrists, rounded tail.
Flight characteristics: 3-6 wing beats (not as
rapid as a Sharp-shinned Hawk) and then glides.
When soaring, looks like a flying cross with
leading edge of wings straight.
Confusing species:
Sharp-shinned Hawk has
proportionally smaller head
compared to the rest of its
body and square tail.
Status in the
Pembina Valley
Region: Breeds.
Migrants generally
first seen in late
March or early
April. Highest
total spring count
in the Pembina
Valley is 123
(2013).
Photo by B. Wheeler Photo by J. Liguori
21 22NORTHERN GOSHAWK
(Accipiter gentilis)
Size: Large accipiter. Larger
than an American Crow.
Key identifiers: Dark crown,
wings and back. Breast finely
scaled with grey. Long, white
eyebrow. White, fluffy under-
tail feathers. Broad tail.
Body
appears
heavy.
Flight
characteristics:
Several wing beats
followed by a glide. Wing beats are Photo by
heavy, deep and laboured. Soars. J. Liguori
Confusing species: Sharp-shinned and Cooper's
hawks. Northern Goshawk is larger and stockier.
Wing beats shallower and slower. Upper wings
are two-toned while Sharp-shinned and Cooper's
hawks are more uniformly coloured.
Status in the Pembina Valley Region: Migrant.
First seen in early to mid March. Highest total
spring count in the Pembina Valley is 56 (2005).
Photo by B. Wheeler
23 24Photo by
BUTEOS SWAINSON'S D. Swayze
HAWK
BROAD-WINGED HAWK (Buteo platypterus) (Buteo swainsoni)
Size: Small buteo. Comparable to American Crow. Size: Medium-sized
buteo. Comparable to
Key identifiers: Light morph - Brown upperparts. Red-tailed Hawk.
Light underparts. Breast mottled white and brown.
Dark primary tips and trailing edge. Distinct Key identifiers: Light
white-and-black banded tail. Dark morph (rare) - morph - Dark brown
Dark body and underwing linings. Distinct white- head. White throat
and-black banded tail. One white tail band wider patch and brown bib.
than the others as in light morph. Pale to white underwing
linings contrasting with brown, barred flight
Flight characteristics: Soaring, gliding and feathers giving a two-toned appearance. Leading
flapping. edge of wing is pale to white. Long pointy wings.
Dark morph - Brown including underwing
Confusing species: Red-shouldered linings.
Hawk adult has rufous underwing
linings, white patches on outer upper Flight characteristics: Soaring and gliding.
wings and narrow white tail bands. Wings slightly V-shaped over back. Teetering
flight like Turkey Vulture.
Status in the Pembina
Valley Region: Breeds. Confusing species: Red-tailed Hawk.
Arrives after mid April. Swainson's lacks dark patagial wing marking,
Highest total count breast band and rufous tail of the Red-tailed
in the Pembina Hawk.
Valley is 733
(2013). Status in the Pembina Valley Region: Breeds.
Usually first seen in early April. Highest total
spring count in the Pembina Valley is 133 (2013).
Photo by P. Swanson
25 26
BROAD-WINGED HAWK SWAINSON’S HAWKRED-TAILED HAWK (Buteo jamaicensis) Eastern Red-tailed Hawk
Head medium brown, white throat, belly band
Size: Medium-sized buteo. Comparable to less defined than Western, sometimes absent,
Common Raven. underwing linings and body whitish, patagial
markings moderate to distinct.
Key identifiers: Wide range of plumage
variation from light to intermediate to dark Krider's - Very light morph of Eastern race.
morphs. Partial or complete albinism is rare. Considerable white on head, body and
Three races in Pembina Valley Region: underwings. Patagial markings faint.
Western, Eastern and Harlan’s. Breast band absent or faint. Tail a
faint rufous.
Western Red-tailed Hawk
Light morph - Dark head and throat.
Breast band usually distinct.
Rufous tail. Dark patagial
markings.
Dark morph - Breast and
underwings dark. Dark
head. Multi-banded Eastern
rufous tail. Intermediate Photo by V. Berardi
morph has rufous and dark
body.
Western - Intermediate
Photo by P. Swanson
Krider’s
Photo by J. Liguori
27 Western - Light 28
Photo by P. SwansonHarlan's Red-tailed Hawk
Light morph - Light body and breast band.
Distinct dark patagial markings. Tail is greyish or
whitish mottled with smudgy terminal band or
distinctly banded.
Dark morph - Very dark. Nearly solid black body
and underwings. Tail greyish or whitish, mottled
with smudgy terminal band or distinctly
banded.
Flight characteristics: Soars with wings in
slight V shape. Slightly tucked when
gliding.
Confusing species: Swainson's
Hawk has pointed wings.
Lacks rufous tail and belly
band. Ferruginous
Hawk is larger. Tail
lacks subterminal
band.
Status in the Photo by A. Aug
Pembina Valley
Region: Breeds.
First migrants seen
about mid March. Highest total spring count in
the Pembina Valley is 12,488 (2013).
Photo by J. Liguori
29 30ROUGH-LEGGED HAWK (Buteo lagopus) Size: Medium-sized buteo. Comparable to Red-tailed Hawk. Key identifiers: Light morph - Body and underwing linings mottled white and black. Dark wrist patches. Black trailing edge. Dark broad belly band. Distinct broad, black tail band. Dark morph - Body black to Photo by B. Shettler dark brown. Underwings white or slightly mottled. Black lining on trailing edge. Distinct black band on broad tail. Flight characteristics: Gliding and soaring. Wings held in V fashion. Hovers when hunting. Confusing species: Red-tailed Hawk and Northern Harrier. Similar shape to Red-tailed Hawk. Rough-legged Hawk has longer tail, not rufous coloured. Northern Harrier has white rump. Status in the Pembina Valley Region: Migrant. Photo by G. Court Seen as early as late February. Highest total spring count in the Pembina Valley is 77 (2007). 31 32
FALCONS
AMERICAN KESTREL
(Falco sparverius)
Size: Small falcon. Comparable to but larger
than Blue Jay.
Female
Photo by R. Visconti
Key identifiers: Adult male - White cheeks with
facial moustache. Rufous back. Upper wings
blue-grey. Light underwings. Trailing edge has
white spots, visible in good light. Spotted
belly. Distinct rufous, black-tipped tail.
Adult female - Facial moustache. Rufous
back and upper wing. Streaked breast and
belly. Rufous tail with numerous dark bands. Female
Photo by R. Visconti
Flight characteristics: Flap-gliding flight.
Wings flat when soaring. Rapid wing beat. Flight
is dainty, buoyant, fluttery and wandering. Male
Photo by R. Visconti
Confusing species: Merlin. Lack of distinct
moustache, darker appearance, heavier wing
beat and lack of rufous back and rusty tail
separate Merlin from the kestrel.
Status in the Pembina Valley Region:
Breeds. First migrants seen in late March
or early April. Highest total spring count
in the Pembina Valley is 59 (2013).
Male
Photo by B. Wheeler
33 34MERLIN (Falco columbarius) Photos by J. Liguori
Size: Small falcon. Slightly larger than American
Kestrel.
Key identifiers: Adult male – Small,
stocky with bluish-grey back and
wings. Wings tapered. Tail has distinct
dark bands. Light, streaked
underparts. Adult female - larger,
brown appearance overall. Light,
Male
streaked underparts. Tail banded.
Flight characteristics: Rapid,
continuous, strong wing beat.
Occasionally soars. Tail appears two-
toned when soaring high.
Confusing species: American Kestrel
and Prairie Falcon. Kestrel is slighter
than Merlin and has reddish-brown
back and tail. Prairie Falcon may Female
appear similar to Merlin from a
distance but at close range its
larger size and dark armpits distinguish it
from the Merlin.
Status in Pembina Valley Region: Breeds.
Migrants first seen in late March or early April.
Highest total spring count in the Pembina Valley Female
is 88 (2013).
35 36
MERLINPEREGRINE FALCON (Falco peregrinus) Confusing species: Prairie Falcon. Lighter
overall colour and dark armpits distinguish
Size: Medium-sized falcon. Comparable to Prairie Falcon from Peregrine Falcon.
American Crow.
Status in the Pembina Valley Region: Migrant.
Key identifiers: Dark head and moustache. First seen in late March or early April. Highest
Upper body and wings blue-grey. Throat and total spring count in the Pembina Valley is 210
chest white. Underwings and lower body barred. (2013).
Flight characteristics: Swift, strong, shallow
wing beat. Soars occasionally with tapered, flat
wings.
Photos by D. Swayze
37 38RARE RAPTORS IN THE CHECK-LIST OF RAPTORS
PEMBINA VALLEY REGION OF THE PEMBINA VALLEY REGION
Common Name Status √
RED-SHOULDERED HAWK
(Buteo lineatus) Black Vulture Rare Migrant
a
Status: Rare migrant. Turkey Vulture Breeds
Osprey Migrant
Photo by
Photo by B. Wheeler Bald Eagle Breeds
G. Court GYRFALCON
Golden Eagle Migrant
(Falco rusticolus)
a
Status: Northern Harrier Breeds
Rare migrant. Sharp-shinned Hawk Migrant
Cooper’s Hawk Breeds
Northern Goshawk Migrant
BLACK VULTURE Red-shouldered Hawk Rare Migrant
(Coragyps atratus)
a
Broad-winged Hawk Breeds
Status: Rare migrant. Photo by
V. Berardi Swainson’s Hawk Breeds
Red-tailed Hawk Breeds
PRAIRIE FALCON Ferruginous Hawk Rare Migrant
(Falco mexicanus)
a
Rough-legged Hawk Migrant
Photo by Status: Rare migrant.
B. Wheeler American Kestrel Breeds
Merlin Breeds
FERRUGINOUS HAWK Gyrfalcon Rare Migrant
(Buteo regalis)
Photo by
a Prairie Falcon Rare Migrant
V. Berardi Status: Rare migrant.
Peregrine Falcon Migrant
39 40Liguori, J. 2005. Hawks from every angle.
BIBLIOGRAPHY Princeton University Press. Princeton, New
Jersey. 132 pp.
American Ornithologists' Union. Check-list of
North and Middle American birds. Retrieved 19 Manitoba Avian Research Committee. 2003. The
March 2015 from http://checklist.aou.org/taxa/. birds of Manitoba. Manitoba Naturalists Society,
Winnipeg. 504 pp.
Bildstein, K., J.P. Smith, E. Ruelas Inzunza and
R.R. Veit. 2008. State of North America's birds Manitoba Breeding Bird Atlas. Retrieved 26
of prey. Series in Ornithology, No. 3. Nuttall March 2015 from http://birdatlas.mb.ca.
Ornithological Club and the American
Ornithologists Union. Cambridge and National Geographic Society. Field guide to the
Washington, D. C. 466 pp. birds of North America. 1st and 2nd edition.
Washington, D.C. 464 pp.
Earley, C.G. 2004. Hawks & Owls of the Great
Lakes Region & eastern North America. Firefly Pembina River Watershed Planning Authority.
Books, Richmond Hill, Ontario. 128 pp. 2011. Pembina River integrated watershed
management plan. Pembina River Watershed
Ferguson-Lees, J. and D.A. Christie. 2005. Planning Authority. 38 pp. plus appendices.
Raptors of the world. Princeton University
Press. Princeton, New Jersey. 320 pp. Sibley, D.A. 2000. The Sibley guide to birds.
National Audubon Society. Alfred A. Knopf, New
Godfrey, W.E. 1986. The birds of Canada York. 544 pp.
(Revised Edition). National Museum of Natural
Sciences, Ottawa. 595 pp. Wheeler, B.K. and W.S. Clark. 2003. A
photographic guide to North American raptors.
Princeton University Press.
Princeton, New Jersey.
198 pp.
Ferruginous Hawk
Photo by V. Berardi
41 42THE PEMBINA VALLEY REGION
The Pembina Valley Region harbours a rich
diversity of flora and fauna. Although agriculture
is predominant in the region, wildlife habitats can
be found in woodlots and wetlands, along streams
and rivers and in grasslands. Within this region,
the Pembina Valley is a significant riparian
corridor and an important migratory thoroughfare
for thousands of birds including raptors. The
Pembina River, with its source in the Turtle
Mountains, flows through this region into the
United States where it empties into the Red River
near Pembina, North Dakota. Slopes of the
Pembina Valley are typically covered by
deciduous forest and shrubs.
N
MAP LEGEND
Pembina Valley Border
PEMBINA VALLEY WINNIPEG
U.S. Border
Highway Starbuck
Divided Highway
13 San-
Local or Gravel Road S Fanny- ford 247
Stelle
Community 2 Elm
Customs Creek Domain
St. Claude
305
240 Brunkild
245 75
245 3 Rosenort
Roseisle Carman Aubigny
Somerset 332
244 422
Miami 200
23 Roland
Mariapolis Lowe Morris
240 432 3
34 La Rivière
306 Farm
Manitou 428
Darlingford Plum Coulee
Pilot
Mound 3 Winkler
14 Letellier
Morden
Crystal 242 201
City
Snowflake
31 432
32 201 Altona
421
201 Emerson
A Rocha
Pembina Valley
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