Pediatrics Milestones - The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education - ACGME
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Pediatrics Milestones The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Implementation Date: July 1, 2021 Second Revision: March 2021 First Revision: December 2012 ©2021 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) All rights reserved except the copyright owners grant third parties the right to use the Pediatrics Milestones on a non-exclusive basis for educational purposes.
Pediatrics Milestones The Milestones are designed only for use in evaluation of residents in the context of their participation in ACGME-accredited residency programs. The Milestones provide a framework for the assessment of the development of the resident in key dimensions of the elements of physician competence in a specialty or subspecialty. They neither represent the entirety of the dimensions of the six domains of physician competency, nor are they designed to be relevant in any other context. ©2021 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) All rights reserved except the copyright owners grant third parties the right to use the Pediatrics Milestones on a non-exclusive basis for educational purposes. I
Pediatrics Milestones Work Group Marsha Anderson, MD Mel Heyman, MD, MPH Courtney Brantley, MD Oriaku Kas-Osoka, MD, MEd April Buchanan, MD Kristin Koehn, MD, MACM Ann Burke, MD Emily Machogu, MD Carol Carraccio, MD Brian May, MD, MEd Jennifer Chen, MD Judy-April Oparaji, MD, RD Abhay Dandekar, MD Kris Rooney, MD Stephanie Dewar, MD Johannah Scheurer, MD Jennifer Di Rocco, DO, MEd Daniel Schumacher, MD Maya Eady, MD Judith S. Shaw, EdD, MPH, RN Laura Edgar, EdD, CAE David Turner, MD John Frohna, MD, MPH Anne Warwick, MD, MPH Bahareh Gordon, MD, MS Kimberly Wolf, DO Mary Fran Hazinski, RN, MSN, FAAN, FAHA ©2021 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) All rights reserved except the copyright owners grant third parties the right to use the Pediatrics Milestones on a non-exclusive basis for educational purposes. II
The ACGME would like to thank the following organizations for their continued support in the development of the Milestones: American Board of Pediatrics Association of American Medical Colleges Association of Osteopathic Directors and Medical Educators Association of Pediatric Program Directors Council of Pediatric Subspecialties Review Committee for Pediatrics ©2021 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) All rights reserved except the copyright owners grant third parties the right to use the Pediatrics Milestones on a non-exclusive basis for educational purposes. iii
Understanding Milestone Levels and Reporting This document presents the Milestones, which programs use in a semi-annual review of resident performance, and then report to the ACGME. Milestones are knowledge, skills, attitudes, and other attributes for each of the ACGME Competencies organized in a developmental framework. The narrative descriptions are targets for resident performance throughout their educational program. Milestones are arranged into levels. Tracking from Level 1 to Level 5 is synonymous with moving from novice to expert resident in the specialty or subspecialty. For each reporting period, the Clinical Competency Committee will review the completed evaluations to select the milestone levels that best describe each learner’s current performance, abilities, and attributes for each subcompetency. These levels do not correspond with post-graduate year of education. Depending on previous experience, a junior resident may achieve higher levels early in his/her educational program just as a senior resident may be at a lower level later in his/her educational program. There is no predetermined timing for a resident to attain any particular level. Residents may also regress in achievement of their milestones. This may happen for many reasons, such as over scoring in a previous review, a disjointed experience in a particular procedure, or a significant act by the resident. Selection of a level implies the resident substantially demonstrates the milestones in that level, as well as those in lower levels (see the diagram on page vi). ©2021 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) All rights reserved except the copyright owners grant third parties the right to use the Pediatrics Milestones on a non-exclusive basis for educational purposes. iv
Additional Notes Level 4 is designed as a graduation goal but does not represent a graduation requirement. Making decisions about readiness for graduation and unsupervised practice is the purview of the program director. Furthermore, Milestones 2.0 include revisions and changes that preclude using Milestones as a sole assessment in high-stakes decisions (i.e., determination of eligibility for certification or credentialing). Level 5 is designed to represent an expert resident whose achievements in a subcompetency are greater than the expectation. Milestones are primarily designed for formative, developmental purposes to support continuous quality improvement for individual learners, education programs, and the specialty. The ACGME and its partners will continue to evaluate and perform research on the Milestones to assess their impact and value. Examples are provided for some milestones within this document. Please note: the examples are not the required element or outcome; they are provided as a way to share the intent of the element. A Supplemental Guide is also available to provide the intent of each subcompetency, examples for each level, assessment methods or tools, and other available resources. The Supplemental Guide, like examples contained within the Milestones, is designed only to assist the program director and Clinical Competency Committee, and is not meant to demonstrate any required element or outcome. Additional resources are available in the Milestones section of the ACGME website. Follow the links under “What We Do” at www.acgme.org. ©2021 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) All rights reserved except the copyright owners grant third parties the right to use the Pediatrics Milestones on a non-exclusive basis for educational purposes. v
The diagram below presents an example set of milestones for one sub-competency in the same format as the ACGME Report Worksheet. For each reporting period, a resident’s performance on the milestones for each sub-competency will be indicated by selecting the level of milestones that best describes that resident’s performance in relation to those milestones. Selecting a response box in the Selecting a response box on the line in middle of a level implies that between levels indicates that milestones milestones in that level and in lower in lower levels have been substantially levels have been substantially demonstrated as well as some demonstrated. milestones in the higher level(s). ©2021 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) All rights reserved except the copyright owners grant third parties the right to use the Pediatrics Milestones on a non-exclusive basis for educational purposes. vi
Version 2 Pediatrics, ACGME Report Worksheet Patient Care 1: History Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Gathers information Adapts template to filter Filters, prioritizes, and Filters, prioritizes, and Recognizes and probes strictly following a and prioritize pertinent synthesizes the history to synthesizes the history subtle clues from patients template positives and negatives develop a differential to develop a differential and families; based on broad diagnosis in real-time for diagnosis in real time distinguishes nuances diagnostic categories or uncomplicated or typical for complicated or among diagnoses to possible diagnoses presentations atypical presentations efficiently drive further information gathering Comments: Not Yet Completed Level 1 Not Yet Assessable ©2021 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) All rights reserved except the copyright owners grant third parties the right to use the Pediatrics Milestones on a non-exclusive basis for educational purposes. 1
Version 2 Pediatrics, ACGME Report Worksheet Patient Care 2: Physical Exam Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Performs fundamental Performs complete Performs complete or Performs complete or Detects, pursues, and physical examination physical examination and focused physical focused physical integrates key physical identifies variants and examination, as indicated, examination, as examination findings to abnormal findings and interprets normal indicated, and selects distinguish nuances variants and abnormal advanced maneuvers to among competing, often findings distinguish between similar diagnoses diagnoses Performs a rote physical Performs a physical Performs a physical Performs a physical Performs a physical examination using a examination considering examination with examination using examination that strict head-to-toe appropriate adaptation for consistent use of a strategies to maximize consistently and positively approach age and development developmentally patient cooperation and engages the patient appropriate approach comfort Comments: Not Yet Completed Level 1 Not Yet Assessable ©2021 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) All rights reserved except the copyright owners grant third parties the right to use the Pediatrics Milestones on a non-exclusive basis for educational purposes. 2
Version 2 Pediatrics, ACGME Report Worksheet Patient Care 3: Organize and Prioritize Patient Care Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Completes tasks for an Organizes patient care Organizes and prioritizes Organizes, prioritizes, Serves as a role model individual patient, when responsibilities by the simultaneous care of and delegates patient and coach for patient care prompted focusing on individual patients with efficiency care responsibilities responsibilities (rather than multiple) even when patient patients volume approaches the capacity of the individual or facility; anticipates and triages urgent and emergent issues Comments: Not Yet Completed Level 1 Not Yet Assessable ©2021 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) All rights reserved except the copyright owners grant third parties the right to use the Pediatrics Milestones on a non-exclusive basis for educational purposes. 3
Version 2 Pediatrics, ACGME Report Worksheet Patient Care 4: Clinical Reasoning Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Presents clinical facts Generates an unfocused Organizes clinical facts to Integrates clinical facts Role models and coaches (e.g., history, exam, differential diagnosis compare and contrast into a unifying the organization of clinical tests, consultations) in based on the clinical facts diagnoses being diagnosis(es); facts to develop a the order they were considered, resulting in a reappraises in real time prioritized differential elicited prioritized differential to avoid diagnostic error diagnosis, including life diagnosis threatening diagnoses, atypical presentations, and complex clinical presentations Comments: Not Yet Completed Level 1 Not Yet Assessable ©2021 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) All rights reserved except the copyright owners grant third parties the right to use the Pediatrics Milestones on a non-exclusive basis for educational purposes. 4
Version 2 Pediatrics, ACGME Report Worksheet Patient Care 5: Patient Management Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Reports management Participates in the Develops an Develops and Serves as a role model plans developed by creation of management interdisciplinary implements informed and coach for others plans management plan for management plans for development of common and typical complicated and management plans for diagnoses atypical diagnoses, with complicated and atypical the ability to modify diagnoses, with the ability plans as necessary to modify plans as necessary Comments: Not Yet Completed Level 1 Not Yet Assessable ©2021 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) All rights reserved except the copyright owners grant third parties the right to use the Pediatrics Milestones on a non-exclusive basis for educational purposes. 5
Version 2 Pediatrics, ACGME Report Worksheet Medical Knowledge 1: Clinical Knowledge Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Demonstrates basic Links basic medical Applies medical Integrates a breadth of Teaches at multiple medical knowledge knowledge to clinical knowledge to common medical knowledge that levels, drawing from a scenarios and typical scenarios to includes complicated breadth of medical guide patient care and atypical conditions knowledge that spans the to guide patient care continuum of simple to complex problems Comments: Not Yet Completed Level 1 Not Yet Assessable ©2021 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) All rights reserved except the copyright owners grant third parties the right to use the Pediatrics Milestones on a non-exclusive basis for educational purposes. 6
Version 2 Pediatrics, ACGME Report Worksheet Medical Knowledge 2: Diagnostic Evaluation Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Lists basic evaluation Recommends broad Recommends focused Prioritizes and Educates others about (e.g., diagnostic testing evaluation based on an evaluation based on a optimizes evaluation risks, benefits, and consultation) for unfocused differential prioritized differential based on risks, benefits, indications, and common diagnoses, with diagnosis diagnosis indications, and alternatives to guide prompting alternatives to clarify the diagnostic decision diagnosis(es) making Reports results of Identifies clinically Interprets clinical Interprets clinical Teaches others to diagnostic studies significant diagnostic significance of diagnostic significance of interpret clinically study results, with study results diagnostic study results significant results and guidance while considering study consider study limitations limitations Comments: Not Yet Completed Level 1 Not Yet Assessable ©2021 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) All rights reserved except the copyright owners grant third parties the right to use the Pediatrics Milestones on a non-exclusive basis for educational purposes. 7
Version 2 Pediatrics, ACGME Report Worksheet Systems-Based Practice 1: Patient Safety Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Demonstrates Identifies system factors Participates in analysis of Conducts analysis of Actively engages teams knowledge of common that lead to patient safety patient safety events patient safety events and processes to modify patient safety events events (simulated or actual) and offers error systems to prevent prevention strategies patient safety events (simulated or actual) Demonstrates Reports patient safety Participates in disclosure Discloses patient safety Role models or mentors knowledge of how to events through of patient safety events to events to patients and others in the disclosure of report patient safety institutional reporting patients and families families (simulated or patient safety events events systems (simulated or (simulated or actual) actual) actual) Comments: Not Yet Completed Level 1 ©2021 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) All rights reserved except the copyright owners grant third parties the right to use the Pediatrics Milestones on a non-exclusive basis for educational purposes. 8
Version 2 Pediatrics, ACGME Report Worksheet Systems-Based Practice 2: Quality Improvement Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Demonstrates Describes local quality Participates in local Demonstrates the skills Creates, implements, and knowledge of basic improvement initiatives quality improvement required to identify, assesses quality quality improvement (e.g., community initiatives develop, implement, improvement initiatives at methodologies and vaccination rate, infection and analyze a quality the institutional or metrics rate, smoking cessation) improvement project community level Comments: Not Yet Completed Level 1 ©2021 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) All rights reserved except the copyright owners grant third parties the right to use the Pediatrics Milestones on a non-exclusive basis for educational purposes. 9
Version 2 Pediatrics, ACGME Report Worksheet Systems-Based Practice 3: System Navigation for Patient Centered Care – Coordination of Care Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Lists the various Coordinates care of Coordinates care of Coordinates Coaches others in interprofessional patients in routine clinical patients in complex interprofessional, interprofessional, patient- individuals involved in situations, incorporating clinical situations, patient-centered care centered care the patient’s care interprofessional teams effectively utilizing the among different coordination coordination with consideration of roles of interprofessional disciplines and patient and family needs teams, and incorporating specialties, actively patient and family needs assisting families in and goals navigating the health- care system Comments: Not Yet Completed Level 1 ©2021 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) All rights reserved except the copyright owners grant third parties the right to use the Pediatrics Milestones on a non-exclusive basis for educational purposes. 10
Version 2 Pediatrics, ACGME Report Worksheet Systems-Based Practice 4: System Navigation for Patient-Centered Care – Transitions in Care Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Uses a standard Adapts a standard Performs safe and Performs and Coaches others in template for transitions template, recognizing key effective transitions of advocates for safe and improving transitions of of care/hand-offs elements for safe and care/hand-offs in complex effective transitions of care within and across effective transitions of clinical situations, and care/hand-offs within health care delivery care/hand-offs in routine ensures closed-loop and across health care systems to optimize clinical situations communication delivery systems, patient outcomes including transitions to adult care Comments: Not Yet Completed Level 1 ©2021 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) All rights reserved except the copyright owners grant third parties the right to use the Pediatrics Milestones on a non-exclusive basis for educational purposes. 11
Version 2 Pediatrics, ACGME Report Worksheet Systems-Based Practice 5: Population and Community Health Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Demonstrates Identifies specific Uses local resources Adapts practice to Advocates at the local, awareness of population population and effectively to meet the provide for the needs of regional, or national level and community health community health needs needs and reduce health and reduce health for populations and needs and disparities and disparities; identifies disparities of a patient disparities of a specific communities with health local resources population and population care disparities community Comments: Not Yet Completed Level 1 ©2021 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) All rights reserved except the copyright owners grant third parties the right to use the Pediatrics Milestones on a non-exclusive basis for educational purposes. 12
Version 2 Pediatrics, ACGME Report Worksheet Systems-Based Practice 6: Physician Role in Health Care Systems Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Engages with patients Identifies the relationships Discusses the need for Advocates for the Coaches others to and other providers in between the delivery changes in clinical promotion of safe, promote safe, quality, and discussions about cost- system and cost- approaches based on quality, and high-value high-value care across conscious care and key conscious care and the evidence, outcomes, and care health care systems components of the impact on the patient care cost-effectiveness to health care delivery improve care for patients system and families Comments: Not Yet Completed Level 1 ©2021 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) All rights reserved except the copyright owners grant third parties the right to use the Pediatrics Milestones on a non-exclusive basis for educational purposes. 13
Version 2 Pediatrics, ACGME Report Worksheet Practice-Based Learning and Improvement 1: Evidence-Based and Informed Practice Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Develops an answerable Independently articulates Locates and applies the Critically appraises and Coaches others to clinical question and clinical question and evidence, integrated with applies evidence, even critically appraise and demonstrates how to accesses available patient preference, to the in the face of apply evidence for access available evidence care of patients uncertainty and complex patients evidence, with guidance conflicting evidence to guide care tailored to the individual patient Comments: Not Yet Completed Level 1 ©2021 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) All rights reserved except the copyright owners grant third parties the right to use the Pediatrics Milestones on a non-exclusive basis for educational purposes. 14
Version 2 Pediatrics, ACGME Report Worksheet Practice-Based Learning and Improvement 2: Reflective Practice and Commitment to Personal Growth Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Participates in feedback Demonstrates openness Seeks and incorporates Seeks and incorporates Role models and coaches sessions to feedback and feedback and feedback and others in seeking and performance data performance data performance data incorporating feedback episodically consistently and performance data Develops personal and Designs a learning plan Designs and implements Adapts a learning plan Demonstrates continuous professional goals, with based on established a learning plan by using long-term self-reflection and assistance goals, feedback, and analyzing and reflecting professional goals, self- coaching of others on performance data, with on the factors which reflection, and reflective practice assistance contribute to gap(s) performance data to between performance measure its expectations and actual effectiveness performance Comments: Not Yet Completed Level 1 ©2021 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) All rights reserved except the copyright owners grant third parties the right to use the Pediatrics Milestones on a non-exclusive basis for educational purposes. 15
Version 2 Pediatrics, ACGME Report Worksheet Professionalism 1: Professional Behavior Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Identifies expected Demonstrates Maintains professional Recognizes situations Models professional professional behaviors professional behavior with behavior in increasingly that may trigger behavior and coaches and potential triggers for occasional lapses complex or stressful professionalism lapses others when their lapses situations and intervenes to behavior fails to meet prevent lapses in self professional expectations and others Identifies the value and Demonstrates Fully engages in patient Exhibits a sense of duty Extends the role of the role of pediatrics as a accountability for patient care and holds oneself to patient care and pediatrician beyond the vocation/career care as a pediatrician, accountable professional care of patients by with guidance responsibilities engaging with the community, specialty, and medical profession as a whole Comments: Not Yet Completed Level 1 ©2021 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) All rights reserved except the copyright owners grant third parties the right to use the Pediatrics Milestones on a non-exclusive basis for educational purposes. 16
Version 2 Pediatrics, ACGME Report Worksheet Professionalism 2: Ethical Principles Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Demonstrates Applies ethical principles Analyzes complex Manages and seeks to Called upon by others to knowledge of the ethical in common situations situations using ethical resolve ethical consult in cases of principles underlying principles to address dilemmas using complex ethical informed consent, conflict/controversy; appropriate resources dilemmas; identifies and surrogate decision seeks help when needed (e.g., ethics seeks to address system- making, advance to manage and resolve consultations, literature level factors that induce directives, confidentiality, complex ethical situations review, risk or exacerbate error disclosure, management/legal stewardship of limited consultation) resources, and related topics Comments: Not Yet Completed Level 1 ©2021 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) All rights reserved except the copyright owners grant third parties the right to use the Pediatrics Milestones on a non-exclusive basis for educational purposes. 17
Version 2 Pediatrics, ACGME Report Worksheet Professionalism 3: Accountability/Conscientiousness Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Performs tasks and Performs tasks and Performs tasks and Coaches others to Creates strategies to responsibilities, with responsibilities in a timely responsibilities in a ensure tasks and enhance others’ ability to prompting manner in routine thorough and timely responsibilities are efficiently complete tasks situations manner in complex or completed in a thorough and responsibilities stressful situations and timely manner in complex or stressful situations Comments: Not Yet Completed Level 1 ©2021 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) All rights reserved except the copyright owners grant third parties the right to use the Pediatrics Milestones on a non-exclusive basis for educational purposes. 18
Version 2 Pediatrics, ACGME Report Worksheet Professionalism 4: Well-Being Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Recognizes the Describes institutional Recognizes institutional Describes interactions Coaches and supports importance of resources that are meant and personal factors that between institutional colleagues to optimize addressing personal and to promote well-being impact well-being and personal factors well-being at the team, professional well-being that impact well-being program, or institutional level Comments: Not Yet Completed Level 1 This subcompetency is not intended to evaluate a resident’s well-being, but to ensure each resident has the fundamental knowledge of factors that impact well- being, the mechanisms by which those factors impact well-being, and available resources and tools to improve well-being. ©2021 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) All rights reserved except the copyright owners grant third parties the right to use the Pediatrics Milestones on a non-exclusive basis for educational purposes. 19
Version 2 Pediatrics, ACGME Report Worksheet Interpersonal and Communication Skills 1: Patient- and Family-Centered Communication Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Demonstrates respect Establishes a therapeutic Establishes a culturally Establishes a Mentors others to develop and attempts to establish relationship in competent and therapeutic relationship positive therapeutic rapport straightforward therapeutic relationship in in straightforward and relationships encounters most encounters complex encounters, including those with ambiguity and/or conflict Attempts to adjust Adjusts communication Communicates with Uses shared decision Models and coaches communication strategies as needed to sensitivity and making with others in patient- and strategies based upon mitigate barriers and meet compassion, elicits patient/family to make a family-centered patient/family patient/family patient/family values, and personalized care plan communication expectations expectations acknowledges uncertainty and conflict Comments: Not Yet Completed Level 1 ©2021 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) All rights reserved except the copyright owners grant third parties the right to use the Pediatrics Milestones on a non-exclusive basis for educational purposes. 20
Version 2 Pediatrics, ACGME Report Worksheet Interpersonal and Communication Skills 2: Interprofessional and Team Communication Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Respectfully requests a Clearly and concisely Formulates a specific Coordinates consultant Maintains a collaborative consultation, with requests consultation by question for consultation recommendations to relationship with referring guidance communicating patient and tailors communication optimize patient care providers that maximizes information strategy adherence to practice recommendations Identifies the members Participates within the Uses bi-directional Facilitates Coaches others in of the interprofessional interprofessional team communication within the interprofessional team effective communication team interprofessional team communication within the interprofessional team Comments: Not Yet Completed Level 1 ©2021 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) All rights reserved except the copyright owners grant third parties the right to use the Pediatrics Milestones on a non-exclusive basis for educational purposes. 21
Version 2 Pediatrics, ACGME Report Worksheet Interpersonal and Communication Skills 3: Communication within Health Care Systems Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Records accurate Records accurate and Concisely documents Documents diagnostic Models and coaches information in the patient timely information in the updated, prioritized, and therapeutic others in documenting record patient record diagnostic and reasoning, including diagnostic and therapeutic reasoning in anticipatory guidance therapeutic reasoning the patient record Identifies the importance Selects appropriate Aligns type of Demonstrates Coaches others in written of and responds to method of communication with exemplary written and and verbal multiple forms of communication, with message to be delivered verbal communication communication communication (e.g., in- prompting (e.g., direct and indirect) person, electronic health based on urgency and record (EHR), telephone, complexity email) Comments: Not Yet Completed Level 1 ©2021 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) All rights reserved except the copyright owners grant third parties the right to use the Pediatrics Milestones on a non-exclusive basis for educational purposes. 22
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