OFFICERS' PULSE - AT A GLANCE & IN DEPTH - Officers Pulse
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
OFFICERS' PULSE
Issue no. 29 | 13th December to 19th December, 2020
COVERAGE.
The Hindu
The Indian Express
PIB
AT A GLANCE
Rajya Sabha TV
& IN DEPTH.
All India Radio
Polity and Social Issues
Economy
International Relations
Environment
Science and Tech
Culture
CURRENT AFFAIRS WEEKLY
THE PULSE OF UPSC AT YOUR FINGER TIPS
1
News @ a glance
POLITY ............................................................................. 3 2) CAATSA ....................................................................15
1) Hunger Watch ......................................................... 3 3) US adds India in monitoring list ....................16
2) Pandemic, poverty spur child marriages ..... 3 DEFENCE ......................................................................18
3) Ayushman Bharat .................................................. 5 1) Artillery Gun trials ..............................................18
4) OCI students eligible for govt quota seats ... 6 2) Stealth Frigates .....................................................18
5) Human Development Report ............................ 6 3) Early Warning Aircraft ......................................18
ENVIRONMENT............................................................ 9 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ...............................20
1) Bringing life back to Western Ghats 1) Tuberculosis Diagnosis .....................................20
grasslands.................................................................. 9 2) Sewage analysis....................................................20
2) Myristica swamp tree frog ................................. 9 3) Cybersecurity ........................................................21
3) Code red: UN calls for urgent shift to 4) PSLV C-50................................................................21
planet-friendly development ...........................10 ART & CULTURE ........................................................23
4) Amur falcon sighted near Point Calimere..11 1) Dawoodi Bohra .....................................................23
5) Kolleru beckons nature lovers .......................12 PIB ANALYSIS .............................................................24
ECONOMY .....................................................................13 1) Aatma Nirbhar Bharat Package .....................24
1) National Payments Corporation of India ...13 2) Vision 2035: Public Health Surveillance in
2) Non-Banking Financial Company .................13 India with the vision ...........................................25
3) Financial Stability and Development 3) eSanjeevani ............................................................26
Council ......................................................................13 4) National Family Health Survey-5 ..................27
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS.............................15 5) Quality Council of India .....................................28
1) Uighurs .....................................................................15
For free learning, visit www.officerspulse.com
2
News in Depth
AIR NEWS .....................................................................29 INDIAN EXPRESS EXPLAINED .............................38
1) Lok Adalat ...............................................................29 1) Serow sighting in the Spiti valley ..................38
2) New Development Bank ...................................30 2) The significance of US recognising
3) Defence Acquisition Council ...........................30 Morocco’s sovereignty over Western
THE HINDU EDITORIALS .......................................32 Sahara........................................................................38
1) A sector that needs to be nursed back to 3) How does India choose its Republic Day
health.........................................................................32 Chief Guest? ............................................................39
2) Hazardous ideas for the Himalayas..............33 4) How Parliament meets ......................................40
3) India needs to rethink its nutrition agenda34 RSTV BIG PICTURE ...................................................41
4) Tax policy in trying times .................................35 1) Joint use of Chabahar Port ...............................41
5) The many challenges for WTO .......................36 2) Strengthening India-Bangladesh Ties .........41
For free learning, visit www.officerspulse.com
3
News @ a glance
POLITY
1) Hunger Watch ▪ Nearly 66% of people said they were
What’s in the news? having less than the quantity of food they
▪ The Right to Food Campaign, an informal used to eat.
network of organisations and individuals Discrimination on the lines of caste and
committed to the realisation of the right to religion
food in India, has released a survey of 4,000 ▪ There was also discrimination on the lines
people living on the margins across 11 of caste and religion while accessing food
States in September and October. during the lockdown. One in four Dalits and
▪ The survey, called Hunger Watch, one in four Muslims reported they faced
recorded responses from marginalised and discrimination and about 12% of Scheduled
excluded communities, such as the Tribes felt discriminated against.
Scheduled Castes, the Scheduled Tribes and ▪ Similarly, sex workers, domestic workers,
minority religious communities including as well as single women faced additional
Muslims, 80% of whom earned less than difficulties as many of them had no PDS or
₹7,000 a month before the lockdown in any documents without which they were
March. dependent entirely on charity from civil
Highlights of the survey society organisations for their food
▪ The survey reveals that six or seven months requirements.
after the lockdown, people continued to go ▪ This food insecurity is a direct result of
to bed hungry, skip meals frequently, and economic precariousness — 43% of those
are unable to afford nutritious diets surveyed had no income immediately after
because of loss of income. the lockdown in April and May, and only
▪ It calls into question the government’s 3% of them have returned to the pre-
decision to withdraw free foodgrains under lockdown income levels. As many as 56%
the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana without any income in the beginning of the
(PMGKY) after November. lockdown still had no income.
o Under PMGKY notified in March 2020, the
Union government announced that 80 crore 2) Pandemic, poverty spur child
poor people would get 5 kg wheat or rice marriages
and 1 kg of preferred pulses for free every What’s in the news?
month. ▪ The COVID-19 pandemic and the
Drastic drop in intake subsequent lockdown have proved to be
▪ Over half the people surveyed said their new drivers of child marriages in India.
consumption of rice and wheat had ▪ Across India, 5,214 child marriages were
decreased and 25% said this had reported in the first four months of the
“decreased a lot.” Similarly, 64% reported a lockdown between March and June.
decrease in consumption of pulses, while ▪ The United Nations Population Fund
nearly 30% said this had “decreased a lot”. (UNFPA) also warned that coronavirus
▪ On consumption of vegetables, 73% restrictions may delay interventions
reported a drop in consumption of against child marriage and cause a long-
vegetables, while nearly 40% said there lasting economic downturn that will push
was a drastic decrease in their use. About more families into poverty, which is a key
71% of those who were nonvegetarians driver of child marriage.
could not afford eggs or meat. Child marriages in India
For free learning, visit www.officerspulse.com
4
▪ Since 1978, the legal age for marriage in ▪ According to studies done by CSR, girls who
India has been 18 years for women and 21 are married off early are far more
years for men. The Prohibition of Child vulnerable to physical abuse, even rape.
Marriage Act 2006 imposes two years in Necessary steps
prison for parents marrying off their ▪ According to the UNFPA’s State of World
underage children. Population Report 2020, but two
▪ While legal enactment is a necessary countries – China (50%) and India (40%) –
condition, it has proven far from sufficient together account for about 90% of the
to decrease the number of child marriages. estimated 1.2 million missing female
▪ According to a UNICEF report in 2017, births annually worldwide due to gender-
around 27% of the girls under the age of biased (prenatal) sex selection. Out of
18—over 15 lakh—became child brides in the 142 million women missing globally, 46
India, which is the highest in the world. million are missing in India.
Major drivers of Child marriages ▪ Solutions to ending early and forced
▪ According to a survey conducted by the marriages have to do with ending anti-
Centre for Social Research (CSR), the female biases and discrimination
main driver for early marriage is economic against girls and women.
hardship. ▪ The report reiterates that child marriage
▪ Parents push their girls into early marriage happens because girls are usually less
mainly to absolve themselves of the valued than boys, and because poverty,
responsibility of rearing the girl child. They insecurity and limited access to quality
feel this saves them both money and bother education and work opportunities mean
as the girl then becomes the responsibility that child marriage is often seen as the best
of the boy’s family. option for girls or as a way for parents to
▪ In India, there exists a demand for child mitigate the household’s difficult economic
brides. Between female foeticide, circumstances.
skewing the sex ratio at birth and son- ▪ Within India, child marriage is closely
preferring couples investing fewer tied to low levels of income and
resources in the care of daughters than education, poverty and rural residence.
sons, more males survive to traditional This is why southern states such as Kerala
marriage age than females in India. To find and Tamil Nadu have lower proportions of
brides in the face of this sex ratio imbalance early marriages as compared to Rajasthan,
is a struggle. Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
▪ There are reports in states like Haryana ▪ Evidence suggests that allowing girls to
“import" and “buy" brides from poorer complete their education delays marriage
states. and provides them with the opportunity of
Consequences being financially independent. Education
▪ The ramifications of the continuing practice acts as the agency to uphold their sexual
of child marriage are well-documented. It and reproductive rights in their choice to
strips girls of educational opportunities plan, number and space the births of their
and subjugates them to lives of children.
oppression, domestic violence, and ▪ Investments in behavioural social
childbirth. change communication should be stepped
▪ According to the World Health up manifold to change marriage norms that
Organization, the primary causes of death exclude girls and boys from marriage-
for girls ages 15 to 19 are pregnancy or related decision-making. Equally important
childbirth-induced complications. would be to improve the quality and
▪ Early marriage, early pregnancies, and enhance access to family planning
early motherhood have a direct bearing on services.
maternal and infant health. Adolescent ▪ State governments can consider providing
mothers who remain undernourished grow small loans and incentives like bicycles,
up to be undernourished women, who in laptops or access to technical skills for
turn give birth to undernourished children. young women to promote secondary
education and skill development. It would
For free learning, visit www.officerspulse.com
5
unleash a virtuous cycle that would go a and rehabilitative care, Oral, Eye and ENT
long way in rapidly shifting attitudes. care, mental health and first level care for
▪ Much greater attention should be paid to emergencies and trauma, including free
creating opportunities for paid work essential drugs and diagnostic services.
among women and girls; work that ensures Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana
safety while commuting, as well at the ▪ It is one significant step towards
place of work. achievement of Universal Health
▪ Educating the girls and parents, promoting Coverage (UHC) and Sustainable
gender sensitization and social awareness Development Goal - 3 (SDG3: “Ensure
are key to eradicating minors’ marriages. healthy lives and promote well-being for all
Recent measures at all ages”).
▪ India is committed to eliminating child, ▪ AB-PMJAY will provide financial protection
early, and forced marriage by 2030 in line to 10.74 crore poor, deprived rural families
with target 5.3 of the Sustainable and identified occupational categories of
Development Goals. urban workers’ families as per the latest
▪ A National Action Plan to prevent Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC)
underage marriages, drafted by the data (approx. 50 crore beneficiaries). It will
Ministry of Women and Child Development offer a benefit cover of Rs. 500,000 per
in 2013, focuses on “law enforcement, family per year.
changing mind-sets and social norms, ▪ This cover will take care of almost all
empowering adolescents, quality education secondary care and most of tertiary care
and sharing knowledge.” procedures.
▪ A report by the Law Commission in 2017 ▪ To ensure that nobody is left out (especially
recommended making marriage women, children and elderly) there will be
registration compulsory to prevent forced no cap on family size and age in the
and early marriages. scheme.
▪ The Union government is also considering ▪ The benefit cover will also include pre and
raising the minimum legal age of post-hospitalisation expenses.
marriage for women from 18 to 21, to ▪ A defined transport allowance per
reduce the prevalence of child brides in hospitalization will also be paid to the
India. beneficiary.
▪ Benefits of the scheme are portable across
the country and a beneficiary covered
3) Ayushman Bharat under the scheme will be allowed to take
About the scheme
cashless benefits from any public/private
▪ It is an umbrella of two major health
empanelled hospitals across the country.
initiatives, namely Health and Wellness
Implementation Strategy
Centres and Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya
▪ At the national level to manage, a National
Yojana (PM-JAY).
Health Authority has been set up. It will be
Health and Wellness Centres
chaired by the Minister of Health & Family
▪ Under this 1.5 lakh existing Sub Health
Welfare which will enable the decision
Centres (SHC), Primary Health Centres
making at a faster pace, required for
(PHC) and Urban Primary Health Centres
smooth implementation of the scheme.
(UPHC) to be transformed as Health
▪ States/ UTs are advised to implement the
Wellness Centres (HWC) by 2022.
scheme by a dedicated entity called State
▪ These centres will deliver Comprehensive
Health Agency (SHA).
Primary Health Care that is universal
Why in News?
and free to users, with a focus on wellness
▪ Data from a survey released by the National
and the delivery of an expanded range of
Health Agency shows that private hospitals
services closer to the community.
account for 63% for all PMJAY claims and
▪ HWC are envisaged to deliver expanded
75% of the total claim value.
range services that go beyond Maternal and
▪ The agency's survey also found that over
child health care services to include care
72% of private empanelled hospitals are
for non-communicable diseases, palliative
located in just seven states: Uttar
For free learning, visit www.officerspulse.com
6
Pradesh, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, ▪ To be a member of a Legislative Assembly
Maharashtra, Punjab and Karnataka. or of a Legislative Council or of the
▪ Medical audits have also revealed that Parliament of India,
private hospitals are more likely to ▪ To hold Indian constitutional posts such as
indulge in fraud and abuse than public that of the President, Vice President, Judge
hospitals and more likely to discharge of the Supreme Court or High Court etc.
patients early post-surgery to cut costs. ▪ He/she cannot normally hold employment
in the Government.
4) OCI students eligible for govt Why in News?
▪ The Karnataka high court has ordered that
quota seats students holding Overseas Citizens of India
Overseas Citizen of India
(OCI) cards should be treated as Indian
▪ An Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) is a
citizens for the purpose of admission to
person registered as OCI Cardholder under
professional courses and they are entitled
section 7A of the Citizenship Act, 1955.
to admission under the state quota.
▪ Following categories of foreign nationals
▪ The court observation came while
are eligible for registration as OCI
disposing of a batch of petitions by students
Cardholder:-
and a writ appeal by the Karnataka state
1. who was a citizen of India at the time of, or
government.
at any time after the commencement of the
Constitution i.e. 26.01.1950; or 5) Human Development Report
2. who was eligible to become a citizen of About the report
India on 26.01.1950; or ▪ The Human Development Report (HDR) is
3. who belonged to a territory that became an annual report published by the United
part of India after 15.08.1947; or Nations Development
4. who is a child or a grandchild or great Programme (UNDP).
grandchild of such a citizen; or ▪ The first HDR was launched in 1990 by the
5. spouse of foreign origin of a citizen of India Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq and
or spouse of foreign origin of an OCI Indian Nobel laureate Amartya Sen. Since
Cardholder then reports have been released most
▪ Note: No person who or either of whose years, and have explored different themes
parents or grandparents or great through the human development approach,
grandparents is or had been a citizen of which places people at the center of the
Pakistan, Bangladesh or such other development process.
country as the Central Government may, ▪ As part of the report, the UNDP releases the
by notification in the Official Gazette, Human Development Index.
specify, shall be eligible for registration as About Human Development Index (HDI)
an OCI Cardholder. ▪ HDI is a statistical tool used to measure a
What benefits an OCI cardholder is entitled country's overall achievement in its social
to? and economic dimensions.
▪ Multiple entry life-long visa for visiting ▪ Calculation of the index combines four
India for any purpose. major indicators:
▪ Parity with Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) in 1) life expectancy for health,
respect of all facilities available to them in 2) expected years of schooling,
economic, financial, and educational fields 3) mean of years of schooling for education
except in matters relating to the and
acquisition of agricultural or plantation 4) Gross National Income per capita for
properties. standard of living.
▪ Registered OCI Cardholder shall be treated ▪ The HDI is the geometric mean of
at par with NRIs in the matter of inter- normalized indices for each of these
country adoption of Indian children. indicators.
The OCI Card holder is not entitled: ▪ Why in News?
▪ To vote, ▪ UNDP has released its Human Development
Report (HDR) 2020.
For free learning, visit www.officerspulse.com
7 ▪ Although this year’s report covers 2019 by each country’s per capita carbon only, and does not account for the impact of emissions and its material footprint. COVID, it projected that in 2020, global HDI ▪ The material footprint measures the would fall below for the first time in the amount of fossil fuels, metals and other three decades since the Index was resources used by a country to make the introduced. goods and services it consumes. This is Human Development Index known as the Planetary Pressures- ▪ India ranked 131 among 189 countries adjusted HDI, or PHDI. on the Human Development Index for ▪ If the index were adjusted to assess the 2019, slipping two places from the planetary pressures caused by each previous year. India’s HDI value for 2019 is nation’s development, India would move 0.645. up eight places in the ranking. Norway, ▪ India’s gross national income (GNI) per which tops the HDI, falls 15 places if this capita on the basis of purchasing power metric is used, leaving Ireland at the top. parity (PPP), fell from $6,829 in 2018 to Displacements due to climate change $6,681 in 2019. ▪ After two decades of progress, the number o The PPP is a measurement for prices in of people affected by hunger has been different countries in terms of the increasing since the low of 628 million in purchasing power of the currency for specific 2014. In 2019, the number was 688 million, goods. up 60 million in only five years. ▪ Life expectancy for Indian’s at birth was ▪ The report also underlined the effects of 69.7 years in 2019. climate change. In 2019, some 25 million ▪ In terms of GNI per capita, India at $6,681 people worldwide were internally fared better than some others in 2019, displaced because of natural hazards. despite a fall over the previous year. In ▪ Disasters continued to trigger most new South Asia, the average was $6,532 and displacements in 2020. Cyclone Amphan hit among medium HDI countries it was India and Bangladesh, driving the largest $6,153. single displacement event in the first half of Performance of other countries the year and triggering 3.3 million pre- ▪ Norway topped the HDI index, followed by emptive evacuations. Ireland and Switzerland. Hong Kong and ▪ The number of people vulnerable to Iceland complete the top five. permanent sea-level rise is estimated to ▪ India, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, increase from 110 million now to more Nepal, Cambodia, Kenya and Pakistan were than 200 million by 2100. ranked among countries with “medium India’s green initiatives human development" with ranks between ▪ UNDP hailed India’s commitment towards 120 and 156. cutting down carbon emissions. ▪ In the BRICS grouping, Russia was 52 in the ▪ It stated that under the Paris Agreement, human development index, Brazil 84, and India pledged to reduce the emission China 85. intensity of its GDP from the 2005 level by Comparison with previous rankings 33-35 per cent by 2030 and to obtain 40 ▪ Between 1990 and 2019, India’s HDI value per cent of electric power capacity from increased from 0.429 to 0.645, an non-fossil fuel sources by 2030. increase of 50.3%. ▪ As part of the plan, the National Solar ▪ Between 1990 and 2019, India’s life Mission aims to promote solar energy for expectancy at birth increased by 11.8 power generation and other uses to make years, mean years of schooling solar energy competitive with fossil fuel- increased by 3.5 years, and expected based options. Solar capacity in India years of schooling increased by 4.5 increased from 2.6 gigawatts in March years. India’s GNI per capita increased by 2014 to 30 gigawatts in July 2019, about 273.9% between 1990 and 2019. achieving its target of 20 gigawatts four Planetary Pressures-adjusted HDI years ahead of schedule. In 2019, India ▪ For the first time, the UNDP introduced a ranked fifth for installed solar capacity. new metric to reflect the impact caused For free learning, visit www.officerspulse.com
8 For doubts and queries email us at: doubts@officerspulse.com For free learning, visit www.officerspulse.com
9
ENVIRONMENT
1) Bringing life back to Western eggs—that is not native to an ecosystem
and causes harm.
Ghats grasslands ▪ They can harm the environment, the
Tropical Montane Grasslands (TMG)
economy, or even human health. Species
▪ TMG are high elevation grasslands that
that grow and reproduce quickly, and
form only 2% of all grasslands in the
spread aggressively, with potential to cause
world.
harm, are given the label “invasive.”
▪ They function in regulating the global
Why in the news?
carbon cycle and serving as a source of
▪ A recent study has pointed that the
water to downstream communities.
Tropical montane grasslands in the Shola
▪ In India these are found in Western Ghats.
Sky Islands of the Western Ghats are being
Shola Forests
reduced by invasive species such as
acacias, pines and eucalyptus.
▪ This has also affected the biodiversity of
these grasslands.
▪ 23% of montane grasslands were
reportedly converted into invasive exotic
tree cover over a period of 44 years.
Major cause of reduction
▪ In India, Tropical Montane Grasslands have
even been classified as wastelands in
forest management plans since they are
unlikely to generate revenue, contrary to
the timber (even if exotic) found in forests.
▪ Shola forests are montane evergreen ▪ Hence, they have been neglected which has
forests found in the highest reaches of the led to their destruction.
Western Ghats. What steps have been suggested by the
▪ These forests have different scales of study?
patchiness; first, at a large scale Sholas are ▪ The study has identified grassland
found on geographically isolated high restoration sites using satellite images in
elevation regions forming one of the “Sky- Nilgiris, Palani Hills and Anamalai and
island” systems of the world. (Sky islands has recommended careful removal of
are isolated mountains surrounded by young and isolated exotic trees at the
radically different lowland environments) invasion front and restoring grasslands,
▪ Second, on each ‘island’ there is a matrix of instead of removing dense stands of mature
natural grassland and forests. Finally, at a invasive exotic trees.
third scale, human habitations have
fragmented forest patches on each island. 2) Myristica swamp tree frog
▪ This leaves us with a habitat that is isolated
at different scales in distance (100s of
kilometres to a few meters) and time
(millions of years to a few decades). At
present we know close to nothing about
how species cope with this isolation.
Invasive species
▪ An invasive species can be any kind of
living organism—an amphibian (like the
cane toad), plant, insect, fish, fungus,
bacteria, or even an organism’s seeds or
Why in the news?
For free learning, visit www.officerspulse.com10
▪ Myristica Swamp tree frog has been found ▪ These frogs are active only for a few weeks
in Thrissur, Kerala. during the breeding season.
About ▪ Unlike other frogs, the breeding season
begins in the pre-monsoon season (May)
and ends before the monsoon is fully active
in June. Before the end of the breeding
season, the female and male frogs descend
to the forest floor together.
▪ The female digs mud and lays eggs in
shallow caves. After reproduction and
spawning, they retreat to the high canopy
of the tree and remain elusive until the next
breeding season.
3) Code red: UN calls for urgent
shift to planet-friendly
development
▪ The Myristica swamp( in the pic) is a Human Development Report (HDR)
tropical freshwater swamp forest with a ▪ It has been prepared and published by the
large number of nutmeg trees. The United Nations Development Programme
Myristica tree is the most primitive (UNDP) since 1990.
flowering plant on earth. ▪ It measures human development by
▪ Myristica Swamp Tree frog is a rare indicators of health, education and
arboreal species (which lives on trees most standards of living.
of its life). Why in the news?
▪ HDR celebrated its 30th anniversary and
revised its indicators to include
For free learning, visit www.officerspulse.com11
environmental factors to measure actual and now is the time to choose a safer, fairer
growth without straining the natural path for human development.
resources.
▪ The new version of HDR tries to measure 4) Amur falcon sighted near Point
two additional elements: a country's per
capita carbon dioxide emissions and
Calimere
About Amur Falcon
material footprint, which measures the
amount of things like fossil fuels and
metal used to make the goods and services
it consumes.
▪ It recognised that humans on earth have
started a new epoch- Anthropocene epoch
and we must try to bring harmony with the
earth through sustainalbe utilisation of
resources.
▪ With change in the indicator many big
countries fell in the ranking like, Australia
was dropped by 72 ranks, USA was down
by 45 ranks and Canada by 40 ranks.
▪ The report noted new estimates that by
2100 the poorest nations could experience
up to 100 more days of extreme weather ▪ The Amur falcon is a small raptor (Raptor is
each year as the planet warms – but that a bird which preys on other small
could be cut in half if the Paris Agreement animals) of the falcon family.
on climate change is fully implemented. ▪ It breeds in south-eastern Siberia and
▪ The United Nations said under huge Northern China before migrating in large
pressure from COVID-19, climate change flocks across India and over the Arabian
and natural destruction, warning lights for Sea to winter in Southern Africa. (Migration
the planet and societies are “flashing red” – route given in the map). (Estimated 22,000
km journey).
▪ According to IUCN it has Least Concern Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary
conservation status. But the flocking ▪ Kodiakkarai also called Point Calimere or
behaviour during migration and the Cape Calimere is a low headland on the
density, at which they occur, however, Coromandel Coast, in the Nagapattinam
expose them to hunting and other threats. district of the state of Tamil Nadu.
For free learning, visit www.officerspulse.com12
▪ It is the apex of the Cauvery River delta, drains and channels, which functions as a
and marks a nearly right-angle turn in the natural flood balancing reservoir between
coastline. the deltas of the two rivers.
▪ Point Calimere is home to the endangered ▪ It provides habitat for a number of resident
endemic Indian blackbuck (a species of and migratory birds, including declining
deer) and is one of the few known numbers of the vulnerable Grey Pelican
wintering locations of the spoon-billed (Pelecanus philippensis), and sustains both
sandpiper (a type of bird). culture and capture fisheries, agriculture
▪ It also holds large wintering populations of and related occupations of the people in the
greater flamingos in India and other area.
migratory birds.
Why in the news?
▪ An Amur falcon was sighted for the first
time in the Point Calimere Sanctuary.
▪ This is surprising as south India does not
fall in the line of Amur falcons' migratory
path which mainly passes through north-
east India and central India.
▪ Scientists predict that a change in the wind
pattern, caused by Cyclones Nivar and
Burevi, could have been the reason for the
lone falcon to find its way to Point
Calimere.
5) Kolleru beckons nature lovers
About Kolleru lake Why in the news?
▪ Kolleru lake has become a tourist attraction
▪ It is a natural eutrophic lake (a lake with after the recovery due to heavy rains
high productivity, high nutrients and with recently.
dark water. The water is usually not good ▪ It has revived fish populations and helped
for drinking purpose) in Andhra Pradesh, the localities revive their occupations.
situated between the two major river For doubts and queries email us at
basins of the Godavari and the Krishna, doubts@officerspulse.com
fed by two seasonal rivers and a number of
For free learning, visit www.officerspulse.com13
ECONOMY
1) National Payments ▪ NBFCs lend and make investments and
hence their activities are similar to that of
Corporation of India banks; however there are a few differences:
About NPCI
1. NBFC cannot accept demand deposits;
▪ National Payments Corporation of India
2. NBFCs cannot issue cheques drawn on
(NPCI) was incorporated in 2008 as an
itself;
umbrella organization for operating retail
3. Deposit insurance facility of Deposit
payments and settlement systems in India.
Insurance and Credit Guarantee
▪ It is an initiative of the RBI and Indian
Corporation is not available to depositors
Banks’ Association (IBA) under the
of NBFCs, unlike in the case of banks.
provisions of the Payment and Settlement
Examples of NBFCs
Systems Act, 2007, for creating a robust
▪ Housing Finance Companies, Merchant
Payment & Settlement Infrastructure in
Banking Companies, Stock Exchanges,
India.
Companies engaged in the business of
▪ It has been incorporated as a “Not for
stock-broking/sub-broking, Venture
Profit” Company under the Companies Act
Capital Fund Companies, Nidhi Companies,
2013.
Insurance companies and Chit Fund
▪ It has changed the way payments are made
Companies are examples of NBFCs.
in India through a bouquet of retail
Does the Reserve Bank regulate all
payment products such as RuPay card,
financial companies?
Immediate Payment Service (IMPS),
No.
Unified Payments Interface (UPI),
▪ Housing Finance Companies are regulated
Bharat Interface for Money (BHIM),
by National Housing Bank, Merchant
BHIM Aadhaar, National Electronic Toll
Banker/Venture Capital Fund
Collection (NETC Fastag) and Bharat
Company/stock-exchanges/stock
BillPay.
brokers/sub-brokers are regulated by
Why in News?
Securities and Exchange Board of India,
▪ The National Payments Corporation of
and Insurance companies are regulated by
India recently said that the COVID
Insurance Regulatory and Development
pandemic had increased the momentum of
Authority.
digitisation in the country.
▪ Similarly, Chit Fund Companies are
regulated by the respective State
2) Non-Banking Financial Governments and Nidhi Companies are
Company regulated by the Ministry of Corporate
What is a Non-Banking Financial Company Affairs.
(NBFC)? Why in News?
▪ An NBFC is a company registered under the ▪ A recent study by EY, a British
Companies Act, 1956 which provides multinational professional services
banking services without meeting the legal network, projects that Non-Banking
definition of a bank. Financial Companies are expecting higher
▪ They engage in the business of loans and credit loss, mainly due to the impact of the
advances, acquisition of shares, bonds, etc. COVID-19 pandemic.
issued by Government or local authority. ▪ The study is based on an analysis of the
They also deal in other marketable financial statements of 42 NBFCs for the
securities of a like nature, leasing, hire- year ended March 31, 2020.
purchase, insurance business, chit business.
What is the difference between banks & 3) Financial Stability and
NBFCs? Development Council
About FSDC
For free learning, visit www.officerspulse.com14 ▪ Financial Stability and Development functioning of large financial Council (FSDC) is an apex-level body conglomerates, and addresses inter- constituted in 2010 to strengthen and regulatory coordination and financial institutionalize the mechanism for sector development issues. maintaining financial stability. ▪ It also focuses on financial literacy and ▪ It is not a statutory body. financial inclusion. ▪ It is chaired by the Union Finance ▪ No funds are separately allocated to the Minister of India. Council for undertaking its activities. ▪ Its members include the heads of financial Why in News? sector regulators (RBI, SEBI, PFRDA, IRDA), ▪ The 23rd meeting of the Financial Stability Finance Secretary and/or Secretary, and Development Council was held Department of Economic Affairs, Secretary, recently. Department of Financial Services, and Chief For doubts and queries email us at: Economic Adviser. doubts@officerspulse.com ▪ The Council monitors macro prudential supervision of the economy, including For free learning, visit www.officerspulse.com
15
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
1) Uighurs ▪ Human rights organizations, UN officials,
About Uighur issue and many foreign governments are urging
▪ The Xinjiang province in China's far west China to stop the crackdown.
has had a long history of discord between ▪ But Chinese officials maintain that what
the authorities and the indigenous ethnic they call vocational training centers do not
Uighur population. infringe on Uighurs’ human rights. They
▪ Most Uighurs are Muslim, their language is have refused to share information about
related to Turkish, and they regard the detention centers, and prevented
themselves as culturally and ethnically journalists and foreign investigators from
close to Central Asian nations. examining them.
Why in News?
▪ A report by Washington-based think tank
the Center for Global Policy noted that
hundreds of thousands of ethnic minority
labourers in China’s northwestern Xinjiang
region are being forced into picking cotton
by hand through a coercive state labour
scheme.
▪ According to the report, three majority-
Uighur regions within Xinjiang sent at least
5,70,000 people to pick cotton as part of a
state-run coercive labour transfer scheme.
▪ Xinjiang is a global hub for the crop,
producing over 20% of the world’s cotton.
2) CAATSA
▪ Some Uighurs living there refers to the About CAATSA
region as East Turkestan and argue that it ▪ The Countering America’s Adversaries
ought to be independent from China. There Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA) is an act
have been open calls for separation of made by the US legislature which
Xinjiang from China since the 1990s. Since mandates the U.S. administration to impose
then, China suppressed any dissent from sanctions on any country carrying out
Uyghur and began placing restrictions on significant defence and energy trade with
them. sanctioned entities in North Korea, Iran
▪ Ethnic tensions caused by economic and and Russia.
cultural factors are considered the root Why in News?
cause of the recent violence. There are ▪ The U.S. has imposed sanctions on NATO-
complaints of severe restrictions on Islam, ally Turkey for its purchase of Russia’s S-
with fewer mosques and strict control over 400 missile defence system under the
religious schools. Countering America’s Adversaries Through
Recent developments Sanctions Act (CAATSA).
▪ Rights activists have said the Xinjiang ▪ Last year the U.S. had removed Turkey
region is home to a vast network of from its F-35 jet program over concerns
extrajudicial internment camps that have that sensitive information could be
imprisoned at least one million people, accessed by Russia if Turkey used Russian
which China has defended as vocational systems along with U.S. jets.
training centres to counter extremism. ▪ Turkey has responded saying that it will
▪ Most of the people who have been not step back from its decision to deploy
arbitrarily detained are Uighur. Russian air defence systems despite U.S.
sanctions.
For free learning, visit www.officerspulse.com16 CAATSA and India of the US-developed Terminal High ▪ India and Russia signed a $5 billion Altitude Area Defense system (THAAD). contract for the procurement of S-400 air ▪ The system can engage all types of aerial defense systems during the 2018 annual targets including aircraft, unmanned aerial bilateral summit. India is set to get the vehicles (UAV) and ballistic and cruise consignment of the S-400 air defence missiles within the range of 400km, at an system early next year. altitude of up to 30km. ▪ While India has got a waiver from the outgoing Trump administration, New Delhi hopes that the incoming Biden administration would not work towards reversing the decision. India-U.S. Relationship ▪ The US sees India as a major market for the US defence industry. In the last one decade, it has grown from near zero to USD 15 billion worth of arms deals. ▪ Since 2008, the US has bagged more than $15 billion in arms deals including for the C-17 Globemaster and C-130J transport planes, P-8 (I) maritime reconnaissance aircraft, M777 light-weight howitzer, Harpoon missiles, and Apache and Chinook helicopters. ▪ The system can track 100 airborne targets ▪ In percentage terms, the US share of Indian and engage six of them simultaneously. arms imports total 23 per cent in terms of ▪ The S-400’s mission set and capabilities are the number of contracts and 54 per cent by roughly comparable to the famed US value. Patriot system. ▪ India was designated a “Major Defence ▪ The S-400 can also be integrated into the Partner” of the U.S. in 2016 and it was existing and future air defence units of the granted Strategic Trade Authorization Air Force, Army, and the Navy. tier 1 status in 2018. These designations Why does India need it? allowed India easier access to sensitive U.S. ▪ From India’s point of view, China is also defence technology. buying the system. In 2015, Beijing signed ▪ Both countries are also coming together on an agreement with Russia to purchase six Indo-Pacific strategy and the newly battalions of the system. Its delivery began renewed Quad platform. in January 2018. ▪ With this context in mind, several U.S. ▪ China’s acquisition of the S-400 system has lawmakers who favoured a close U.S.-India been viewed as a “game changer” in the relationship, made a strong case for a region. However, its effectiveness against CAATSA waiver for countries like India India is limited. According to experts, even (and also Vietnam and Indonesia), which if stationed right on the India-China border had historically bought Russian arms but and moved into the Himalaya mountains, were now buying more U.S. arms. Delhi would be at the limit of its range. What is the S-400 air defence missile ▪ India’s acquisition is crucial to counter system? attacks in a two-front war, including even ▪ The S-400 Triumf, (NATO calls it SA-21 high-end F-35 US fighter aircraft. Growler), is a mobile, surface-to-air missile system (SAM) designed by 3) US adds India in monitoring list Russia. What’s in the news? ▪ It is the most dangerous operationally ▪ The United States has once again included deployed modern long-range SAM (MLR India in its monitoring list of countries SAM) in the world, considered much ahead with potentially “questionable foreign For free learning, visit www.officerspulse.com
17 exchange policies” and “currency 1. A bilateral trade surplus with the U.S. of manipulation”. more than $20 billion. ▪ India was last included in the currency 2. A current account surplus of at least 3% of watchlist in October 2018, but removed GDP. from the list that came out in May 2019. 3. Net purchases of foreign currency of 2% of What does the term ‘currency manipulator’ GDP over a 12-month period. mean? ▪ India breached the first and the third ▪ This is a label given by the US government benchmarks. to countries it feels are engaging in “unfair ▪ India, which has for several years currency practices” by deliberately maintained a significant bilateral goods devaluing their currency against the trade surplus with the US, crossed the $20 dollar. billion mark, according to the latest report. o Devaluation is the deliberate downward Bilateral goods trade surplus totalled $22 adjustment of the value of a country's money billion in the first four quarters through relative to another currency, group of June 2020. currencies. ▪ The U.S. has included India in the list after ▪ The practice would mean that the country the Indian central bank stepped up in question is artificially lowering the value purchases of foreign currency as portfolio of its currency to gain an unfair advantage flows surged in the second half of the year. over others. This is because the devaluation Effect on Indian Economy would reduce the cost of exports from ▪ The designation of a country as a currency that country and artificially show a manipulator does not immediately attract reduction in trade deficits as a result. any penalties, but tends to dent the Why is India back in the Monitoring List confidence about a country in the global again? financial markets. ▪ The U.S. Treasury uses three benchmarks For doubts and queries email us at: to judge currency manipulators: doubts@officerspulse.com For free learning, visit www.officerspulse.com
18
DEFENCE
1) Artillery Gun trials ▪ They will represent the most advanced
About ATAGS class of major surface warships for the
▪ The indigenous Advanced Towed Artillery Indian Navy in a decade, also featuring
Gun System (ATAGS) is a 155mm, 52 BrahMos supersonic surface-to-surface
calibre artillery gun jointly developed by missiles.
the Defence Research and Development ▪ These will also have torpedoes and rockets
Organisation in partnership with Bharat to hit submarines and rapid-fire guns to
Forge of the Kalyani Group and the Tata destroy anti-ship missiles as well as a
Power SED. heavy main gun to engage ships and coastal
targets.
▪ These ships would also be loaded with an
indigenous state of art electronic systems
and sensor suites.
▪ Weapons are in integration with BrahMos
and Long Range Anti-Ship Missile (LRASM)
with MF STAR radar and indigenous Sonar
system.
▪ The P17A-class will be armed and ready
with the state-of-the-art Barak 8 and
BrahMos surface-to-air and supersonic
▪ The project was started in 2013 by DRDO cruise missiles.
to replace older guns in service in the ▪ The ships are named after Indian Hills like
Indian Army with a modern 155mm Shivalik, Himgiri, Nilgiri, Taragiri, Udyagiri.
artillery gun. ▪ This project is unique in that it is being
▪ It will have a firing range of 40 km with built simultaneously at two locations, at
advanced features in terms of high GRSE in Kolkata and Mazgaon Docks
mobility, quick deployability, auxiliary Limited in Mumbai.
power mode, advanced communication ▪ Fincantieri of Italy is the knowhow
system, automatic command and control provider for technology upgrade and
system with night firing capability in direct capability enhancement in this project.
fire mode. Stealth Frigates
Why in News? ▪ Frigates are naval vessels intermediate
▪ User trials of the ATAGS developed by the between corvettes and destroyers, and
DRDO are likely to be resumed. have had a significant role in the naval
history of India.
▪ Frigates which employ stealth technology
2) Stealth Frigates construction techniques in an effort to
Why in News? ensure that it is harder to detect by one or
▪ The first of three stealth frigates, Himgiri, more of radar, visual, sonar, and infrared
being built by the Garden Reach methods.
Shipbuilders and Engineers Limited (GRSE)
under Project 17A for the Navy was
launched into water.
3) Early Warning Aircraft
About Project 17A Why in News:
▪ The coveted ‘Project 17A’ was cleared by ▪ India is going to make six new Airborne
the govt back in 2015. Early Warning and Control planes to be
▪ P17A ships with a displacement of around developed by Defence Research and
6,670 tonnes will be the most advanced Development Organisation (DRDO)
state-of-the-art guided missile frigates About
once inducted. ▪ An airborne early warning and control
(AEW&C) system is an airborne radar
For free learning, visit www.officerspulse.com19 picket system designed to detect aircraft, take actions to guide interceptors to those ships and vehicles at long ranges and for neutralizing the threats. perform command and control of the ▪ The system is fully net centric, with battlespace in an air engagement by complete command and control functions directing fighter and attack aircraft strikes. not only providing the available ▪ The DRDO Airborne Early Warning and information to ground through its multiple Control System (AEW&CS) is a project of data links but also can receive information India's Defence Research and Development from ground, integrate and fuse them Organisation to develop an airborne early onboard to provide the operators onboard warning and control system for the Indian a composite picture of the environment. Air Force. It is also referred to as NETRA ▪ As a command centre, it enables onboard Airborne Early Warning and Control operators to select, command and guide System (AEW&CS). specific interceptor aircrafts towards ▪ Airborne Early Warning & Control System enemy threat efficiently and neutralize (AEW&C), is a force multiplier system of them. systems for detecting & tracking of For doubts and queries email us at: enemy/hostile aircrafts/ UAVs etc. doubts@officerspulse.com ▪ It also enables operators onboard and on ground to identify, assess the threat and For free learning, visit www.officerspulse.com
20
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
1) Tuberculosis Diagnosis people fall ill with this preventable and
Why in News? curable disease.
▪ IIT Madras researchers are developing a ▪ TB remains the world’s deadliest
point-of-care platform for early-stage TB infectious killer. Each day, over 4000
screening and detection using urine people lose their lives to TB and close to
samples. 30,000 people fall ill with this preventable
Need for a new technique and curable disease. TB is one of the
▪ Diagnosing TB usually involves using a leading causes of mortality in India. It kills
sputum sample or a biopsy in the detection more than 4,00,000 people in India every
tests. This is not just time-consuming or year.
expensive, there are also cases where ▪ Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR
getting a sputum sample is not easy or TB) is caused by strains of the tuberculosis
even possible, such as with small children bacteria resistant to the two most effective
or in the case of extrapulmonary TB. Extra- anti-tuberculosis drugs available - isoniazid
pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) refers to and rifampicin. MDR TB can only be
disease outside the lungs. diagnosed in a specialized laboratory.
▪ The glycolipid lipoarabinomannan (LAM), ▪ Worldwide 4,84, 000 people were
an integral component of the cell wall and estimated to have fallen ill with multidrug-
cell membrane of Mycobacterium resistant TB (MDR-TB) in 2018. In India
tuberculosis (Mtb), the disease-causing about 1,3,000 people fell ill with drug-
bacterium, has been explored as a resistant TB.
biomarker for TB diagnosis. ▪ Directly Observed Treatment Short-course
▪ Since it is known that LAM is released into (DOTS) is the strategy followed for
the bloodstream during active infection and treatment of TB. Tuberculosis treatment
passed out in urine, it can be viewed as a requires at least 6 months of treatment.
potential biomarker for even cases other ▪ India has committed to eliminate the
than pulmonary TB. prevalence of TB by 2025. The Ministry of
▪ Biomarkers (short for biological markers) Health and Family Welfare is implementing
are biological measures of a biological the National Strategic Plan (NSP) for
state. By definition, a biomarker is "a Tuberculosis Elimination (2017-2025).
characteristic that is objectively measured
and evaluated as an indicator of normal 2) Sewage analysis
biological processes, pathogenic processes Why in News:
or pharmacological responses to a ▪ Studies published recently in the Indian
therapeutic intervention." Journal of Medical Research by ICMR-
▪ In the test conducted by the group, the National Institute of Virology explains
sample containing Mtb-LAM is mixed with the detection of the presence of SARS-CoV-
gold nanoparticles and incubated for five 2 RNA in sewage samples and has raised
minutes. the possibility of using environmental
▪ Then a U-shaped fibre-optic sensor device water surveillance to monitor virus
with an LED and a photodetector attached activity in infected areas.
to its two ends is dipped into the mixture. About the study
▪ The results are generated in the next ten ▪ Researchers undertook the study to
minutes, and the amount of Mtb-LAM standardise the methodology for detection
present in the mixture can be read out. of SARS-CoV-2 from sewage and explore
India’s fight against TB the feasibility of establishing
▪ Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease supplementary surveillance for COVID-19.
caused by a bacterium, Mycobacterium ▪ They have suggested that SARS-CoV-2
tuberculosis. Each day, over 4000 people detection in waste waters could be used to
lose their lives to TB and close to 30,000
For free learning, visit www.officerspulse.com21
understand the epidemiology of COVID- ▪ Establishment of National Critical
19. Information Infrastructure Protection
▪ Epidemiology is the study of how often Centre (NCIIPC) for protection of critical
diseases occur in different groups of information infrastructure in the country.
people and why. Epidemiological ▪ All organizations providing digital services
information is used to plan and evaluate have been mandated to report cyber
strategies to prevent illness and as a security incidents to CERT-In
guide to the management of patients in expeditiously.
whom disease has already developed. It is a ▪ Cyber Swachhta Kendra (Botnet Cleaning
cornerstone of public health, and shapes and Malware Analysis Centre) has been
policy decisions and evidence-based launched for providing detection of
practice by identifying risk factors for malicious programmes and free tools to
disease and targets for preventive remove such programmes.
healthcare. ▪ Formulation of Crisis Management Plan
▪ Decreasing concentration or absence of for countering cyber attacks and cyber
virus at previously SARS-CoV-2-positive terrorism.
sewage sampling sites may indicate ▪ Conducting regular training programmes
successful implementation of COVID-19 for network / system administrators and
control strategies and it may provide Chief Information Security Officers (CISOs)
evidence of the presence or absence of of Government and critical sector
SARS-CoV-2-infected populations and organisations regarding securing the IT
confirmation of COVID-19-free zones infrastructure and mitigating cyber attacks.
▪ According to data compiled by the National
3) Cybersecurity Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), the
Why in News: number of registered cybercrimes
▪ The FBI and the Department of Homeland increased by 63.5% in the year 2019
Security’s cybersecurity arm are compared to the previous year.
investigating what experts and former ▪ A total of 44,546 cases were registered
officials said appeared to be a large-scale under cybercrimes compared to 27,248
penetration of U.S. government agencies. cases in 2018. In 2019, 60.4% of
What is cybersecurity cybercrime cases registered were for the
▪ Cybersecurity is the protection of motive of fraud (26,891 out of 44,546
internet-connected systems such as cases) followed by sexual exploitation with
hardware, software and data from 5.1% (2,266 cases) and causing disrepute
cyber-threats. The practice is used by with 4.2% (1,874 cases).
individuals and enterprises to protect
against unauthorized access to data centers 4) PSLV C-50
and other computerized systems. Why in News:
India’s Preparedness ▪ The Indian Space Research Organisation
▪ The Government has launched the online (ISRO) successfully placed into a transfer
cybercrime reporting portal, orbit India’s 42nd communications
www.cybercrime.gov.in to enable satellite, CMS-01, carried on board the
complainants to report complaints PSLV-C50, from the second launch pad of
pertaining to Child Pornography/Child the Satish Dhawan Space Centre
Sexual Abuse Material, rape/gang rape About CMS-01
imageries or sexually explicit content. ▪ CMS-01 is a communications satellite
▪ The Central Government has rolled out a envisaged for providing services in
scheme for establishment of Indian Cyber extended C Band of the frequency spectrum
Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) to and its coverage will include the Indian
handle issues related to cybercrime in the mainland, and the Andaman & Nicobar and
country in a comprehensive and Lakshadweep islands.
coordinated manner. ▪ The satellite is expected to have a life of
more than seven years.
For free learning, visit www.officerspulse.com22 ▪ The CMS-01 satellite will be the first in a developed to allow India to launch its new series of communication satellites that Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites India will be launching after the GSAT and into sun-synchronous orbits. INSAT series. ▪ It is the first Indian launch vehicle to be About PSLV C-50 equipped with liquid stages. ▪ PSLV-C50 is the 52nd flight of PSLV and ▪ The vehicle successfully launched two 22nd flight of PSLV in 'XL' configuration spacecraft – Chandrayaan-1 in 2008 and (with 6 strap-on motors) Mars Orbiter Spacecraft in 2013 – that later ▪ The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) is travelled to Moon and Mars respectively. an expendable medium-lift launch vehicle For doubts and queries email us at: designed and operated by the Indian Space doubts@officerspulse.com Research Organisation (ISRO). It was For free learning, visit www.officerspulse.com
23
ART & CULTURE
1) Dawoodi Bohra marriage or family honour. Some associate
Why in News? it with religious beliefs, although no
▪ An Indian mother moved the Supreme religious scriptures require it.
Court against a custom in the Dawoodi ▪ The practice has no health benefits for
Bohra community which allows a man to girls and women.
take over from his estranged wife the ▪ FGM can cause severe bleeding and
custody of their child who is above seven problems urinating, and later cysts,
without any due process of law. infections, as well as complications in
About Dawoodi Bohra community childbirth and increased risk of newborn
▪ The Dawoodi Bohras are a religious deaths.
denomination within the Ismaili branch of ▪ It is estimated that more than 200 million
Shia Islam. girls and women alive today have
▪ In 2018, a bench of then CJI Dipak Misra undergone female genital mutilation in 30
referred a petition seeking a ban on Female countries in Africa, the Middle East and
genital mutilation among Dawoodi Bohra Asia where the practice is concentrated.
girls to a five-judge Constitution Bench. ▪ FGM is mostly carried out on young girls
Female Genital Mutilation between infancy and age 15.
▪ Female genital mutilation (FGM) involves ▪ FGM is recognized internationally as a
the partial or total removal of external violation of the human rights of girls and
female genitalia or other injury to the women. It reflects deep-rooted inequality
female genital organs for non-medical between the sexes, and constitutes an
reasons. extreme form of discrimination against
▪ The reasons behind the practice vary. In women. It is nearly always carried out on
some cases, it is seen as a rite of passage minors and is a violation of the rights of
into womanhood, while others see it as a children.
way to suppress a woman’s sexuality. Many For doubts and queries email us at:
communities practice genital mutilation in doubts@officerspulse.com
the belief that it will ensure a girl's future
For free learning, visit www.officerspulse.comYou can also read
