Purchasing energy E nergy is the lifeblood of - Energyzine
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“ Energy in Buildings and Industry and the Energy Institute
are delighted to have teamed up to bring you this
Continuing Professional Development initiative ”
MARK THROWER MANAGING EDITOR
SERIES 15 | MODULE 08 | ENERGY PURCHASING
Purchasing energy
By Paul Bennett, executive chairman of BSSEC
E
nergy is the lifeblood of Figure 1: Energy market forces
commerce, business and
industry. Organisations are
now spending more on energy
than they have ever done
before, and, energy spend will only
go in one direction in the future – up.
Therefore, the purchasing of energy is a
vital activity in the energy management
and procurement profession.
In this CPD article we will take
a look at the energy markets and
how legislation is impacting future
pricing of energy. We will look at the
two predominant energy sources of
electricity and gas and how these
markets operate and consider the
information needed to procure energy
in these markets. Finally, we will look at
practical steps to take when procuring
energy.
There are many factors that affect
energy markets and their price and year carbon budgets have also been Traded Commodity – Energy is
stability including: set until 2032, which act as milestones a commodity that is traded on the
Global Supply – Global energy to achieve the 2050 reduction targets stock exchange, meaning that prices
producers such as Saudi Arabia and set by the CCA. The Renewable Energy constantly fluctuate and there are
the USA have major influence over Directive requires all members of the both good and bad times to purchase
oil output and prices. Coupled with European Union (EU) to commit to energy. Trading enables energy to be
European gas connections with producing and promoting renewable bought in advance, from the short term
Russia it can be quickly understood energy, with a target of 20 per cent to much longer term. For example,
that the availability and price of renewable energy generation by energy can be purchased for the day,
energy can vary. Factors such as this 2020.5 The Energy Act ensures that week, month, quarter, season, year
mean that the stability of energy can energy demands are met despite the and up to five years ahead. As this
be volatile depending upon global discontinuation of older power plants is possible, prices can be locked for
events. While gas in the UK is not and decarbonisation by investing more identified volumes (a price lock is a
imported directly from Russia, their money into new infrastructure and firm commitment to Take-Or-Pay).
two largest customers, Germany and schemes. Other measures in place in Hedging is a different option, behaving
the Netherlands, are connected to the the UK include the Feed-in Tariffs (FiT) like an insurance policy where a fee is
UK via two major gas pipelines. 57 per scheme which promotes the use of paid upfront to guarantee a capped
cent of the UK’s gas is supplied from technologies that generate renewable commodity price. If the market ends
imports1 and this is predicted to rise and low-carbon electricity typically on up being higher than the cap, the
to 93 per cent by 20402, with Norway a small-scale, by requiring electricity counterpart refunds the difference.
supplying approximately 61 per cent of suppliers to make payments for the Capacity – The UK infrastructure is
the gas that the UK imports.3 generation and export of electricity ageing, has had little investment and
Political Intervention – Govern- to eligible installations. Support for is nearing capacity. 20 per cent of the
ments intervene in the energy market large-scale generation of renewable UK’s electricity generation capacity
to attempt reforms – however this electricity is offered through the has been lost since 2010 due to the
has directly increased energy costs. A Renewables Obligation (RO) in which closure of power stations, and it is
sample of these reforms include the electricity suppliers source increased estimated that a further 35 per cent will
Climate Change Act, Renewable Energy electricity from renewable sources. be lost by the end of 2030, however
Directive, Energy Act, Feed-in Tariff, The Climate Change Levy (CCL) is peak demand is expected to increase,
Renewables Obligation and Climate a tax applied to the energy bill of adding further pressure to meet our
Change Levy. The Climate Change Act non-domestic consumers in the UK needs.6 Energy distributors charge
(CCA) was enforced in 2008 with the to encourage a reduction in energy customers on the amount of energy
aim of cutting carbon emissions by 37 consumption and emissions unless they use, coupled with the maximum
per cent by 2020 and 80 per cent by they source or supply low-carbon or demand, and customers are charged
2050 against a 1990 baseline.4 Five- renewable fuels. on this peak demand whether they
Produced in Association with
FEBRUARY 2018 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | 21
SERIES 15 | MODULE 08 | ENERGY PURCHASING
reach it or not. Demand-side response Figure 2: Electricity market structure
is a new method to increase the
flexibility of energy consumption which
involves rewarding consumers for
changing their consumption patterns
through new tariffs and schemes, and
technology such as smart meters.
Another method that focuses on
managing demand, improving network
efficiency and reducing the energy
charges for large industrial and
commercial users is the triad charging
system. Consumption is measured
every half an hour, and peak demand
The customer enters into a contract with an energy supplier to provide metered electricity.
during the triads is calculated. The Large consumers of electricity are provided with electricity meters to code of practice 5 (up to 1MW), 3 (1MW to 10MW) and 2
triads are three periods during winter (10MW to 100MW) which record consumption over each 30-minute period and are therefore often referred to as half hour meters
where energy demand is at its highest. Customer or half hourly read meters.
Energy suppliers receive charges for Smaller consumers of electricity below the Code 5 threshold are sub-divided into profile classes ranging from domestic users
(profile classes 1 & 2) to significant energy users (profile classes 7 & 8). The vast majority of business customers in profile classes 3-8
the transmission and distribution of have manually read meters.
energy that is purchased, which are
then passed on to the customer and The supplier is licensed to supply electricity to the customer and charge them for their consumption. The supplier also coordinates
are known as TUoS (transmission use the associated contracts with the meter operator, meter asset provider, data collector and data aggregator.
The supplier uses an electricity meter to bill the customer. The unit charge of electricity is the kWh and is billed per unit consumed.
of network) and DUoS (distribution use
Supplier The electricity supplier collects the consumption data through the Balancing and Settlement Code system. This provides accurate
of network) charges. TUoS is where bills for the customer as well as accurate predictions of electricity demand for all parties within the electricity industry. Customers
costs are recovered from running and with a capacity of less than 100kW are entitled to opt into the settlement system if they are prepared to pay additional charges and
maintaining the national grid, and upgrade their meter.
DUoS is where the costs are recovered
The generator owns the plant which generates the electricity and is licenced to sell electricity directly to the supplier. Some
for distributing electricity across the Generator
generators are owned by suppliers.
national network.
Big Players – UK energy companies Distributor
The distributor owns the local distribution network through which the electricity reaches the customer. This includes cables,
transformers, meters and other infrastructure assets.
are very large and operate with power,
with the largest known as the ‘Big Six’ The meter operator has overall responsibility of operating and maintaining metering equipment. The meter operator is contracted
Meter operator
which is comprised of SSE, EDF Energy, to the supplier and normally has a separate contract with the meter asset manager to manage the meter.
British Gas, npower, EON UK and
The meter asset manager is contracted to install, commission, maintain, remove and dispose of the meter and to ensure that it
Scottish Power. Suppliers must manage Meter asset manager
complies with regulatory requirements.
commodity costs, transport costs and
government taxes that result from The data collector is responsible for the collection and processing of consumption data from actual meter readings, or the
Data collector
policy to fund renewable energy. determination of an estimate. This consumption information is then passed to the data aggregator.
Energy Markets Regulator -
The data aggregator is responsible for the aggregation of data regarding the electricity supplied to customers. The supplier uses
Regulated by Ofgem in the UK and Data aggregator
this aggregated information for balancing and settlement purposes and to ensure that customers are billed correctly.
Ofreg in Northern Ireland. The Office
of Gas and Electricity Markets (Ofgem)
regulates the monopoly companies smart meters will provide the UK with Gas Market Information needed for energy
which run the gas and electricity a net economic benefit of £6.2bn.7 As The gas market is structured as procurement
networks. It makes decisions on price of September 2017, small and large customer, supplier, shipper, transporter, Once the site information has been
controls and enforcement, acting energy suppliers are responsible for meter operator and meter reader. collected as previously outlined, the
in the interests of consumers and the operation of 7.67m smart meters in Energy brokers can be used to information can be organised for
helping the industries to achieve domestic properties, and 939,700 smart procure energy on behalf of customers, procurement into a tender pack which
environmental improvements. Ofgem meters in smaller non-domestic sites. and provide services such as data should include:• site and energy details;
is a non-ministerial department that In recent years the commodity collection, tendering, invoice audits, • length of contract period to be
is governed by the Gas and Electricity price of energy has reduced against remote access, standardised reports, considered (including options for
Markets Authority (GEMA) which make projections. However, owing market intelligence, budgeting support locking and hedging);
regulatory decisions, determines to renewables obligations and and optimisation of commodity cost. • payment terms – e.g. net 30 days,
strategy and sets priorities for policy infrastructure management non- When using energy brokers, it is net 60 days etc;
and consists of members with a wide commodity costs of energy are important to ensure that they are an • trading strategy – frequency of
range of experience from sectors such predicted to rise. According to the independent broker and follow an events and volumes to be locked or
as industry, economics, science and the Committee on Climate Change, energy internal or external code of practice exposed for hedging;
environment. bills for consumers could increase by 10 ensuring good governance and • agreement for a capital risk position
Smart Meters - The Smart Meter to 15 per cent by 2020 and 30 to 45 per assurance that they are acting in the – the absolute maximum position that
rollout is a Government led programme cent by 2030.8 interests of their clients in an honest volumes must be locked if triggered;
with the goal of upgrading the UK’s and transparent manner. • documented approvers who are
energy systems by requiring energy Electricity Market It is recommended that a written authorised to act (names and contact
suppliers to install smart meters into all The electricity market is structured contractual arrangement is entered details);
homes and small businesses by 2020 as customer, supplier, generator, into between the broker and • reporting requirements – e.g.
to save energy and reduce costs for distributor, meter operator, meter customer that defines objectives, key trading activities and market conditions
customers. It is estimated that between asset manager, data collector and data performance indicators and reporting versus budget;
2020 and 2030, the installation of aggregator. and information sharing. • market intelligence and tracking
For details on how to obtain your Energy Institute CPD Certificate, see entry form and details on page 24
22 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | FEBRUARY 2018
SERIES 15 | MODULE 08 | ENERGY PURCHASING
Figure 3: Gas market structure. gas-come-from
• Vaughan, A. (2017) Qatar crisis
highlights rising UK energy reliance on
imports [Online] Available from: https://
www.theguardian.com/business/2017/
jun/08/qatar-crisis-highlights-rising-uk-
energy-reliance-on-imports
• Office for National Statistics Digital
(2016) UK energy: how much, what type
and where from? [Online] Available
from: https://visual.ons.gov.uk/
uk-energy-how-much-what-type-and-
where-from/
The customer enters into a contract with a supplier for the provision of gas.
• The National Archives (2018) Climate
Customer Change Act 2008 [Online] Available
The largest consumers are provided with daily metering. Smaller consumers without daily metering are termed non-daily metered.
from: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/
The supplier is licensed to supply gas to the customer and to charge them for their consumption. The supplier also coordinates ukpga/2008/27/part/1/crossheading/
the associated contracts with the meter operator.
the-target-for-2050
Gas is invoiced in kilowatt-hours (kWh) consumed, and supplied on a ‘firm’ or an ‘interrupted’ basis. A firm basis ensures that the
Supplier customer will have constant gas availability during the period stated in the agreement. Gas supplied on an interrupted basis to
• European Commission (undated)
industrial and commercial organisations costs less, but the organisations agree to an interruption at short notice as specified in Renewable energy directive [Online]
their contract. This would occur when there is a shortage of gas in the market. Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/
The cost of gas consists of a price for the gas itself and a price for transportation, both of which vary between summer and winter. energy/en/topics/renewable-energy/
The customer will pay a total price to its supplier.
renewable-energy-directive
The shipper buys gas directly from the producers and sells this to the supplier. To keep the level of gas in the UK network at a • EDF Energy (undated) Energy in the
Shipper
constant level, the shippers balance the amount of gas in the system with that which is being consumed. UK [Online] Available from: https://
www.edfenergy.com/future-energy/
The transporter (or network operator) owns the gas pipeline system. The supplier needs consumption information for billing and uk-energy
Transporter the transporter needs the same information to ensure balance in the network. As a result, most meters on the customer’s side of
the network are owned and maintained by the major gas network owner, the National Grid. • Department for Communities and Local
Government, Department of Energy
Meter Operator
The meter operator is responsible for keeping the meter in order and contracts a meter asset manager to install, commission, and Climate Change, Department
maintain, remove and dispose of the meter and to ensure that it complies with regulatory requirements.
for Work and Pensions and Ofgem
The meter reader gathers gas consumption data which is fed back to the Supplier for the purpose of billing and also for the (2015) 2010 to 2015 government
Meter Reader
shipper to ensure the gas on the network is balanced. policy: household energy [Online]
Available from: https://www.gov.uk/
government/publications/2010-to-
Details Gas Electricity
2015-government-policy-household-
Contract expiry date
Expiry date and the notice period for switching, giving notice to Expiry date and the notice period for switching, giving notice to energy/2010-to-2015-government-
avoid rolling over to the next period. avoid rolling over to the next period. policy-household-energy#appendix-7-
Site name and All site addresses are required along with the information All site addresses are required along with the information
smart-meters
postcode below. below. • Committee on Climate Change (2014)
Energy prices and bills report – Results
Peak demand capacity in KW. Low voltage or high voltage connection.
Connection type and key messages for commerce
Daily or non-daily metered. Maximum demand reached in the past 12 months (KVA).
and industry [Online] Available from:
MPAN (Meter Point Administration Number) which is the https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/
Meter details M number – unique identifier for the gas supply point.
unique identifier for the electricity supply point. uploads/2014/12/EPB-Report-launch_
Commercial-Industry.pdf
Monthly usage over the past 12 months. Annual kWh consumption in the past 12 months.
Annual consumption Maximum use on any day. Monthly, weekly and daily half hourly profiles are best. Shows
night and day and wintertime peak use during the 4-7pm period. Further Reading
• CIPS A Guide to Purchasing Energy and
Impacts of any energy efficiency programmes. Plans to reduce usage during Triad DUoS peak periods. Carbon Footprint Impacts
Changes in the future Availability promise. • CIPS Negotiating Energy Supply
Impacts of any energy efficiency programmes. Contracts
Availability Firm or interruptible. Capacity (KVA). • EMA Electricity Procurement
• Energy Institute Energy Management
Other Gas pressure. Details of power factor. Essentials – Module 2: Metering &
Buying
requirements; The procurement process should conditions effected by macro events
• contractual requirements (including be well planned with identified time such as political or economic supply Useful Links
data collection and data visibility); frames for:• preparation of data e.g. situations that effect price stability or • Ofgem - www.ofgem.gov.uk
• assessment methodology four weeks; volatility. Unexpected factors such as • Ofreg - www.uregni.gov.uk
(including consideration to renewable • tender period e.g. four weeks; cold weather may affect the timing of • Chartered Institute of Purchasing and
energy, cost, data provision, payment • review e.g. two weeks; the tender process. Supply - www.cips.org
terms, options for price fixing and • interviews e.g. one week; • Major Energy Users’ Council - www.
hedging, risk, clear invoicing, reporting • decision and appoint e.g. one week; References meuc.co.uk
and account management preferences); • Total of 12 weeks • https://www.britishgas.co.uk/ • Energy Institute – www.energyinst.org
• tender return date; and Planning when to go to market the-source/our-world-of-energy/ • Committee on Climate Change - www.
• contract award date. may be a decision based upon market energys-grand-journey/where-does-uk- theccc.org.uk
For details on how to obtain your Energy Institute CPD Certificate, see entry form and details on page 24
FEBRUARY 2018 | ENERGY IN BUILDINGS & INDUSTRY | 23SERIES 15 | MODULE 08 | FEBRUARY 2018
ENTRY FORM
ENERGY PURCHASING
Please mark your answers on the sheet below by placing a cross in the box next to the
How to obtain a CPD accreditation
correct answer. Only mark one box for each question. You may find it helpful to mark the
answers in pencil first before filling in the final answers in ink. Once you have completed
from the Energy Institute
the answer sheet in ink, return it to the address below. Photocopies are acceptable. Energy in Buildings and Industry and the Energy Institute are delighted to
have teamed up to bring you this Continuing Professional Development
initiative.
This is the eighth module in the fifteenth series and focuses on Energy
QUESTIONS 6 What is the current interval between
carbon budgets in the UK? Purchsing. It is accompanied by a set of multiple-choice questions.
1 By how much does the Climate Change ■ 6 months To qualify for a CPD certificate readers must submit at least eight of the
Act aim to reduce emissions by 2050? ■ 1 year ten sets of questions from this series of modules to EiBI for the Energy
■ 20 per cent ■ 5 years Institute to mark. Anyone achieving at least eight out of ten correct answers on
■ 40 per cent ■ 10 years eight separate articles qualifies for an Energy Institute CPD certificate. This can be
■ 60 per cent obtained, on successful completion of the course and notification by the Energy
■ 80 per cent 7 Which of the following is NOT a component Institute, free of charge for both Energy Institute members and non-members.
of the electrical market structure?
The articles, written by a qualified member of the Energy Institute, will appeal
2 Which of the following is part of the ‘Big ■ Supplier
to those new to energy management and those with more experience of the
Six’? ■ Meter operator
subject.
■ Bulb Energy ■ Shipper
Modules from the past 14 series can be obtained free of charge. Send
■ Ecotricity ■ Data collector
your request to editor@eibi.co.uk. Alternatively, they can be downloaded
■ EDF Energy
■ Flow Energy 8 Renewables obligations and infrastructure from the EiBI website: www.energyzine.co.uk
management are predicted to make non-
3 The Renewable Energy Directive aims to commodity energy costs do what?
achieve how much renewable energy ■ Become eliminated SERIES 14 SERIES 15
generation by 2020? ■ Remain the same
MAY 2016 - APR 2017 MAY 2017 - APR 2018
■ 10 per cent ■ Decrease
■ 20 per cent ■ Increase
1 Biomass 1 Lighting Technology
■ 40 per cent 2 Behaviour Change 2 Boilers & Burners
■ 70 per cent 9 Which is NOT a piece of legislation that 3 Energy Management Standards 3 Compressed Air
aims at improving energy efficiency or
the use of renewables? 4 Air Conditioning 4 Water Management
4 What is the maximum number of
Megawatts that a code of practice 5 ■ Feed-In tariffs 5 Internet of Things 5 Combined Heat and Power
electricity meter allows? ■ 2018 IET wiring regulations 6 Training for Energy Management 6 Drives & Motors
■ 1 ■ Renewables obligation 7 Data Centre Management 7 Underfloor Heating
■ 10 ■ Climate change act 8 Metering & Monitoring 8 Energy Purchasing
■ 100 9 Battery Storage 9 Photovoltaics*
■ 1000 10 Which of the following correctly defines
‘hedging’? 10 Demand Side Response 10 Heat Pumps*
5 Electricity generators sell electricity ■ A commodity that is traded on the
directly to whom? stock exchange Annual consumption * ONLY available to download from the website after publication date
■ Customer ■ Prices can be locked for identified
■ Supplier volumes
■ Distributor ■ The collection and processing of
■ Meter operator consumption data from actual meter “ Energy in Buildings and Industry and the Energy Institute
are delighted to have teamed up to bring you this
Continuing Professional Development initiative ”
Mark Thrower Managing Editor
“ Energy in Buildings and Industry and the Energy Institute
are delighted to have teamed up to bring you this
Continuing Professional Development initiative ”
Mark Thrower Managing Editor
“ Energy in Buildings and Industry and the Energy Institute
are delighted to have teamed up to bring you this
Continuing Professional Development initiative ”
Mark Thrower Managing Editor
readings SERIES 15 | MODULE 07 | underfloor Heating SERIES 15 | MODULE 06 | drives & Motors SERIES 15 | MODULE 05 | combined heat & power
Underfloor heating Energy-efficient Combined heat & power
■ A fee is paid upfront to guarantee a comes of age drives and motors as an energy source
By Wayne Ward, managing director at Building Services Sustainability & Environmental
capped commodity price
By Patrick Waterfield, principal environmental engineer at JCP Consulting Ltd By John Pooley, John Pooley Consultancy Ltd
Consultancy Ltd
T T
table 1. Potential savings estimated by CeMeP
C
he Romans (and before underfloor heating – a brief timeline he amount of energy used
them the Ancient Greeks) by electric motors is around ombined heat and power variety of fuels (e.g. mains gas, gaseous is slightly higher (20-40 per cent).
realised the benefit of 45 per cent of all global Area of potential savings Potential saving (CHP), or cogeneration, is waste fuels, commercial waste fuels These internal combustion engines
underfloor heating via the Neolithic period Evidence of stone-covered trenches in dwellings in Asia and Aleutian Islands electricity consumption. This a highly efficient process etc.) in an engine or turbine that’s are best suited for small sites which
Increased use of energy-efficient motors 10 per cent
hypocaust system - the term gives rise to around 6,000Mt that capitalises on the heat connected to an alternator. During a high demand for hot water in
is derived from Greek words literally 5,000 BC Evidence of “baked floors” found in Korea and Manchu; of CO2 each year. Motor-driven systems Electronic speed control 30 per cent generated as a by-product this process, a significant amount of comparison to electricity. The ratio of
meaning “under-burning”. A fire was lit are also estimated to account for 65 Mechanical system optimisation 60 per cent of the generation of electricity. Coal and heat is created as a by-product, which heat to power is approximately 1.5:1 but
at underfloor level and the heat drawn 3,000 BC Korean fire hearth used as both kitchen range and heating stove; per cent of industrial electricity use. gas-fired power stations can often be is usually wasted in conventional decreases with size.
through a sub-floor void under action As a result, they need to be a focus for Total 100 per cent seen expelling wasted heat energy as power generation. However, in a CHP Unit sizes vary from 50kWe –
of flues in the walls (which also allowed 1,000 BC Ondol-type system used in the Aleutian Islands and present-day North Korea; energy-saving activity. clouds of steam from cooling towers. application, the heat from the exhaust, 1,500kWe.
the relevant wall areas to act as heat Electric motors are normally CHP systems exploit the heat energy oil cooling circuits and water jacket is They are used in: smaller
emitters). 500 BC
Greeks and Romans scale up the use of conditioned floors (and walls) with purchased as part of an item of potential for retrofit improvements. in other elements of the system is more that would otherwise be wasted in recovered and distributed to a nearby (decentralised) hospital buildings,
hypocausts; equipment, for example, an air Before looking at the elements of a significant. Potential savings estimated traditional electricity generation, to heating system. This reduces the hotels, leisure buildings, individual
handling unit. This means in most cases motor-driven system it is important to by CEMEP (European Committee of produce both electricity and heat in a requirement to burn additional gas university buildings, small residential
Asia continues to use conditioned surfaces but replaced in Europe by the open
500 AD the end user is not the direct buyer consider the purpose of the system. Manufacturers of Electrical Machines single process. in a boiler or central heating system. buildings on a district heating scheme.
fire and early forms of the modern fireplace;
of the motor. The end user often only For example, a water circulation pump, and Power Electronics) are shown in The UK government states that Energy from CHP is nearly always Gas turbines are the most common
becomes a motor purchaser when how is it controlled? Is it running the table above. installing CHP saves organisations produced locally to its end user, which prime mover on larger scale CHP units.
Countries in the Mediterranean Basin use various forms of hypocaust-type
700 heating in public baths and homes (and also use heat from cooking to heat the replacing the motor. When specifying 24x7 when only needing 8x5? The around 20 per cent of their energy limits the amount of energy loss due to In a gas turbine engine, a fuel is
floors); systems that include motors, the end magnitude of savings here (in the Focus on whole system costs and reduces CO2 emissions by up transmission. burned (normally natural gas) in a
user should consider specifying what region of 75 per cent) is many times This suggests that 90 per cent of the to 30 per cent. The main drawback with Excess electricity generated can combustion chamber, causing heat
1000
Ondol continues to evolve in Asia, with the fire furnace moved outside and the performance level(s) they require from the potential savings in the motor and savings potential occurs outside of the CHP is that to gain maximum efficiency be sold to the grid, and any shortfall and pressure to force air down the
room entirely floored with Ondol in Korea;
the drive system. drive system. motor – hence a focus is required on it is recommended to be operated for in electricity can be purchased from unit to drive a series of turbine blades.
Ideally, all the energy efficiency the whole system. around 4,500 hours per year. the grid. As battery technology is The pressurised air drives a generator,
1400 Hypocaust-type systems used to heat Turkish Baths of the Ottoman Empire; aspects of a motor-driven system are Motor is heart of the system This approach is reinforced by CHP has been proven worldwide generates electricity via an alternator.
increasingly reducing in cost, further
Source: http://mcauleyhistory.edublogs. addressed at the system design stage. The heart of the system is the motor, to European Standard EN 50598 Part 2 - to be an effective means of reducing benefit can be derived by storing the The expelled heat is utilised by a
org/2012/10/24/the-roman-villa-project/ 1500 Wide-scale adoption of floor heating in China and Korea; However, electric motors are not only which is added motor control – ranging Energy efficiency indicators for power operating costs and environmental generated electricity for use during heat exchanger to provide hot water.
Please complete your details below in block capitals
hypocaust/ efficient machines they are highly from a simple starter to a variable drive systems and motor starters. (This damage in domestic, commercial and peak times, subsequently further Typical entry temperatures are in the
1600 Heated flues in floors and walls used in greenhouses in France; reliable, typically with a life span of over speed drive (VSD). Then, unless a standard covers performance in the industrial scenarios. It is widely used in reducing reliance on the grid. In region of 900-1,200oC, with exhaust
Slightly earlier (ca 1,000BC) were 15 years. This means that opportunities direct drive system, a transmission power range 0.12kW to 1,000kW.) countries like the Netherlands, Finland addition, this helps to reduce reliance temperatures in the region of 500oC
the traditional Korean “Ondol” (warm 1700 Hypocaust type system used to heat public baths in modern day Iraq; to upgrade existing motors may be system (typically belts or gearbox) is While motors come in a wide variety and Denmark. In Finland, 82 per cent of on the grid at times of fluctuating depending on the scale of the turbine.
stone) dwellings, which also featured limited. Although the scope for motor connected to the ‘load machine’. While of types and sizes, the three-phase, electrical power generation in 2012 was demand. The heat to power ratio can be as
a form of underfloor heating. The 1800
Beginnings of the European evolution of the modern water heater/boiler and replacements may be limited, there there have been developments in ac, cage induction motor is the most produced via cogeneration. Germany is There are multiple types of CHP high as 5:1 in certain applications if
Ondol used smoke from the cooking water-based piping systems (eg in John Soane house and museum, London); will be ‘legacy’ systems that offer the motor efficiency the scope for savings common motor encountered in energy on-course to provide 25 per cent of the engines, each suited to different output ‘supplementary firing’ is undertaken
fire, i.e. heat that would have been country’s power through cogeneration requirements. The size of the unit will (which enables control over varying
generated anyway, making better use 1864 Ondol-type system used at Civil War hospital sites in America; by 2020. depend on the calculated or estimated amounts of heat.
of the fuel. Indeed, there is evidence of It is believed that the first CHP base heat load (CHP is most economic These setups are reported to be very
similar features in excavated Neolithic Liverpool Cathedral heated with system based on the hypocaust principles (also application was undertaken in the when the unit is sized slightly over the reliable. However, they are very loud
1904
installed in various UK churches in Victorian times);
settlements. United States in 1882 with the Thomas baseload heat load). units, have a lower electrical efficiency
Edison-designed Pearl Street Station, An internal combustion engine in than reciprocating engines and are not
Frank Lloyd Wright designs the floor-based radiant-heated Herbert Jacobs
Heating elements or cables 1937
house; the world’s first commercial power a CHP unit works in a similar way to efficient at periods of low demand.
An underfloor heating (UFH) system plant. This plant burned coal to the engine in a motor car. The unit Smaller units (up to 500kWe) have
essentially comprises heating elements The first standards for floor heating are developed in Europe. Water-based generate enough electricity to power burns a fuel (normally natural gas or a low electrical efficiency (around
1980
- either PVC piping carrying warm Ondol system is applied to almost all residential buildings in Korea; approximately 400 lamps, and the compression-ignition diesel) which 20-30 per cent) so have to be used
water (“wet” system), or electric heating waste bi-product of heat was used to generates motive power. The power is with a recuperator to preheat the air
cables - located beneath the floor Floor heating becomes a traditional heating system in residential buildings warm neighbouring buildings. The turned into electricity via an alternator. to ensure it qualifies as ‘Good Quality
1985 in Middle Europe and Nordic countries and increasing applications in non-
Name ......................................................................................................................................................................... (Mr. Mrs, Ms) ....................................
surface. In the case of wet systems, residential buildings;
Pearl Street Station CHP was thought to The wasted heat will be used to heat CHP’ as defined by the UK CHP Quality
the pipes are usually laid in a sand/ be about 50 per cent efficient. a body of water, or sometimes to Assurance Programme.
cement “dry” screed or self-levelling Today, CHP plants are able to work create steam. Exhaust gases can be It is possible to get micro turbines as
2010 71-storey radiant conditioned Pearl River Tower in Guangzhou, China;
liquid screed on top of insulation on at an efficiency around 85 per cent, as hot at 600oC, which produces integrated packages with absorption
a concrete floor slab, though they which is thought to be 25-35 per cent low temperature hot water (LTHW) cooling to enable tri-generation.
can also be laid in a dry screed on a conducts it to the floor covering where arrays and mats which can be laid in a more efficient that the separate energy temperatures of up to 95oC. They find use in: hospital buildings
suspended timber floor. The screed it is radiated into the room. Electric thin screed or tiling adhesive layer or systems it replaces. Electrical efficiency of these units is with a district heating system,
absorbs heat from the piping and types are found in the form of cable direct under a wood floor, for example. Electricity is generated by burning a low (20 per cent), but thermal efficiency universities (with district heating), large
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Completed answers should be mailed to:
energy industry, developing and sharing knowledge, skills
The Education Department, Energy in Buildings & Industry, P.O. Box 825, and good practice towards a safe, secure and sustainable
GUILDFORD, GU4 8WQ. Or scan and e-mail to editor@eibi.co.uk energy system. The EI supports energy managers by offering
membership and professional registrations including
Chartered Energy Manager, as well as workshops, events,
training and networking opportunities across the UK and
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overseas. It also produces a number of freely available
knowledge resources such as its online Energy Matrix and
energy management guide.
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