Manufacturing & Supply Chain Transformation - Giovanni Miragliotta Industria 4.0 Direttore Osservatorio Smart Manufacturing - TESISQUARE
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Manufacturing & Supply Chain Transformation Giovanni Miragliotta Industria 4.0 Direttore Osservatorio Smart Manufacturing giovanni.miragliotta@polimi.it
Agenda Playground New technologies for an old problem What Industry 4.0 really is Industry 4.0 in Italy Industry 4.0 for Italy! Open discussion 16 novembre 2016 2 www.osservatori.net
The Fourth industrial revolution Prima Rivoluzione Seconda Rivoluzione Terza Rivoluzione Quarta Rivoluzione Industriale Industriale Industriale Industriale • Introduzione di • Organizzazione del • Prima automazione, • Prodotti e processi strumenti lavoro, produzione di l'elettronica e interconnessi grazie alle meccanici di massa, utilizzo l'informatica entrano nuove tecnologie digitali produzione dell’energia elettrica nelle imprese 1780 1870 1970 TEMPO Primo Prima catena di Primo PLC telaio a vapore montaggio (1870) (1969) 16 novembre 2016 4 www.osservatori.net
The Fourth industrial revolution Definition Industry 4.0 is a vision of the future of Industry and Manufacturing in which Information Technologies are going to boost competitiveness and efficiency by interconnecting every resource (data, people and machinery) in the Value Chain Computing Cyber Physical Cloud Information Systems Industrial Analytics Systems RFId Big Data Industrial Bluetooth Wearable Wi-Fi Additive Visors Manufacturing Internet Technology IPv6 Wireless Sensors Mobile Devices NFC Networks Advanced Service Oriented Machine to Machine Automation Virtualization Architecture Smart Robots Objects HMI Augmented Reality 16 novembre 2016 5 www.osservatori.net
The Fourth industrial revolution Definition Industry 4.0 is a vision of the future of Industry and Manufacturing in which Information Technologies are going to boost competitiveness and efficiency by interconnecting every resource (data, people and machinery) in the Value Chain Advanced Industrial SMART MANUFACTURING Human-Machine Internet of Things Interface TECHNOLOGIES Industrial Advanced Analytics Automation Cloud Additive Manufacturing Manufacturing Operational Technology Information Technology 16 novembre 2016 6 www.osservatori.net
The Fourth industrial revolution What do they have in common? Advanced Industrial IoT Human-Machine Interface Industrial Analytics Advanced Automation Cloud Additive Manufacturing Manufacturing Bridge the gap New skills between physical and digital worlds Adequately Remove mature constraints 16 novembre 2016 7 www.osservatori.net
The Fourth industrial revolution Definition Advanced Industrial Human-Machine Internet of Things MANUFACTURING Interface TECHNOLOGIES Industrial Advanced SMART Analytics Automation Cloud Additive Manufacturing Manufacturing New Product Development Operations Management Production control TRADITIONAL • CAD 2D/3D SOLUTIONS Scheduling Sviluppo • FEM / CFD Prodotto Manufacturing Execution System • e Product Data Management (PDM) (MES)Produzione e • Ingegneria Product Lifecycle Mngmt (PLM) WarehouseLogistica Mgmt System (WMS) Computerized Maintenance Mgmt • Configuration Lifecycle Mgmt System (CMMS) Governance Risk and Compliance (CLM) (GRC) 16 novembre 2016 8 www.osservatori.net
The Fourth industrial revolution Playground PROCESSES Smart Lifecycle Smart Supply Chain Smart Factory Cloud Manufacturing Industrial Analytics SMART TECHNOLOGIES Industrial IoT Advanced HMI Advanced Automation Additive Manufacturing 16 novembre 2016 9 www.osservatori.net
The Fourth industrial revolution Playground PROCESSES Smart Lifecycle Smart Supply Chain Smart Factory Cloud Manufacturing • Production • Production & Management • New Product Industrial Distribution Development Analytics Planning • Logistics SMART TECHNOLOGIES Industrial Management IoT • Supply Chain • Product Lifecycle • Maintenance Event Advanced management Management HMI Management • Quality Advanced • Suppliers • Suppliers Management Automation Relationship Relationship Management • Safety & Additive Management Manufacturing Compliance 16 novembre 2016 10 www.osservatori.net
Industry 4.0 Everyone is doing it Belgio - 2013 Made Different Svezia - 2014 Produktion 2030 Danimarca - 2012 UK - 2014 Made Canada – 2015 Catapult-High Value Conestoga: Manufacturing Centre for Smart Korea del Sud – 2015 Manufacturing Manufacturing innovation Spain - 2016 Germania - 2011 3.0 Strategic Action Industria Conectada Industrie 4.0 Programme Portugal - Giappone - 2015 PRODUTECH Industrial Value Stati Uniti - 2012 Chain Initiative Advanced Olanda - 2014 Manufacturing Smart Industry Francia - 2015 Cina - 2015 Partnership Industrie du Futur Made in China 2025 India - 2015 Make in India Australia - 2013 The Next Wave of Manufacturing 16 novembre 2016 20 www.osservatori.net
Industry 4.0 Everyone is doing it Italy, here we are! Italia – 2016 Piano Nazionale Industria 4.0 16 novembre 2016 21 www.osservatori.net
Agenda Playground New technologies for an old problem What Industry 4.0 really is Industry 4.0 in Italy Industry 4.0 for Italy! Open discussion 16 novembre 2016 22 www.osservatori.net
New technologies for an old problem IT is leading the change Advanced Industrial SMART MANUFACTURING Human-Machine Internet of Things Interface TECHNOLOGIES Industrial Advanced Analytics Automation Cloud Additive Manufacturing Manufacturing Operational Technology Information Technology 16 novembre 2016 26 www.osservatori.net
The old IoT The history of connecting objects Data center and management Level 3 Network management platforms Cloud storage Data analytics Mediation Level 2 Gateway, repeaters Sensors and nodes Level 1 Smart objects Widespread and pervasive Energy and/or band limitations 16 novembre 2016 27 www.osservatori.net
The (baby) IoT: RFId Supply Chain Management applications (2003) 16 novembre 2016 28 www.osservatori.net
The (baby) IoT: RFId Supply Chain Management applications (2007-2009) 16 novembre 2016 29 www.osservatori.net
After 10 (exciting) years HW & Technology Wireless Sensor Networks Low Power Wide Area (Zigbee et similia) networks 16 novembre 2016 30 www.osservatori.net
After 10 (exciting) years SW Platforms IOT Platform Ecosystem 16 novembre 2016 31 www.osservatori.net
The real (industrial) IoT Application areas Smart Grid Adherence to the IoT paradigm High Smart Home & 2012 Smart Building Factory outlook Smart Logistics Smart Metering (Supply chain (electricity ) Smart City & Smart management) Environment Smart Metering Smart Car (V2V & V2I) (Gas & water) Medium Smart Home & Smart Car Smart Agricolture Building eHealth Smart City & Smart Environment (traffic monitoring, public Smart Logistics Low transportation, lightning ) (Transortation) Car anti-theft Smart asset Remote heating Home safety management Embryo Under dev. Consolidated Diffusion Maturity 16 novembre 2016 40 www.osservatori.net
New technologies for an old problem IT is leading the change Advanced Industrial SMART MANUFACTURING Human-Machine Internet of Things Interface TECHNOLOGIES Industrial Advanced Analytics Automation Cloud Additive Manufacturing Manufacturing Operational Technology Information Technology 16 novembre 2016 41 www.osservatori.net
Cloud Manufacturing Definition Xun Xu, 2012, “From cloud computing to cloud manufacturing”, Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing. “ Two types of cloud computing adoptions in the manufacturing sector have been suggested: manufacturing with direct adoption of cloud computing technologies, and cloud manufacturing, the manufacturing version of cloud computing. … In cloud manufacturing, distributed resources are encapsulated into cloud services and managed in a centralized way…. Cloud users can request services ranging from product design, manufacturing, testing, management and all other stages of a product lifecycle. “ 16 novembre 2016 42 www.osservatori.net
Cloud Manufacturing Application Areas Manufacturing as a Service (MaaS) Software as a Service (SaaS) Cloud Computing Platform as a Service (PaaS) Infrastructure as Democratization of a Service (IaaS) Engineering analysis 16 novembre 2016 44 www.osservatori.net
Cloud Manufacturing Application areas Manufacturing as a Service (MaaS) Software as a Service (SaaS) Cloud Computing Platform as a The Internet of Service (PaaS) Things Platforms Infrastructure as Democratization of a Service (IaaS) Engineering analysis 16 novembre 2016 48 www.osservatori.net
Cloud Manufacturing PaaS – IoT at Work! From a vertical to a horizontal approach 16 novembre 2016 49 www.osservatori.net
Cloud Manufacturing Application areas Manufacturing as a Service (MaaS) Software as a Value Chain Service (SaaS) Collaboration Cloud Computing Platform as a The Internet of Service (PaaS) Things Platforms Infrastructure as Democratization of a Service (IaaS) Engineering analysis 16 novembre 2016 54 www.osservatori.net
Cloud Manufacturing SaaS – 2015 offering (Application AND Platforms) Supply Transport Demand /Sales Suppliers Chain Execution & Others Management Managem. Planning Logistics Cloud platforms 16 novembre 2016 55 www.osservatori.net
Cloud Manufacturing SaaS – State of the Art Transportation Carriers Suppliers Manufacturing Partners Customers Channel Partners 3PLs Internal Visibility Integration Cloud Custom Apps IBP Response On-Premise: ERP, SCM, BW, GATP, Supply Planning, Strategic Procurement, Etc. Sales Company's Social Networks 16 novembre 2016 59 www.osservatori.net
Cloud Manufacturing Application areas Manufacturing as Virtualization of a Service (MaaS) production resources Software as a Value Chain Service (SaaS) Collaboration Cloud Computing Platform as a The Internet of Service (PaaS) Things Platforms Infrastructure as Democratization of a Service (IaaS) Engineering analysis 16 novembre 2016 60 www.osservatori.net
Cloud Manufacturing MaaS – Charm or Reality? Is it just a marketplace concept evolution, or something different? 16 novembre 2016 61 www.osservatori.net
Cloud Manufacturing MaaS – What’s new? Wu. D., Rosen D. W., Wang L., Schaefer D., 2014, “Cloud-Based Manufacturing: Old Wine in New Bottles?” • ePurchasing (Marketplace) • Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems 16 novembre 2016 62 www.osservatori.net
Cloud Manufacturing Infrastructure 16 novembre 2016 64 www.osservatori.net
Cloud Manufacturing (Main) Open points Standardized product / service description and Service Discovery MTConnect Simple HTML Ontology Extension (SHOE) DARPA Agent Markup Language (DAML) Web Ontology Language (OWL) … Cost & Time effectiveness Intellectual Propriety Rights 16 novembre 2016 65 www.osservatori.net
New technologies for an old problem IT is leading the change Advanced Industrial SMART MANUFACTURING Human-Machine Internet of Things Interface TECHNOLOGIES Industrial Advanced Analytics Automation Cloud Additive Manufacturing Manufacturing Operational Technology Information Technology 16 novembre 2016 66 www.osservatori.net
Industrial Analytics The Big One MODELS DATA VISUALIZATION PREDICTIVE PREEMPTIVE DIAGNOSTIC PRESCRIPTIVE DESCRIPTIVE BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE ADVISOR INFORMATION INSIGHTS DECISION ACTION 16 novembre 2016 67 www.osservatori.net
Advanced Human-Machine Interface Available (and coming soon) solutions Dispositivi wearable e nuove interfacce uomo/macchina per l’acquisizione e/o la veicolazione di informazioni in formato vocale, visuale e tattile. Includono sia sistemi ormai consolidati (display touch, scanner 3D, ecc…) e soluzioni più innovative e bidirezionali (visori per la realtà, Performance Support System, Manuali tecnici interattivi, ecc…). 16 novembre 2016 76 www.osservatori.net
Advanced Human-Machine Interface Available (and coming soon) solutions Visual management (Remote) Maintenance Training Warehouse operations 16 novembre 2016 77 www.osservatori.net
New technologies for an old problem Advanced Industrial SMART MANUFACTURING Human-Machine Internet of Things Interface TECHNOLOGIES Industrial Advanced Analytics Automation Cloud Additive Manufacturing Manufacturing Operational Technology Information Technology 16 novembre 2016 81 www.osservatori.net
Advanced Automation Capabilities Fa riferimento ai più recenti sviluppi nei sistemi di produzione automatizzati, caratterizzati da elevata capacità cognitiva, interazione e adattamento al contesto, auto-apprendimento e riconfigurabilità. L’esempio più evidente di questa famiglia di tecnologie sono i robot collaborativi (co-bots), che sono progettati per operare in mezzo e al fianco degli operatori. 16 novembre 2016 82 www.osservatori.net
Advanced Automation Capabilities Autonomous vehicles Collaborative robots 16 novembre 2016 83 www.osservatori.net
New technologies for an old problem Advanced Industrial SMART MANUFACTURING Human-Machine Internet of Things Interface TECHNOLOGIES Industrial Advanced Analytics Automation Cloud Additive Manufacturing Manufacturing Operational Technology Information Technology 16 novembre 2016 86 www.osservatori.net
Additive Manufacturing Capabilities Anche nota come Stampa 3D, ribalta l’approccio dei processi produttivi classici, creando un oggetto attraverso la sua “stampa” strato per strato. Nata nella prima metà degli anni ’80, negli ultimi anni ha avuto un forte sviluppo, allargando il novero dei processi tecnologici di base (Selective Laser Sintering, Electron Beam Melting, Fused Deposition Modeling, ecc.) e dei materiali trattabili (plastiche e metalli) con buone prestazioni di finitura e resistenza meccanica. 16 novembre 2016 87 www.osservatori.net
Additive Manufacturing … to everyday business 16 novembre 2016 94 www.osservatori.net
Additive Manufacturing Applications to metal Rapid Rapid Rapid Maintenance Prototyping Tooling Manufacturing & Repair (RP) ((RT)) (RM) 16 novembre 2016 95 www.osservatori.net
Additive Manufacturing Game changing technology Componenti di un kit realizzati in un unico processo di lavorazione. Spariscono i set up. Spariscono i lotti minimi di produzione/riordino. Consolidamento di svariati sub-componenti in un’unica parte integrata. Aumenta la durabilità della parte. Spariscono gli stock di molti sub-componenti. Conformal cooling Canali di raffreddamento conformi alla forma dello stampo. Stampaggio a iniezione più produttivo 40/60%. 97 16 novembre 2016 97 www.osservatori.net
Additive Manufacturing SWOT Analysis Forze Debolezze Net shape Limited size of the build Part consolidation Dimensional Accuracy Lightweight Post processing* needed Geometrie complesse (ad es.features interne) Material Limitation Eliminazione/Riduzione del tooling Cost of the AMT printer Immediata Customizzazione Low production volumes Design Optimization e Flessibilità Superficial roughness Serie uniche (Nicchie di mercato) Speed of AMT printer Opportunità Minacce Line MFG & Agile MFG ** Reverse Engineering Distributed MFG Problemi di Proprietà Intellettuale Produzione on Demand Armi Batches multi-prodotto Sicurezza nelle attività AM Riduzione degli stock «Powder Power»*** 16 novembre 2016 98 www.osservatori.net
Industry 4.0 application scenario Worldwide PROCESSI Smart Smart Supply Smart Factory Lifecycle Chain Development Production & management Supply Chain New Product Management Management Management Management Management Management Maintenance Relationship Distribution Compliance Production Suppliers Lifecycle Safety & Logistics Planning Product Quality Event Cloud Manufacturing Industrial Analytics SMART TECHNOLOGIES Industrial IoT Advanced HMI Advanced Automation Applications' sample: Additive 176 Italy, 154 World Manufacturing 16 novembre 2016 102 330 www.osservatori.net
Agenda Playground New technologies for an old problem What Industry 4.0 really is Industry 4.0 in Italy Industry 4.0 for Italy! Open discussion 16 novembre 2016 103 www.osservatori.net
What Industry 4.0 really is Connecting Innovations Smart Connected Smart Logistics Smart Factory Product 16 novembre 2016 104 www.osservatori.net
What Industry 4.0 really is Connecting Innovations Traditional Internet of Things Solutions 16 novembre 2016 105 www.osservatori.net
Agenda Playground New technologies for an old problem What Industry 4.0 really is Industry 4.0 in Italy Industry 4.0 for Italy! Open discussion 16 novembre 2016 121 www.osservatori.net
Industry 4.0 in Italy Survey 2016 307 Answers Big company 210 (68%) 97 SME (32%) 9 Industrial sectors Aero e Altro "per difesa; 4% parti"; 5% Macchinari; 17% Legno e arredo; 6% Automotive; 8% Metallurgia e prod. in 225 metallo; 46 Fashion; 8% 13% Others COO/Production Director (15%) (73%) Chimica e Industria farmaceutic alimentare; 36 a; 9% Altro "per 11% CIO / IT Manager processo"; (12%) Eldom; 9% 10% 16 novembre 2016 122 www.osservatori.net
Industry 4.0 in Italy Knowledge level Knowledge about the topic: self evaluation 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 38% 15% 31% More than 1/3 of the 10% 16% 15% respondents do not 13% 5% even know the topic 0% today we are talking "I don't know" "I read some "I partecipated "The company "The company articles" in some events is evaluating has about! on this topic" some applications of applications" this topic" 2016, Survey on 307 Italian Manufacturing companies 16 novembre 2016 123 www.osservatori.net
Industry 4.0 in Italy Diffusion and processes Processes Smart Life Cycle Smart Supply Chain Smart Factory Cloud Manufacturing 8% 11% 20% Industrial Analytics 11% 15% 20% Technologies Industrial IoT 9% 9% 16% Advanced HMI 8% 4% 16% Advanced Automation 3% 3% 13% Additive 20% < 1% 8% Manufacturing 2016, Survey on 307 Italian Manufacturing companies 16 novembre 2016 124 www.osservatori.net
Industry 4.0 in Italy The decisional process: who is the decision maker? 100% BIG COMPANIES 100% SME 90% 90% 80% 80% 70% 70% 60% 60% 50% 50% 40% 40% 30% 30% 20% 20% 10% 10% 0% 0% Just consulted Take decisions Just consulted Take decisions Explain and convince the top management, especially in SMEs 2016, Survey on 299 Italian Manufacturing companies 16 novembre 2016 125 www.osservatori.net
Industry 4.0 in Italy The Digital Skills Gap analysis Have you done an analysis of the Digital Skills Gap? 2016, Survey on 301 Italian Manufacturing companies 16 novembre 2016 127 www.osservatori.net
Industry 4.0 in Italy Big vs SME company Have you done an analysis of the Digital Skills Gap? 54% 79% BIG SME 2016, Survey on 301 Italian Manufacturing companies 16 novembre 2016 128 www.osservatori.net
Industry 4.0 in Italy The Digital Skills Gap analysis Have you done an analysis of the Digital Skills Gap? 2016, Survey on 301 Italian Manufacturing companies 16 novembre 2016 129 www.osservatori.net
Industry 4.0 in Italy The Digital Skills Gap analysis Have you done an analysis of the Digital Skills Gap? “Yes” some results.. 6% There is a gap: we need to do something 32% Only a few figures have this digital skills, but generally we are ready 62% We are ready, there is no gap 2016, Survey on 301 Italian Manufacturing companies 16 novembre 2016 130 www.osservatori.net
Agenda Playground New technologies for an old problem What Industry 4.0 really is Industry 4.0 in Italy Industry 4.0 for Italy! Open discussion 16 novembre 2016 131 www.osservatori.net
Industry 4.0 for Italy Piano Nazionale Industria 4.0 Direttrici chiave Direttrici di accompagnamento Investimenti Infrastrutture Strumenti pubblici Competenze innovativi abilitanti di supporto • Incentivare gli • Diffondere la cultura I4.0 • Assicurare adeguate • Garantire gli investimenti investimenti privati su attraverso Scuola Digitale e infrastrutture di rete privati tecnologie e beni I4.0 Alternanza Scuola Lavoro (Piano Banda Ultra • Supportare i grandi • Aumentare la spesa • Sviluppare le competenze Larga) investimenti innovativi privata in Ricerca, I4.0 attraverso percorsi • Collaborare alla • Rafforzare e innovare il Sviluppo e Innovazione Universitari e Istituti Tecnici definizione di standard presidio di mercati Superiori dedicati e criteri di • Rafforzare la finanza a internazionali supporto di I4.0, VC e • Finanziare la ricerca I4.0 interoperabilità IoT potenziando i Cluster e i • Supportare lo scambio start-up salario-produttività dottorati attraverso la • Creare Competence Center contrattazione decentrata e Digital Innovation Hub aziendale Governance e awareness • Sensibilizzare sull’importanza dell'I4.0 e creare la governance pubblico privata Fonte: Cabina di Regia Industria 4.0 16 novembre 2016 132 www.osservatori.net
Industry 4.0 for Italy Piano Nazionale Industria 4.0 Direttrici chiave Direttrici di accompagnamento Investimenti Infrastrutture Strumenti pubblici Competenze innovativi abilitanti di supporto +10 €Mld 200.000 100% +0,9 €Mld incremento investimenti studenti universitari e delle aziende italiane Riforma e rifinanziamento per privati da 80 a 90 €Mld 3.000 manager coperte a 30Mbps il 2017 del Fondo Centrale di nel 2017 Garanzia specializzati su temi I4.0 entro il 2020 +11,3 €Mld +100% +1 €Mld di spesa privata in R&S&I 50% Contratti di sviluppo studenti iscritti ad Istituti con maggiore focus su delle aziende italiane coperte focalizzati su investimenti I4.0 Tecnici Superiori su temi I4.0 tecnologie I4.0 nel periodo a 100Mbps 2017-2020 ~1.400 entro il 2020 +0,1 €Mld dottorati di ricerca con focus Forte investimento su catene +2,6 €Mld su I4.0 (vs. ~5.000 previsti 6 consorzi digitali di vendita volume investimenti privati in ambito standard IoT (Piano Made in Italy) nel PNR) early stage mobilitati nel presidiati in aggiunta ai Scambio salario – produttività periodo 2017 – 2020 Competence Center tavoli istituzionali a partire tramite incremento RAL e nazionali dal 2017 limite massimo agevolabile Fonte: Cabina di Regia Industria 4.0 16 novembre 2016 133 www.osservatori.net
Industry 4.0 for Italy Piano Nazionale Industria 4.0 Anticipazione del Piano Forum Ambrosetti di Presentazione Cernobbio Piano Approvazione del Nazionale disegno di Legge di Bilancio 2017 Presentazione Industria 4.0 della lista delle tecnologie incentivabili: • Beni strumentali • Sistemi • Dispositivi • Beni immateriali 5 Set ‘16 21 Set ‘16 15 Ott ‘16 20 Ott ‘16 16 novembre 2016 134 www.osservatori.net
Industry 4.0 for Italy Piano Nazionale Industria 4.0 Impegno Impegno Iniziative privato1 pubblico Incentivare gli investimenti privati su tecnologie e beni I4.0 • Iperammortamento: Incremento dell'aliquota al 250% per beni I4.0 • Superammortamento: Affinamento e proroga della norma per un anno 10,0 €Mld • Beni Strumentali: Proroga della norma per un anno • Fondo Rotativo Imprese: Sezione del FRI dedicata a investimenti I4.0 in cui CDP pool con il sistema bancario3 interviene in p Aumentare la spesa privata in Ricerca, Sviluppo e Innovazione • Credito d'imposta alla ricerca: Incremento aliquota su ricerca interna dal 25% al 11,3 €Mld p contribuente da 5 a 20 €M 50% e limiti credito massimo per ~13 €Mld2 Rafforzare la finanza a supporto di I4.0, VC e start-up • Detrazioni fiscali al 30% per investimenti fino a 1 €M in PMI innovative • Assorbimento perdite start-up da parte di società "sponsor" • PIR - Detassazione capital gain su investimenti a medio/lungo termine 2,6 €Mld • Programma "acceleratori di impresa" • Fondi dedicati all'industrializzazione di idee e brevetti innovativi • Fondi VC dedicati a start-up I4.0 in co-matching Totale ~24 €Mld ~ 13 €Mld 1. Include circa 0,5 €Mld di investimenti CDP; 2. Impegno Pubblico include i valori 2018-2024 per la copertura degli investimenti privati sostenuti nel 2017 oggetto delle iniziative Iperammortamento, Superammortamento e Beni Strumentali; 3. Dotazioni nominali addizionali CDP pari a 3 €Mld Fonte: CDP; Invitalia; MEF; MISE 16 novembre 2016 135 www.osservatori.net
Agenda Playground New technologies for an old problem What Industry 4.0 really is Industry 4.0 in Italy Industry 4.0 for Italy! Open discussion 16 novembre 2016 143 www.osservatori.net
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