Opalis Global Tools to encourage the recirculation of materials and building components where you live - Architectural Association School of ...
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Opalis Global
Tools to encourage the recirculation
of materials and building components
where you live
Diploma 18
2020-2021
AA School of Architecture
Aude-Line Duliere
James Westcott
with Rotor
Diploma 18 unit brief, 2020-21
What are the potentialities of This work will be the foundation for two On both the macro and ‘micro’ scale,
understanding architecture as a system connected design projects. The first: a students’ designs could operate within
that orchestrates flows of materials masterplan for redesigning the material existing frameworks -- the so-called ‘real’
and resources, with a building as just reuse system. What stimulus package, world -- or they could be drastic proposals
a short-lived freeze-frame? How can infrastructural upgrades, legal changes, for ‘ideal’ conditions, buildings, or
architects design with deconstruction and cultural shifts would facilitate the practices. Rooted in the reality of a chosen
and demolition in mind, and take increased use of used materials in building material or framework, students’ proposals
responsibility for shepherding a projects, ensure their reclamation from could even delve into the surreal, satire,
material towards a potential second doomed buildings, and encourage a or science-fiction if it offers a critical and
life? thriving economy of reuse? constructive perspective.
Previous generations of Diploma 18 The second design project will be a Students will be encouraged to work
students have begun the systematic zoom into a particular component of this physically wherever possible, away from
documentation of the architectural salvage masterplan. It could be a communication Zoom, away from the computer entirely,
industry in the UK through building the campaign, an architectural project as case engaging with a material, a company, or
website opalis.co.uk. This year, students study, a rescue/stimulus package for a a policymaker in the development of their
will take their country as a subject of neglected or wasted material, a hands-on designs.
research, starting with visits to scrapyards, DIY home improvement project whereas
warehouses, and other kinds of re-sellers specific material reuse is put into practice, Diploma 18 aims to plant seeds for
of used building materials. Informal, illegal, the promotion of a particular regional (or students’ professional lives by building
and indigenous material processes will be vernacular) practice... local professional relationships and
of interest too. Students will start building developing concrete expertise and
a database -- opalis.global -- of reuse Students will be supported at punctual obsessions. This unit calls for a fluency
resources spanning different nations. points throughout the year by the expertise with a pre-existing system and the
of Rotor, a cooperative design practice imagination to rethink it.
Students will then expand their research, based in Brussels which investigates the
exploring the entire material reuse organisation of the material environment.
ecosystem where they live: the laws, Workshops and consultations will be
industry regulations, government policies hosted on various aspects of reuse in
and incentives, the key institutions and architecture, on policy and philosophy,
players, academic research projects and and on opportunities for growth within the
NGOs, the activism and advocacy for secondhand material economy.
circularity in the building industry in their
country or region.
AA Dip 18, 2020-21: Opalis Global Page 2
Rehabilitation: Cleaning cement and other Bottleneck: Materials for which no reuse solution Waste: Ashes from the waste-to-energy incinerator
adhesives from tiles reclaimed from demolition sites, can be found today under the current policy and in Brussels; a waste product of the so-called circular
at Rotor DC, Brussels. A labour-intensive process economic frameworks. economy.
making tiles fit for re-entry into the material economy.
PEDAGOGICAL NOTE: Diploma 18 -- when we meet on Zoom (or any other encouragement can be exchanged to
typically calls for group work and platform), we will often endeavor to do it in enrich each other’s projects
collaboration. This year, our global spread the format or a live report, where students
(especially in Term 1) presents a challenge will stream from a location relevant for -- Diploma 18 fosters conviviality,
to this collective ethos. We will attempt to reuse, giving their colleagues a tour transparency, self-responsibility, and
meet it through range of methods: flexibility. The following plan for the year
-- as well as the normal studio and tutorial will evolve through our discussions and
-- students will be encouraged to work in sessions, students will have ‘face-to-face’ mutual discoveries…
the field as much as possible, not bound to meetings with their peers without tutors
their desks or the internet present to simulate the natural studio
habitat, where informal feedback and
AA Dip 18, 2020-21: Opalis Global Page 3
Rotor
“So where are we now? Well, in terms For instance: visibility, access to markets, This unit at the AA started in 2018 as a
of reclamation the world has gone or a fluid integration into contemporary preliminary investigation with a focus
backwards. Salvage used to be fairly easy building practices. In the context of a on the UK. This year the researched
and popular. The quantity of reclaimed European grant application (Interreg), will spread to various points around
building material reused in new modern Rotor has partnered with technical the globe, ideally forming an exchange
sustainable and eco-friendly buildings institutions, trade associations, research between Rotor’s experience and
is now miniscule. While demolition has centres, architecture schools and public radically divergent practices across
increased, reuse has decreased. Indeed, a administrations. The effort is rooted in different jurisdictions and cultures.
five-star rated green building is allowed to earlier initiatives that were started up, Rotor will act as expert consultants for
have no reclaimed building material at all.” successfully, in Brussels. The ambition, students of Dip 18, hosting a series of
in the long term (2032), is the diversion workshops on various aspects of the
Thornton Kay, on Salvoweb.com of 1.75 million tons of waste on top of the reuse sector throughout the year.
baseline, thus creating a value of €300
In the UK today, 90% of materials are million or 4,000 new jobs.
“recovered” from the construction and
demolition industry, but only 1% of material The effort will require the participation of a
is recirculated after its first use. Although wide range of protagonists in the building
a large proportion of components are sector: deconstruction professionals,
technically reusable, the vast majority end materials suppliers, commissioners,
up being either down-cycled or landfilled. consulting engineers, etc. Among these,
This results in a high environmental architects hold a particular position. As
impact, and a considerable loss of authors of building specifications, they
economic value. choose which materials to prescribe in their
projects and thus hold the key to whether
Rotor has taken on the challenge or not salvaged goods can find second
to double, by 2032, the amount of lives. To make this a common practice, we
recirculated building elements in Northern think that within a 20-year period it should
France, Belgium, the UK and the southern be as easy for an architect to prescribe a
Netherlands. This territory houses salvaged material as it is today to prescribe
thousands of companies specialised in a new material.
the reclamation and supply of recovered
building elements. Despite their obvious
potential for the circular economy, these
operators are facing important challenges.
AA Dip 18, 2020-21: Opalis Global Page 4
Compatibility: At a yard for used roof tiles, many Demolition: Currently there is no tax on demolition Pilot project: Coordination between seven
varieties sit unsold, struggling to find types they can in Brussels, which amounts to a subsidy for stakeholders was required to organise the reuse of a
fit with. How to break through this bottleneck? developers to start from scratch as a default option, tower’s ventilation plant in Brussels. A large opening
even for durable materials like concrete. in the facade left a scar as testimony of Rotor’s
ground-breaking operation.
AA Dip 18, 2020-21: Opalis Global Page 5
Why Reuse
“In a crisis we would immediately adopt all mainly performed by small and medium- being discarded as waste.
of these [reuse] strategies, to conserve the sized enterprises (SMEs) occupying a 3. a weak demand for reclaimed
value in existing materials. In our economy discrete segment of the building industry. products. Today, the demand for
at present, manufacturing is so efficient In the countries involved in this project reclaimed products often remains
that any reuse requiring additional labour (Belgium, Holland, France, the UK), some limited to small-scale projects,
is unlikely to compete with the use of new 2,200 companies facilitate the reuse of because no methods have been
material, and therefore most of these opti- 1.2 million tonnes of building components developed to integrate reused com-
ons are dormant.” each year. In comparison, this amount ponents in formal contexts such as
represents 1.1% of the total construction public tenders or technically de-
Allwood, Julian M., and Jonathan M. Cul- and demolition (C&D) waste generated in manding applications.
len. Sustainable Materials: Without the Hot the same territory. Reclamation activities
Air, p. 219. generate €250 million per year, directly
sustaining 3,000 full-time equivalents, and
Reusing building elements is often seen involve 15,000 people in total. Despite
as a key feature of a future circular eco- their evident significance to the circular
nomy in the EU. In many policies, it is a top economy, these operators face important
priority strategy (e.g. Directive 2008/98/EC challenges:
on waste). In practice, we see that most
efforts in the last decades to ‘close the 1. lack of visibility. Specialists in dis-
loops’ in the building sector were limited to mantling, preparing and supplying
the promotion of recycling processes which reclaimed products are generally
imply crushing or melting materials. Yet overlooked by building professio-
there are good reasons to develop reuse. nals. As a result, they operate in a
Life-cycle analysis (LCA) studies reveal niche market, when their products
that reclaimed elements often have a dras- and services could be applied to
tically lower environmental impact compa- large-scale projects as well.
red to newly produced equivalents. Reuse
preserves most of the economic value, 2. low recovery rate of reusable
technical qualities and cultural significance elements. The current practices in
of a building product. It also generates demolition favor the sorting of C&D
locally rooted economic activities. waste flows, but lack a strategy to
manage reusable elements. As a
Today in north-western Europe the circu- consequence, large quantities of
lation of reclaimed building elements is potentially reusable elements are
AA Dip 18, 2020-21: Opalis Global Page 6
Salvage: A Dip 18 project from 2019-20 proposed Hands-on: inspecting material at a resellers’ yard Workforce, working conditions and machinery:
pouring waste concrete into formworks that would during a visit for Opalis.co.uk. Dismantling of blue limestone slabs on a
be provided to a concrete yard; the resulting blocks deconstruction site for in situ reuse. Design
could be used for almost anything... (Sorana Mazilu processes are dependent of the expertise of the
and Alice Nobel) workforce and the potential of the machinery. As
designers and material specifiers, which type of
jobs within the building industry are we, architects,
encouraging? Which expertises are we celebrating?
AA Dip 18, 2020-21: Opalis Global Page 7
Spolia / Opalis
“In the context of the prolific production and plied to architectural salvage and reuse in the outcome of an extensive field research
consumption of commodities in mid-twen- later eras. Yet the notion bears an explicitly where every reseller has been visited and
tieth century America, the reuse of consu- negative connotation because of its asso- interviewed.
mer products was negatively charged with ciation with the idea of spoliation (the act of
implications of backwardness and social ruining, robbing or destroying something). Opalis’ vocation is:
marginality. New products made of newly The focus is on the loss of the original
manufactured materials were promoted rather than on the smart reintegration into - to familiarize building professionals
as more efficient, cleaner, safer, and more a new compound. with these companies; to advertise
aesthetically appealing. If the discarded their individual competences and
products of this and other hyper-productive When Rotor set up, in 2012, the project of expertises
societies were reused, it was elsewhere, an on-line for inventory of all professional - to federate the salvage industry,
on their own impoverished peripheries, or resellers of salvaged building materials in which, until now, has hardly been
in the so-called Third World. By the end Belgium, the idea was to refer to the notion able to push its own agenda
of the century, however, concern for ma- of spolia, without suffering the negative - to provide inspiring examples and
naging the waste created by the constant connotations. That’s why it was decided to concrete tools meant to facilitate
replacement of once-new products by ever use an anagram. OPALIS sounded neutral the integration of reused compo-
newer ones was reversing the negative enough. nents in new projets
charge one reuse and investing it instead
with positive moral value. Yet because the Constantly updated since 2012, and gradu-
“psychology of abundance” that accom- ally extending beyond the Belgian territory,
panied the earlier “throwaway spirit” is still the online guide opalis.be now lists more
prevalent, reuse is noticeably non-confor- than 120 professional suppliers in second-
mist, exceptional, and ideological, rather hand building materials from Belgium,
than systemic and neutral.” South-Holland and France. The idea of the
project is to map out, on behalf of archi-
Brilliant, Richard, and Dale Kinney. Reuse tects and commissioners on the lookout
Value Spolia and Appropriation, p. 2. for batches of quality reclaimed materials,
companies that can
Spolia is the term that has been used by supply trustworthy building materials, com-
archeologists and historians since the Re- petently salvaged from buildings slated for
naissance to designate fragments of Greek demolition. These companies offer quality
and Roman monuments that were salva- guarantees and remanufacturing services
ged and reused, by subsequent cultures, for a smoother integration of the goods
in new buildings. The term was also ap- in a new building. The Opalis database is
AA Dip 18, 2020-21: Opalis Global Page 8
Field work: Dip 18 students visit Bath Reclamation Spolia: Fragments of ruined buildings used by Storage: Used materials must typically be stored
to compile data for opalis.co.uk. The yard is run by subsequent cultures. How to rehabilitate this for a long period before buyers or projects can
Cary Morgan, who has been in the reuse industry for practice? be found for them. Rotor DC proposes a service
34 years. of consignment sales which offers demolition
contractors the opportunity to store material with
them, hence encouraging potential recirculation.
This, for a fee that is less than the cost of disposal.
AA Dip 18, 2020-21: Opalis Global Page 9
Term 1: The reuse sector where you live
“In any urban society there is a massive Phase 1: Opalis.global entire reuse system where they are; for
stock of available materials from demolition Deliverable: a live functioning website the website itself, we hope to make reused
and industrial waste that is currently populated with at least three re-sellers materials more accessible for architects,
discarded but has potential value. Although per student (the website should be developers, and commissioners, as well
the infrastructure to locate and use these continuously added to throughout the year) as creating a fascinating platform for those
resources is currently lacking, some who wish to compare notes on material
industry leaders are establishing design As an entré into the material reuse sector reuse across different countries.
strategies, materials recovery processes, where they live, students will visit and
construction management approaches systematically document used material re- We will need to be efficient and systematic
and manufacturing systems to create sellers: scrapyards, warehouses, and even in building this website and populating it.
innovative new ways of using them in the more bespoke or boutique set-ups. Their It’s a big task, but only a preliminary one
built environment.” efforts will be collated online into a new for the work of the unit.
platform, opalis.global. The progenitors,
Mark Gorgolewsky, Resource Salvation: opalis.be (for Belgium) and Opalis.co.uk
The Architecture of Reuse, foreword. (Dip 18’s first project) will set the template Phase 2: Mini-documentary
for our new website, though students Deliverable: a short documentary
can propose nuances and innovations
suitable for the more varied terrain we Students will plan, shoot, and produce a
will be covering. For example, informal, short guerilla documentary on a particular
illegal, vernacular and indigenous practices ‘moment’ in the material reuse cycle.
with material use outside the mainstream Students might record demolition sites or
economy should also be encompassed on other areas to reveal the origin, production,
the website. or disposal of a building material. Another
approach could be the narration of the
Our work will be kicked off by a workshop journey of a material from a resellers yard
hosted by Rotor on the concept of spolia, to a site, or from deconstruction site to
the innovation of Opalis as a platform, and yard. The film will be uploaded onto an
the state of the reuse sector in Belgium. opalis.global channel on YouTube.
The aim of opalis.global is twofold: for the
students, we hope to lay the foundations
for their imminent deeper research into the
AA Dip 18, 2020-21: Opalis Global Page 10Phase 3: Documenting the reuse sector policy, or a policy proposed by an advocate
where you are of the reuse sector
Deliverable: a booklet
Where a material does not fit in well with
Students will research the SYSTEM the pre-existing system, the student may
-- the constellation of players, policies, well have identified the beginning of their
regulations, economic incentives, and design project: a BOTTLENECK. By
practices that constitute the material ‘bottleneck’ we mean a blockage in the
reuse sector where they live. They will flow of secondhand architectural materials,
also document/create a spectrum of used and it could be there for any reason:
building MATERIALS, ranging from those
that are most successfully reclaimed, -- economic (under current conditions,
re-sold, and reused, to those that are reclamation, rehabilitation, storage, and
rarely or never reclaimed (and students distribution of a material may cost more
must figure out why). Each student will than its retail value)
create a detailed diagram / flow chart -- aesthetic (maybe the material is now
for each aspect -- the SYSTEM and the unfashionable or considered ugly, or, when
MATERIALS. old, it ‘becomes’ ugly, or even almost
taboo)
Students will workshop their initial findings -- regulatory (for example, it’s very difficult
with Rotor for advice on what to look for, to legally reuse steel beams)
and what opportunities might exist within -- performance (materials of a certain age
the pre-existing system. may no longer reliably serve their original
This work be the foundation for a short function)
booklet expanding on a few chosen
components, for example: Herein lies the opportunity for changing
perceptions, demonstrating viability,
-- the journey of a brick from demolition site even proposing a change in the law, and
to resellers’ yard to new building designing afresh, which will be the focus in
-- the metrics of the resale economy for a Terms 2 and 3...
chosen material or a chosen reseller
-- the impact of a particular government
AA Dip 18, 2020-21: Opalis Global Page 11Term 2: Redesigning re-use
“It would not serve my purpose to describe Deliverable: ‘masterplan’ for the reuse -- the fine details of a new subsidy system
in detail any fictional community of the sector, early concept design for one aspect for reuse and a prediction of its impact
future. I want to provide guidelines for of this system -- the design of an exemplary architectural
action, not for fantasy. A modern society, project: a retailer of used building
bounded for convivial living, could generate In Term 2, students will switch from materials, a new typology of affordable
a new flowering of surprises far beyond research to design, utilizing their new housing, the transposal of a material from
anyone’s imagination and hope. I am not knowledge of the reuse sector to either its normal usage to an alternative one...
proposing a Utopia, but a procedure that rethink it entirely, or to tweak particular
provides each community with the choice aspects of it. Students’ interventions could
of its unique social arrangements.” be reality-based, proposing measures
that, theoretically, could be implemented
Illich, Ivan. Tools for conviviality, 1973. tomorrow. Or students might choose
to posit ‘ideal’ legal and economic
“We can see our forests vanishing, our frameworks, asserting drastic, ‘unrealistic’
water-powers going to waste, our soil changes. The point here would be that
being carried by floods into the sea, and demanding the apparently impossible is
the end of our coal and our iron is in sight. often the most rigorous and ethical move,
But our larger wastes of human effort, and it’s business-as-usual that is actually
which go on every day through such of ‘unrealistic’, since it seeks to hide (through
our acts as are blundering, ill-directed, or externalities) its true impact on the
inefficient, and which Mr. Roosevelt refers environment, climate, marginalised labour,
to as a lack of ‘national efficiency,’ are less etc.
visible, less tangible, and are but vaguely
appreciated.” In dialogue with their masterplan for the
reuse system, students will begin zooming
F.W. Taylor, The Principles of Scientific in on one component of it to redesign in
Management, 1911, p. 5 detail. Some possibilities:
-- an innovative (or long-lost) way of using
a secondhand material in architecture
-- a government or NGO branding
campaign for a new reuse policy
AA Dip 18, 2020-21: Opalis Global Page 12Term 3: Design resolution
Deliverable: detailed design & instructions
for implementation In Term 3, students will focus on
developing and resolving their design
“Again: design is basic to all human for a particular component of the reuse
activities. The planning and patterning sector. The design should be delivered in
of any act toward a desired foreseeable the form of instructions for a third party
end constitutes the design process. Any (a contractor, an NGO, a layperson…)
attempt to separate design, to make it to implement. This approach demands
a thing-by-itself, works counter to the maximum clarity and communicability.
inherent value of design as the primary, It also gives a potential second life to
underlying matrix of life. Integrated design students’ projects after they have moved
is comprehensive: it attempts to take on...
into consideration all the factors and
modulations necessary to decision-making
process. Integrated, comprehensive
design is anticipatory. It attempts to
look at existing data and trends and
to continuously extrapolate, as well as
interpolate, from the scenarios of the future
it constructs. Integrated, comprehensive
and anticipatory design is the act of
planning and shaping carried on across the
various disciplines, and act continuously
carried on at interfaces between them.”
Papanek, Victor. Design for the Real
World, 1984, p. 322.
AA Dip 18, 2020-21: Opalis Global Page 13Literature list
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