MODULE 1: EQUIPMENT AND PRE-JOURNEY - Land Transport Authority
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MODULE 1: EQUIPMENT AND PRE-JOURNEY
MODULE 1 TYPES OF BICYCLES
Choosing Your Bicycle Types of Bicycles
Choosing a bicycle depends on several factors, the following The following are some basic bicycle styles to choose from, and
questions will help you choose a bicycle that suits you best. the accompanying descriptions should help you discover which
type of bicycle is suitable for you.
Frequency How often do you plan to ride?
Type of Will you use your bicycle for commuting,
Use recreation or sport?
City Bicycles
Weight Will you be riding on long rides or short rides?
Terrain Will you ride mainly on flat roads or rough terrain?
City bicycles are designed for urban commuting. The bicycle
handlebar design allows for a comfortable upright riding position
and the bicycle frame has a step-through top tube, which allows
for easy mounting and dismounting.
Road Bicycles
Road bicycles are sleek and light, with smooth and thin tyres. The
bicycle is designed such that you will ride in a forward leaning
position. Road bicycles appeal more to serious and avid cyclists for
the purposes of sport and long distance on-road riding.
MODULE 1 TYPES OF BICYCLES
Mountain Bicycles Track Bicycles / Fixies
With a thicker frame, rough tyres, and occasionally with a Track bicycles do not have gears or brakes and require constant
suspension system, the mountain bike is built for riding through pedaling for movement. Resistance has to be applied on the pedals
rougher and undulating terrains. The larger and wider tyres are in order to slow down or stop the bicycle. Using track bicycles
well-suited to handle rough roads, however they slow you down requires a lot of skill and mental alertness and hence it is NOT
when travelling over long distances making it slightly less efficient recommended for beginners.
for urban commuting.
Hybrid Bicycles Foldable Bicycles
Hybrid bicycles have similar bicycle frames as mountain bicycles Foldable bicycles can be folded into compact sizes and can be
but have thinner tyres. The flat-styled handlebars provides riders easily carried onto public buses and trains. They are very useful
with an upright sitting position. Hybrid bicycles are very suitable for for first-mile and last-mile commutes to and from public
urban riding and commuting. transport hubs.
MODULE 1 TYPES OF BICYCLES
Shared Bicycles
Shared bikes are bicycles available for rent and use to individuals
on a short-term basis.
Users should park shared bicycles in designated parking
areas such as yellow boxes and bicycle racks after use.
Users should scan the QR code at the designated parking
areas on public land to end the trip.
A fee of $5 will be imposed on users who fail to park in the
designated parking areas. The user will be banned if he
fails to park properly in designated parking areas three
times.
Users can also inform bicycle-sharing operators/LTA of
missing or damaged QR codes.
QR Code
MODULE 1 TYPES OF BICYCLES
Power-Assisted Bicycles Rules for Power-Assisted Bicycles
Power-assisted bicycles (PABs) are electric bicycles that have an Maximum weight of PAB must not exceed 20kg.
integrated electric motor which can assist you in pedaling.
All PABs must be registered and affixed with a rear number plate.
For more information, please visit the following LTA web-link:
https://www.onemotoring.com.sg/content/onemotoring/en/lta_inf Electric/power-assisted bicycles must be affixed with LTA seal of
ormation_guidelines/buy_a_new_vehicle/motorised_bicycles.html approval.
PAB users must wear a protective helmet when riding on roads.
PAB users and their pillion riders must be at least 16 years of age.
PABs can only be used on roads and cycling/shared paths.
Electric/Power-assisted bicycles must have a frame or construct
similar to that of a conventional bicycle.
Electric/Power-assisted bicycle users must pedal to start the motor.
Electric/power-assisted bicycles must NOT have start-up assistance
features or a throttle.
Electric/power-assisted bicycles must have EN 15194 markings to
show that it complies with the European Standard.
Motor power output of electric/power-assisted bicycles must be
progressively reduced and finally cut off as the bicycle reaches
25km/h, or sooner, if the cyclist stops pedaling.
Maximum power output rating of the electric/power-assisted bicycle’s
motor must not exceed 250W.
EN 15194 LTA seal of No start-up assistance
marking approval features or throttle
MODULE 1 TYPES OF PERSONAL MOBILITY DEVICES
Personal Mobility Devices
Personal Mobility Devices (PMDs) refer to devices for transporting individuals and can be manually powered or powered by a motor.
Examples of PMDs are shown below.
Kick Scooter Hoverboard Unicycle
Electric Scooter (E-scooter)
MODULE 1 DEVICE CRITERIA
Device Criteria
All bicycles and PMDs used on public paths are subject to the following standards:
To improve public safety and address fire incidents, all motorised PMDs used on public paths must
be certified according to the UL2272 standard from 1 January 2021. To check if your e-scooter is
certified, check if it carries any one of the certification marks at this link:
https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/dam/ltaweb/corp/GreenTransport/2018/UL2272/ul2272_certified
_pmds.pdf
For your own safety and the safety of those around you, purchase devices that are certified to the UL2272
standard. Refer to the link above for an indicative, non-exhaustive list of motorised PMDs certified to UL2272 in
Singapore.
MODULE 1 E-SCOOTER REGISTRATION
To deter reckless riding and facilitate enforcement efforts in identifying
errant riders, all e-scooters used on public paths registered with LTA.
Register if your device has an electric motor and a handlebar. You must be
at least 16 years old to register.
Register online at www.onemotoring.com.sg/escooter.
Once an e-scooter is registered, an LTA Registration Mark will be issued
containing a unique registration number assigned to the e-scooter. A
separate Identification Mark bearing this unique registration number will
also need to be fabricated.
Identification
Both the LTA Registration Mark and the Identification Mark will need to be Mark
affixed prominently on the e-scooter to facilitate easy identification.
Registration
For more details on registering your e-scooter,
Be mindful of loaning your e-scooter to others. In the event of any offence Mark
visit www.onemotoring.com.sg/escooter
involving riding of an e-scooter, the registered responsible person is
presumed to be riding the e-scooter and enforcement action may be
taken against him.
To register or learn more about registration, visit
www.onemotoring.com.sg/escooter.
MODULE 1 FOLDABLE BICYCLES AND PMDs ON PUBLIC TRANSPORT
Rules and Guidelines for Foldable Bicycles and PMDs on Public Transport
Rules Guidelines
Foldable bicycles and personal mobility devices (PMDs) All articles, including foldable bicycles and PMDs, that do
must be folded at all times in the MRT/LRT stations, bus not exceed 120cm by 70cm by 40cm can be brought
interchanges or terminals, and on trains and buses. onboard on trains and buses at all times, all day.
Motorised PMDs must be switched off when brought on A maximum of 1 foldable bicycle/PMD is allowed at any one
board trains and buses. time on a bus.
Commuters must not ride their foldable bicycles / Dirty/wet wheels and protruding parts which can cause
personal mobility devices within the MRT/LRT stations and injury, dirty or damage property are to be covered up.
bus interchanges or terminals. Instead, commuters should
push or carry their folded devices. Folded devices should NOT block the aisles or the doors in
public transport which will obstruct passengers.
When at bus stops or MRT stations, or when on buses or
trains, foldable bicycles or personal mobility devices Folded devices should NOT be left unattended at all times.
(PMDs) such as e-scooters must be folded at all times.
When folded, they should not exceed 120cm by 70cm by Folded devices should be carried in an upright position.
40cm.
Foldable bicycles on the MRT Users with folded devices should use the first or last MRT
should not exceed the following measurements carriage as it is less crowded and use lifts or wide fare gates
120cm (Actual Size) at MRT/LRT stations when available.
70cm (Actual Size)
Devices are NOT allowed on upper deck of buses and are
NOT allowed to be placed on stairs leading to bus’ upper
deck.
MODULE 1 BASIC BICYCLE FIT
Having a proper bicycle fit makes your ride comfortable and
choosing an appropriately sized bicycle will allow you to Handlebar Height/Distance
mount/dismount safely.
Choose a bicycle frame with its handlebar at a comfortable
distance away from you to reduce any neck, shoulder, back and
Saddle Height/Position hand pain.
Adjust the height of your Higher handlebars give a more upright seating position while lower
bicycle saddle such that handlebars give a forward riding position. A relatively upright
there will be a slight bend position is recommended for a more comfortable ride.
at the knee of your
extended leg (about 20
degrees) when your foot is
on the pedal at its lowest
position.
Slight bend at the knee of your extended leg
The angle of your bicycle
saddle should be adjusted
to your own comfort. You
should NOT tilt the saddle Saddle tilted low Saddle tilted high
too high or low as it may
cause numbness or injury.
Relatively upright seating position
Well positioned saddleMODULE 1 PARTS OF A BICYCLE
Standard Part
Brake
Lever Accessory
Handle Bell
Bar
Saddle Seat Post
Front Light
Rear Light
Rear Rack
Frame
Mud Basket
Guard
Bicycle Brake
Security Label Pads
Brake
Pads Chain
Guard Tire
Rim
Fork
Spoke
Pedal Hub
Tire
Valve Chain Ring
ChainMODULE 1 ACCESSORIES
The following items are some bicycle accessories which you should
equip your bicycle with. Storage Accessories
Rear racks, panniers and front baskets are useful storage
Lights accessories for cyclists.
Bicycles must be equipped All loads should be properly secured and should NOT obstruct your
with front White lights and front and rear lights. Attached loads should NOT affect your
rear Red lights1 which should steering ability or cause danger to other path/road users.
be switched on when riding at Front White Rear Red
night or when it is dark. Lights Lights
Bicycle Bell
Rear Rack Pannier Front Basket
Ring your bicycle bell once to inform other
users of your presence early.
Do NOT ring the bell excessively as it can cause Mud/Chain Guard
annoyance to other path users.
Bicycle Bell Mud guards and chain guards
help to keep your legs and pants
clean during your ride
Mud Guard Chain Guard
Child Carriers
Child carriers should be securely fastened to Water Bottle Cage
the bicycle frame, without obstructing the
It is essential to keep yourself hydrated during
cyclist’s view.
your ride. A water bottle cage helps cyclists to
properly secure their water bottle.
Child carriers should come with a footrest for
Child Carrier Water Bottle Cage
the child’s feet and be fitted with a safety
harness or belt to secure the child to the seat.
1 Road Traffic Act (Chapter 276, Section 140)MODULE 1 PRE-RIDE DEVICE CHECK
Parts to check before riding
Wheels/tyres
Brakes Wheels/tyres Check that your wheels are properly inflated (hard to
Lights Frame and Parts squeeze).
There should be NO visible cracks or tears on the tire Tire Grooves are Tire Grooves are
rubber, and your tire grooves should be clearly visible. clearly visible NOT visible
Brakes
Squeeze your brake levers to check Lights
if the brakes are working properly.
Ensure that you have working front
White lights and rear Red lights.
Properly aligned brakes pads should
They should be turned on when
be touching the rim, NOT the tyres.
dark.
The brake pads should NOT be
worn out.
Brake Pads
Frame and Parts
All parts of your bicycle, including accessories, should NOT be damaged
(i.e. cracked, chipped) and are in working condition.
Undamaged bicycle chain
Tighten the bolts and levers which secure parts of your bicycle together,
before your ride.
Properly Aligned Badly Aligned
Brake Pads Brake Pads Your bicycle chain should NOT be loose or broken. Broken bicycle chainMODULE 1 PRE-RIDE RIDER GEAR CHECK
Ensure that you wear a helmet when cycling on roads. Wear bright coloured, fluorescent or reflective clothing to
Wearing a helmet may help you prevent serious head increase your visibility to other users, especially when
injuries. riding in the night.
Your helmet, when secured on your head, should fit you
properly to protect your head from serious injuries. It
should not go too ‘high up’ or ‘down low’ your forehead.
Wear a helmet that fits your head and sits securely
Do NOT use a cracked/damaged helmet. If your helmet is
cracked/damaged, replace it with a new one.
You should replace the helmet you wore after any accident Bright Coloured,
as it may have damages that are not visible to the eye. Reflective Tape Fluorescent Clothing
It is recommended that you choose a helmet that is
approved by recognized testing standards. Here is a list of
some helmet safety specifications to look out for when
purchasing a helmet:
• Snell Memorial Foundation
• CPSC
• EN1078
• American National Standard Institute
• ANSA Z-90.4
• ASTM (shatter-tests do not extend to visors) Reflective ClothingMODULE 1 PRE-RIDE RIDER GEAR CHECK
Do NOT wear loose clothing (e.g. baggy pants) as they may Wear closed-toed footwear (e.g. sports shoes) to have a
get caught in the bicycle chain or the wheels. stable footing and to protect your feet.
If necessary, use an elastic band to fasten your loose Secure your shoelaces properly to prevent them from
clothing or to knot and clip them up. getting caught in the bicycle chain or the wheels.
When it is raining, cyclists are recommended to wear rain It is good practice to carry vital personal information on
jackets and NOT ponchos, as ponchos may get caught in yourself in the form of a In Case of Emergency (ICE) card
the bicycle chain or the wheels. Riding in bad weather is or ID tag, as it may be required during an emergency.
highly discouraged and it is recommended that you seek
shelter during wet weather conditions. The vital information should include:
• Name
• NRIC
• Blood Group
• Emergency Contact Number
• Drug Allergies (If any)
Sample ‘ICE’ Card
Poncho Rain jacketMODULE 1 ROUTE PLANNING
With good connectivity between paths together with a beautiful Here are some tips on proper route planning:
and safe environment, Singapore is a very conducive place for
riding. Avoid routes with roadworks and accidents.
If you are considering to ride longer distances and to explore Choose a route that uses more Park Connector Networks
new areas, you should first plan your route before your ride. or cycling paths.
Various resources as listed below will help you in planning your
routes: For on-road cyclists, avoid planning routes that include
roads with fast-moving vehicles. Riding on Expressways or
Online Resources in tunnels is strictly prohibited.
Google Maps (maps.google.com.sg)
Onemap (www.onemap.sg) Locate shelters along your route in case it rains or if you
LTA website (www.lta.gov.sg) need to rest.
My LTA Transport
(https://www.mytransport.sg/content/mytransport/home/cycling Highlight and identify checkpoints/landmarks along your
.html) route to guide yourself.
NParks website (www.nparks.gov.sg)
Online Street Directory (www.streetdirectory.com.sg) Be flexible! The most direct route may not always be the
Online Route Planning websites safest route.
Mobile Applications
Physical Maps
Bicycle Parking Map
Map Boards
Print-outs of online maps
Maps found at tourist visitor centres or the airport
Singapore Street DirectoryMODULE 1 ROUTE PLANNING
Park Connector Network and Cycling Path Network
All over Singapore, there are various Park Connector Networks(PCN) and Cycling Path Networks(CPN) which provides proper cycling paths
for you to ride on and also have access to the beautiful parks of Singapore. There are featured routes within some of these PCN paths for
you to explore together with family and friends.
For more information, visit http://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltaweb/en/walk-cycle-ride/integrating-cycling-with-public-transport/cycling-
paths.html and https://www.nparks.gov.sg/gardens-parks-and-nature/park-connector-network.
Legend
Park Connector
Sembawang
riding Route
Round Island Route
Woodlands (Under Construction)
Yishun
On-Going Cycling Town
Punggol Completed Cycling Town
Chua Chu Future Cycling Town
Kang Ang Mo
Bukit
Kio
Panjang Pasir Ris
Bishan
Tampines
Toa Changi-
Taman Payoh Simei
Jurong Jurong
Lake
Bedok
Marina
Bay
Source: www.ura.gov.sgMODULE 1 ROUTE PLANNING
Example of a Park Connector Network: North Eastern Riverine Loop
Source: https://www.nparks.gov.sg/gardens-parks-and-nature/park-connector-networkMODULE 1 ROUTE PLANNING
Example of a Park Connector Network: Northern Explorer Loop
Source: https://www.nparks.gov.sg/gardens-parks-and-nature/park-connector-networkMODULE 1 ROUTE PLANNING Example of a Cycling Path Network – Yishun
MODULE 1 ROUTE PLANNING
Example of a Cycling Path Network – Ang Mo Kio & Bishan
LEGEND
AMK Phase 1
(completed)
Bishan Phase 1
AMK Phase 2A
Bishan Phase 2
AMK Phase 2B
St 31
St 32 AMK Phase 2C
Linear Park
Existing PCN
PCN
(upcoming)MODULE 1 BICYCLE PARKING
Bicycle parking racks are provided in public housing estates, MRT stations, bus interchanges and parks. Cyclists are encouraged to
park responsibly by parking at these designated bicycle parking facilities.
Single-tier bicycle rack Double-tier bicycle rack Designated Parking Zones
More information on bicycle parking facilities can be found at https://www.mytransport.sg.
Do NOT park your bicycles at non-designated bicycle parking areas as they are not secure and may obstruct pedestrian movement
and cause inconvenience.
Bicycles parked by trees Bicycles parked along the pathway
Bicycles parked at fences Bicycles parked at lamppostsMODULE 1 BICYCLE SECURITY AND STORAGE
Here are some tips to secure your bicycle properly and prevent How to Secure Your Bicycle Properly
bicycle theft.
Bicycle Locks
Use a strong lock to secure your bicycle. Use multiple locking
systems to secure different parts of your bicycle.
Cable Lock Padlock and U-Lock/D-Lock
Chain
Weakest Strongest
Bicycle Security Label
Bicycle security labels come with a Use 2 locks to properly Avoid securing only your
unique serial number which helps secure the front wheel, front wheel to the bicycle
you and the Police to identify your back wheel and bicycle rack as the bicycle frame
bicycle. They can be picked up from frame to the bicycle and back wheel can be
Neighbourhood Police Centres. rack. easily removed.
Paste your bicycle security labels on
your bicycle frame, as shown on the
right.MODULE 1 FIRE SAFETY
The number of fires involving PMDs has been increasing in recent years. PMD fires may be caused by overheating of batteries which in turn
could be caused by various factors including physical damage to the device, overcharging from the use of an unsuitable charger, poor
battery quality and exposure to heat. Below are some safety tips to prevent PMD fires.
Do not leave batteries or devices to charge overnight
Avoid charging batteries immediately after using the devices
Examine for any damage or deformities such as corroded Store batteries at room temperature.
or powdery batteries
PMD owners are strongly discouraged from modifying their devices. Modification should only be done at authorised
retailers/suppliers, and with original manufacturers’ parts.
PMD owners also need to ensure that their device meets the specified criteria including meeting the UL2272 standard for use on
public paths.MODULE 1 BICYCLE MAINTENANCE TOOLS
Basic monthly bicycle maintenance should be done to help keep your bicycle in proper riding condition. To maintain your bicycle, you
will require the following tools.
Types of Bicycle Maintenance Tools
BICYCLE CHAIN CLEANING TOOLS PUNCTURE REPAIR KIT
Cleaning your bicycle chain
Used for: Flat tyres Punctured tyres
Used for: Cleaning your bicycle gears
Oiling your bicycle chain
Metal
Spare Inner Tube Rasp/Sandpaper Bicycle Tire Patch
Lubricant and
Cleaning Rag/Cloth
Degreaser
Bicycle Hand Pump Tire Levers Glue
Old Brush/
ToothbrushMODULE 1 BICYCLE MAINTENANCE SCENARIOS
Listed below are some common bicycle maintenance scenarios
that every cyclist will face: Dropped Bicycle Chain
Flat tyres Punctured tyres What equipment is required: No equipment needed
Dropped Bicycle Chain Cleaning your Bicycle Chain What you need to do: Fix your dropped bicycle chain by
following the steps below.
Flat tyres If your bicycle chain drops frequently, it may be an indication that
What equipment is required: Bicycle Pump your bicycle chain is too loose or is faulty. Visit the bicycle shop for
a service check on your bicycle.
What you need to do:
Find the intended air pressure range for each tire which can be
usually found printed on the smooth side of the tire. Use a bicycle Turn your bicycle upside
pump to inflate the tire to its recommended tire pressure or till it is down.
firm (hard to squeeze).
Place dropped bicycle chain
INDICATED TIRE PRESSURE back over the front chain
wheel and rear gears.
If the tire deflates and goes flat quickly or in a short amount of Crank the pedal backwards to
time after you have inflated it, your tire may be punctured. Visit the realign the chain.
bicycle shop to have your tyres replaced.
linkMODULE 1 BICYCLE MAINTENANCE SCENARIOS
Punctured tyres
What equipment is required: Puncture Repair Kit
What you need to do: Replace your tyres as soon as possible for a safer ride. You can patch your tyres by following the steps
below.
Insert the tire lever between the tire and
Remove the dust
rim and, lift off the tire. After hooking the
Locate and detach cap from the tire
tire lever to the wheel spoke, repeat the
the bicycle wheel. valve and let the
process with a second tire lever till the
remaining air out.
whole tire is removed.
Carefully feel the tire to find Inflate the inner tube and
Take out the
the cause of the puncture pass its surface over your
inner tube from D
and remove it. Be careful of fingers to feel for air
within the tire
sharp objects. leaking from the puncture.
Sand the puncture Apply glue onto Place the tire patch just
with a metal rasp the puncture area. before the glue dries out.
Knead the tyres back into position.
Insert the inner tube Using your hand pump, re-inflate the
Do NOT use any tools as they may
back into the tire. tyres back to its desired tire pressure.
re-puncture your tire.MODULE 1 BICYCLE MAINTENANCE SCENARIOS
Cleaning Your Bicycle Chain
What equipment is required: Lubricant, Degreaser, Cleaning Rags, Old Toothbrush/Brush
What you need to do: Clean your bicycle chain and gears by following the steps below.
Apply degreaser onto your chain and allow it to rest Lift your rear bicycle wheel and crank the pedal backwards to
for 2-3 minutes let the chain run. Run the chain through a clean rag multiple
times to remove the grease and grime
Use a brush to brush the bicycle cogs and gears to Apply lubricant onto the chain while running the chain
remove any mud/grimeMODULE 1 BICYCLE SERVICING
To have a comfortable and safe ride, you should send your bicycle for servicing at least once a year to ensure that your bicycle is in prime
condition. When your bicycle starts to show these following symptoms, you should visit the bicycle service shop to service your bicycle.
Faulty Brakes
Pulled brakes levers which show little to no resistance means that they will provide little braking power. Brake pads may get stuck to the
wheel rim after braking too. Faulty brakes are likely caused by loose or damaged brake cables, or loose bolts on the brake caliper arm.
Misalignment of Bicycle Wheels Wobbles up
and down
Wobbles
side to side
Properly aligned bicycle wheels should not wobble from side to
side or up and down. Visit the bicycle service shop to realign your
wheels if you notice your bicycle wheels are wobbling side to side
or up and down.
To determine whether your bicycle wheel is aligned, spin and
observe your wheel’s rotation while using the brake pads as a
reference point.You can also read
