Okra maybe potential cost-effective personalized-biomedicines social-vaccine against COVID-19: Improved immunity food-security green-economy ...
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ISSN 2581 – 4346
Available Online at www.ijms.co.in
Innovative Journal of Medical Sciences 2020; 4(2):5-20
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Okra maybe potential cost-effective personalized-biomedicines social-vaccine
against COVID-19: Improved immunity food-security green-economy science-and-
technology-communication applications
Subhas Chandra Datta1,2*
1
Eco-Club, Kanchannagar D.N. Das High School (HS), Burdwan, West Bengal, India, 2Department of Zoology,
Visva Bharati, Santiniketan, West Bengal, India
Received on: 13 February 2020; Revised on: 15 April 2020; Accepted on: 01 Jun 2020
ABSTRACT
The “human-challenge”–pandemic-coronavirus-COVID-19 effects on human-civilization, health,
travel, socioeconomic, education, and clinical research. India emphasis on okra, the most economically-
important number-one essential-consumption-nutritious-vegetable as well as traditional-medicine,
the “Nature’s-Gift to human-disease-free healthy-life,” is naturally-infected with different-diseases,
significantly reducing food-production. Although pesticides are the most effective means of control, they
are not, cost-effective, and environment-friendly. Hence, it has been an urgency to require; new and more
efficient solutions, technologies, products to fulfill its food and nutritional requirement, and methods to
develop vaccines or social-vaccine against coronavirus-COVID-19. Hence, it is focused on the okra-
plant, intercropped with amaranth-plant, to determine the effects on pathogens-infected-diseases; Root-
Knot, Yellow-Vein-Mosaic-Virus, and Okra-Enation-Leaf-Curl-Virus in a well-protected-garden. After
harvesting, of the two-plant-species, okra received minimum pathogen-infection, forming the “Good-
Diseases-Resistant-Eco-Friendly-Highly-Economical-Biomedicinal-Plants,” conserving “Biodiversity-
Conservations-Sustainable-Climate-Health and Development with Important-Economic-Implications
in Agriculture,” though both are highly susceptible to diseases, and the farmers would be benefited
double; by controlling-diseases, and by buying-selling the okra-amaranth. In biomedicines, highly-trace-
tolerance-okra-vegetables or the plant virus; Yellow-Vein-Mosaic-Virus, and Okra-Enation-Leaf-Curl-
Virus, which has been developed as antigenic epitopes derived from the vaccine targets COVID-19
infectious epidemic disease agents, and the chimeric virus particles (CVPs), may be used in vaccine
formulations or treatments, as one of the most powerful potential-personalized-biomedicine as vaccines
or social-vaccine against coronavirus-COVID-19, inducing natural-immunity, enriching food-security
green-economy science-and-technology-communication applications-issues. It may be the most; cost-
effective, easily-available, safe-edible, prepare-able, and applicable-future-potential-biomedicine, and
safe alternative to live replicating COVID-19-“Social Vaccines” which mobilized and united us, hope
and opportunity opens new-windows for nations to win the 21st-century pandemic-crisis common-enemy,
retaining in the old-form.
Keywords: COVID-19, Improved immunity food security green economy, Intercropped-okra, Potential-
cost-effective personalized biomedicines-social-vaccine, Science-and-technology-communication-
applications
INTRODUCTION
*Corresponding Author:
Dr. Subhas Chandra Datta, The recent “human-challenge”[1] pandemic-
E-mail: dattasubhas@rediffmail.com coronavirus-COVID-19 has presented unique
© 2020, IJMS. All Rights Reserved 5Datta: Okra biomedicines social-vaccine against COVID-19
global-challenges to human civilization, our However, recently, in India, the production in
private and professional life and the social terms of yield as well as fruit quality of okra is
organization-communities,[2] health systems hampered adversely by the naturally occurring
“the invisible patients,” [3]
devastating social Root-Knot (RK) diseases caused by the nematode-
and economic consequences,[4] truism,[5] and pathogens, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and
education.[6] And reopening of the educational white, Chitwood, 1949), Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus
institutions, could also threaten the surrounding (YVMV) disease, and Okra Enation Leaf Curl Virus
community, and employees will not be permitted to (OELCV) disease, caused by the virus-pathogens
teach or work.[6] Hence, the scientists has been an which spreads by an insect vector, named whitefly
urgency to develop vaccines against coronavirus[7] (Bemisia tabaci Gen). The use of chemicals is
or find out the quickest and most efficient effective the most effective means of control, but they are
treatment pathway and prevention strategies, but expensive and not environment-friendly creating
remain careful regarding scientifically robust health hazards[23,24] and the genetics-resistance[25]
and ethically sound clinical research.[8] The fifth to YVMV and OELCV in okra, and diversity of
endemic coronavirus, leaps from animals, forming viruses affect the production, financial losses of
humans-health-danger[8] in the future due to very okra, and climatic changes impact on the global
closely related animal-human virus,[9] genetic economy also.[26,27] A number of bio-agents or
resistance,[10] divergence, structural and the future bio nematicides or biomedicine[28-40] only stand
evolution, adaptation, and spread,[11] prevails a as a suitable and useful against different plants,
long time as an asymptomatic patients,[12] and the animals and human diseases caused by pathogens.
recent, pandemic situation is analogous to war, the However, it remains some problems in the rapid
delay of every week in the deployment of a vaccine
depletion of natural resources, biodiversity
to the 7 billion humans on earth will cost thousands
conservation, and not cost-effective.[41] Then, it
of lives,[13] and World Health Organization (WHO)
is thought that “Homeopathy” may solve all the
develops a blueprint for diagnostics, vaccines, and
above-mentioned problems.[42-50] However, it
therapeutics against novel coronavirus.[14]
has some cost. Only, intercropping would help
To face the pandemic-challenge, India emphasis
in identifying the “Diseases-Resistant-Plants”
on the most economically important number one
for possible control of plant diseases caused by
consumption-vegetable crop,[15] okra, is badly
different pathogens and it is primarily observed in
affected-COVID-19 impact on okra seeds market
the okra also.[51-56]
size.[16] Okra is the oldest widely cultivated-oligo
purpose, used as traditional medicine, forming the The main aims and objectives are to find out the
“Nature’s Gift to human disease-free healthy life” most suitable solution, a trial was planned to use
multipurpose crop,[17-19] consumed in a variety of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) Cv.
of ways, fruits rich in vitamins, calcium, folic Ankur – 40 as a “Diseases-Resistant-Biomedicine-
acid, carbohydrates, phosphorus, magnesium and Vegetables” intercropped with Amaranth-plant
potassium, iodine, mineral matters, and a good source (Amaranthus viridis L.) cv. CO-1, to determine the
of superior nutritional quality for human nutrition, effects on pathogens-infected diseases; Root-Knot,
and mature fruit and stems contain crude fiber, Yellow-Vein-Mosaic-Virus, and Okra-Enation-
used in the paper industry and sugarcane industry Leaf-Curl-Virus in a well-protected-garden.
of India, achieved first in the world.[18] Okra is also Moreover, to overcome the present epidemic
known for several potential health beneficial effects COVID-19 disease, it is planned to publish
on human diseases such as cardiovascular disease, as suggestions, to take measures or treatment
type 2 diabetes, kidney diseases, skin infection, opportunities or discover preventive measures,
digestive diseases, some cancers, antioxidant, by consumption of the okra based healthy diet as
nootropic, eye, body immunity, blood pressure, biomedicines, based on healthy diet and greater
obesity, asthma, constipation, heart disease, sexual prevention against SARS-Cov-2, by boosting the
health, and neurological disorders.[19-22] human immune system.
IJMS/Apr-Jun-2020/Vol 4/Issue 2 6Datta: Okra biomedicines social-vaccine against COVID-19
MATERIALS AND METHODS Enation-Leaf-Curl-Virus) infected leaves/plant (%),
the average number of root galls/plant, the average
Location and preparation of the field trial
number of nematodes (Root-Knot) per 2 g of root
The experiment was carried out in the garden of the and 200 g soil, average biomass (g) of fresh weight
Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati University, of shoot and root, and average protein % of root and
Santiniketan – 731235, West Bengal, India, at fruits protein content. Three samples of root from
an ambient temperature of 25 ± 2°C and RH 75 each species of plants were taken at random and the
± 5%.[23,24,51-56] Soil was interchanged to keep total protein fraction in each sample was estimated.
the nematode population as uniform as possible
[23,24,57-60]
All the data were counted for statistical
with mixing manure (2:1 vol/vol). For uniform analysis by analysis of variance (P ≤ 0.05).
distribution, in the three inoculated plots, soil and
root samples were taken at random to determine Consumption recipe
the extent and intensity of M. incognita -pathogen
infestation by mixing at 255,000 ± 25,338 J2/ Okra is a tasty delicacy found in many dishes,
plot each (M. incognita juveniles).[23,24,51-58] These making it quite a versatile vegetable, and consumed
experimental fields were randomized in the infested in a variety of ways like; pods are one of the most
field using a completely randomized block design. widely as vegetables and can be used in salads,
All the data were counted for statistical analysis by soups, stews and sauces, chopped, sliced, fresh
analysis of variance (P ≤ 0.05). or dried, fried, or boiled. It offers mucilaginous
consistency after cooking. Okra mucilage has
medicinal applications[15,17-22] Okra seed-cooked or
Plantation
ground into a meal and used in making bread or
Aseptically germinated seeds of Okra (A. esculentus made into “tofu” or “tempeh” and the roasted seed
L. cv. Ankur-40) and Amaranth (A. viridis L. cv. is a coffee substitute.[61,62]
CO-1) were planted alternately with a gap of 25 cm
in the first two plots. There were 18 seedlings, nine
Science and technology communication
from each species of plants. The same design was
applications food security economy
followed in another two plots with amaranth and
okra separately. The activity of students, researchers, regulators,
Since amaranth was a slow-growing plant, it teachers, staff, community, photographers,
was planted 15 days earlier than the okra plant. visitors, different scientist, academicians,
The plots were: Uninoculated amaranth-okra, clinicians, administrators, institutions, farmers,
inoculated amaranth-okra, inoculated amaranth, NGO named “Burdwan Green Haunter and
and inoculated okra.[51-56] All the naturally infected- Students’ Goal,” and media personnel, campaign
diseases; Root-Knot, Yellow-Vein-Mosaic-Virus, or aware or make the news or publication regarding
and Okra-Enation-Leaf-Curl-Virus occurred at the importance of “Okra Maybe Potential Cost-
four-leaf stage of okra plants. All the data were Effective Personalized-Biomedicines Social-
counted for statistical analysis by analysis of Vaccine against COVID-19: Improved Immunity
variance (P ≤ 0.05). Food-Security Green-Economy Science-and-
Technology-Communication Applications
and Nutritious foods, Healthcare-, Defense
Harvesting
response and Immunity as well as Biodiversity
Sixty-five days after plantation of okra, all the Conservation Issues” in different audiovisual
plants were uprooted and the following parameters media (TV channels), social media, web pages,
of growth and pathogens infection were recorded: newspapers, and journals, are recorded. It is a
Average number of leaves /plant, the average number platform to promote and discuss different new
of disease (Yellow-Vein-Mosaic-Virus and Okra- issues and developments by publishing case
IJMS/Apr-Jun-2020/Vol 4/Issue 2 7Datta: Okra biomedicines social-vaccine against COVID-19
reports in all aspects of Clinical Medicine for all
1.98b±0.02
2.99a±0.13
1.07c±0.01
Average protein %
Fruits
over the globe.[23,24,28-56,63-66]
Nil
Nil
Nil
RESULTS
6.58b±0.02
6.27b±0.03
5.69b±0.02
2.97a±0.01
4.01a±0.01
4.29 ±0.03
Root
On root-knot and foliar diseases
a
Table 1 shows that the use of okra as a “Diseases-
34.75b±1.53
43.00a±1.15
12.00a±0.10
13.30 ±0.16
63.95a±1.19
9.80b±1.99
Resistant-Biomedicine-Vegetables”-crop against
Average biomass (g)
Root
a
naturally pathogens-infected-diseases; Root-Knot,
Yellow-Vein-Mosaic-Virus, and Okra-Enation-Leaf-
Curl-Virus in a well-protected-garden intercropped
186.50a±2.02
98.00b±2.20
61.00 ±1.35
96.00b±1.02
81.10a±1.02
29.98c±0.04
Shoot
with amaranth plants by analysis of variance
b
Table 1: Study of okra intercropped with amaranth plants infected with Root-Knot, YVMV, and OELCV diseases in a garden
(P ≤ 0.05), though both the amaranth and okra plants
were susceptible to root-knot nematodes and foliar
1868.75b±10.15
1689.08a±12.52
diseases. Here, amaranth was more susceptible than
973.00b±10.01
73.75 ±11.35
Root (2 g)
nematodes (populations)
okra in terms of root-gall number nematode population
Average number of
Nil
Nil
a
in root and root protein content forming “Catch Crop.”
In the inoculated Amaranth-Okra intercropped field,
Significant difference in a column by analysis of variance (P ≤ 0.05). YVMV: Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus, OELCV: Okra Enation Leaf Curl Virus
okra has also the lowest infection in terms of the
Soil (200 g)
48.06b±1.04
56.75b±1.93
99.98a±2.42
99.98 ±2.42
average number of leaves/plant, the average number
Nil
Nil
a
of disease (Yellow-Vein-Mosaic-Virus and Okra-
Enation-Leaf-Curl-Virus) infected leaves/plant (%),
the average number of root galls/plant, the average
Average number
4921.45b±29.23
4389.58a±22.04
of root galls/
1497.80b±5.70
23.05 ±10.15
number of nematodes (Root-Knot) per 2 g of root
plant
and 200 g soil, average biomass (g) of fresh weight of
Nil
Nil
a
root, and average protein % of root protein content,
but increased average biomass (g) or fresh weight of
shoot and average protein % of fruit-protein content,
37.02b±0.92%
12.06 ±0.04%
56.04c±0.18%
Average number of disease
OELCV
infected leaves/plant (%)
in comparison to other plots, while M. incognita
Nil
Nil
Nil
population increased significantly both in the soil
a
and in roots in 65 days in the monoculture. However,
okra showed the lowest intensity of nematode
84.00b±2.12%
38.03 ±0.52%
94.06c±0.12%
infection [Table 1].
YVMV
Nil
Nil
Nil
a
In future suggestions in research
Average number of
The results fulfill the goal of a research suggestions
leaves/plant
102.28c±6.42
09.34b±0.42
13.58a±0.08
76.02a±4.22
87.13b±1.11
11.94 ±0.02
as proposal because the consumption of intercropped
cowpea with okra, use as biomedicines, need to
a
justify future research and to present the practical
ways, in which the proposed study should be
conducted by the future researcher for conducting
the research consistent with requirements of the
I. Uninoculated
III. Inoculated
IV. Inoculated
II. Inoculated
professional or academic field and a statement on
Amaranth
Amaranth
Amaranth
anticipated outcomes and or benefits derived from
Plots
Okra
Okra
Okra
the study’s completion.
a,b,c
IJMS/Apr-Jun-2020/Vol 4/Issue 2 8Datta: Okra biomedicines social-vaccine against COVID-19
In science and technology communication pathogens.[66-68] However, root-knot nematodes
applications economy disliked to feed on okra rather than amaranth when
it had a choice, forming the “Disease-Resistant
The students, researchers, teachers, staff,
Vegetables Crops.” It is due to the relative size as
community, photographers, visitors, different
well as biomass of the two root systems that are
scientist, administrators, institutions, farmers,
responsible for the difference in susceptibility
NGOs, and media personnel campaign, aware,
between the two plant species. Here, the amaranth
discuss, arrange workshops and seminars, make
root system colonizes and occupies the large
news and publish as abstract regarding the
importance of “Okra Maybe Potential Cost- area, it is likely that the plant-parasitic nematodes
Effective Personalized-Biomedicines Social- will preferably be found in its roots[51-56] and due
Vaccine against COVID-19: Improved Immunity to resistance of okra. In other words, amaranth
Food-Security Green-Economy Science-and- could serve as a good catch crop thereby reducing
Technology-Communication Applications and pathogens infection of other vegetables.
Nutritious foods, and Healthcare, Defense
Response, Vaccinations and Immunity as well as On defense resistance
Biodiversity Conservation Issues” in different And the positive effects of the growth of both okra
national- and local- audiovisual media (TV and amaranth plans may be responsible for defense
channels), different social media, web pages, resistance against other plant pathogens[24,28-56] In
newspapers, and different national and international intercropping, land equivalent ratio, benefit-cost
Journals as well as Congress Proceedings also. ratio, and monetary advantage index are used to
assess the productivity and its economic benefits.
DISCUSSION The farmers would be benefited double; by
controlling root-knot diseases, and by buying and
The preventive measures start from the selling the amaranth-okra fruits.[51-56]
consumption-nutritious-vegetable as well as
traditional-medicine, the okra based healthy
diet with greater prevention against coronavirus On high tolerance to environmental stresses
COVID-19. For easy understanding, various Okra has high relative productivity, production
different subheadings highlight the many points stability, and high tolerance to environmental stresses
to deepen and link them to a unidirectional like drought. Intercropping systems indicated the
common thread “Nutritious Okra Diet as Potential advantage of these technologies and their function
Cost-Effective Personalized-Biomedicines of socio-economic and bio-physical conditions,
Social-Vaccine Greater Prevention against the mechanisms and processes associated with
COVID-19: Improved Immunity Food-Security soil fertility management, the effect of intensive
Green-Economy Science-and-Technology- agriculture on soil degradation, the role of traditional
Communication Applications Issues” that to make and scientific knowledge, benefits, challenges, and
the reader easily understand the link between the additional human-use impacts on long-term ecological
various considerations as follows: composition and function.[69] The genotypes of okra
with a degree of tolerance to drought-water influence
in breeding material, segregating populations of
Advantages of okra as biomedicine this cross are promising.[70] Salinity is a major
On susceptibility environmental stress that limits crop production and
It is evident from the observation that intercropped- growth of okra plants as well as its physiological
okra plants were resistant to Root-Knot, Yellow-Vein- processes such as photosynthesis rate and stomatal
Mosaic-Virus, and Okra-Enation-Leaf-Curl-Virus conductance worldwide[71] and drought also influence
disease. In the contrary, the okra and amaranth are ion accumulation and antioxidative enzymes in okra
very good hosts of these nematodes as well as foliar genotypes[72] with phosphoproteomic response.[73]
IJMS/Apr-Jun-2020/Vol 4/Issue 2 9Datta: Okra biomedicines social-vaccine against COVID-19
On climate change and food security in agriculture asthma, constipation, heart disease, obesity,
Plants growth directly rate by increasing osteoporosis, gastrointestinal health, sexual health,
photosynthesis and stomata activity, conserves and neurological disorders.[19-22,74]
solar energy in the glucose, and significantly
reduces CO2 in the climate. Hence, we can say
On food composition, consumption, and digestion
that both plants might have induced synthesis of
According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture
many new proteins which increase photosynthesis
National Nutrient Database, one cup of raw okra,
has stimulated increased photosynthesis rate,
weighing 100 grams (g) contains: 33 calories, 1.9 g
stomata activity, and water retention capacity
of protein, 0.2 g of fat, 7.5 g of carbohydrates, 3.2 g
plants by inducing defense response.[24,28-56,71-73]
of fiber, 1.5 g of sugar, 31.3 milligrams (mg) of
These results may suggest that plant diseases (such
Vitamin K, 299 mg of potassium, 7 mg of sodium,
as nematodes, fungus, virus, bacteria, and insects)
23 mg of Vitamin C,0.2 mg of thiamin, 57 mg of
might be effectively controlled by the okra plant as
magnesium, 82 mg of calcium, 0.215 mg of Vitamin
a “resistance vegetables” and amaranth as a “cover
B6, 60 micrograms (mcg) of folate, and 36 mcg of
crop.” It is a new and more efficient solution,
Vitamin A, okra also provides some iron, niacin,
technologies, products and it has to fulfill its food
phosphorus, and copper[17-22,74] and maintains a
and nutrition requirement[74] for controlling root-
healthy digestive system with reduced appetite, and
knot disease using okra intercropped with amaranth
it may contribute to weight loss. People can add it
plants, which indirectly influence climate change
to salads, soups, and stews. They can eat it fresh
and resource productive economies enriching
or dried, pickled, fried, sautéed, roasted, or boiled.
quality of midday meal as well as the agricultural
Tips for choosing and using okra include: Picking
sector in food security.
okra that is taut and firm to the touch, avoiding pods
that are shriveled, soft, or dark on the ends, keeping
On okra based healthy-diet for greater prevention okra seed dry and storing in the crisper drawer in a
against epidemiological diseases paper or plastic bag to stop it from becoming slimy
Okra is the oldest widely cultivated, nutritional or moldy, avoiding washing it until you are ready
source of power used throughout history for both to use it and use within 3–4 days.[74] Okra also has
medicinal and culinary oligo-purpose, used as economic viability, low environmental impact and
traditional medicine, forming the “Nature’s Gift contributes to the conservation of natural resources
to human disease-free healthy life” multipurpose and the sustainability of production systems and it
crop,[17-20] consumed in a variety of ways, fruits is a safe food, easily available in all regions, and
rich in vitamins, calcium, folic acid, carbohydrates, low priced compared to other sources of protein.[74]
phosphorus, magnesium and potassium, iodine, and Based on the analyses performed, it is possible to
other mineral matters, and a good source of superior infer that okra is a strategic culture for the promotion
nutritional quality oil and protein, unsaturated fatty of food security and the health of populations on
acids such as linoleic acid, which is essential for all continents.[15,69-74] Okra is not only healthy and
human nutrition that is responsible for the health delicious food but also it is highly versatile and
benefits. Moreover, mature fruit and stems contain easy to enjoy in a variety of recipes and makes them
crude fiber, used in the paper industry, and the easier to digest. Okra is a tasty delicacy found in
mucilage of roots and stems is used in the sugarcane many dishes, making it quite a versatile vegetable,
industry of India achieved first in the world. Okra and consumed in a variety of ways like; pods are
is also known for several potential pharmacological one of the most widely as vegetables and can be
properties-health beneficial effects on human used in salads, soups, stews and sauces, chopped,
diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 sliced, fresh or dried, fried, or boiled. It offers
diabetes, kidney diseases, skin infection, digestive mucilaginous consistency after cooking. Often the
diseases, some cancers, antioxidant, nootropic, extract obtained from the fruit is added to different
eye, body immunity, blood pressure, obesity, recipes such as stews and sauces to increase the
IJMS/Apr-Jun-2020/Vol 4/Issue 2 10Datta: Okra biomedicines social-vaccine against COVID-19
consistency and it has various uses of the fresh jumped from bacteria, other unicellular organisms,
leaves, buds, flowers, pods, stems, and seeds. The and viruses and made themselves at home in the
pods of okra can be pickled and preserved. The human genome. It is reported-online today in
leaves of this vegetable are also edible and they “Genome Biology,” that the hundreds of genes that
are often utilized raw in salads. Okra mucilage has appeared to have been transferred from bacteria,
medicinal applications.[15,17-22] Okra seed cooked archaea, fungi, other microorganisms, and plants
or ground into a meal and used in making bread to animals. In the case of humans, they found 145
or made into “tofu” or “tempeh” and the roasted genes that seemed to have jumped from simpler
seed is a coffee substitute.[61,62] However, they also organisms, including 17 that had been reported in
make a great addition to soups, stews, and salads. the past as possible horizontal gene transfers.[79]
However, it is showed that following a low-calorie The genomics of plant and animal is a vast area of
diet enriched.[17-24,74] research for the biological issues covered because
it continues to deal with the structure and function
of genetic material underpinning all organisms.[80]
On genetic improvement
Approximately, 10% of the human genome is made
Among the diverse wild gene pool of okra, it of bits of virus DNA. Mostly, this viral DNA is not
holds the resistant source of gene for many always harmful. In some cases, researchers have
biotic stresses, diseases and pests infestation, and found that actually it has a beneficial impact. When
breeding approach is one of the value-added steps viruses infect us, they can embed small chunks of
for resistant variety released in the recent past, the their genetic material in our DNA.[81] The viral
advancement in molecular and biotechnological content of human genomes is more variable beyond
techniques enhances the okra improvement our imagination. Millions of years ago, into the
programs by advancing in marker-assisted primordial genetic material of our progenitors,
selection and resistant gene transfer,[75,76] and parts of human DNA are of viral origin were
also on germplasm regeneration, genetic studies inserted and have been inherited by successive
and efforts on genetic improvement in West and generations. Thus, the genomes of modern humans
Central Africa for okra’s nutritional and economic are not thought to vary much. Human endogenous
potential.[77] retroviruses (HERV) are by far the most common
virus-derived sequences in the human genome
On decreasing, the chemicals’ usage and mobile DNA shows a mechanism that has
The fertilizers-pesticides, plus improvements introduced more inter-individual variation in
in the crop input use efficiency could minimize HERV content between humans than previously
greenhouse gas emissions while protecting the appreciated.[82] Ben L. Calif informs, “The Human
environment. Sustainable agriculture holds Genome Is Full of Viruses and Your body requires
promise for humankind and the planet earth, and it viruses, but viruses do not always require a
can be successful if all developed and developing body.”[83]
nations stand together to seek “our common
future” to produce more food while generating less On genetic and immune resistance mechanisms
environmental pressure.[78] It is reported in a chapter entitled “Genetic
Resistance to Coronavirus Infection – A Review”
where researchers have organized their review of
Development of suggestions-okra as
genetic resistance to coronaviruses according to
biomedicine against COVID-19
those three host resistance mechanisms: genetic
On genome biology control at the level of the, cellular receptors,
We are not completely human, at least when it macrophage and acquired immunity. However,
comes to the genetic material inside our cells. We they would like to stress that those “levels” are
all may harbor, as many as, 145 genes which have purely operational boundaries. In reality, a host
IJMS/Apr-Jun-2020/Vol 4/Issue 2 11Datta: Okra biomedicines social-vaccine against COVID-19
can be infected with a virus several times during its welcomes innovations around the world including
lifetime, and thus all available innate and immune repurposing drugs, traditional medicines, and
resistance mechanisms will be called into play at developing new therapies in the search for potential
once. Furthermore, they have included a general treatments for COVID-19 and the people of Africa
outline of the methods used to identify host deserve to use medicines tested to the same
resistance genes in mouse models of infection.[10] standards as people in the rest of the world and
SARS-CoV-2 is the etiological agent responsible the therapies are derived from traditional practice
for the pandemic COVID-19 outbreak and the and natural, establishing their efficacy and safety
main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 is a key through rigorous clinical trials is critical.[88]
enzyme that plays an important role in helping
in viral replication and transcription which is the
On human immunomics initiative (HII)
structure-based design of antiviral drug candidates
Vaccination has four components for successful
targeting the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro.[84] Once the
virus infects the host cell, it takes over the host implementations; knowing the vaccine target,
cell’s machinery to produce more viruses. The host what kind of immune response, how to generate
cell essentially becomes a virus factory. When the that response, and understanding responses in the
human body is attacked by germs, the immune people who we want to vaccinate. HII aims to
system kicks into gear to fight off the assault. Germ decode the underlying mechanisms and rules of
fighting white blood cells in the body are called up how the human immune system fights disease with
to destroy the intruder. These cells target specific advances in computing and artificial intelligence,
sites on the virus, working to destroy the infection. genomics, systems biology, and bioinformatics.[89]
Furthermore, a healthy person’s immune system And should follow the guideline of the WHO entitled
creates a blueprint of the attacking agent. With “Vaccine-preventable diseases and vaccines.”[90] It
this blueprint, the body effectively remembers the is reported that long-stay stress in emergencies can
germ enabling a person to fight for reinfection by be responsible for this condition in a case study of
the same or similar viruses.[85] Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy disease which shows
that, that is why it is so important to Reduce Wait
Time in the emergency as much as possible.[91]
On traditional medicine Harmonized clinical trials are aimed to accelerate
In the evolution of human history shows the licensure and distribution by the public-private
evidence that people are using traditional medicine partnership and platform.[92] Because recently, it
for therapeutic purposes. The reports from the is known that without effective control measures,
WHO claim that 70–80% population is primarily strong outbreaks are likely in more humid climates
dependent on animals and plant-based medicines and summer weather will not substantially limit
because of limited or no access to medical services. pandemic growth.[93]
The drugs obtained from wild plants and animals
are not only used as traditional medicines but also
as raw materials in the formulation of modern On nature of binding
allopathic and herbal preparations.[14,86] It is reported SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus that causes
that as an internal treatment, the innate response COVID-19, enters human cells by binding of its
of the patient’s immune system to the presence viral spike protein to the membrane-bound form
of an invading microorganism has been studied, of them aminopeptidase angiotensin-converting
highlighting anti-microbial peptides as the host’s enzyme 2 (ACE2).[10,11,94] Studies in animals have
own defense molecules which shows a compilation suggested that angiotensin-converting–enzyme
of the most relevant and current antimicrobial (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin-receptor blockers
peptides that could be used as potential therapeutic (ARBs) may upregulate ACE2 expression,[95] thus
agents against microorganisms located in the skin increasing the availability of target molecules for
and related to acne disease.[87] The WHO, Africa SARS-CoV-2. Ultimately, one or more randomized
IJMS/Apr-Jun-2020/Vol 4/Issue 2 12Datta: Okra biomedicines social-vaccine against COVID-19
trials will be needed to answer definitively the identified before; and (iii) metal binding capacity
question of whether ACE inhibitors or ARBs pose of the native protein, a property observed only in
harm to patients with COVID-19.[96] The T cells- few other legume seed visions.[103]
immune warriors help us fight some viruses, but
their importance for battling SARS-CoV-2, the
On viral nanobiotechnology
virus that causes COVID-19 has been unclear and
It is an emerging and fascinating field, dealing with
the two studies disclose infected-people harbor
the use of virus-based nanoparticles as templates
T-cells that target the virus – and may help them
and/or building blocks to display novel molecular
recover and, both studies also found some people
moieties with specific properties for a wide range
never infected with SARS-CoV-2 have these
of applications in biology, medicine, and materials
cellular defenses, most likely because they were
science. Plant virus-based nanoparticles (VPNs-
previously infected with other coronaviruses.[97]
VNPs and VLPs derived from plant viruses) have
been explored for several years either to express
On epitopes subunit vaccines or as epitope presentation systems.
It is reported that a panel of seven murine monoclonal In the recent times, these VPNs are attracting
antibodies was raised against particles of okra leaf the attention of researchers and clinicians due to
curl virus, and serological relationships and epitope their several attractive features such as size range
profiles of isolates of okra leaf curl geminivirus,[98] (nanometer), relative structural stability, the high
which causes the same disease in cassava or tomato degree of symmetry, polyvalency, monodispersity,
in different continents have different epitope noninfectious, and nonhazardous nature when
profiles but occur in the same geographical area injected to mammals, low cost of production, and
show a general similarity in epitope profile[99] with biocompatibility. VNPs and VLPs can readily be
little diversity.[100]In the cowpea mosaic virus has engineered chemically and genetically to carry
been evolved as an expression and presentation targeting ligands, therapeutic antibodies, and imaging
system to display antigenic epitopes derived from agents and drugs on their exterior and interior
a number of vaccine targets including infectious surfaces. This review aims to summarize important
disease agents and tumors and these CVPs could plant virus-based nanomaterials (icosahedral and
constitute a cost-effective and safe alternative to helical shaped) that have been developed for imaging,
live replicating virus and bacterial vaccines which drug delivery, and therapeutic applications.[104]
have now been generated and their immunogenicity
examined in a number of animal species.[101] In a
chapter reports the ability of African medicinal Most applied suggestions-okra as potential
spices and vegetables to tackle malignant biomedicines against COVID-19
diseases. The likely mode of action of reported
Here, the results and discussion fulfill the goal for the
extracts and compounds included induction of
research suggestions because the present study needs
apoptosis, coupled to cell cycle arrest either in
to justify future research and to present the practical
G0/G1 or between G0/G1 and S-phases in cancer
methods, in which the proposed study should be
cells, disruption of the mitochondrial membrane
conducted. The plans for conducting research are
potential, generation of reactive oxygen species
governed by standards of the results in which the
as well as activation of caspases enzymes.[102] It is
solutions or problems reside, therefore, the guidelines
proved to exert various health favorable effects,
for research proposals are more exacting and less
including blood cholesterol reduction in animal
formal than a general project proposals or suggestions.
models by cowpea seed β-lignin, a vicilin-like
globulin which showed: (i) Differing glycosylation
patterns of the two constituent polypeptides, in Suggestion-I
agreement with amino acid sequence features; In biomedicines, the plant virus, Okra YVMV,
(ii) the seed accumulation of a gene product never and OELV, may be used in vaccine formulations
IJMS/Apr-Jun-2020/Vol 4/Issue 2 13Datta: Okra biomedicines social-vaccine against COVID-19
to regulate immune function against coronavirus, trial or as a Vaccine” after getting permission from
which has been developed as antigenic epitopes the; WHO, ClinicalTrials.gov., U.S. NLM, and
derived from the vaccine targets COVID-19 NIH.[89,106,107] It is the most cost-effective, easily-
infectious epidemic disease agents, and the CVPs available, safe-edible, and easily-prepare able
could represent a cost-effective and safe alternative as well as and safe alternative to live replicating
to live replicating coronavirus vaccines. Moreover, COVID-19 vaccines.[108]
it may be effective by the humoral and cellular
immune responses generated by these CVPs
Planned to publish suggestions
following both parenteral and mucosal delivery and
highlight the potential of CVPs to elicit protective For current outcomes and therapies on coronavirus
immunity from COVID-19 infection.[101,102] These disease (COVID-19) outbreak that helps the
plant virus-based nanoparticles are attracting the readers as well as a scientific community to take
attention of researchers and clinicians for imaging, measures or treatment opportunities or discovery
drug delivery, and therapeutic applications.[104] Here, of vaccines to avoid new coronavirus. Our main
vaccination or treatments is the use of remedies goal is to limit infections. Let us all take this basic
against diseases either earlier in an epidemic or information’s as proposal and also educate people,
given routinely to prevent diseases. When the help them to fight against this war, the normal
latter is used it involves mostly the users just like life of everyone is on hold due to this escalating
any conventional vaccination, which administers coronavirus emergency, which in a way helps all
the antigen in an inactive state to gain immunity the scientist, readers, authors, and editors to take
toward the disease and is given before the onset necessary and respective steps to save or avoid
of disease or disease symptoms in an individual as this dangerous disease. I request all to support this
a prevention rather than cure.[105] It is obligatory initiative and help to reach the targeted audience.
that information on ClinicalTrials.gov, a resource Moreover, it also focuses the future “Innovative
provided by the U.S. National Library of Medicine Journal of Medical Science Globally” which
(NLM), to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) serves as an evidence-based resource covering
or other agencies of the U.S. Federal Government, various experimental disciplines of medicine,
is provided by study sponsors and investigators, and innovative case reports in all clinical practices,
they are responsible for ensuring that the studies and acts as an indispensable source to access
follow all applicable laws and regulations.[89,106,107] the pharmacological developments and provides
It is also studied, the cost-effectiveness of a platform for young/upcoming scientists and
emergency care interventions, in low- and middle- future researchers to share/explore their research
income countries like India.[108] However, it will on Diagnosis and Therapies in Complementary
not only be cost-effective but also easily available Medicine, Integrative Medicine, and Traditional
and prepare able as well as and safe alternative to
Medicine.[110-113] Moreover, it also deals with
live replicating COVID-19 vaccines.
articles related to the translational research
or investigations in all medical disciplines,
Suggestion-II epidemiological studies, and general topics of
The okra fruits (fresh or cooked) may be consumed interest to the biomedical research community.
as biomedicines at 100 g (one cup) twice daily
(during taking meal) for at least 6-weeks, against
Suggestions emergency applications
naturally occurring coronavirus infections 45-days
before the symptom onset OR illness onset (as Okra-based healthy diet and greater prevention
a vaccine) OR onset of symptoms ( if possible) against COVID-19
associated COVID-19 infections have been reported Eating okra based healthy diet with Vitamin D is
(treatments).[15,74,109] The edible biomedicine-okra very important during the COVID-19 pandemic
may also be directly personal-used for “Clinical because affect our body’s ability to prevent,
IJMS/Apr-Jun-2020/Vol 4/Issue 2 14Datta: Okra biomedicines social-vaccine against COVID-19
fight, and recover from coronavirus infections by Future approach in research
improving supporting immune systems which is
It will be achieved from typical analysis or
reported in the “Genome Biology and Evolution,”
justifications of literature review, research articles,
these genetic changes may have sharpened the
specifies hypotheses, backgrounds, problems,
body’s defenses against the pathogens.[15-22,108,114-116]
brief review of the key literature, reports of clinical
research trials or fields, note of any relevant
Okra-based vaccines offer several advantages controversies or disagreements in the trials or
Conventional vaccines though effective, have field, important references and data or conclusions
high production costs, involve tedious purification from the work, extensive discussion of relevant
processes, and have biosafety issues, requiring literature, as well as present investigation results.
time-consuming biosafety tests for commercial Emphasize the new and important aspects of the
production. Plant-based vaccines and antibodies experimental findings and the conclusions that
offer several advantages over the conventional follow from them which is useful to clarify the
systems such as ease of production, storage, higher main findings, then explore possible mechanisms
yields, stability, and safety.[2,14,88,91-93,97,101,102,117-120] or explanations for these findings, compare
and contrast how the research is different from
previous reporting and how the observations will
Emergency potential applications of vaccines and
significantly advancement of the current problem
antiviral personalized drugs
or knowledge of the subject, state the limitations of
There is a massive international effort underway to
the study. Emphasis on claiming priority of work
develop diagnostic reagents, vaccines, and antiviral
has not been completed. Then, new hypotheses
drugs in a bid to slow down the spread of the disease
will arise and clearly label them as such trials
and save lives, with a rapid supply of vaccines and
for education and prevention are the ultimate
antiviral drugs for the emergency manufacturing
keys to extending good health and nutrition
and application against COVID-19,[108,121] by
globally.[15-25,28-56,66-68] In the future, “Amaranth”
inducing a potent immune response through both
may not only be “Economical Catch Crop” against
humoral and cellular components of the immune
various pathogens in agriculture but also “Potential
system.[13,14,122,123]
Cost-Effective Green-Economical Social-Vaccine
Biomedicine against COVID-19 with Safe and
Okra emergency use as cost-effective personalized- Elicits Significant Immune Responses”, and it
biomedicine social vaccine resists and change unhealthy pandemic social and
Okra should be used as a potential emergency care economic structures.[1-7,35,65-68,123-127]
cost-effective personalized-biomedicine “Social-
Vaccine” because it resists and change unhealthy
CONCLUSIONS
pandemic social and economic structures and useful
metaphor for health promotion,[13,14,63,108,122-124] Intercropped okra could serve as a good “Eco-
because ancient microbial arms race sharpened Friendly Resistance Vegetable or Highly
our immune system[116] and the SARS-CoV-2 Economical Plants as well as Biomedicines”
genome with other beta-coronaviruses can and “Healthy Okra Diet Greater Prevention
provide useful information on how drugs targeting against COVID-19,” thereby reducing different
other coronaviruses may improve outcomes for plant diseases. It conserves our biodiversity
COVID-19 patients.[125] Moreover, the WHO contributing towards “Sustainable Climate
and other international organizations have set up Health and Development” and it has important
a system to accelerate and equitably distribute economic implications in agriculture to fulfill
vaccines, the COVID-19 vaccines global access its food and nutrition requirement and improved
(COVAX) Facility[1-7,126,127] for preventing any midday meals by preventing malnutrition.
controversy. Moreover, highly-trace-tolerance-okra may be
IJMS/Apr-Jun-2020/Vol 4/Issue 2 15Datta: Okra biomedicines social-vaccine against COVID-19
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