Migratory flyways in Europe, Africa and Asia and the spread of HPAI H5N1
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FAO & OIE Avian Influenza and wild birds
May 2006 Migratory flyways in Europe, Africa and
Asia and the spread of HPAI H5N1
Ward Hagemeijer & Taej Mundkur
Wetlands International
Members of the UNEP/CMS Scientific Taskforce on
Avian Influenza and Wild Birds
With contributions from David Stroud, Jan Veen, Cheikh DiaganaWetlands International
Wetlands International works globally, regionally and
nationally to achieve the conservation and wise use of
wetlands, their resources and biodiversity, as a
contribution to sustainable development.
• independent, not-for-profit, global organisation supported by
Government membership
• 15 country offices in Central and Eastern Europe, Africa, South,
East and North Asia, Oceania, and South America,
• head office in Wageningen, the Netherlands.
• supported by extensive Specialist Group networks, network of
Associate Experts and a network of tens of thousands of
volunteers in the field.Bird Migration: oversimplified
Incorrect use of map: map for some wader species used as general map
for all waterbird migration
Wader Flyways
Map after International Wader Study GroupTypes of migration or movement – Seasonal migration – Partial migration – Reverse migration – Moult migration – Irruption – Dispersion (typically non-directional) – Cold weather movements CMS definition of migration: Cyclic, predictable movements of animals across national jurisdictional boundaries
Migration strategies (can) vary -
extent of migratory path can vary, both by
• total length of flight-path
• number and duration of stops along flight-path
• by species (and population within species)
• by age of individual
• by sex of individual
• by individual
• by season
• with weather
• e.g. unfavourable headwinds can increase number of
stops usedVery important caveat • Individual variation in migration schedules (timing of migration or routes taken) is adaptive and central to differential evolutionary fitness • Thus idealised migration flyways are just that • Reality is much more ‘fuzzy’
Defining waterbird flyways • A highly summarised map • which applies only to some waders • but is incorrect in for other waders • and also doesn’t include geese, ducks, gulls and other seabirds, storks etc. which all show different migratory strategies • e.g. Isakov (1967) : Anatidae
Recoveries of Teal ringed in the Camargue:
1952-1978
Conclusion:
the separation
between
flyways is not
easy to define
After Guillemain, Sadoul & Simon, Ibis 147: 688-696 (2005)
Data Station Biologique de la Tour du Valat, France.But knowledge of delimitation of ‘flyways’ is poor
Teal flyways, after Scott & Rose 1996What do we know?
Europe flyway Europe Africa flyway Africa timing of
locations timing of locations migration
migration
Geese
☺☺☺ ☺☺☺
Swans
☺☺☺ ☺☺☺
Ducks
☺☺ ☺☺ ☺ ☺
Waders
☺☺ ☺☺ ☺☺ ☺☺
Other
☺☺ ☺☺ ☺☺ or ☺ ☺Key issues 1. Better, contemporary and international analysis of existing count and ringing data to synthesis summary information on migration routes and timings 2. Accessibility of data for decision makers and other users – flyway atlases or web-based GIS 3. Targeted international ringing and satellite telemetry programmes for selection of ‘higher risk’ species to improve underlying data 4. Collation of waterbird count data in seasons other than January and in geographical ‘gaps’
Data on Bird
Wetlands
Migration
International
in Africa-Eurasia
• Bird Counts
Distribution data on birds: snapshot in time
Wetlands International IWC
BirdLife International IBA’s
Others (e.g. species specialists)
Migration counts: snapshot in space
• Ringing data: Euring, Afring, etc. species
specialists
• (satellite) tracking: ?, species specialist
• Other techniques: ?, volunteer networks?Maps of Waterbird migration patterns From broad ranges to migratory routes: satellite telemetry needed
Migration is complex: Intra African Migration
Intra
African
Migration
Movements
of birds at
the interior
of Africa
and around
its coastal
areas are
more
irregular,
ranging
from local
to
internation
al and often
driven by
climatic
factorsUrgent preliminary assessment of ornithological data relevant to spread of Avian Influenza in Europe Commissioned by DG Environment to Wetlands International and Euring The following slides show some examples of preliminary results of the study contract issued by DG Env.
Different components of the project Activities to be undertaken: • identification of Higher Risk Species (HRS) • analysis of their migration routes • identification of concentration and mixing sites • rapid assessment planning for wetland sites
Analysis of higher risk species Identification of HRS on basis of: • occurence of LPAI viruses • ecology and behaviour • contact risk with poultry • numbers within EU In collaboration with David Stroud and Rowena Langston
Codes for ecology and behaviour
Habitat use Gregariousness Mixing
Group size Group density
F fresh water L large H high H high
A agricultural M medium M medium M medium
N natural land S small L low L low
L littoral O solitary O zero O zero
M marine
S salinas
O otherSelection of higher risk species Common name Habitat Gregariousness Mixing Mute Swan FA ML M Bean Goose FA LM H Common Snipe FA SL L Northern Lapwing FA MH M Eurasian Wigeon FAL LH H Mallard FAL MH H Black-tailed Godwit FAL MM H Gadwall F SM H Common Pochard F MH H Smew F MH L Common Goldeneye FM SM M Goosander FM MM L Grey Plover L MH H Eurasian Oystercatcher LFA LH H King Eider M SH L Greater Scaup MF LH H
Higher risk species and species near-selected
Higher Risk Species (26) Species near-selected (14)
Common name Scientific name Common name Scientific name
Bewick's Swan Cygnus columbianus White-headed Duck Oxyura leucocephala
Mute Swan Cygnus olor Ruddy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea
Pink-footed Goose Anser brachyrhnchus Gadwall Anas strepera
Bean Goose Anser fabalis Greater Scaup Aythia marila
Greater White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons albifrons Common Goldeneye Bucephala clangula
Lesser White-fronted Goose Anser erythropus Smew Mergellus albellus
Greylag Goose Anser anser Goosander Mergus merganser
Barnacle Goose Branta leucopsis Eurasian Oystercatcher Haematopus
Brent Goose Branta bernicla Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata
Red-breasted Goose Branta ruficollis Common Redshank Tringa totanus
Eurasian Wigeon Anas penelope Lesser Black-backed gull Larus fuscus
Common Teal Anas crecca Herring Gull Larus argentatus
Mallard Anas platyrhynchos White-winged Tern Chidonias leucopterus
Northern Pintail Anas acuta Black Tern Childonias niger
Garganey Anas querquedula
Northern Shoveler Anas clypeata
Marbled Teal Marmaronetta angustirostris
Red-crested Pochard Netta rufina
Common Pochard Aythya ferina
Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula
Northern Lapwing Vanellus vanellus
Eurasian Golden Plover Pluvialis apricaria
Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa
Ruff Philomachus pugnax
Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus
Common Gull Larus canusContact risk with poultry in EU member states
United Kingdom
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Germany
Slovenia
Portugal
Estonia
Austria
Ireland
Mean
Bewicks Swan 0 L 0 0 0 0 M M L
Mute Swan L M 0 H H H H H M M
Pink-footed Goose 0 0 0 L M 0 L
Bean Goose L 0 L M L L M M L
G. White-fronted Goose L L M L L M H M
L. White-fronted Goose 0 0 0 0 L L L 0 O
Greylag Goose M M M L M M L H M M
Barnacle goose 0 0 L 0 0 L L M M L
Brent Goose 0 L 0 0 0 L M 0 L
Red-breasted Goose 0 0 L L L 0 L
Eurasian Wigeon H H M 0 L L L M H M
Common Teal L M H L M M L L L M
Mallard M H H H H H H H H H
Northern Pintail L M M 0 L L L L M L
Risk score: 0 = virtually zero, L = low, M = medium, H = highContact risk and numbers in EU Common name Scientific name Contact Risk* Numbers EU** Bewick's Swan Cygnus columbianus L 29.000 Mute Swan Cygnus olor M 297.500 Pink-footed Goose Anser brachyrhnchus L 277.000 Bean Goose Anser fabalis L 700.000 Greater White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons albifrons M 1.000.000 Lesser White-fronted Goose Anser erythropus O 8.000-10.000 Greylag Goose Anser anser M 522.100 Barnacle Goose Branta leucopsis L 437.100 Brent Goose Branta bernicla L 240.000 Red-breasted Goose Branta ruficollis L 88.000 Eurasian Wigeon Anas penelope M 1.800.000 Common Teal Anas crecca M 1.150.000-1.775.000 Mallard Anas platyrhynchos H 7.500.000 Northern Pintail Anas acuta L 1.060.000 Garganey Anas querquedula L 2.000.000-3.000.000 Northern Shoveler Anas clypeata L 490.000 Marbled Teal Marmaronetta angustirostris O 3.000-5.000 Red-crested Pochard Netta rufina L 70.000-93.500 Common Pochard Aythya ferina L 1.450.000 Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula L 1.900.000 Northern Lapwing Vanellus vanellus M 2.800.000-4.000.000 Eurasian Golden Plover Pluvialis apricaria L 1.644.000-1.953.000 Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa L 267.000-391.000 Ruff Philomachus pugnax L >1.000.000 Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus H 6.900.000-9.000.000 Common Gull Larus canus L 1.400.000-3.100.000 * based on data from nine EU member countries ** non-breeding population (bio-geographical population, Wetlands international 2002)
Overview of risk factors and H5N1 Common name Ecology Contact Risk Abundance H5N1 Bewick's Swan XXX XX X Mute Swan XXX X X X Pink-footed Goose XXXX XX X Bean Goose XXX XX X Greater White-fronted Goose XXXX XXX X X Lesser White-fronted Goose XXXX X X Greylag Goose XXXX XXX X X Barnacle Goose XXXX XX X X Brent Goose XXXX XX X Red-breasted Goose XXX XX X X Eurasian Wigeon XXXX XXX XX Common Teal XXXX XXX XX X Mallard XXXX XXXX XXXXXXXX X Northern Pintail XXXX XX X X Garganey XXX XX XXX X Northern Shoveler XXX XX X X Marbled Teal XXX X X Red-crested Pochard XX XX X Common Pochard XXX XX X X Tufted Duck XXX XX XX X Northern Lapwing XXX XXX XXX Eurasian Golden Plover XXX XX XX Black-tailed Godwit XXXX XX X Ruff XXXX XX X Black-headed Gull XXX XXXX XXXXXXXX X
Proportion of species H5N1 infected
group of species number H5N1 infected*
number percent
higher risk species 26 13 50%
near-selected HRS 14 5 36%
other species 70 3 4%
Total 110 21 19%
* date 30 March 2006Higher risk species related to migration route
Common name Black Sea Nigeria
S. Urals
Bewick's Swan
Mute Swan X
Pink-footed Goose
Bean Goose
Greater White-fronted Goose X
Lesser White-fronted Goose
Greylag Goose X
Barnacle Goose
Brent Goose
Red-breasted Goose X
Eurasian Wigeon X X
Common Teal X X
Mallard X
Northern Pintail X X
Garganey X X
Northern Shoveler X X
Marbled Teal
Red-crested Pochard X
Common Pochard X X
Tufted Duck X X
Northern Lapwing X
Eurasian Golden Plover
Black-tailed Godwit X
Ruff X
Black-headed Gull X X
Common GullWetlands
Data on Bird
International
Migration
• Distribution data on birds
• Migration counts
• Ringing data
• (satellite) trackingRecoveries of Wigeon all months Anas penelope All
Recoveries of Wigeon per month
Moving pattern does not show in pdf.Movements of Wigeon
Using waterbird data at the site scale
Density of
waterbirds at the
Eastern Sivash
in all seasons
Source:
S. Khomenko,
Wetlands
International, KievPredicted risk
Density of
waterbirds
at the
Eastern
Sivash in all
seasons
Waterbird density
Proximity to
waterbody
Human population
density
Estimated outbreak risk and actual outbreaks of H5N1 HPAI in
the Eastern Sivash in early 2006
Source: S. Khomenko, Wetlands International, KievThank you and over to Taej
Key Points Introduction to Asia-Pacific flyways Current status on information and capacity Priority actions
Flyways of the Asia-Pacific
(overlaps in breeding and staging areas)
East Asian –
Australasian
FlywayCurrent status for Asia-Pacific flyways Capacity and systems National bird ringing schemes in less than 5% of countries Bird monitoring schemes established in 90% of countries Very limited capacity in some countries Absence of region-wide mechanism for coordination of ringing and colour marking schemes Data collection and availability Basic bird distribution available Monitoring data variable Population estimates need updating Substantial bird banding movement data of few countries to be analysed/published Satellite tracking done for very few species (e.g. cranes, geese, Black Stork, Black-faced Spoonbill) Big gaps on migration patterns of many waterbird groups (e.g. rails, herons, gulls, terns)
Revealing the migration routes of cranes Courtesy BirdLife Asia
Migration routes of Siberian Crane Grus leucogeranus
Migration routes of Central Asian breeding population of
Black Stork Ciconia nigra
Source: www.rozhlas.cz/odysea/anglMigratory patterns of Eurasian Wigeon Anas penelope
Source: BNHSSites of importance for Spotted Redshank in the EAAF Mark Barter
Sites of importance for Bartailed Godwit in the EAAF Mark Barter
Asian Flyways of globally threatened Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus
Barheaded Goose migration and non-breeding period distribution
Yellow dots – birds locations during AWCMigratory patterns of Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo
Migratory patterns of Brownheaded Gull Larus brunnicephalus
Distribution and migration of Asian Openbill Anastomus oscitans
Monitoring of waterbird distribution and abundance at a
regional level (Asian Waterbird Census AWC)
• A total of 5,700
sites from 25
countries have
been counted at
least once since
1987.
• Thousands of
volunteers
contributed to the
AWC.Priorities for AI and migratory waterbirds in Asia-Pacific
flyways
Improve understanding of migratory strategies of birds
Identify high-risk species of AI
Rapid collate available knowledge on migratory patterns for
high-risk species
Identify data gaps to prioritize future migration research for
high-risk species
Develop coordinated and cooperative projects for priority
species
• Satellite tracking
• Colour marking and ringing
Consolidate and expand waterbird monitoring programmes
Initiate structured AI surveillance of high risk species and
mortality monitoringPriorities for AI and migratory waterbirds in Asia-Pacific
flyways
Build national capacity and networks to support research,
monitoring and surveillance
Secure resources to support priority work
Communicate results rapidly
Build awareness to conserve migratory birds and their habitats
Establish regional mechanism for communication and
coordinating analysis and research on migratory
strategies of waterbirds
Asia-Pacific Working Group on AI and migratory birdsWetlands International www.wetlands.org
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