RaiSE SIN GAPORE - Insights Brief February 2018
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Insights Brief
February 2018
C
An initiative by
raiSE
SINGAPORE
Centre for Social Enterprise
C
R
CONTENT PAGE 02 Introduction 03 An Initiative by raiSE 04 LeapForGood Programme Design 06 Methodology 08 Frameworks 10 Key Insights Matrix 12 Insights on Seniors 13 Introduction 16 Public engagement 18 Leveraging seniors' skills (1) 22 Fighting ageism and changing negative perceptions (2) 26 Encouraging lifelong learning (3) 30 Building self-confidence (4) 34 Breaking social isolation (5) 38 Understanding mobility (6) 42 Insights on Caregivers 43 Introduction 46 Public engagement 48 Balancing caregiving and work (7) 52 Restoring self-confidence (8) 56 Providing caregiving knowledge (9) 60 Giving caregivers relief (10) 64 Offering emotional support (11) 68 Resolving trade-offs of childminding (12) 72 Conclusion 73 Programme Partners 74 Research Partners 75 Researchers Resources 76 References
3
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION AN INITIATIVE BY Coated:
Pantone P 172-16 C
Pantone 512 C
raiSE
The LeapForGood (LFG) programme This year, the focus will be on the The Singapore Centre for Social
is back! We have been heartened needs of seniors and caregivers in the Enterprise
CMYK (print): (raiSE) was set up to raise
by the outcomes, enthusiasm of the domains of work, life, and play. awareness on social entrepreneurship
C: 60 M: 54 Y: 48 K: 60
community and positive feedback and raise support for social enterprises
from LFG 2016. It is our desire that In this programme, we want to put in Singapore. raiSE hopes to strengthen
SINGAPORE
C: 53 M: 94 Y: 23 K: 6
this year’s LFG will continue to build the people we are designing for (the Centre for Social Enterprise the social enterprise sector in
connections among the various WHO) and the needs that matter most Singapore
RGB (web): and encourage the growth
communities and individuals who to them (the WHAT) at the heart of of social #3b3a3d enterprises as a sustainable
share our passion, and inspire more our discovery. We believe this human- way to address social needs.
passionate individuals in taking the centred approach (the HOW) can
# 853175
leap to create a better future through inspire innovative solutions that are raiSE provides a range of support
the power of social entrepreneurship. more desirable to their needs, feasible to help social enterprises from start
in becoming a reality sooner than to mature stages, such as funding,
The goals of the LFG programme are later, and viable through sustainable advisory services, training, relevant
three-fold: Firstly, to raise awareness of business models. resources and networks. raiSE also
emerging social needs in Singapore; looks to encourage collaboration and
secondly, to inspire the ideation We hope this Insights Brief will help sharing of information between social
of solutions through cross-sector to kickstart your discovery into these enterprises and voluntary welfare
collaborations to address these needs; social needs and inspire you into organisations. raiSE welcomes the
and thirdly, to catalyse the emergence action. We look forward to supporting support of corporations and individuals
of social entrepreneurs – ordinary and growing with you to create a who would like to contribute or play a
people who are extraordinarily better future for seniors and caregivers! role in the social enterprise sector.
curious, creative and courageous in
championing social change – through Yours Sincerely,
supporting individuals in setting up
social enterprises or developing new The LeapForGood 2018 Team
initiatives within their organisations to Singapore Centre for Social Enterprise,
meet these needs. raiSE Ltd
5
LEAPFORGOOD
INTRODUCTION
PROGRAMME DESIGN
These design challenges are derived using a human-centred design approach
that allows practitioners to gain empathy and insights into the latent needs
and motivations of users. The programme’s multi-phase process encourages
collaborations among different stakeholders (users, service providers, designers,
business owners) to create concepts and test prototypes rapidly. Instead of
having users change and accommodate their behaviours, products and services
can be tailored to solve their needs. Below is an outline of the 4 phases of our
programme:
PHASE 1: DISCOVERY PHASE 3: PROTOTYPE
Gain insights on emerging social needs Validate your concepts through market testing
Through the sharing of thoughtful ethnographic research and Shortlisted applicants will enter the prototyping phase with an “Idea
engagements with industry experts, you are encouraged to set aside Fund” of $1,000 each. You may choose to recruit team members or
preconceptions and step into the shoes of those in need. By sharing work with your pre-existing teams to prototype solutions, test and
knowledge and human-centred insights on emerging social needs in validate your concepts. You will receive support to equip you with
Singapore, we help you appreciate existing challenges and uncover tools to further develop your solutions and business models. There will
opportunities for a better tomorrow. also be facilitated learning and consultation sessions with relevant
technical experts, potential partners and key stakeholders. These will
culminate in a "Demo Day", where you will make your pitch to secure
funding for your social enterprise.
PHASE 2: IDEATE PHASE 4: PILOT
Generate innovative concepts and sustainable social enterprise Develop and implement your social enterprise
models
Selected social enterprises that emerge from the process will each
Drawing on human-centred insights and macro-environment trends, receive a LeapForGood grant of up to $100,000 and incubation
you will find inspiration to develop innovative concepts and plant the support from raiSE to catalyse the implementation of their solutions
seeds for solutions that last through sustainable business models. By and social enterprise ventures. These will give you a solid foundation
the end of this stage, individual participants and organisations may for piloting your prototyped ideas and sustaining social impact.
put forth applications detailing the concept of their proposed social
enterprises to be in the running to receive support and funds to make
them a reality.
7
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGY
DESK RESEARCH taking care either of a spouse, a
A review of all relevant secondary grandparent, a grandchild (7% each),
literature, including news articles, or an in-law (14%). The rest (29%) were
academic papers, national surveys, not providing care to anyone at the
country statistics, reports and white moment. Their education level was
papers, such as the National Survey of well-distributed between primary,
Senior Citizens, the Survey on Informal A-level, university (14% each), O-level
Caregiving and the Labour Force (21%), and diploma (29%) with the Pop-Up Stories Market at MacPherson
report, was conducted. This review Observing a caregiver at his place rest (8%) having no formal education.
helped in understanding the context, POP-UP STORIES MARKETS
trends and existing solutions both in ETHNOGRAPHIC OBSERVATIONS During two pop-up engagements, 217
Singapore and globally. It also helped Ethnographic observations of the 14 members of the public were engaged
to determine the representative participants* were conducted in their in conversation as they shared insights
personas to be interviewed. homes, workplaces and activity centres on their personal experiences. This
to get a comprehensive understanding led to a broader understanding of
of their experience in terms of attitudes, the daily needs and challenges of our
behaviours and contexts. By following target beneficiaries, and the general
participants in their daily life and impression of caregivers and seniors
recording their activities, emotions, Expert interview with Carrie Tan, Executive Director of returning to work. These findings
unique behaviours, and decisions, Daughters of Tomorrow provided support for the in-depth
observations of non-verbal cues such interviews with research participants.
as attitudinal changes and emotional EXPERT INTERVIEWS
Conducting an interview with a senior shifts could be made. Experts from social enterprises, SYNTHESIS AND INSIGHTS
charities and government entities The insights uncovered during the in-
FIELD RESEARCH *All names have been changed to active in the employment, health and depth interviews and ethnographic
IN-DEPTH INTERVIEWS protect the privacy of individuals. well-being of seniors and caregivers observations were evaluated in terms
Semi-structured, open-ended interviews were interviewed to surface the key of their relative incidence rate and
were conducted with 14 caregivers DEMOGRAPHICS challenges and opportunities in these impact on the beneficiaries. Through
and seniors to understand the root Of the 14 participants interviewed the fields. Experts were selected based this prioritisation process, 12 were
causes of their specific behaviours and caregivers were between 25 and 58 on their exposure to seniors and identified as offering the greatest
derive the values and drivers of their years old and seniors interviewed were caregivers, the services they provide opportunity for social impact. This
actions. Building rapport with these between 52 and 75 years old. Half of for these two groups, and the depth selection was corroborated by
users was the key to understanding them were unemployed, while others of their expertise on these particular evidence from the literature review,
their emotions, stories, underlying were either working with a flexible topics. expert interviews and the general
perceptions and fears. Questions arrangement (29%), full-time (14%), public opinion. The insights and
revolved around their employment or doing voluntary work (7%). 36% solution spaces are framed in a way
situation, their personal struggles and of the interviewees were providing that facilitates ideation.
their aspirations for the future. care for their children. Others were
9
INTRODUCTION
FRAMEWORKS
Frameworks are useful tools to ensure that an issue is approached and understood THE CAREGIVER'S JOURNEY
in a holistic manner. They help to identify and consider all the components of a This framework is used to empathise with the overall experience of caregiving, as
specific problem and provide a reliable way to structure and classify issues logically. a series of emotional highs and lows. It helps to understand the challenges faced
by the caregivers, how they progressively adapt to their new role until they lose
STAKEHOLDER MAPPING it and return to their initial state.
This framework helps to visualise Institutional
and identify key individuals and
Emotional well-being
Indirect Good
organisations that are present in any
range of situations and analyse their Direct
importance. During our research on
the lives of seniors and caregivers, this Core
framework was used to map the major
Bad
stakeholders in the person’s life. Source: Eden Strategy Institute
Core stakeholders: The target audience, the people at the core of the issue. Becoming Starting Developing Continuously Losing Redefining
aware caregiving routines adapting caregiver identity
Direct stakeholders: The family and friends the core stakeholders have regular interactions with.
role
Indirect stakeholders: The neighbours, local community and general public that have an Source: Adapted from "Who Cares?" by National Council of Social Service, 2016.
indirect influence on the core stakeholder’s situation.
Institutional stakeholders: The players from the public, private and social sectors that populate Becoming aware: When caregivers realise Continuously adapting: A calmer period of
the space in which the core stakeholder lives. they have to take up care responsibilities. caregiving, where caregivers experience less
Starting caregiving: After receiving the ups and downs.
bad news, the caregiving starts, often not Losing caregiver role: The caregiving stops
SOURCES OF ISOLATION allowing for any preparation. due to a positive or negative change in the
This framework categorises the causes of isolation into physical, psychological Developing routines: Caregivers start to care recipient’s condition.
and social factors. The framework identifies potential triggers of isolation such develop habits as they integrate caregiving Redefining identity: The loss and subsequent
as major life transitions, atypical events, and social circumstances, and helps to into their daily lives. redefining of the caregiver’s identity.
develop targeted solutions.
Mental Psychological Cognitive THE CONFIDENCE TRIANGLE Success
health change factors barriers This framework is used to break down
the confidence building process into
Loss of smaller parts, to see the links between
partner/role success, self-esteem, and self-confidence,
Language & Physical Self-esteem Self-confidence
and to impact the process on any of
cultural barriers Impairment
these three dimensions.
Social factors Physical factors Source: Adapted from “The Self Esteem Triangle”
by Dr. Will Aguila, 2012.
Success: The attainment of milestones that
Limited financial Built
have been set on the path of a particular goal.
resources environment
Self-esteem: How much a person likes who he Confidence: The feeling a person has that she is
is and how much he accepts/respects himself. smart or strong enough to take something on.
Source: Adapted from "Frameworks for Isolation in Adults over 50" by AARP Foundation, 2012.
11
INTRODUCTION
KEY INSIGHTS
After months of research and Work Life Play
interviews with experts and
beneficiaries, 12 key insights were 1 Leveraging seniors’ 3 Encouraging lifelong 5 Breaking social
identified as being the most serious skills learning isolation
issues that seniors and caregivers
suffer from, and/or the focus areas with SENIORS How can seniors find How can seniors be How can seniors have
the greatest opportunities for positive (50 years old and above) more interesting work motivated to embrace better and more
impact. Of the 12 insights, six are for opportunities that fit lifelong learning? fulfilling social lives?
seniors and six are for caregivers. They their interests and
are categorised into the three themes abilities?
of the LeapForGood 2018 programme:
2 Fighting ageism and 4 Building self- 6 Understanding
Work to improve their employability changing negative confidence mobility
in the job market; perceptions
How can seniors gain How can seniors with
Life to empower them to learn and How can we improve the self-confidence to mobility issues regain
lead fulfilling lives; inter-generational learn new things and their independence to
understanding and apply for jobs? travel about freely?
Play to enable them to enjoy life fight stereotypes?
better.
7 Balancing caregiving 9 Providing caregiving 11 Offering emotional
and work knowledge support
CAREGIVERS
(To children, elderly, etc.) How can caregivers How can caregivers be How can caregivers
have more flexibility in better equipped with receive the emotional
their professional lives relevant and timely support that they need?
to accommodate their caregiving knowledge?
caregiving duties?
8 Restoring self- 10 Giving caregivers 12 Resolving trade-offs
confidence relief of childminding
How can caregivers have How can caregivers have How can caregivers find
higher confidence to new respite solutions attractive childminding
return to the work force? that reduce caregiving services to use while they
stress? return to the workforce?
INSIGHTS INTRODUCTION
ON SENIORS THE CONTEXT
Singapore has a current total
population of 5.6 million people.
There are different types of seniors.
There are those who need a job
13
One million people (18%) were because they have a lot of expenses,
over 60 years old in 2015. The senior and others who are “asset-rich, cash-
INSIGHTS ON SENIORS
population is expected to reach 2 poor”, who are not sure what to do
million people (31%) by 2030. Ageing because they can’t just downgrade so
has become an increasingly important fast. And then, there are those with
issue over the past decade, which has enough savings. They still would like to
sparked a multitude of government feel valuable. It’s important to look at
and non-profit initiatives. Nevertheless, the different needs of people. It’s not
Singapore still faces a wide range of one size fits all. If we can have a more
unmet and growing needs.1 open discussion and understand their
needs early, then we can help them
more.2
HIGHLIGHTS Ms. Helen Lim, Founding Partner
and CEO, Silver Spring
1.4 million seniors aged 50 and
above live in Singapore5
THE SILVER TSUNAMI
27,000 seniors aged 50 and above The increasing proportion of the
are looking for a job6 senior population will have important
consequences on the society. The ratio
6,800 seniors were discouraged and of working-age citizen to senior is
gave up searching for a job7 projected to fall from 5.1 today,3 to 2.1
in 2030.4
More than 60,000 seniors have often
been treated badly last year, because Percentage of population over 60
of their age8
40
Over 50,000 seniors used their
SkillsFuture credit in 20169
30
20
Over 50,000 seniors feel sometimes
or mostly lonely10 10
60,000 seniors aged 65 and above 0
have mobility issues11 2015 2030 2050
STATE OF THE SENIOR WORKFORCE EVOLUTION OF THE SENIOR WHO IS DOING WHAT
(2016, in thousands) WORKFORCE (in thousands) There are many government initiatives and non-profit organisations who are
Over the last ten years, the number of catering to the needs of seniors. Many companies also ensure that their workplace
15
322 senior workers has grown by over 70%, is senior-friendly. Seniors can also count on their community, friends and family
300 294
while the rest of the workforce grew for support.
INSIGHTS ON SENIORS
261 42
254 by 3.5%.12 Given the ageing population
2
219 204 trend, even more growth is expected.
Institutional stakeholders
159 785
84 750
250 ≥70
661 65-69
4
5 575 Indirect stakeholders Senior activity centres,
8 116
8 97 507 60-64 community centres:
73 458 Social activities
60
50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 ≥70 55-59 Direct stakeholders Family, friends:
Financial and
emotional support
Employed
Unemployed 50-54
Outside labour force Core stakeholder
Senior Workforce
2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016
Source: Eden Strategy Institute
AGE PYRAMID OF THE RESIDENT POPULATION (2017)
Singapore’s median age increased from 34 years in 2000 to 40.5 years in 2017.13 Public sector Social sector
As the older age groups reach retirement age, the pressure on the younger - Agency for Integrated Care (AIC): - Social enterprises, charities, voluntary
generations will increase greatly. Promote active ageing in Singapore welfare organisations
≥=85 - Council for Third Age (C3A): Promote
Male 80-84 Female
(in thousands) (in thousands) active ageing, offer accessible lifelong Others
75-79
1,943.5 70-74 2,022.3 learning - Centre for Ageing Research and Education
65-69 - SkillsFuture Singapore: Enable (CARE): Achieve health, social inclusion and
60-64 individuals to learn for life a high quality of life for the ageing
55-59 - Workforce Singapore (WSG): Enable population
50-54
45-49 individuals to adapt and employers to - National Geriatric Education and Research
Median Age 40-44 40.5 transform Institute (GERI): Conduct research on age-
35-39
related health issues and promote healthy
30-34
25-29 Private sector ageing
20-24 - Organisations that provide senior-friendly - Tripartite Alliance for Fair and Progressive
15-19 work environment Employment Practices (TAFEP): Promote
10-14
5-9 fair and progressive employment practices
0-4
200 100 0 0 100 200
Persons (in thousands) Age Groups Persons (in thousands)
(Years)
PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT
“When people see my resume, they “I work at Changi Airport as a package
see my age and reject me. I needed handler, and they provide good support.
connections at my workplace in order They assign me less strenuous jobs,
17
to get a job. If they saw me in person for instance controlling the computers
and see that I am healthy, they might instead of carrying the heavy luggage.”
INSIGHTS ON SENIORS
have hired me.” -Female, 65 -Male, 70
Volunteers engage passers-by in conversation in Macpherson “Seniors have a different mindset, one
that does not necessarily align to the “Seniors now are usually engaged in
SUMMARY technical environment and pace of life cleaning jobs which are not suitable
During the Pop-Up Stories Markets, that is the norm today. There needs to for them due to the risk of falling
133 people were engaged on the be more empathy and more positions down and it's very tiring physically. It’s
topic of seniors. Passers-by were asked, that look at seniors’ capabilities and better to employ them in jobs like in
“Do you think there is enough support interests. Sometimes I feel they are the library where they can sit and work
for seniors at work?” viewed like a burden.” -Female, 34 comfortably.” -Female, 70
A volunteer engages a senior in conversation in Macpherson
(top) and responses are collected from passers-by (bottom)
RESPONSES
25%
Yes With Singapore’s changing landscape, Other important quotes
24%
Not sure seniors acknowledge that they do not
53%
have the relevant skill sets to find jobs “I’m becoming more senior myself
No that match their experience. There and I think I will need some help in
are training programmes currently in the ever-developing technology side of
place for seniors to update their skills, things. I look to my children to learn
INSIGHTS & QUOTES HIGHLIGHTS but the structure of the programmes these skills.” -Male, 64
A majority of seniors (engaged during are often not suited for them.
both pop-ups) have experienced Challenges include: long duration and
discrimination while applying for jobs. late timing of training, lack of grants,
The two most common perceptions long distances from home to training “There seems to be opportunities but
seen by potential employers, the venue, and quick pace of training. maybe seniors need jobs with higher-
public, and seniors themselves, are level thinking. This will give them a
that seniors are a “burden” and “slow” “I tried finding a job for almost a year, little more dignity.” -Female, 29
Volunteers engage seniors in conversation in Macpherson
at work. but am often told I’m too old. I can
Most seniors shared that there are work any jobs. They told me to attend
“Most employers who find out about sufficient low-skill and low-wage jobs, courses to upgrade myself, but the
our age do not want to employ so it is not the availability of jobs that is subsidy is only 50%. How do I even
elderly. I’m lucky I have my own shop the major challenge to seniors. Rather, fork out money without a job? I’m
to work in.” -Female, 54 it is finding a job which meets their very disheartened.” -Male, 63
financial needs and physical abilities.1 Leveraging seniors’ skills
How can seniors find more interesting work opportunities
that fit their interests and abilities?
19
THE CONTEXT FRAMING THE INSIGHT
Many seniors get restless and bored What Seniors Want can be grouped into four broad categories: They want a
INSIGHTS ON SENIORS
once they stop working. They often [insert photo of experts] supportive workplace; recognition of their skills and experience; work flexibility;
prefer to stay active and keep working and a purposeful occupation. How can we offer more opportunities that satisfy
to stay financially independent, socially these needs?
connected, and retain a sense of self-
worth1.
Senior-friendly Recognition Flexible working Social
Ms. Helen Lim, Founding Partner and CEO, Silver Spring environment of expertise arrangements contribution
In 2016, 40% of people aged 65-69
were still working: Examples: Examples: Examples:
There are a lot of jobs available in delivery, Comfortable Inter-generational Part-time work, Examples:
workplace, mentoring, Freelance, Volunteering,
cleaning and so on. The challenge is
Positive social Customer service, Entrepreneurship, Social enterprises,
that many seniors don’t want to work interactions, Advisory roles Flexible locations Charities
in eating outlets, because of the long Less physically
hours until 10-11pm. It’s quite a hard demanding jobs
Compared to 24% in 20062: job, standing around, being a cleaner.
But seniors can also do other things. For
instance, they can be free agents, earn Source: Eden Strategy Institute
some commission, and grow a product
or service they believe in, without
investing too much. They can also be CURRENT HAPPENINGS
senior entrepreneurs.5 The non-profit organisation, RSVP members, they serve more than
Even though some are working, 48% Singapore trains seniors to become 200,000 beneficiaries each year,
of seniors deplored the lack of suitable Ms. Helen Lim volunteers. After attending a including those with mental health
jobs to match their qualifications, Founder and CEO, Silver Spring mandatory half-day workshop, seniors issues, low-income families and socially
experience, or desired working are deployed as befrienders, trainers, isolated seniors, through what they call
arrangement.3 There are around 27,000 fundraisers and guides, working purpose-driven volunteerism.6
seniors looking for a job4. Having half a day per week. With over 1,000
worked hard for a few decades, they
desire job opportunities that fit their
interests and tap their abilities.1
SENIORS SPEAK OUT
Read about the dreams of seniors who
still want to be active and contribute REFLECTION SPACE
21
to the society.
INSIGHTS ON SENIORS
AUNTIE TAN, 52, SENIOR VOLUNTEER UNCLE LEE, 72, FORMER CLEANER IN
AT CHANGI AIRPORT A LANGUAGE SCHOOL What surprised you?
Teaching was my passion, but after my I want to do travel and tourism, When I worked as a cleaner, I woke up
mother-in-law passed away I didn’t maybe I can become a tour guide in at 5am and reached home at 7pm,
want to go back to giving tuition. It Singapore. I am not sure if I can get that’s too late. I did 3 hours of transport
was very stressful and made me feel hired, I would rather do it freelance. a day. I’m too old to wake up so early
depressed. The hours are too long, and I also considered launching a nanny again. I worked in a hawker centre for
my body is ageing. Now I am a volunteer confinement business to take care of 6 months but it’s tough. You work non-
airport ambassador at Changi. There’s newborn babies. It will be something stop, it’s too stressful. My health cannot
no stress and I am happy. It’s a happy new, totally different from what I have take long hours anymore. The perfect Why does it matter?
environment. been doing. job would be from 9am to 3pm.
FACTS FACTS FACTS
43% of seniors are interested to 18% of seniors want to start a new 64% of seniors want a slower pace of
participate in volunteer work because career in the future. This represents life. 40% want to find part-time and
it gives them a sense of self-worth and over 180,000 seniors eager to join the flexible hours work. However, these
allows them to stay socially connected workforce in a new capacity!8 opportunities are rare in the job
with society.7 market.9
TAKING ACTION What are some of the
TAKING ACTION She took up courses in tourism and TAKING ACTION opportunities you see?
She took up volunteering courses and organizes tours for Society for WINGS, He lived off his savings until he found
works once a week in Changi Airport, a charity for senior women, to gain a job that fit his desired working
helping passengers find their way at experience. arrangement.
the gates.
OPPORTUNITY OPPORTUNITY
OPPORTUNITY How might we support seniors who How might we offer more part-time
How might we leverage on seniors’ want to engage in entrepreneurship and flexible hours work opportunities
interest in volunteering to gain and freelancing? that are also less physically-demanding
experience for future work? for seniors?2 Fighting ageism and changing
negative perceptions
Ageism is the stereotyping and discrimination of people on the basis
of their age. How can we improve inter-generational understanding
and fight stereotypes? FRAMING THE INSIGHT
The vicious cycle of ageism prevents many older workers from returning to the
workforce. Ageism is the generational bias that seniors do not perform well at
23
work because of their age. How can we reframe people’s mindsets to start a
THE CONTEXT virtuous cycle where seniors are being able to bring value?
INSIGHTS ON SENIORS
In 2016, there were over 400 workplace There is always this challenge of
2 2
discrimination complaints: overcoming ageism. Whether big or
VICIOUS Action based VIRTUOUS Action based
small, organisations tend to have a lack on belief on belief
CYCLE CYCLE
20% of will to hire senior workers. There are Discrimination Employers
complaints about age some rules about discrimination, but while recruiting give seniors
they are not so strong. Employers often for jobs a chance
ask employment agencies for people
not above 40 years old. If the supervisors
are young, it happens that they have 1 3 1 3
Of these age related complaints, 80% Underlying Reaction Underlying Reaction
arose from discriminatory criteria in job a bias against working with an older belief to action belief to action
advertisements. person.4 "Seniors are Discouraged, "Seniors can Seniors work
lazy, they don't seniors stop still bring a lot hard to prove
Some jobseekers also complained Ms. Helen Lim want to work" looking for of value" their worth
a job
about inappropriate questions or Founder and CEO, Silver Spring
comments about their age being made
during interviews.1 Ageism can be very 4 4
Consequence Consequence
discouraging for senior jobseekers.
Seniors stay at Positive
home and do examples of
Of the 10,000 discouraged workers in nothing older workers
2016:
68% were aged 50 & above2
Source: Eden Strategy Institute
This will increase in the coming years
when a significant portion of the CURRENT HAPPENINGS
workforce will be aged 50 years and The Tripartite Alliance for Fair & The Intergenerational Learning
older.3 Progressive Employment Practices Programme (ILP) matches youths
(TAFEP) launched a marketing and seniors in a group learning
campaign called “Ability is Ageless” to environment, where seniors acquire
highlight the importance of seniors in new knowledge from the youths’
the workforce, and the experience and sharing. 97% of the youths and 94%
knowledge that they bring with them. of the seniors surveyed later said it
It encourages people to put aside improved their perception of the other
stereotypes and focus on skills and generation.6
competence.52
SENIORS SPEAK OUT
Read about the dreams of seniors who
still want to be active and contribute REFLECTION SPACE
25
[insert photo of person 0]
to society.
INSIGHTS ON SENIORS
AUNTIE CHAN, 72, MANAGER OF A UNCLE LEE, 72, FORMER CLEANER IN AUNTIE LIM, 67, PERSONAL IMAGE
CAFÉ IN A COLLEGE A LANGUAGE SCHOOL COACH FOR SENIORS What surprised you?
Young bosses think seniors cannot I am looking for a cleaner job, but I am To work with young people can be a
perform, don’t know how to serve afraid that they don’t take old people. challenge. They have a different style
customers well, cannot speak well and It has never happened to me but it did of working. Often the personal touch is
give only yes or no answers because to many of my friends. They call and no longer there. Perhaps with the level
they don’t understand the question. when the employer asks for their age, of stress at work they have become
The young trust the young more when they say the position is filled. rather individualistic and competitive.
they haven’t even worked with seniors They only want to be the best, they
before. They think they don’t have FACTS don’t have the same values as we do. Why does it matter?
the strength and energy and will get 21% of seniors have often heard about
injured easily. other seniors being discriminated FACTS
because of their age, and 6% have 28% of seniors have shared negative
FACTS often experienced unfair treatment sentiments towards people in their
63% of seniors complained that because of their age.9 twenties and 20% are uncomfortable
organisations prefer to hire younger holding a conversation with millenials.10
workers.7 But according to some TAKING ACTION This can lead some seniors to avoid jobs
employers, seniors bring better He asked his friends if they are aware in companies with young employees.
mentoring, leading, and coaching, and of any job openings, or just walked in What are some of the
strong business knowledge.8 and asked for a job. TAKING ACTION opportunities you see?
She organised workshops for fellow
TAKING ACTION OPPORTUNITY senior women because she feels it is
She showed her boss that she was How might we fight the discrimination more satisfying to work with seniors.
hard-working and is now the manager that senior jobseekers face when it
of a café that employs seniors. comes to hiring? OPPORTUNITY
How might we foster better
OPPORTUNITY inter-generational bonding and
How might we rethink job understanding?
opportunities for seniors to tap into
their strengths and abilities, instead of
focusing on their weaknesses?3 Encouraging lifelong learning
Singapore aims to develop a lifelong learning culture through the
SkillsFuture initiative, but the take-up rate has been low. Seniors may
require different outreach channels, new teaching methods, flexible
learning schedules, and content that is more relevant to them. How
can we make it easier for seniors to embrace lifelong learning?
27
INSIGHTS ON SENIORS
THE CONTEXT FRAMING THE INSIGHT
In general, seniors have positive Effective Learning is achieved in three stages. Seniors must first become aware
attitudes towards the benefits that of the availability of learning opportunities and of their knowledge gap. Then
lifelong learning brings. they must have the motivation to participate in the act of learning. This can be
facilitated through the courses’ design to ensure that the learning takes place.
44%
of seniors want to learn a new skill
Ms. Brenda Ang and Ms. Syafiqah Najian of NTUC U Live Stage 1: Stage 2: Stage 3: Effective
37% Awareness Motivation Facilitation Learning
of seniors have the intention to learn
Seniors are keen to learn more Examples: Examples: Examples:
new things through an online course
things and upgrade themselves. We Communication Encouragement Teaching method
33% encourage seniors to have at least channels Incentives Teaching schedule
the basic knowledge in technology to Geographic reach Employer support Content of courses
of seniors want to retrain by taking up a not become obsolete. We don’t want Target audience
formal course1
employers to use this as an excuse
SkillsFuture is being used by seniors not to take them. We want to equip
aged 50 and above. However, 47% of seniors with the skills to use software, Source: Eden Strategy Institute
people find it a challenge to make smartphones and computers.4
the time, 30% do not receive support
from their employers, and 20% Ms. Brenda Ang Zhi Ying
simply lack the individual motivation Senior Specialist, NTUC U Live CURRENT HAPPENINGS
to participate.2 Other barriers make The Silver Industry Standards The Infocomm Media Development
learning more difficult, such as the Roadmap and Guidelines on user- Authority (IMDA) launched an online
teaching method and promotion interface design for older adults portal providing guides, ebooks,
channels used. Many seniors still do provides guidance on the design of videos, and seminars to teach seniors
not know how to use a computer age-friendly digital devices and online how to use new technologies such as
or a smartphone, let alone access services. Through greater ease of use mobile devices and chat applications.
the Internet.3 Yet a majority of these and learning, seniors are encouraged The website has a clean design, large
courses are advertised online. to adopt technology and use it fonts and simple instructions, and
confidently to continue learning and complementary classroom sessions
stay connected to society.5 are available.63
SENIORS SPEAK OUT REFLECTION SPACE
29
See below to learn about three seniors’
experiences with learning and what
INSIGHTS ON SENIORS
helped them acquire new skills.
AUNTIE TAN, 52, SENIOR VOLUNTEER AUNTIE CHAN, 72, MANAGER OF A UNCLE LEE, 72, FORMER CLEANER IN
AT CHANGI AIRPORT CAFÉ IN A COLLEGE A LANGUAGE SCHOOL What surprised you?
When I started my volunteering job Courses are good, but I have no time I once went to a job training class
at Changi Airport I realised everything because I work. There is only a limited to learn about computers. I only
was Information Technology (IT) there. offer of schedule, so I never try because heard about it because some young
I thought to myself: ‘Us seniors we have I don’t have time. And in the holiday, people came to the neighbourhood
to upgrade ourselves. We have to keep I have to do housekeeping. But more to promote the course. I like this
up’. Over time, I also had to learn how than courses, the best way to learn is approach. Otherwise I don’t know
to google and how to do e-banking. I to ask people, go on the phone and try. where to find courses.
decided to take IT courses but there are Trial and error is the best technique. Why does it matter?
too many courses. It is overwhelming. FACTS
FACTS Only 13% of seniors located courses
FACTS The barriers to seniors learning were that are near to where they live.9
52% of seniors learned computer and IT listed as being busy with housework Computer and Internet usage rate
skills from family members, 46% were (49%); still working (49%); and available by seniors aged 60 and above is 25%
self-taught through experimentation, courses not relevant to everyday life and 30%, respectively.10 This makes it
and only 23% learned from courses (48%). Seniors feel they are too busy to hard to reach seniors through digital
and workshops.7 partake in workshops and courses.8 channels.
What are some of the
TAKING ACTION TAKING ACTION TAKING ACTION opportunities you see?
She played games on her smartphone She learned how to use a smartphone He went to a course out of curiosity
to learn how to use it. and apps by herself, using her husband but left when he realised everything
as a “guinea pig” to find out how to was taught in English.
OPPORTUNITY send photos and videos on WhatsApp.
How might we help seniors learn new OPPORTUNITY
things through better-suited training OPPORTUNITY How might we better reach seniors
methods? How might we make it easier for busy to raise their awareness of learning
seniors to engage in learning at their opportunities?
own pace?4 Building self-confidence
Some seniors feel like they are too old, others are possibly illiterate or
simply too shy. How can seniors gain the self-confidence to learn new
things and apply for jobs?
31
THE CONTEXT FRAMING THE INSIGHT
Seniors can become demoralised and Sometimes seniors just need an example, The Confidence Triangle. Self-esteem, self-confidence, and success are intimately-
INSIGHTS ON SENIORS
pessimistic as they grow older. They feel someone to look up to. We try to push related. One cannot exist without the others. A lack of self-esteem hinders self-
that they are too old to acquire new success stories and get people inspired, confidence, and a lack of self- confidence makes it difficult to achieve success.
skills or start a new job. Some seniors so hopefully they can have a change of The key is to act on all three dimensions simultaneously and incrementally.3
believe that their “best days are over” mindset. They need to know that there
and are simply “waiting to die”. Giving are better horizons if they are proactive Success
these seniors hope for the future will and looking for it. Hopefully with the Successful experiences where
go a long way towards having a higher stories and profiles we showcase, it goals have been attained
quality of life. encourages them to seek more beyond Example: volunteering experience
what they are already comfortable with
Of course, this is not representative of and change their mindset.2 Self-esteem Self-confidence
all seniors: Cognitive and emotional Trust in oneself and in one’s ability to
Ms. Syafiqah Najian appraisal of our own worth engage successfully with the world
Executive, Community Engagement Example: photo shoot session Example: job hunting skills
63%
& Membership, NTUC U Live
see themselves as
successful agers 1 Source: Adapted from “The Self Esteem Triangle” by Dr. Will Aguila, 2012.
CURRENT HAPPENINGS Volunteers from the group Window of
These seniors can have outlets for A 70-year-old Singaporean lady works Colours organise free makeover and
them to share their experiences and for a food delivery company as a photo shoots sessions for seniors, to
become role models to their peers. “walker”, delivering food in the CBD boost their confidence and help them
area on foot. She says that age does be more positive about life.5
not determine what you can or cannot
do and that she feels younger and
more alert.44
SENIORS SPEAK OUT
Loss of confidence is common when REFLECTION SPACE
33
one reaches old age. Read below to
find out how seniors have experienced
INSIGHTS ON SENIORS
it or seen it around them.
AUNTIE LIM, 67, PERSONAL IMAGE AUNTIE TEO, 76, WIDOW CAREGIVING AUNTIE CHAN, 72, MANAGER OF A
COACH FOR SENIORS TO HER GRANDCHILDREN CAFÉ IN A COLLEGE What surprised you?
I want to help ladies. Most of the ones I I would consider working because I Seniors are scared to work. They have
meet don’t know what to do with their need money, but I am not educated the wrong mindset, they must go
life. We can help them embrace ageing because my family was poor. I cannot back with pride. Just because you are
with confidence by empowering them speak English, cannot calculate, old does not mean you are useless.
to take responsibility of their own cannot read or write Mandarin. I asked Seniors are bad in interviews, they give
health, happiness and security. After hawker stalls for a job, but they never only yes or no answers, they don’t talk
60, many think they are over and down call back. There is no point trying. It’s enough, they are too timid. They have
the hill! They think ‘I don’t need to do too difficult to start from scratch. to change their mindset. Why does it matter?
anything, no need to waste time, why
bother? FACTS FACTS
Only 2% and 3% of seniors aged 55 36% of seniors feel they do not possess
FACTS to 65 have high-level literacy and the right job hunting skills. This is a
28% of seniors said that they are too numeracy skills, respectively. Nearly problem for less-educated seniors.
old to learn new things.6 For seniors 80% did not learn English in their 51% of them see it as a barrier to
with poorer memory, can they be childhood.7 continued employment.8
taught in a way where information is
easier to grasp and remember? TAKING ACTION TAKING ACTION What are some of the
She asked her friends for referrals, but She was supportive and open to opportunities you see?
TAKING ACTION her illiteracy is a big obstacle. seniors returning to work. She shows
She gave grooming classes to senior them how to do the job and gave
women to boost their self-esteem and OPPORTUNITY them time to re-adapt.
confidence. How might we equip seniors with basic
tools that can have a great impact on OPPORTUNITY
OPPORTUNITY their self-confidence? How might we equip seniors with skills
How might we inspire and motivate that increase their self-confidence to
seniors to believe in their intellectual compete in the job market?
capabilities?5 Breaking social isolation
Loneliness and social isolation put seniors at risk
of depression and suicide. How can seniors have
better and more fulfilling lives?
35
THE CONTEXT FRAMING THE INSIGHT
INSIGHTS ON SENIORS
Singaporeans aged 60 and older An activity with overwhelming response How isolation happens among seniors is a result of three different categories of
reported that they felt: on our platform is travel. Seniors enjoy factors. These categories include triggers of social isolation such as the death
travelling with a group of peers. They of a spouse or a close friend, the loss of employment, moving to a new place, or
32% see the importance of social bonding, of a health decline.6
sometimes lonely
making new friends. Individual travellers
19% join our group and end up being friends.
Mental Psychological Cognitive
mostly lonely Our travels are customized to meet their
health change factors barriers
needs and physical capabilities. Seniors
also go for fitness activities, they do it to
Loss of
Social isolation can lead to adverse stay active but also to meet their peers.4
partner/role
consequences. The number of suicides Language & Physical
among people aged 60 and above has Ms. Syafiqah Najian cultural barriers Impairment
risen from accounting for 23% of all Executive, Community Engagement Social factors Physical factors
suicides in 2000, to 30% in 2014.1 & Membership, NTUC U Live
Limited financial Built
Among other things, improving SENIOR HOUSEHOLDS (AGED 65 & OVER) 5 resources environment
relationships with children and
9%
grandchildren, or having someone 30%
single parent
to rely on, can make a significant living with
couple living Source: Adapted from "Frameworks for Isolation in Adults over 50" by AARP Foundation, 2012.
difference in alleviating social with children
children
isolation. More than the number of
2
friends and family, it is the quality of 13% CURRENT HAPPENINGS
those relationships that matter.3 living alone In the residential estate of Whampoa Silver Horizon uses travel, for seniors
29% near downtown Singapore, a fifth of by seniors, as a platform to build new
19%
couple living the residents are over 60 years old. friendships. They host bonding lunches
others
without children This estate is an experiment by the where the seniors can get to know
Tsao Foundation to provide a place other seniors with similar interests
where seniors can grow old in their with whom they feel like travelling.
own homes. Tsao Foundation works They then organise the trip together.8
with grassroot groups to organize
activities for seniors, so they can keep
busy and socialize. Healthy seniors are
encouraged to visit those who are less
mobile.75
SENIORS SPEAK OUT
Three seniors shared with us why and
how they have experienced social REFLECTION SPACE
37
isolation in their daily lives.
INSIGHTS ON SENIORS
AUNTIE LIM, 67, PERSONAL IMAGE AUNTIE ANG, 66, WIDOW & FORMER UNCLE LEE, 72, FORMER CLEANER IN
COACH FOR SENIORS CLEANER IN HAWKER CENTRES A LANGUAGE SCHOOL What surprised you?
My social life has slowed down. My I don’t have many social interactions, I used to stay in Toa Payoh. I had more
friends go out less for chats. They just some quick conversations. After friends there. I was staying with my
are tired and go to bed early. Social 3 or 4pm I stay at home and sleep. wife, but after my divorce I moved to a
enterprises should visit seniors and There’s nothing else to do when you senior activity centre in Ang Mo Kio. I
talk to them! Seniors should get out of live alone in a room, it’s boring. I take have less friends here. I hardly meet my
their home and socialize, have a more sleeping pills to help me sleep. I need daughters. They stay very far and are
meaningful life. Having a social group to work somewhere with many people working. I don’t want to bother them.
to chat and speak out, for instance and noise, so as not to think about my I also hardly talk with my roommate Why does it matter?
with neighbours, is very therapeutic. husband’s passing. because he sleeps very early.
FACTS FACTS FACTS
68% of seniors intend to find new Close to 58,000 seniors between 50- 6% of HDB elderly residents reported
friendships in the future, but only 42% 64 and 47,000 seniors aged 65 and never keeping in touch with other
plan to join a social organisation for above lived alone in 2016. Together, family members, and 13% only a few
older persons.9 Why are some seniors this represents 67% of all one-person times a year.11 What can explain these
not more proactive? households.10 weak family ties?
What are some of the
TAKING ACTION TAKING ACTION TAKING ACTION opportunities you see?
She attended courses to interact She started going to church to meet He goes to the community centre to
with the other participants, mainly new friends and goes to the park on sing karaoke with his friends, and to
housewives and retirees. Saturdays with friends from the senior the local coffee shop to watch TV.
centre.
OPPORTUNITY OPPORTUNITY
How might we facilitate the building OPPORTUNITY How might we strengthen the
of friendships among seniors? How might we help seniors living relationships between seniors and
alone to feel less lonely and have more their family members?
social interactions?6 Understanding mobility
Many seniors have mobility issues due to joint problems,
muscle weakness, and back pain. How can seniors with
mobility issues regain their independence to travel
about freely?
39
THE CONTEXT FRAMING THE INSIGHT
INSIGHTS ON SENIORS
Since 2011, about 16,000 seniors Job redesigns for seniors help to make For seniors, mobility enablers have the objective of increasing their safety,
received subsidies for mobility devices the job easier, smarter, and safer. ‘Easier’ comfort, productivity and abilities. These solutions must be readily accessible
such as wheelchairs and walking in the sense that it is less physically and affordable.
aids.1 There are around 60,000 people, demanding for the worker, not to have to
aged 65 and above, who are either move around extensively to get the job
semi-ambulant or non-ambulant.2 done. ‘Smarter’ so you use technology to Safety Comfort Productivity Abilities
Many of these seniors cannot explore track and improve the processes within.
Singapore beyond the comfort of And ‘safer’ because you are concerned Examples: Examples: Examples: Examples:
their homes, preventing them from about the mobility of older workers Slip-resistant Reserved seating, Comfortable Walking aids,
engaging in social activities, going as well. These are the three guiding bathroom tiles, Additional workplace, Wheelchairs,
to church or temple, volunteering, or principles for job redesign. 5 Grab bars in benches, Process redesign, Scooters,
finding a job. Providing assistance for toilets, Ramps, Neighbourhood New technologies, Wheelchair
older adults with mobility challenges Ms. Jessica Loo Stairs shuttle bus, lifts Urban design transportation
also contributes to their mental well- Manager, Workplace Policy & Strategy architecture
being and reduces social isolation.3 Division, Ministry of Manpower
Ambulatory status of seniors aged 75 Source: Eden Strategy Institute
and above:4
Population Requirement
CURRENT HAPPENINGS
11,600 (6%) Walking aids
Sorgen, a rehabilitative company The Green Man+ initiative by the Land
≥9,700 (5%) Some physical assistance
founded by Serene Tan, a young Transport Authority (LTA) allows elderly
Singaporean entrepreneur, created an pedestrians more time to cross the
3,900 (2%) Total physical assistance innovative walking aid to cater to the road by tapping their senior citizen
needs of the elderly and less-mobile card on the reader mounted on traffic
patients. By completely eliminating light poles.7
the need for lifting, their product,
called GlydeSafe, helps seniors live a
better life through enhanced mobility.66
SENIORS SPEAK OUT
Here are some examples on how
mobility issues are affecting the lives REFLECTION SPACE
41
of these three seniors.
INSIGHTS ON SENIORS
AUNTIE TEO, 76, WIDOW CAREGIVING AUNTIE WONG, 64, SINGLE SENIOR, AUNTIE ANG, 66, WIDOW & FORMER
TO HER GRANDCHILDREN WORKED IN A COFFEE SHOP CLEANER IN HAWKER CENTRES What surprised you?
Because of my health I cannot squat Because of my leg problem, I have to Every afternoon after my nap, I like to
down. Standing is ok but only for a be careful. If I take the bus it’s okay, walk around the neighbourhood, but
short time, but if I sit it gives a bad but I cannot walk for long. I go every I cannot walk for long because of my
image. I don’t want to be seen as lazy. week to St. Andrew’s Community leg and my back pains. It’s also why I
I just want a simple job I can do, not Chapel. I walk slowly but inside is not don’t travel much. I wait until it gets
too difficult, not too physical, with no hot because I am passing through the better.
responsibility. It should not be too far hospital with aircon. If I’m tired, they’ve
also, because when the bus swings I the chair for resting. I just stop for five FACTS Why does it matter?
am afraid to fall. minutes and then continue to walk. 25% of seniors over 60 suffer from joint
pain.11 This can impair their ability to
FACTS FACTS participate in external activities, and
21% of older women and 8% of men 11% of seniors rated their mobility as gives the feeling of being stuck in the
reported limitations in performing poor, below average or average.9 13% neighbourhood.
activities of daily living such as taking of seniors aged 65 and above are semi-
public transport or preparing meals.8 or non-ambulant.10 TAKING ACTION
The senior activity centre nearby has a
TAKING ACTION TAKING ACTION bus and takes her out on Saturdays to What are some of the
She worked in a senior activity centre She works at the senior activity centre church, the park or even the zoo. opportunities you see?
close by. She could take breaks near her home. She plans to work at
whenever she needed and talk with the food court when she gets better. OPPORTUNITY
her friends. How might we enable seniors with
OPPORTUNITY mobility issues to engage in more
OPPORTUNITY How might we create more social activities?
How might we provide more work senior-friendly infrastructure and
opportunities that fit seniors’ reduced transportation options?
mobility?INSIGHTS ON INTRODUCTION
CAREGIVERS THE CONTEXT
Caregivers are those who provide care
to a person requiring support due
to disability, illness or special needs.
For all types of caregivers, the
experience is a difficult one. When
looking at disabilities that require
Caregivers are usually family members caregiving, one can understand how
of the care recipient. As the first line of the role of caregivers in Singapore will
support, they play a critical role in the massively gain in importance.
society.
Depending on where they stand
Mothers are also considered to be in their caregiving journey, they
caregivers. In Singapore, 72% of have a variety of needs to make this
women take a break at some point in experience easier. These needs include
their career..1 This break is synonymous being offered flexible work, building
with difficulties to re-enter the self-confidence, accessing caregiving
workforce down the road. Currently knowledge, enjoying respite, getting
in Singapore, there are over 35,000 necessary emotional support, and
women looking to return to work in having adequate childminding options
the next two years.2 at their disposal.
INSIGHTS ON CAREGIVERS 43
Caregivers are a very, very important
HIGHLIGHTS component that has not been really
attended to, attention hasn’t been
210,000 caregivers are aged between paid to it. Until recently, there was very
18 and 694 little support in terms of mindshare
and physical resources. No one realised
Nearly 100,000 caregivers are working that caregivers needed support.
full-time5
Now there is a growing awareness of
60,000 working caregivers do not have need, as a result there are sprouting
flexible working arrangements6 services. I hope that in the time to
come, this support for caregivers will
45,000 people who suffer from dementia7 be a very mainstreamed idea, and that
there will be mainstream programmes,
Around 20,000 caregivers suffer from but at the moment there aren’t any.3
significant stress8
Ms. Anita Fam
Less than 10,000 caregivers use Vice-President, Board of Directors,
individual support services9 National Council of Social ServiceKEY REASONS OF PEOPLE OUTSIDE CAPACITY OF DISABILITY SERVICES11 WHO IS DOING WHAT
OF WORKFORCE (2016, in thousands)10 In the past years, the capacity of There are many stakeholders helping caregivers in their difficult journey. From
services has been expanded to serve the public to the private and social sectors, caregivers have access to support
more seniors with disabilities. But groups, charities and social enterprises. Many of them can also count on their
280
with the explosion expected, the next friends and families.
Discouraged 9
decades will be challenging.
For caregiving 47
Institutional stakeholders
For childcare 53
850
Adult Indirect stakeholders Caregiver support groups,
disability 700
online communities:
homes Emotional support, tips
For housework 171
Day 1,200 Direct stakeholders Families, friends: Financial
activity 950 and emotional support,
centres respite care
Core stakeholder
INSIGHTS ON CAREGIVERS 45
≥25 2012 2015 Senior Workforce
Source: Eden Strategy Institute
PROJECTION OF SENIORS WITH Public sector Private sector:
FUNCTIONAL DISABILITY12 - Agency for Integrated Care (AIC): Organisations that provide flexible work
(in thousands) Offer care services and information arrangements and re-entry programmes
The number of seniors who have - Ministry of Social and Family
difficulty performing daily activities is 290 Development (MSF): Promote a Social sector:
expected to increase in the next few 250 147 caring society Social enterprises, charities, voluntary
decades. - National Council of Social Service welfare organisations
204 139
(NCSS): Ensure an effective social
159 121 service ecosystem Others:
124 - Singapore Silver Pages (SSP): - TAFEP: Promote fair and progressive
96
97 143 Empower seniors and caregivers in employment practices
72 111 making informed care decisions - Hospitals: Provide care and organize
60-79 54
83 - Employment and Employability support groups reunions
52 63
≥80 43 Institute (e2i): Create solutions for
better employment and employability
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