NICKELM When strength matters - THE MAGAZINE DEVOTED TO NICKEL AND ITS APPLICATIONS - Nickel Institute
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NICKEL
MAGAZINE
T HE M AG A ZINE DE VOT ED TO NICK EL A ND I T S A PPLIC ATIONS
NICKEL, VOL. 37, Nº 1, 2022
When strength matters
Building codes Stainless steel cables New San Giorgio Bridge
safe buildings and structures for harsh environments stronger, safer
EDITORIAL:
ON THE STRENGTH OF NICKEL
Strength is vital, because when strength is lacking bad things happen. It is one
of the key attributes that nickel brings to materials.
“The strength of a material is its
ability to withstand an applied load
CHATTANOOGA BOILER & TANK COMPANY
CASE STUDY 24 without failure or deformation.”
WASHINGTON SUBWAY
Nickel provides a useful combination of strength, ductility and toughness. This
is essential in heavy duty applications like aircraft landing gear which need to
withstand repeated shocks. Here, nickel in maraging steel plays a critical role
The Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA) Metrorail in preventing fatigue and avoiding catastrophic failure.
NICOLE KINSMAN
serves more than 600,000 customers a day and is the second busiest in Nickel in stainless steel enhances corrosion resistance and allows tough,
the United States, with 91 stations in Virginia, Maryland, and the District ductile and strong welds which, in turn, ensure that stainless steel can be used
of Columbia. As part of a maintenance programme to replace existing in strong and durable structures. Structures like Italy’s new San Giorgio Bridge.
The load-bearing elements of the
escalators throughout its network, eye-catching stainless steel canopy Designed by Renzo Piano, the use of stainless steel reinforcement guarantees
canopy are rectangular, hollow
structures are being installed over uncovered metro entrances to protect mechanical strength and corrosion resistance. The reinforcement is critical
structural sections made from
austenitic stainless steel Type 316L exterior escalators from rain, snow and salt during inclement weather, for ensuring the durability of the bridge, which was constructed following the
which contains 10% nickel. improving escalator reliability and passenger convenience. catastrophic failure of its predecessor.
Providing instantly recognisable assembled in the fabrication shop, is Stainless steel has been used effectively in landmark buildings for over a
entries to the metro rail system, the transported by road to the site and century. But it is only now that specific stainless steel design codes have been Type 316 (UNS S31600) cables
graceful canopies incorporate stain- then bolted together quickly during published. These are necessary because the properties of stainless steel differ and rods with Type 2205
less steel and glass in a design that night-time closures to minimise from carbon steel. The American Institute of Steel Construction’s new design (S32205) fittings and support
disruption to the metro operations. standard provides user-friendly and economic design specifications to help arms were used in China’s
is reminiscent of the Metro stations’
The design is modified to meet each designers and structural engineers use stainless steel easily and effectively for Poly building’s stainless steel
iconic vaulted and coffered ceilings.
strong structural projects. cable-net curtain wall.
Each canopy includes a glazing site’s unique characteristics.
system supported on a stainless Type 316L (UNS S31603) is ideally And stainless steel is also a metaphor for strength. Spanish sculptor, Jordi Dìez
steel torus-shaped frame with main suited for structures in transport says the uniqueness of stainless steel endows his works with power and expres-
girders located directly above the hubs because of its excellent siveness. These attributes are personified to perfection in his recent sculpture of
parapet walls on diagonally tapered corrosion resistance, low mainte- tennis legend Rafael Nadal playing to his strengths – his signature left forehand.
struts. The modular design, with nance requirements and attractive Clare Richardson
large sections of the roof being surface finish. Editor, Nickel
22 || NICKEL,
NICKEL, VOL.
VOL. 37,
37, Nº
Nº 1,
1, 2022
2022 NICKEL, VOL. 37, Nº 1, 2022 | 3
NICKEL
Magnetic first Non-toxic
NOTABLES
CONTENTS For the first time in the world, Denso Corporation has succeeded in detector
artificially synthesising iron-nickel superlattice magnetic powder, which
02 Case study no. 24
has magnetic properties due to the arrangement of iron and nickel atoms.
Washington subway
The strong magnetism is equivalent or superior to that of neodymium
03 Editorial
magnets. To enhance the competitiveness of their key components for
On the strength of nickel
electric vehicles, the company plans to apply this less expensive, high
04 Nickel notables
performance magnet to small motors as early as five years from now, and
06 Building codes
in the future to drive motors. The
Safe buildings, safe structures
ADAPTED FROM NANO LETTERS 2021, DOI: 10.1021/ACS.NANOLETT.1C02336
global automotive components
08 San Giorgio Bridge
manufacturer has started mass
Stronger, safer
production while Aisin, part of
10 Nickel cables
Holding up in harsh conditions the Toyota Group, will establish a
global supply system for electric
11 Critical connections
units and other products by 2025.
Super-elastic alloy
Strong fasteners
12 Maraging steel
takes the heat
High strength and toughness
13
Riding high
Nickel alloys
Ferrium
14 Technical Q&A
Structural steel alloys When S. Chang, S. Ren and
South Korean company, SK On has successfully developed an
15 New publications NCM9 battery, a world first in commercialising the 90 percent nickel colleagues wanted to create
15 Michael Orry Pearce content level. NCM (nickel, cobalt, manganese) identifies the three heavy-metal-free metal – organic
1934-2022 main materials of the battery cathode, while number 9 indicates the frameworks (MOF) for a flexible
15 UNS details proportion of nickel. This award-winning innovation’s high nickel X-ray detector and imager, they
CITY UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG
content means higher energy and better battery output, a challenge looked to nickel for an innovative
16 Rafael Nadal statue
that required the company to develop advanced technology to
A monument to human strength solution. Traditionally, radiation
ensure the safety of the end product. Tested and installed in Ford’s detectors have contained restricted
F-150 Lightning, the first electric version of Ford’s legendary pickup metals, such as lead and cadmium.
Nickel magazine is published by Nickel Institute truck, it is ready to roll into the market. With nearly 200,000 vehicles The researchers mixed a solution of
www.nickelinstitute.org reserved before launch, all eyes will be on this model’s continued
nickel chloride salt and DABDT, a
Dr. Hudson Bates, President
Researchers at City University of Hong Kong (City U) and other high performance and endurance.
Clare Richardson, Editor disulfide-reducing agent. The team
communications@nickelinstitute.org
collaborators have accidentally discovered a first-of-its-kind super- sandwiched the MOF, in which
Contributors: Nancy Baddoo, Gary Coates,
elastic alloy that retains its stiffness even after being heated to 1,000 K nickel linked the DABDT molecules,
Richard Matheson, Geir Moe, Kim Oakes, Benoît Van Hecke,
(726.85 °C) or above.
Odette Ziezold between gold film electrodes on
Professor Yang Yong and his team found that Co25Ni25(HfTiZr)50, or
Design: Constructive Communications a flexible plastic surface, using
“the high-entropy Elvinar alloy”, retains its modulus of elasticity when
Material has been prepared for the general information of copper wires to transmit current.
the reader and should not be used or relied upon for specific exposed to a very wide range of temperatures. This means the stiffness
© 2022 FORD MOTOR COMPANY
applications without first securing competent advice. While
Placing an aluminium letter “H”
the material is believed to be technically correct, Nickel
Institute, its members, staff and consultants do not represent
of the alloy remains invariant to temperature.
on the detector, they irradiated
or warrant its suitability for any general or specific use and This property is beneficial for devices that are expected to undergo
assume no liability or responsibility of any kind in connection
with the information herein. drastic temperature changes. “We know that the temperature ranges it with X-rays, measuring a much
ISSN 0829-8351 from 122 to -232 °C on the surface of the moon. This alloy will remain lower current output underneath
Printed in Canada on recycled paper by Hayes Print Group strong and intact in an extreme environment, and so it would fit very the H. The researchers say that
Cover: Shutterstock ©Harry Steele well with future mechanical chronometers operating within a wide their proof-of-concept device is
Stock image credits: pg. 3 iStock©Phantom1311
pg 9. iStock©Luca Reina Mafaraci, iStock©Mara Duchetti range of temperatures during space missions,” said Professor Yang. SK On’s NCM9 battery won CES 2022 Innovation awards in two categories: a promising advance for the next
pg.10 iStock©BIHAIBO, iStock©trekandshoot
pg. 12 iStock©Babayev pg. 13 iStock©Dmitrii Guldin The work was published in the journal Nature. “In-Vehicle Entertainment & Safety”, and “Embedded Technologies”. generation of radiation detection.
4 | NICKEL, VOL. 37, Nº 1, 2022 NICKEL, VOL. 37, Nº 1, 2022 | 5
to prepare a full ANSI (American economic design specification will
National Standards Institute) design remove significant long-standing
standard for structural stainless steel. obstacles for structural stainless steel
Work began with the establishment designs and expand global market
BUILDING CODES of the AISC Committee on Structural
Stainless Steel, which included stain-
potential for nickel-containing
austenitic and duplex stainless steels.
SETTING HIGH STANDARDS FOR less steel fabricators and welding The benefits of this standards work
STAINLESS STRUCTURALS
experts, metallurgists, designers, and are not limited to buildings and
STRUCTURAL STAINLESS STEEL
academics. The Steel Construction related structures: it is expected that
Institute in the UK played a leading these stainless steel design rules will
role in drafting the new design rules. be referenced in ANSI/AISC N690,
Austenitic stainless steel
These were based on the significant Specification for safety-related steel
laser welded I-shape
structural research which had been structures for nuclear facilities, which
beams and channels
carried out by universities around is used globally, and currently does
The sudden failure of a building or bridge is mercifully a rare event, thanks
the world over the last 30 years or so, not give any stainless steel structural
largely to international or national standards: structures are designed in
and had already been used as the design information. Additionally, A stainless steel support
accordance with a design standard, using products conforming to a product
basis for developing the rules in the work is starting under the auspices of structure was used for the
standard and manufactured using techniques and to a quality level defined in a
construction standard. structural stainless steel Eurocode. AASHTO (the American Association passive cooling system in the
Three years later, the new design of State Highway and Transportation containment structure at the
Building and construction design This was the situation in the US until
Vogtle Nuclear Power Plant
standards codify best practices, last year for designing structural standard ANSI/AISC 370-21 Officials) to modify the rules in
(Units 3 and 4) in Burke County,
methods, and technical requirements stainless steel – there was no Specification for structural stainless ANSI/AISC 370 so that they can
GA, USA. The tower is 9.1 m
to create a safe and sustainable built stainless steel design specification steel buildings was published. It is be used for the design of duplex (30 ft) tall and 3.4 m (11 ft)
environment for the community. for mainstream structural sections, expected that the availability of stainless steel highway, pedestrian square, and made from duplex
Standards are developed through a which are the majority of the market, this up-to-date, user-friendly and and rail bridges in the US. stainless steel UNS S32101.
process of consensus. In essence, they such as welded, hot rolled or hollow
are the distilled wisdom of people
sections. Consequently, it was
with expertise in their subject mat-
much easier, cheaper, and faster for
ter – material producers, fabricators,
engineers and their clients to use
manufacturers, designers, researchers,
other steels, aluminium, wood, FRP,
trade associations, users, or regulators.
ANSI/AISC 370 – is the first and concrete, which have structural
The requirements in design standards and code acceptance.
US design specification for
standards are often hard-fought
structural stainless steel. It This situation presented a significant
compromises between economy and
was published in 2021. barrier to stainless steel’s market
ease-of-use. It is also important that
growth and broad acceptance.
design standards are comprehensive
and cover the range of structures, The structural design standards
materials and loading scenario produced by the American Institute
frequently encountered, and that of Steel Construction (AISC), or
they are not unduly conservative, closely related specifications, are
resulting in over-design and the used throughout North and South
waste of valuable finite resources. America, as well as in the Middle
PREMIER INDUSTRIAL/WESTINGHOUSE
In the absence of a standard, time East and also for about 30% of the
and cost-consuming code exceptions projects in China. In 2018, ten years
must be obtained from the relevant after the stainless steel industry had
building authorities and this often started discussions with them, AISC
cannot be justified by busy designers. finally announced their intention
6 | NICKEL, VOL. 37, Nº 1, 2022 NICKEL, VOL. 37, Nº 1, 2022 | 7
is not an issue (such as in the bulk is also beneficial to the total cost of
of the concrete), carbon steel rebar ownership of infrastructure projects.
ensures the structural integrity of the When dealing with the challenges
concrete. of harsh marine environments,
Long-term value stainless steel provides significant
THE NEW SAN GIORGIO BRIDGE The San Giorgio Bridge features
9000 t of carbon steel rebar and an
savings overall in maintenance costs
for bridges, proving to be the most
STRONGER, MORE DURABLE
additional 250 t of stainless steel economical solution in the long
rebar. This ratio of (only) 3% is term. Other important advantages
typical of the 1 to 5% range that in marine settings include superior
characterise reinforced concrete mechanical strength, high ductility
projects exposed to corrosive and excellent energy absorption
conditions. Observing such a ratio capacity during seismic events.
After the collapse of Genoa’s Ponte Morandi in August 2018, an independent
report indicated poor maintenance and flaws in the design and construction
of the bridge as the likely causes behind the deadly accident. Corrosion of
the cables on the top of the southern stay of one of the towers was cited
as the main culprit. Also, regular inspections were said to be insufficient
to allow for an adequate level of knowledge on the effective state of
degradation of the cables.
Awareness about robustness and Reinforced where it’s needed
CENTRO INOX
durability of bridge design has grown Stainless steel acts as a protection
since Morandi’s time. The new San against corrosion and cracking or
Giorgio Bridge (its successor) in spalling of the structure elements
Genoa was designed by Renzo Piano most exposed to atmospheric agents;
The combined use of carbon steel
and inaugurated in 2020. Unlike the in fact, in very aggressive environ-
and stainless steel, in contact
with each other when immersed original bridge’s cable-stayed design, mental conditions, such as marine
in concrete, does not lead to it uses stainless steel reinforcement, and port structures, it is necessary to
an increased risk of corrosion. which not only guarantees mechan- use materials with the right charac-
ical strength, but also corrosion teristics. In the absence of stainless
The stylish San Giorgio Bridge,
resistance. steel, external agents would trigger
shown completed (above) and
Stainless steel was specified in the the corrosion of the carbon steel under construction (left), uses
most critical areas at the design reinforcement, leading to an increase about 250 t of Type 304L stainless
stage. For example, stainless steel of its volume, causing the concrete to steel rebar in critical areas only.
rebar was chosen for the pedestrian crack over time and the structure to
zone of the bridge and positioned deteriorate further.
next to steel rebar which is located Type 304L (UNS S30403)/1.4307
closer to the bridge deck core. stainless steel reinforcement of
When immersed in the concrete, the different diameters was positioned
combined use of carbon steel and at the outer surfaces of the concrete
stainless steel, in contact with each structure, in the sections of the
other as the image shows, does not structure which have a thinner con-
CENTRO INOX
lead to an increased risk of corrosion crete cover and are more exposed
of the carbon steel. to the corrosion. Where exposure
8 | NICKEL, VOL. 37, Nº 1, 2022 NICKEL, VOL. 37, Nº 1, 2022 | 9
STAINLESS STEEL CABLES CRITICAL CONNECTIONS
HOLDING UP IN HARSH CONDITIONS ADVANTAGES OF STRONGER BOLTS
Bolt failures, arising from overload, fatigue or corrosion, can be very costly;
especially when they necessitate the shut-down of key operations whilst repair
work is undertaken.
Fasteners come in a variety of steel galvanised steel and aluminium
alloys, so it is important to know the members. For example they are used
specifics of the application to ensure to connect the structural members
the correct steel is selected for the in aluminium helidecks on offshore
intended use to avoid failure. As well platforms.
as the loads to be carried, issues to Long-term cost advantages
consider include accessibility of the Although they are more expensive
connection, environment (temper- than their carbon steel equivalents,
ature, water exposure, corrosivity), the savings arising from long life with
When it comes to hoisting heavy weights and defying gravity, it is critical to
and the materials being joined. low maintenace can easily outweigh
get the equipment right. Hardworking metal wire cables and ropes play an
Reusability and the installation the initial costs in demanding
Stainless steel wire rope everyday role in efficiency and safety in the construction industry, offshore Bracing connection in a
process are also important consid- applications. For example, in 2019
and cable is used in many operations, oilfield drilling platforms, architecture, and automotive applications stainless steel canopy at
erations. To guarantee a trouble-free about 6000 duplex and super duplex
industries such as oil and gas, to name a few. Porto Airport, Portugal
lifespan and low lifecycle cost, it is stainless steel fasteners were used
construction, architecture, The term wire rope is often used (S31600) stainless steel wire rope essential to select the right grade and to construct a stainless steel bridge
automotive, pulp and paper, interchangeably with wire cable. has even better resistance to pitting properties for the application. and integral liner to strengthen an old
food processing and textiles. However, in general, wire rope refers corrosion and acids. Useful for
Essential for demanding Victorian sewer tunnel in London, UK.
to diameters larger than 3/8 inch marine applications, it also performs
applications Due to the disruption caused by the
(9.5 mm). Sizes smaller than this are well in industries where chemicals
designated as cable. Stainless steel fasteners are widely project and accessibility difficulties,
are predominant such as pulp and
paper, food processing, and textiles. used in many demanding industrial a low-maintenance solution with
The industry is divided into stainless
Stainless steel wire rope and cable applications where carbon steel a 120-year design life was essential.
steel and galvanised carbon steel.
can also be used in temperatures up fasteners would be simply inadequate, Additionally, the structure was
In comparison to galvanised carbon
to 480 °C (900 °F). such as water treatment, wind energy, required to be very compact and
steel, stainless steel wire ropes are
more durable and corrosion-resistant chemical process, marine, and also carry high loads. High strength
Environmental conditions, workload
NANCY BADDOO
in harsh conditions, such as marine for subsea equipment. They are duplex stainless steel bolts, typically
limits (WLL) and tensile strength
and saltwater environments. available in a range of alloys and con- containing between 5 and 7% nickel,
all play a role in choosing the right
ditions, offering different strengths, were the obvious choice. Utilising the
Nickel-containing Type 304 (UNS stainless steel cable for every project.
From oil riggings to bridge barriers, levels of corrosion resistance, and high strength of duplex stainless steel
S30400) is the most used stainless
steel grade in wire rope and cable. children’s playgrounds to yachts, also the ability to operate at both also meant the connections could be
It has about the same strength as stainless steel cable is a hardwearing high and low temperatures. As well as downsized, saving materials and cost,
galvanised wire rope but is much material that provides a practical, being essential for connecting stain- and improving constructability on site,
more corrosion resistant. For highly robust solution as well as contributing less steel members, stainless steel with health and safety benefits due to
corrosive environments, Type 316 aesthetically towards the design. bolts are also suitable for connecting reduced material handling.
10 | NICKEL, VOL. 37, Nº 1, 2022 NICKEL, VOL. 37, Nº 1, 2022 | 11
MARAGING STEEL THE QUEST FOR
HIGH STRENGTH AND TOUGHNESS USEFUL NEW ALLOYS
Demand for high tensile strength steel with good elongation properties led Historically, development of new metal alloys was a costly, inefficient, and
to the development in the late 1950’s of maraging steels by C. Bieber of the time-consuming trial and error process. Metallurgical knowledge would be
International Nickel Company (INCO). used to formulate new alloy compositions, and determine forming and heat
The term ‘maraging’ is a combination Due to the low carbon content, marag- treatment procedures in an attempt to achieve enhanced properties relative to
Nickel-containing Ferrium 64,
of the words ‘martensite’ and ‘ageing’. ing steels have good machinability. established alloys. A series of trial heats would be melted and tested to fine with ultra-high strength and
They are a class of low carbon steels When heat treated, the alloy has very tune the properties. high fracture toughness, finds
with a martensitic microstructure that little dimensional change, so it is often Approximately two decades ago, applications where AISI 4340 is application in transmission gears.
are strengthened by a heat treatment machined close to its final dimensions integrated computational materials typically used. Ferrium S53 has
process (ageing). This results in the prior to heat treatment. engineering (ICME) was developed mechanical properties comparable
precipitation of various intermetallic Maraging steel’s high strength, tough- to shift from physical experimenta- with these alloys, but with the added
particles within the martensite micro- ness and good ductility are utilised in tion to virtual simulation. Questek benefit of atmospheric corrosion
structure. There are several variants, the following applications: Innovations has applied this method- resistance which eliminates the need
but the principal alloying element is • Missile and rocket motor cases that ology to develop several nickel- for cadmium coating.
~18% nickel and secondary alloying are thinner than when made with containing alloys with enhanced
elements are cobalt, molybdenum, lower strength steels Another development is nickel-
properties.
titanium and aluminium. This family • Aircraft – landing gear components, containing Ferrium C64, which is
is known as the 18Ni maraging steels. high performance shafting, gears, Ferrium takes flight an alternative to high performance
There is also a family of cobalt-free and fasteners Questek developed Ferrium S53, a gear steels such as AISI 9310. It offers
The high strength-to-weight maraging steels which are cheaper but • Recreational – bicycle frames, golf nickel-containing, high-strength,
ultra-high strength and high fracture
ratio of maraging steels not quite as strong. The most common club heads, fencing blades corrosion-resistant steel. It was
toughness, combined with excellent
makes them a prime choice 18Ni maraging grades, with their typi- • Motorsports – crankshafts, gears, the first ICME-designed material
fatigue and heat resistance. It finds
for aircraft landing gear. cal composition and aged mechanical chassis components, torsion bars to receive Aerospace Material
application in critical aerospace
properties, are shown below. They are Additional info will be available in our Specification (AMS) and Metallic
and automotive applications such as
identified by a number which indicates new publication Maraging steels – Materials Properties Development
rotorcraft and race car transmission
the approximate tensile strength in A review of commercial alloys and and Standardisation (MMPDS)
gears as well as energy applications.
thousands of pounds per square inch. their properties. qualifications and fly as a safety-
critical landing gear on the US Air ICME methodology allows for
Maraging steels – Significant alloying elements and mechanical properties – Aged condition Force T-38 training jet. Ferrium more rapid development of nickel-
UNS Tensile strength Yield strength Elong. Charpy notch impact Hardness S53 is an ultra-high strength steel containing multi-alloys for critical
Grade No. Ni Co Mo Ti Al Fe MPa (ksi) MPa (ksi) % J(ft-lb) HRc for structural aerospace and other applications.
17.0- 8.0- 3.0- 0.15- 0.05-
C-200 K92820 bal 1448(210) 1413(205) 12 49(36) 43-48
19.0 9.0 3.5 0.25 0.15
Typical
17.0- 7.0- 4.6- 0.30- 0.05- composition UNS C Cr Ni Co Mo W V Si Mn Cu Fe
C-250 K92890 bal 1793(260) 1758(255) 11 27(20) 48-52
19.0 8.5 5.1 0.50 0.15
Ferrium S53 S10500 0.21 10.0 5.5 14.0 2.0 1.0 0.30 - - - bal
18.0- 8.0- 4.6- 0.55- 0.05-
C-300 K93120 bal 2035(295) 2000(290) 11 23(17) 50-55 Ferrium C64 K92731 0.11 3.5 7.5 16.3 1.75 0.2 0.02 - bal
19.0 9.5 5.2 0.80 0.15
18.0- 11.5- 4.6- 1.25- 0.05- 4340 G43400 0.40 0.8 1.8 - 0.25 - - 0.2 0.7 - bal
C-350 K93540 bal 2413(350) 2344(340) 7 11(8) 55-60
19.0 12.5 5.2 1.50 0.15 9310 G93106 0.10 1.2 3.2 - 0.11 - - 0.2 0.55 - bal
12 | NICKEL, VOL. 37, Nº 1, 2022 NICKEL, VOL. 37, Nº 1, 2022 | 13
ASK AN EXPERT FAQ FROM Michael Orry Pearce
THE NICKEL INSTITUTE 1934-2022
TECHNICAL ADVICE LINE Michael Pearce died in his 88th year
on 7 January 2022. He had a long
1958. He is held in high esteem by
former colleagues. He was highly
career at Falconbridge Nickel Mines ethical, always respectful, and ever
and played a key role in establishing courteous with the ability to bring out
the Nickel Institute in 1984 as the best in others. He is remembered
Q
Executive Director, later serving as
for being a consummate professional
President from 1996 to 2000. He was
Geir Moe P.Eng. is the Technical Q: I am fabricating a component using a structural steel alloy and as well as a thoughtful mentor and
responsible for building international
Inquiry Service Coordinator at painting it. I would like to use stainless steel, but 304L and 316L leader. Current Nickel Institute
awareness and membership for the
the Nickel Institute. Along with are not as strong so the plate needed would have to be thicker, and organisation where he was fondly President, Dr. Hudson Bates said,
other material specialists situated that makes the stainless version very expensive. Are there other known simply as M.O.P. Michael was a “Michael Pearce’s vision for the nickel
around the world, Geir helps more suitable stainless alloys? industry’s Institute in 1984 helped
A
metallurgical engineer and graduated
end-users and specifiers of nickel- in engineering from the University of create the blueprint on which the
A: Types 304/304L (S30400/S30403) stainless steels possess minimum
containing materials seeking Toronto in 1957, completing his MA in Nickel Institute operates today.”
and 316/316L (S31600/S31603) are yield strengths about double that of
technical support. The team is on
nickel-containing austenitic stainless Types 304/304L and 316/316L. These
hand to provide technical advice
steels, that in the annealed condition duplex stainless steels have been
free of charge on a wide range
NEW PUBLICATIONS
only have a minimum yield strength used in many bridge constructions
of applications such as stainless
of 30 ksi (205 MPa). While carbon throughout the world in mountain,
steel, nickel alloys and nickel
plating to enable nickel to be used and high-strength low alloy struc- urban and seaside locations.
with confidence. tural steels can have a minimum Austenitic chromium-nickel this informative publication about
yield strength that can range from Three duplex grades are shown in
https://inquiries.nickelinstitute.org/ stainless steels – engineering Ni-Hard castings. Ni-Hard castings
36 (250) to 50 ksi (345 MPa). the following table in comparison to
properties at elevated tem- are known for their extreme abra-
two steel grades.
There is a family of nickel-contain- peratures (2980) is a reprint of sion resistance used in applications
ing stainless steels known as duplex Additional information about the original INCO publication. It
NICKEL
such as mining, power, cement,
which possess a microstructure duplex stainless steels can be provides the material properties for
dredging and steel industry.
O N L I N E
composed of approximately equal found in the Nickel Institute the common austenitic stainless
publication Practical guide to using steels up to 1080 °C (2000 °F). They are valuable references for
quantities of austenite and ferrite
microstructure. These duplex duplex stainless steels (10044). Properties and applications engineers, designers, and end
WWW.NICKELINSTITUTE.ORG of Ni-Hard alloys (11017) is the users. Download from
SUBSCRIBE to Nickel magazine free of charge and Common Tensile properties newly updated second edition of www.nickelinstitute.org
receive a printed copy or an e-mail notice when a name UNS Typical composition,% ksi (MPa) min.
new issue is published. www.nickelinstitute.org
C Cr Ni Mo Mn N Y.S. T.S. EL%
UNS DETAILS
READ Nickel magazine online in several languages.
www.nickelinstitute.org/nickel-magazine/
Duplex Chemical compositions (% by weight) of the alloys and stainless steels
65 94 mentioned in this issue of Nickel.
SEARCH BACK ISSUES of Nickel magazine from our S32101 0.02 21 1.5 0.4 5 0.22 (450) (650) 30
online archive, going back to 2009.
58 87 UNS C Cr Cu Fe Mn Mo N Ni P S Si
www.nickelinstitute.org/nickel-magazine/
2304 S32304 0.02 23 4 0.3 2 0.14 (400) (600) 25
S30400 0.08 18.0- - bal 2.00 - - 8.0- 0.045 0.030 1.00
FOLLOW US on Twitter @NickelInstitute pg 10,14 max 20.0 max 10.5 max max max
65 95
2205 S32205 0.02 22 5 3.0 1.5 0.18 (450) (655) 25 S30403 0.03 18.0- - bal 2.00 - - 8.0- 0.045 0.030 1.00
JOIN US on LinkedIn – pg 8,9,14 max 20.0 max 12.0 max max max
visit the Nickel Institute’s page Carbon steel S31600 0.08 16.0- - bal 2.00 2.00- - 10.0- 0.045 0.030 1.00
pg 3,10,14 max 18.0 max 3.00 14.0 max max max
WATCH nickel-related videos on 36 58
the Nickel Institute YouTube channel
ASTM A36 0.20 - - - 1.0 - (250) (400) 23 S31603 0.030 16.0- - bal 2.00 2.00- - 10.0- 0.045 0.030 1.00
pg 14,16 max 18.0 max 3.00 14.0 max max max
www.youtube.com/user/NickelInstitute
ASTM 0.20 - - -s 1.0 - 50 65 21 S32205 0.030 22.0- - bal 2.00 3.00- 0.14- 4.50- 0.030 0.020 1.00
A572 Gr 50 (345) (450) pg 3 max 23.0 max 3.50 0.20 6.50 max max max
14 | NICKEL, VOL. 37, Nº 1, 2022 NICKEL, VOL. 37, Nº 1, 2022 | 15
XAVIER PLADELLORENS
A MONUMENT TO HUMAN STRENGTH
With a record 21 grand slam men’s singles titles in tennis, the most in history,
Rafael Nadal knows how to shine, both on the courts and off.
Unveiled at Roland Garros in 2021, helps me express the inner energy of
a gleaming statue captures Nadal the person I am depicting. I wanted
hitting his signature lefty forehand. to depict Rafael as a synthesis of all
It is constructed entirely of nickel- his attributes, which I boiled down to
containing Type 316L (UNS S31603) one: strength. This sculpture is in fact
stainless steel. Standing 3 m tall, 4.89 m a monument to human strength.”
XAVIER PLADELLORENS
wide and 2 m deep, it pays tribute Getting up at 6:30 am and working
to the Spanish player who has won 10-to-12-hour days, the sculpture took
13 titles on the clay courts in Paris, nearly eight months to complete.
scoring his first win there in 2005.
Says Nadal, “The statue is “Stainless steel has some special qual-
The sculptor, Jordi Díez is known for ities I respect. It’s colourless. It’s very
spectacular. It’s a clean, modern
playing with the limits of figurative art. light. When you work with it you feel
statue and I’m very pleased.
Looking beyond the traditional and like you are escaping reality. Then
It’s really difficult to build a
studying new techniques, he came to there’s that magical moment when
statue with that material and
love working with stainless steel. you finish the work and it takes you
be so real as this one is.”
“As a material it is limitless. It really by surprise. That gives me strength.”
16 NICKEL,
| NICKEL,VOL.
VOL.37,37,NºNº1, 1,2022
2022
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