NUCLEAR DIPLOMACY TODAY THE DIPLOMAT AND THE STATE TEX HARRIS, LARGER THAN LIFE - American Foreign ...
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P U B L I S H E D BY T H E A M E R I CA N F O R E I G N S E R V I C E A S S O C I AT I O N M AY 2 0 2 0 NUCLEAR DIPLOMACY TODAY THE DIPLOMAT AND THE STATE TEX HARRIS, LARGER THAN LIFE
– A D V E R T I S E M E N T–
FOREIGN
SERVICE May 2020 Volume 97, No. 4
Focus on Nuclear Diplomacy
BRIAN HUBBLE
26 33 37
U.S.-Russian Nuclear Arms Why Nuclear Arms Restoring Nuclear
Control Negotiations— Control Matters Diplomacy
A Short History Today Urgent action is needed to put the lid
An accomplished negotiator puts nuclear In this time of new strains on a new and costly global arms race.
arms control in perspective—what it has in great-power relations, By Joseph Cirincione
achieved, where it nuclear arms control
has failed and what it can do for agreements are an essential 41
our future security. component of national security.
From the FSJ Archive
By Rose Gottemoeller By Thomas Countryman
Arms Control Diplomacy
FS Heritage Appreciation
50 F. Allen “Tex” Harris
1938-2020
The Unlucky Consul:
Thomas Prentis and 67
the 1902 Martinique
Disaster Larger Than Life
In 1902, the worst volcanic Feature By Steven Alan Honley
disaster of the 20th century
took the lives of U.S. Consul
Thomas Prentis and his family 44 70
on a Caribbean island.
The Foreign Service Remembrances
By William Bent
Honor Roll
U.S. diplomats are on the front lines
of America’s engagement with the
world. Here is the history of AFSA’s
work to pay tribute to the many who
sacrificed their lives in the line of duty.
By John K. Naland
THE FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL | MAY 2020 5
FOREIGN
SERVICE
Perspectives
Departments
10 Letters
7 88 12 Letters-Plus
President’s Views Reflections
Foreign Service Duty Y2K, What Y2K? 16 Talking Points
By Eric Rubin B y L i a n vo n Wa n t o c h
77 In Memory
9 81 Books
Letter from the Editor
Nuclear Diplomacy Matters
By Shawn Dorman
22 Marketplace
Speaking Out
The Diplomat and the State
B y C h r i s t o p h e r W. S m i t h 90 83 Real Estate
Local Lens 86 Classifieds
Egypt
By Lori B. John 87 Index to Advertisers
AFSA NEWS THE OFFICIAL RECORD OF THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION
57 AFSA and COVID-19
58 State VP Voice—Working for You
During This Trying Time
57
59 USAID VP Voice—Achieving Transparent
Promotions by Promoting Transparency
60 Retiree VP Voice—Resilience
60 AFSA Event: Long-Term Care Insurance
Alternatives
64 Continuous Domestic Service:
61 Teaching International Affairs: Six-Year Rule Eliminated
An AFSA Networking Event
65 Book Notes: Modern Diplomacy in Practice
62 AFSA Welcomes Incoming LNA Class
65 AFSA Voter Registration Guide
63 Foreign Service Journal Chooses New Printer
65 AFSA Meets Representative Fitzpatrick
64 Outreach to Students, Professors
66 2020 Constructive Dissent Awards:
and the AFSA Community
Call for Nominations
On the Cover—Illustration by Brian Hubble.
6 MAY 2020 | THE FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL
PRESIDENT’S VIEWS
Foreign Service Duty
BY ERIC RUBIN
W
hile teleworking and Service to join one of the big federal This is who we are and what we do. It’s
social distancing for the unions alongside other federal employees. called service. The oath we took when we
past month along with so The argument that won the day joined is, I believe, sacred to us all.
many of you, I have been was that the Foreign Service is unique. Thinking again about Theodore
pulling books off my shelves. One of Its members need representation White’s book, the importance of courage
the books I opened was Theodore H. and advocacy, but that has to hap- in the face of adversity is clear. All of us
White’s In Search of History. This is the pen in a nonpolitical and nonpartisan must fight for our people, and for our
story of a great American journalist who framework. Our members could not profession and what it means. Diplo-
witnessed some of the most important adequately be represented within a huge macy is the chief alternative to war.
developments of the 20th century. politicized federal union, but also could Reflect on these sobering words
White writes passionately about what not rely on management goodwill with- from White:
happened to the United States after out someone to advocate for them. And “The ultimate impact of McCarthy on
World War II, as the Cold War became that’s where AFSA came in. American diplomacy, and thus on the
our focus and McCarthyism took hold in Almost 50 years later, we have a strong world, came many years later, in Vietnam.
our political culture. and vibrant association that represents … The purging ended with a State Depart-
White’s thesis is that the destruc- more than 80 percent of Foreign Service ment full of junior diplomats, who knew
tion of the team of Foreign Service members in six agencies, voluntarily. We their future career was pawn to political
Asia experts—who were assailed as have held true to the goal of nonpartisan, passion at home, who knew that prediction
apologists for Mao’s China and “fellow nonpolitical representation of our mem- of a Communist victory would be equated
travelers” in communism’s relentless bers, and to our dual role as the profes- with hope for a Communist victory, and
advance—left the State Department sional association of American diplomats who learned to temper their dispatches
desperately unprepared for the coming and as the legally recognized bargaining of observation in the field with what their
conflict in Southeast Asia, and con- agent for everyone in the Foreign Service. political superiors wished to hear.
tributed directly to the debacle of our I hope the past year has demonstrated “No field-grade American diplomat,
engagement in the Vietnam War. AFSA’s value and importance as a bulwark in the long period between 1964 and
AFSA is 96 years old this year. We defending our members. We have raised 1975, had the courage flatly to predict
started as the professional association of and spent tens of thousands of dollars the potential for disaster in Vietnam.
the U.S. Foreign Service, and we remain covering legal bills for members who were Many recognized that potential, but
that, fervently. But since 1973 we have subpoenaed as witnesses in the impeach- none dared say it aloud or in print until
also been the labor union and official ment hearing. And now, in the midst of the it was too late. They reported what their
bargaining agent of the Foreign Service. COVID-19 crisis, we are doing everything political masters wanted to hear.”
In 1973, some we can to support our members in Wash- May we consider those words a
said that the Foreign ington and in the field who are dealing cautionary tale as we face the challenges
Service, as an elite with excruciating challenges. that confront us now. And may we not
corps of profession- Our colleagues who have been labor- shy away from our critical role, to stay
als, did not need a ing long and hard to bring Americans true to our mission and to tell it like it
labor union. Others home in the midst of the pandemic make is, in service to our country and to our
advocated for the us proud. This is the Foreign Service. fellow citizens. n
Ambassador Eric Rubin is the president of the American Foreign Service Association.
THE FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL | MAY 2020 7
FOREIGN
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8 MAY 2020 | THE FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL
LETTER FROM THE EDITOR
Nuclear Diplomacy Matters
B Y S H AW N D O R M A N
T
he coronavirus pandemic has local circumstances and to assist as the a high-level look at where we’ve been and
changed daily life around the demands snowballed. While the media where we need to go.
world, bringing to a halt so reported on initial slow U.S. government Countryman explains how arms
many normal activities, such as response in some places, we are now control agreements work as a national
going to the office and traveling. And yet hearing almost daily about how embas- security tool, and reminds us that Ronald
the Foreign Service is still on the job in sies have risen to this challenge. To date, Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev were
embassies and consulates in almost every the State Department has helped more correct in their 1985 declaration that “a
country. Everyone is at risk for this virus, than 50,000 Americans get home. nuclear war can never be won and must
including our embassy colleagues. This month and next, we highlight never be fought.”
During March, country after country some early stories of the Foreign Service’s Cirincione warns that the global
announced border closings, sometimes response to the new coronavirus. For the nuclear security enterprise is close to
suddenly. The State Department issued July-August edition, we are collecting your collapse and argues for restarting arms
a “reconsider travel” advisory March 12, firsthand accounts of how you and your control negotiations in the face of a new
and on the 19th bumped that up to team handled this crisis. Look for our arms race.
Level 4, “do not travel.” request for input and share your stories, All three experts assert that the New
My daughter was in Morocco for the so Americans can know how their Foreign START agreement must be renewed
semester as news of travel restrictions Service is continuing to work for them. before it expires in February 2021.
spread. She got the last seat on what While the pandemic rages on, A selection of excerpts from FSJ
was to be one of the last commercial international relations cannot stop; articles on arms control diplomacy offers
flights out of Morocco. She was in the diplomacy must continue. clues into the policy thinking from the
Casablanca airport getting ready to For this, we need professional dip- 1970s on, and links to a large collection
board when the government of Morocco lomats, which brings us to this month’s of related FSJ articles online.
announced a ban on international flights, Speaking Out, “The Diplomat and the John Naland lays out the history of
effective immediately. Luckily, her flight State.” Christopher Smith advocates a the AFSA Memorial Plaques that honor
did take off, and she’s home, finishing the professional doctrine for diplomats. Foreign Service personnel who have died
semester online. Related, a Q&A with the creators of the in the line of duty overseas.
There are so many stories like this, Twenty-Five Year Apprenticeship project And in an Appreciation, including
so many people stuck in place as borders describes the new interactive primer on remembrances by friends and colleagues,
closed around them. Thousands of becoming a successful diplomat. we celebrate the “larger-than-life” AFSA
Americans scrambling to get back home Though understandably preoccupied and Foreign Service legend Tex Harris.
turned to their embassies for assistance. with the coronavirus, we must not ignore In FS Heritage, William Bent shares the
Facing an unprecedented global another existential threat—nuclear war. little-known story of a U.S. consul serving
repatriation effort, This month’s focus explores the state of in Martinique when the worst volcanic
each U.S. mission nuclear diplomacy today. There is cause disaster of the 20th century occurred.
has had to figure out for concern, to be sure, and we need And Lian von Wantoch reflects on the
how to respond to the experts on the job. We hear from three of Y2K disaster that wasn’t.
them: Rose Gottemoeller, Tom Country- This is not the lightest of FSJ editions,
Shawn Dorman is the man and Joseph Cirincione. but these are not the lightest of times.
editor of The Foreign Gottemoeller takes us through Wishing all our readers comfort and
Service Journal. “A Short History” of nuclear arms control, good health. n
THE FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL | MAY 2020 9
LETTERS
Professional Trenin was a stroke of edito- Afghanistan:
Integrity rial genius! Correcting the Record
I fully endorse the Nicholas A. Veliotes The latest effort to bring peace to
tenets Ambassador Alan U.S. ambassador, retired Afghanistan is unraveling with a negoti-
Larson set forth in his McLean, Virginia ated cease-fire failing and contention
excellent article, “Integ- within the Afghanistan government.
rity First” (March FSJ). Speaking Frankly This has encouraged bleak analyses
I would urge that Shortly after I retired, I was portraying Afghanistan as inherently
Foreign Service given a contract at the Foreign unstable and ungovernable.
officers continue to Service Institute to chair the three- This assessment draws on four
maintain the prin- week political tradecraft course. decades of chaos and war, which began
ciple of “integrity first” after they depart One of my innovations in the with the 1979 Soviet invasion and occu-
government service, as well, especially years that followed, and there were sev- pation of Afghanistan and U.S. support
if they enter private-sector roles as eral, was to bring in from other countries for primarily fundamentalist Islamic
advisers or consultants on foreign pairs of young diplomats, whom I encoun- resistance to the Soviets. Those fun-
policy matters. tered socially, introduce them and explain damentalist factions are the forebears
We former FSOs should be wary that I had instructed them to speak frankly of the Taliban and other elements that
of inducements or efforts to use our about how they and their colleagues have battled U.S. forces since 2001.
names, contacts and expertise in ways viewed U.S. diplomats, personally and What many analysts, and U.S. policy-
that could, wittingly or not, benefit cor- professionally. makers, ignore is that Afghanistan was a
rupt people, practices and regimes. “Not very well,” was always the united nation for several centuries and
Such behavior can damage the pro- answer. And they would gently explain defeated British colonial forces twice.
fessional integrity of the Foreign Service that they found Americans intelligent More to the point, Afghanistan enjoyed
as a whole and undermine the confi- and pleasant, and very a golden age of unity and prosperity
dence the public and the Service should interested in through much of the 20th century.
have in FSOs present and past. discussing what The Afghan king, Mohammed Zahir
Finally, as an old Russia/Ukraine they knew and Shah, set his country on a modernizing
hand, I’d like to give a big shout out to thought, but not course after World War II and, with a
my dear colleague Ambassador John really interested new constitution in 1964, established
Tefft and, indeed, to all the authors in the opinions Afghanistan as a democratic monarchy
of the pieces published in the March of other diplo- with elections and respect for human
Journal’s “Dealing with Russia and mats. rights.
Ukraine” focus. I was highly While women in conservative rural
As one who now teaches about this gratified by the areas had very limited freedoms, in
subject, I appreciate these efforts; they reactions of my urban areas Afghan women enjoyed
immensely help me and my students students, who found the presentations substantial freedoms, participating in
grapple with one of the thorniest chal- evocative and very useful. That part of the the Afghan parliament and playing a
lenges America faces today. Thanks, FSJ! program ended with my contract. prominent role in education.
George A. Krol I am both impressed by and highly Crucially, Zahir Shah balanced
U.S. ambassador, retired supportive of the Journal’s broaching the Cold War competitors, winning
Middletown, Rhode Island that approach [in the January-February significant aid programs from both, and
focus on “How They See Us”] given its remained a popular monarch from his
Kudos obvious but long-ignored utility. inauguration in 1933 to his overthrow
Congratulations! The March FSJ is a Ed Peck in a coup in 1973.
great issue. All kudos to John Tefft. And U.S. ambassador, retired In the decade-long anti-Soviet
having the companion piece by Dmitri Washington, D.C. “jihad,” the United States refused to
10 MAY 2020 | THE FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNALgive significant assistance to Afghan
resistance fighters loyal to the former
king, instead acquiescing to Pakistan’s
opposition to any restoration and back-
ing radical Islamist resistance elements
subservient to the Pakistani military
and, especially, Pakistani intelligence.
Afghanistan is not, and never was,
a hopelessly failed state. Within living
memory it was a successful, prosperous,
democratizing state. Any hope of restor-
ing Afghanistan to the ranks of indepen-
dent, united democratic states depends
on preventing neighbors from utilizing
proxies to divide the country. n
Edmund McWilliams
FSO, retired & former Special Envoy
to Afghanistan (1988-1989)
White Oaks, New Mexico
Share your
thoughts about
this month’s issue.
Submit letters
to the editor:
journal@afsa.org
THE FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL | MAY 2020 11LETTERS-PLUS
RESPONSE TO FSJ FOCUS ON CAREER MANAGEMENT
Twenty-Five Year Apprenticeship:
A Digital Forum
W
e recently learned about a from many of our diplomatic “legends”
unique project developed can be useful for any profession.
to support career growth
for professional diplo- Why 25 years instead of,
mats, “Twenty-Five Year Apprenticeship” say, 10, 20 or 30?
(25yearapprenticeship.com). Compiled It takes about 25 years for Foreign
and curated by a group of FSOs and future Service officers to “graduate” into the
FSOs, the online forum offers advice and Senior Foreign Service, when they might
guidance from leaders and mentors on serve for the first time as an ambassador, Your tag line is “A path to diplomatic
how to become a successful diplomat. deputy chief of mission, office director or success.” That’s ambitious. Can you tell
Following on the April Journal’s focus on in any other top position of the profes- us more about this path, and how 25YA
managing an FS career, this Q&A with sion. can help?
several of the founders of the site (who Ambition is an asset, in our minds—
wish to remain anonymous) offers an How and why did you start this project? every diplomat should wake up with the
inside look at what this group is trying to A few of us reflected on the magnitude ambition to advance U.S. interests, to
do for the profession. of the lessons we learned while support- shape the views of our interlocutors and
—Shawn Dorman, Editor ing great leaders, especially those who chart a better future. We hope this project
aimed to accomplish extraordinary things encourages everyone to strive to succeed
and spur teams to achieve more than they and make an impact. We hope they find
What is the “Twenty-Five Year believed possible to advance U.S. interests. nuggets of inspiration that help them take
Apprenticeship”? We want to share insights from these a more ambitious approach to their job
The project is a collective effort to experiences with current and future col- and career.
offer both a practical manual for dynamic leagues who may not have had the oppor-
diplomacy and a forum for folks to ask tunity to work directly for a “legend” of Who runs 25YA?
for advice and mentorship, as well as a the Service. Currently, about 40 State Department
space to offer ideas and best practices. It We also noticed that many books employees and a dozen former career
is founded on the premise that all of us in written by and about diplomatic lead- ambassadors participate in a continuous
the State Department could and should ers fail to offer clues as to how these conversation to develop ideas and con-
strive to develop our professional exper- leaders arrived at the top of the profes- tent for the site. We have also had more
tise throughout our career. sion. We were encouraged by Bill Burns’ than 10 students from various universities
Since it’s all public, it’s also meant to recent book, The Back Channel, where he and grad schools help with interviews,
be useful for aspiring diplomats or any- highlights the fact that there is no manual content and ideas. Thanks to their input,
one else who may be interested in diplo- for diplomacy and notes that this is a we have tried to offer advice and mentor-
matic tradecraft. We find that the advice shortfall (p. 83). ship on what it takes to become an FSO.
12 MAY 2020 | THE FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNALWe think it’s better that those of We have a dedicated community of
us who manage the site (conduct the
interviews, curate and post the articles)
impressive and inspiring former U.S.
remain anonymous. This is not about us. diplomats who are more than willing
We aim to be “wiki-esque,” open to all to to support the next generation of State
contribute and participate.
Department leaders, share their wisdom
Fair enough. Can you share the names and offer mentorship.
of some of the ambassadors who have
contributed to the site so far?
Ambassador James Jeffrey gets credit First, we have a dedicated community into what it takes to succeed diplomati-
for the site’s title, because he exhorts his of impressive and inspiring former U.S. cally from various perspectives.
charges to learn from him and treat each diplomats who are more than willing We are committed to developing a site
experience as part of a process of learn- to support the next generation of State to pass on wisdom from the “legends”
ing, or an “apprenticeship.” Department leaders, share their wisdom of diplomacy. We hope that many more
Ambassadors Victoria Nuland and and offer mentorship. And, second, all of current and former State employees and
Richard Boucher have advised us the contributing ambassadors encour- diplomatic practitioners will reach out
throughout the process and provided aged us to keep learning. to us to offer their ideas, expertise and
suggestions, content and support. advice, as well as help manage the site.
Ambassadors Ronald Neumann, Alex- Tell us about the letter of support from All the content on the site that does
ander Vershbow and Deborah McCarthy diplomatic leaders. How did you garner not have a byline was written by a current
have been extremely generous with their all that support? State Department employee, but we hope
time and ideas. We have been pleasantly surprised to offer more content from a diverse set
And Ambassadors Nicholas Burns that everyone we have reached out to and of contributors. There are no fixed rules
and Kristie Kenney recently contributed spoken with has applauded our effort for who can contribute or what content
timely articles on leadership and crisis and encouraged us to develop the site makes sense; any content that offers prac-
management. further. More than 50 ambassadors have tical tips, wisdom or insights into how to
signed on to the letter of support, and advance American diplomacy is welcome.
How do the “legends” contribute? most of them have offered content to the
The two most common ways they site, as well as advice and guidance. It Do you have support from the State
contribute are, first, through filling out seems that everyone agrees we need a Department for this initiative?
the “Apprentice’s Questionnaire” that we diplomacy guide. The Director General’s office, the
modeled on Vanity Fair’s quick-response counselor’s office, the Foreign Service
interview style, and that offers personal The letter suggests you also solicit input Institute, AFSA and others have all
and professional insights; and, second, from military leaders, Capitol Hill and expressed support for our project. Any-
via interviews. We have interviewed more elsewhere. How do you decide who gets one who checks out the site can see we
than 20 ambassadors, and each conver- to be a “leader” contributor? are 100 percent nonpartisan and commit-
sation has been fascinating—really, the We would very much like to include ted to supporting the State Department
best part of the project has been these input from across the federal govern- and our government.
exchanges. ment, including the Defense Department
and Capitol Hill, and from think-tanks, What is your goal for the 25YA site?
What have you learned from speaking about what it takes to advance U.S. inter- Our goal is that the site becomes self-
to these ambassadors? ests and craft dynamic foreign policy. sustaining as more contributors pitch in
In addition to incredible lessons and The State Department plays a leadership to the project; eventually, we would love
interesting stories, the two most impor- role in policy formulation, but we are not for someone(s) to build on the site content
tant things we have learned are these: alone; so we hope we can offer insights and publish a manual based on the lessons
THE FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL | MAY 2020 13learned and tips we have started to elu- at another agency, the National Security to current State folks, and from all of us to
cidate. We hope that the project can help Council or otherwise. potential future State employees.
connect current employees with former We hope the site can help educate the
ones for advice and mentorship. From what you have learned doing this general population and inspire future
project, what are the top five essential State employees.
Can you share some of the best advice skills for successful diplomats?
that you’ve received working on this I’d point you to the checklist published How can FSJ readers get involved and
project? on the site that answers this question: support the initiative?
There have been so many excellent www.25yearapprenticeship.com/become/ Send the apprentices your ideas, your
insights that it’s hard to choose. A few what-it-takes-to-succeed-at-state. questions and your input. Let’s work
that stand out: take time to enjoy the together to lay out a path toward becom-
career, the experiences; keep learning; be What areas of growth do you see for this ing the best experts, professionals, “jour-
humble; listen; excellence is worth striving initiative in the near future? ney-people” diplomats we can be. The
for and can be achieved only by getting We hope to continue to generate and project will be most successful when more
everyone on board; invest time in relation- develop content; find ways to encourage people are contributing, so please write to
ships, both with foreign counterparts and a more interactive site; and expand the us at 25yearapprentice@gmail.com, follow
throughout the U.S. government; work mentoring component of the project, from us on Twitter at @25yrapprentice, and join
outside the State Department, whether 25YA participants to peers, from “legends” the conversation. n
14 MAY 2020 | THE FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNALTALKING POINTS
The Foreign Service the volume of work State is handling,
Responds to the the March 30 Politico reported that in
Coronavirus Pandemic the nine days since March 21, State
U .S. embassies and Foreign Service
personnel and their families across
the globe have been struggling to man-
had received 15,000 calls regarding the
pandemic.
Diplomats were reminded, too, that
age and adjust to the massive disrup- they are not immune to the dangers of
U.S. EMBASSY QUITO
tions caused by the novel coronavirus COVID-19. On March 24, Steven Dick, 37,
pandemic, while continuing the vital the deputy head of the British embassy in
work of diplomacy and serving Ameri- Budapest, died after contracting the coro-
A March 29 photo shows U.S. Mission
can citizens overseas. navirus. The New York Times reported
Ecuador staff, including Ambassador
In March, many countries began to Michael Fitzpatrick (front left), at on April 4 that three State Department
close their borders and airlines can- Mariscal Sucre International Airport, employees—all locally engaged staff—
celed countless international flights as where they are assisting U.S. citizens had died from the coronavirus. By April
trying to return to the United States.
the coronavirus spread, and country 4, 154 State Department employees had
after country began seeing a spike in presence, according to an April 1 Wall tested positive for the virus, and more
COVID-19 cases. Hardest hit initially Street Journal report. than 3,500 were symptomatic and in self-
were Italy, Spain and the United States. Embassies dealt with the departures isolation, the Times reported.
Lawmakers postponed congressional of many of their personnel amid what a In South Africa, according to a March
visits overseas. March 20 CNN broadcast called unclear 20 Washington Post report, U.S. diplo-
In mid-March, the State Department operational guidance from Washington. mats were concerned about their own
authorized voluntary, no-fault curtail- Meanwhile, embassy staff were manag- possible exposure to the coronavirus
ment for employees in any country ing evacuations of thousands of Ameri- when Ambassador Lana Marks—who
considered to present a high risk of cans who found themselves stranded in had attended a dinner at President
exposure to COVID-19. It also autho- countries that abruptly closed borders and Trump’s Mar-a-Lago Club in Florida with
rized voluntary no-fault curtailment cut off international travel options. Brazilian officials who later tested posi-
from any country or region for those at On April 6, the State Department tive for COVID-19—returned to work at
higher risk of a poor outcome if exposed said it had coordinated the repatriation the embassy.
to the coronavirus. of 44,569 Americans from 78 countries After a town hall meeting in which
Numerous FSOs and their families since Jan. 29. For another indication of diplomats raised their concerns, and
have been, and continue to be, faced
with the decision of whether to scramble
to return to the United States—which Contemporary Quote
surpassed China for the most reported
I think it’s fair to say that the corona crisis hasn’t had the same
cases of COVID-19 by late March—or
sort of rapid coordinated international response that, say, we saw
stay at post in countries that might offer
in the 2008 financial crisis. But that said, the American government for
inadequate medical care.
G7 and the Saudi Arabian government for G20 have managed to bring
Complicating their decision-making
leaders and health ministers, finance ministers, foreign ministers together
was the fact that lodging in the Washing-
to work on a coordinated set of actions, all to keep the global economy
ton, D.C., area is hard to find, as many
going; to step up work on vaccines; to help the U.N., and particularly
places closed their doors due to health
the World Health Organization, get detailed help where it needs to go;
concerns and the shuttering economy.
and then also to work on repatriation.
The State Department on April 1 said
it had evacuated 6,000 U.S. diplomats —U.K. Ambassador to the United States Dame Karen Pierce, responding to a
and family members since the start of question, about global leadership on NPR’s “All Things Considered,” March 31.
the outbreak, about half its overseas
16 MAY 2020 | THE FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNALa press report about those concerns,
Marks undertook a period of self-quar-
ages here) or if it would be smarter to
shelter in place at post. HEARD ON THE HILL
antine. On social media, family members
In many countries, diplomats were were offering to buy groceries for anyone
asked to follow social distancing prac- who was required to self-quarantine after
tices imposed by host governments and returning from overseas. Another offered
work from home. In Washington, many to pick people up at Dulles International
diplomats did the same. Airport and get them settled. Others
The American Foreign Service chimed in with similar offers.
Association moved to telework status on
March 12, and canceled public events Coronavirus Relief
until at least April 30 (as of press time). and the International
On March 18, for the first time in its his- Affairs Budget
tory, the AFSA Governing Board held its
monthly meeting via teleconference.
The State Department indefinitely
T he nearly $2 trillion Coronavirus
Aid, Relief, and Economic Security
(CARES) Act, signed into law on March
JOSH
postponed the intake of new Foreign 27, provides $1.12 billion for the interna-
Service officers, Foreign Policy magazine tional affairs budget.
We know there are still many
reported March 26. Two incoming classes The following funding additions
Americans currently trapped
totaling 175 people—one for officers, one relate to the foreign affairs agencies:
overseas, but I can assure you
for specialists—were put on hold. • $324 million for State Department
the State Department and
In another unprecedented move, for diplomatic programs to maintain con-
Secretary Pompeo are working
the first time in its nearly 60-year history, sular operations around the world, cover around the clock to bring them
the Peace Corps temporarily suspended the costs of evacuating personnel and home as quickly as possible.
its operations on March 15. The agency dependents, and provide for emergency —House Foreign Affairs
ordered all of its more than 7,000 Volun- preparedness needs. Committee ranking member
teers to evacuate their host countries and • $95 million for USAID operating Michael McCaul (R-Texas),
return to the United States, where they expenses to support the evacuation of in a statement reported
joined the ranks of the unemployed. U.S. citizens and surge support, and to March 25 by Politico.
Hundreds of USAID employees and increase technical support.
family members took part in USAID Staff • $258 million for international disas- I do want to salute not only our
Care webinars on “Resilience in the Time ter assistance so USAID can continue to troops, but our men and women
of COVID-19.” Many reported feeling support disaster response capabilities in the State Department, our
substantial stress levels because of the in developing countries affected by the Foreign Service officers at USAID
pandemic. pandemic. and State, for representing our
Social media became a refuge for • $55 million for APHIS employee country and the hard work that
many diplomats and their families. D.C.- salaries and expenses to prevent, they do every day.
area members of the popular Trailing prepare for and respond to COVID-19, —Rep. Ami Bera (D-Calif.),
Houses Facebook group for active U.S. including necessary expenses for salary at the House Foreign Affairs Asia,
diplomats and family members offered to costs associated with the Agriculture the Pacific, and Nonproliferation
Subcommittee hearing, “Pros-
help people returning to Washington find Quarantine and Inspection Program.
pects for Peace: The Way Forward
places to stay. • $4 million for Foreign Agricultural
for Afghanistan,” March 10.
Members also debated whether Service employee salaries and expenses
people should return to the United States to respond to COVID-19 and relocate
(and recommended that they pack toilet personnel and their dependents back
paper and other essentials due to short- from overseas posts.
THE FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL | MAY 2020 17COPING WITH SOCIAL DISTANCING
HOW TO BUILD RESILIENCE
In the face of the coronavirus pandemic, Foreign Service families
HELPING KIDS PASS THE TIME
around the world are facing difficult situations and choices, and The following educational websites are excerpted from a list by
high stress levels. We turned to resilience expert Beth Payne for an anonymous educator that is making the rounds on social
advice. She is a retired FSO and a former chair of the FSJ Edito- media during the coronavirus pandemic. This abbreviated list
rial Board. She was the director of FSI’s Center of Excellence offers plenty of great ideas to keep your kids and other family
in Foreign Affairs Resilience from 2016 to 2019, and now runs members busy during social distancing.
Payne Resilience Training & Consulting (payneresilience.com).
The following is from a recent blog posting, in which she n GeoGuesser—GeoGuesser n si.edu/kids—No need
shares suggestions for ways to build and maintain resilience tests kids’ geography skills. to travel to one of the Smith-
during this challenging time. Using images from Google’s sonian’s zoos or museums.
S
Street View, it plops players Smithsonian: Fun Stuff for
ince resilience affects our immune system, build- down in the middle of the Kids brings your child every-
ing and maintaining high resilience can help street and asks them to figure thing from live video of the
your body defend against viruses and bacteria. out where they are. National Zoo to the Smith-
Resilience will also help you better manage if you n whatwasthere.com— sonian Learning Lab right
or a loved one is infected. It will help you adapt WhatWasThere allows stu- to their screen.
if there are closures or significant changes in your daily life. dents to type in any city, state n coolkidfacts.com—
And you’ll be more likely to bounce back quickly and fully or country to view an archive Cool Kid Facts gives your
(and possibly bounce forward) from any negative impact of historical photographs and child access to educational
this crisis may have on you. other documents. It’s a unique videos, pictures, quizzes,
Here are ways you can build and maintain your resilience: way to help them learn about downloadable worksheets
Focus on What You Can Control. The coronavirus is history. and infographics to learn
unsettling because so much is out of our control. Ruminating n artsology.com—Artsology about geography, history,
about things you cannot control will erode your resilience. helps kids learn to appreciate science, animals and the
Instead, focus on what you can do. Review the latest CDC the arts by providing them human body.
information and guidelines and prepare your emergency with the opportunity to play n bensguide.gpo.gov—
plan. Seek news and updates only from reliable sources. games, conduct investigations Ben’s Guide, an interactive
Take Care of Yourself. Prioritize getting enough sleep, eat- and explore different forms website hosted by the U.S.
ing well, exercising and making time to recover. Use a potential of art. Government Publishing
coronavirus outbreak as an opportunity to review your regular n highlightskids.com—Find Office, allows your child to
routines and make changes if needed for better self-care. on Highlights Kids fun games, see the ins and outs of the
Help Others. Research shows that helping other people recipes, crafts and activities. U.S. government by taking a
will build your resilience. Reach out to your community to n seussville.com—Read, series of learning adventures
see if there are ways you can help with preparations. Donate play games and hang out with with none other than Benja-
funds to organizations that support communities hit by the Dr. Seuss on Seussville. min Franklin.
virus. Donate blood to prevent shortages during an outbreak. n virtualmusicalinstru n climatekids.nasa.gov
Seek Out Social Support. While it may be tempting to ments.com—On Virtual —A NASA initiative, Climate
isolate yourself to prevent infection, it is essential that you Music Instruments kids can Kids covers a wide range of
maintain your social support. Make sure you can communi- play instruments, including topics including weather,
cate with friends and family virtually if necessary. guitar, piano, pan flute, drum climate, atmosphere, water,
Laugh. Maintaining a positive outlook is a key resilience and bongos, online. energy, plants and animals.
factor. If you’re binging on Netflix, watch comedies. Seek out
friends and family who make you laugh. Watch funny videos
on social media.
18 MAY 2020 | THE FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNALSite of the Month
WELLNESS IN A CRISIS Radio Garden (www.radio.garden)
From the National Wellness Insti-
D
tute, here is a list of questions to ask uring this time of social dis-
yourself daily: tancing, listening to radio from
1. What am I grateful for today? around the world is one fun way to
2. Who am I checking in on or stay connected.
connecting with today?
From its beginning, radio signals
3. What expectations of “normal”
have crossed borders. Radio makers the dot, and a pop-up shows radio
am I letting go of today?
and listeners have imagined connect- stations from that city and starts to
4. How am I getting outside today?
5. How am I moving my body today? ing with distant cultures, as well as re- play a local station.
6. What beauty am I either creating, connecting with people from “home” You can add radio stations to your
cultivating or inviting in today? from thousands of miles away. favorites list or choose from Radio
Visit Radio Garden, and you can Garden’s recommendations.
spin the globe and listen to any of Founded in 2015 in Amsterdam,
ACCESS MUSIC & CULTURE thousands of live radio stations
from around the world. Each green
Radio Garden launched mobile
apps for iOS and Android platforms
Here are a few ideas for getting to dot represents a city or town. Tap in 2018.
museums, going to the opera and sym-
phony, and even learning to play guitar,
all virtually. The CARES Act also permits addi- “The United States is disappointed in
Virtual Museum Collections: tional paid leave for State and USAID them and what their conduct means for
The Museum Computer Network, employees experiencing hardship due to Afghanistan and our shared interests,”
which supports professionals who COVID-19. It includes provisions allow- Secretary Pompeo said. “We have made
seek to transform the way their muse- ing State to provide medical services to clear to the leadership that we will not back
ums reach, engage, and educate their private U.S. citizens, and permits State security operations that are politically moti-
audiences using digital technologies, and USAID oaths of office required by vated, nor support political leaders who
offers an extensive directory of virtual law to be administered remotely. order such operations or those who advo-
museum resources, e-learning and cate for or support parallel government.”
online collections at mcn.edu/a-guide- U.S. Suspends Afghan Afghans “fear the decision could push
to-virtual-museum-resources. Aid to Force Peace Deal the country, almost entirely dependent on
Metropolitan Opera: The Metropol-
itan Opera of New York City has been
streaming a different performance,
T he United States is suspending $1
billion in aid until Afghan politi-
cal factions form a government that can
foreign aid, past the tipping point,” accord-
ing to a March 24 New York Times report.
The United States has been provid-
from its Met’s Live in HD series, every implement a U.S.-brokered peace deal ing about $4 billion in security aid and
night at metopera.org. with the Taliban, according to a March 23 nearly $500 million in civilian aid to
Seattle Symphony: The Seattle Politico report. Afghanistan per year, according to The
Symphony has been offering free Secretary of State Mike Pompeo New York Times. The newspaper adds
performances several times a week at announced the decision on March 23 that roughly 75 percent of Afghanistan’s
seattlesymphony.org/live. after meeting in Kabul with Afghan Presi- annual public expenditures are depen-
Fender Play: Fender Musical Instru- dent Ashraf Ghani and former Afghan dent on international donations.
ments Corp. is offering three months Chief Executive Abdullah Abdullah. On Feb. 29, the United States reached
of free online guitar, bass and ukulele The two Afghan leaders were continu- a peace deal with the Taliban, marking
lessons to the first 500,000 new sub- ing to contest the results of Afghanistan’s the potential end of America’s longest
scribers to its Fender Play Service at try. September 2019 election, and progress war. The agreement, which did not
fender.com/play/playthrough. on talks with the Taliban was stalled. include the government of Afghanistan,
THE FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL | MAY 2020 1950 Years Ago
Forgery in International Affairs
“M isinformation”—or “dez-
informatsiya” to use the
Russian term—has long been known
viewpoint. But misinforma-
tion appears under the guise
of objective truth and masks
even Europe. Much ink
was also spilled over
the so-called “Zinoviev
in military doctrine. It now applies in the origin of the message by a letter” that still remains
international politics. The Moscow false source. in the public eye. Neither of these
Politicheskii Slovar (Political Diction- The channels circulating misin- forged documents has ever been
ary) (Gospolitizdat, 1958), edited by formation vary, depending on the thoroughly researched or analyzed.
B. N. Ponomarev, defines the word: target and objective of the initiator. Political forgeries take the form
“dezinformatsiya is the intentional Misinformation appears even in of official acts, circulars, instruc-
presentation of inaccurate informa- scholarly studies. tions, minutes of meetings, memo-
tion with the aim of leading someone Forged political documents randa or letters exchanged between
astray.” Experts on our side of the occupy a place of honor among officials. Among them are resolu-
Iron Curtain see “dezinformatsiya” as channels of misinformation, but tions of the Politburo of the Central
false, incomplete or misleading infor- serious analysts have given them Committee of the Communist Party
mation passed, fed or confirmed to a little attention. ... The Memorial of the Soviet Union, as well as clas-
targeted individual, group or country. allegedly submitted to the Japanese sified State Department directives,
Misinformation should not be Throne in 1927 by General Giichi secret cables to Washington sent by
confused with propaganda, which Tanaka, Premier of Japan, awakened ambassadors and Moscow commu-
is biased information circulated interest in political literature since nications to agents abroad.
by an identified source. A slanted it contained what was purported to —Natalie Grant, a former FSO,
TASS communique is labeled TASS. be Japan’s plan to crush the United excerpted from her article of the
All know that it mirrors the Soviet States, conquer India, Asia Minor and same title in the May 1970 FSJ.
set out a 14-month timetable for an intra- presidential candidate Joe Biden for enemies abroad has been chaotic and
Afghan cease-fire, negotiations between president. unprincipled,” it continues. “Our credibil-
the Taliban and Afghan government, and “To be clear, those of us signing this ity as a nation has been lessened. And,
the final withdrawal of U.S. troops from letter do not agree on everything, or even perhaps most importantly, our place in
the country. most things, concerning foreign policy, the world as a source of moral leadership
defense or homeland security,” the has nearly been lost. As a country, we are
National Security authors of the letter, published on March increasingly less secure and less safe.
Veterans Break with 18, write. “Our policy views cover most of “We are not, of course, giving up
Tradition the spectrum, and many of us have often our views and approaches to national
M ore than 150 national security,
intelligence and homeland
security veterans, most of whom have
been in opposition, sometimes bitterly,
with each other. But we have always been
bound by profound patriotism, and a
security. Should Vice President Biden be
elected president, many of us will take up
the honorable position of ‘loyal opposi-
served in both Democratic and Repub- deep belief in our American democracy.” tion,’ and will fight as we have before for
lican administrations, have broken with “Our nation’s foreign affairs are in the policies we think best.” n
the strong tradition of not endorsing disarray; our alliances frayed and our
particular political candidates and signed national prestige declining,” the letter This edition of Talking Points was
an open letter under the heading “The states. compiled by Cameron Woodworth,
Steady State,” endorsing Democratic “Our approach to both friends and Kim Greenplate and Shawn Dorman.
20 MAY 2020 | THE FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNALSPEAKING OUT
The Diplomat and the State full spectrum of U.S national power—
“soft” power, by representing and defend-
ing our democratic and humanitarian
B Y C H R I S T O P H E R W. S M I T H
values abroad, or managing exchange pro-
grams for future foreign leaders; “sharp”
power, by making the case for sanctions
against states and individuals that violate
D
iplomacy is as old as the profes- course, and the modern Foreign Ser- U.S. and international laws; “smart” power,
sion of arms, but not as well vice officer corps is a professional body. by supporting counterparts in foreign
understood in the United States. Applying Huntington’s characterization of countries seeking to reform their political
The sheer size of the U.S. mili- what defines a profession to the Depart- and economic institutions and fight cor-
tary, when compared to the Department of ment of State’s Foreign Service officer ruption in line with Western best practices;
State’s Foreign Service officer corps, num- corps, I will make recommendations on and “hard” power, in working with the
bering just 8,000 officers, helps explain how the U.S. diplomatic profession can military and the interagency community
why Americans are more familiar with the better define itself, bolster its institutional to deter and, if necessary, defeat threats to
armed forces than the U.S. Foreign Service. strength at a transformative period in the United States, its allies and partners.
It is also true that military officers have international affairs, and improve key The unifying thread across these and
been more active and effective in defining audiences’ understanding of the vital, many other potential examples, is the
to the public who they are and what they unique role diplomats play in achieving management of U.S. national power in
represent than their diplomatic counter- U.S. national security objectives. the conduct of the nation’s foreign affairs,
parts. In particular, publications by and which is the primary function of Foreign
about military personnel have helped What Is the Profession Service officers.
articulate and communicate their profes- of Diplomacy?
sion’s values, meaning and code of ethics In his book, Huntington asserts that Acquiring Expertise
to their fellow Americans. “the distinguishing characteristics of a
A classic example of this type of writing profession as a special type of vocation are The professional is an expert with
is Samuel Huntington’s seminal work, The its expertise, responsibility and corporate- specialized knowledge and skill in a
Soldier and the State. Published in 1957, ness.” To apply these characteristics to the significant field of human endeavor.
the book is a foundational text in the U.S. profession of diplomacy, we must first (Their) expertise is acquired only by
professional military education system for define its essential function. If we accept prolonged education and experience.
the study of civil-military relations. Hun- Huntington’s contention that the “central —Samuel Huntington
tington’s central point is that the “modern skill of the military officer is best summed
military officer corps is a professional up in Harold Laswell’s phrase ‘the man- Diplomacy requires expertise,
body, and the modern military officer is agement of violence,’” then what is the subtlety in application, and the refined
a professional.” To prove this, Huntington central skill of the U.S. diplomat? ability to assess the interests and influ-
examines military officership as a profes- The essential skill of U.S. diplomats is ence the decisions of foreign states and
sion: “a peculiar type of functional group the management of power to achieve for- the individuals through whom diplomats
with highly specialized characteristics.” eign policy and national security objectives. work to accomplish U.S. objectives.
Diplomacy is also a profession, of Toward this end, diplomats manage the Unfortunately, there is a persistent
Christopher W. Smith joined the Foreign Service in 2005 and is currently deputy chief of mission in Yerevan. Prior to that, he
served in Tbilisi, Istanbul, Kabul (with the International Security Assistance Force), Nicosia and Kyiv. He received the Warren
Christopher Award for Outstanding Achievement in Civilian Security for his work in Ukraine. Domestically, Mr. Smith has
been a special assistant to the assistant secretary for arms control, and in 2019 earned a master’s degree (with highest distinc-
tion) in national security and strategic studies at the U.S. Naval War College. His research there contributed to this article. The
views expressed in this article are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect those of the Department of State.
22 MAY 2020 | THE FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNALYou can also read
