Locked in: An Evidence based Study on Domestic Violence during COVID-19 in the Hilly Region of India
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6 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, July-September 2021, Vol. 12, No. 3
Locked in: An Evidence based Study on Domestic Violence
during COVID-19 in the Hilly Region of India
Ayusmati Das1, Vinay Sharma2, Apurvaa Trivedi1, Naina Yadav1, Sujata Kar3
1Research Associate, ICSSR Project, 2Professor, 3Assistant Professor, Department of Management Studies,
IIT Roorkee
Abstract
The study assesses the cases of domestic violence during Covid19 Lockdown in the Uttarakhand stateof
India.The Covid19 pandemic and subsequent lockdown has ledto social isolation, curtailment of social
support system and increased incidences of domestic violence againstwomen in India and Uttarakhand in
particular. Many steps have been taken by governments including helpline and counselling services. This
article conducted follow up survey on 50 women to understand their experience of domestic violence in
Uttarakhand.Since the implications of Covid19 is different than other emergencies so far, the reported cases
of our study on domestic violence capture negative as well as positive consequences of it on individuals
and families The sociologist MarianneHester argued that ‘domestic violence goes up whenever families
spend more time together’.As the National Commission for Women report suggests Uttarakhand has highest
reporting cases of violence during lockdown. Our research finds that lockdown triggers the incidence of
domestic violence in this state. Most of the women are burdened due to lockdown. Financial burden, anger,
anxiety of husband has pushed the incidence of violence. Most of the men ventilates anger, anxiety on
women without their fault.
Key words: Domestic Violence, Covid19, Lockdown, Uttarakhand, India
Introduction The onset of Covid-19 pandemic is not merely
distress the global health, also the overall socio-
Be it the Paleolithic age or the postindustrial society
economic condition in the globe 3.Most of the infected
most of the women are forced to confine in home for
countries went to sudden lockdown to stop the spread of
their safety. Unfortunately, the safety bubble which is
virus including India4operation entirely. Which further
supposed to have the women unscathed costs more often
creates economic instability among the people5. The
becomes a large threat-“Domestic Violence”1.As quoted
covid-lockdown came with social distancing, less social
by UN, Domestic abuse, also called “domestic violence”
system support and eventually domestic violence against
or “intimate partner violence”, can be defined as a pattern
women6. Due to less social connection, there is no place
of behaviour in any relationship that is used to gain or
to vent off steam outside of the house, as the situation
maintain power and control over an intimate partner. Abuse
remains precarious. In the wake of the pandemic the
is physical, sexual, emotional, economic or psychological
overall mental health has come under duress. According
actions or threats of actions that influence another person.
to sociologist Marianne Hester, “domestic violence goes
Globally, 1 in 3 women have experienced some form
up whenever families spend more time together, such
of physical and/or sexual violence with their intimate
as the Christmas and summer vacations”. Violence can
partner and 38% of murder are committed by a male
rather act as a catharsis to pent up feelings of anger,
intimate partner2.
frustration, deficiency. In a household the women
become the most obvious target due to the traditionalIndian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, July-September 2021, Vol. 12, No. 3 7
values the age-old structures of coverture in marriage, depiction, debates indicates the high crisis situation of
patriarchy and gerontocracy have established. These Indian girls and women11.
systems set the perfect stage for excusable reasonings
2. Rationale, Objectives and Framework
such as “loss of control and violence” being innate to
men’s natural being. The men who used to stay distant Home is considered as the safest place for anybody.
from the house for long durations are now holed up A person lives with loved ones, share his/her joy, sorrow,
inside with the family members they barely might have anxiety of life. In this busy world, people always crave
interacted or spent hours at end, prior. Especially, the for time to spend with near and dear ones.
ones who do not have access to any modes of pastime- be
it social media, television, group interactions or exercise Covid-19 creates havocs in whole world since
are even more so struggling. December 2019. The surge of Covid-19 drags most of
the developed country into a breakdown point. Most of
Intimate partner violence tends to increase during the countries went to sudden lockdown to reduce the
emergencies, including epidemics, and although robust spread of coronavirus along with India.
data is still lacking, reports from China, the United
States of America, and several European countries, point Despite of all the wrong reasons, the lockdown
towards the same tendency concerning the Covid-19 gives some people a break from their hectic life. A
pandemic7 . positive aspect is that the lockdown has resulted family
time while maintaining social distancing. But, this
Around 243 million women with age 15-49 years opportunities can only be tapped and enjoyed by the
have been reported physical and sexual violence in last people who are economically sound and secure for
12 months and the number must have intensified due to future. Of course, this pandemics has drained people
Covid lockdown. According to UN report, since March in to anxiety, in security of job, financial concerns and
17 lockdown,around 30 per cent increase in the cases of social disconnection12. This can lead to behavioral
domestic violence in France, in Cyprus and Singapore. and psychological pressure of a person13. This burden
Helplines have registered an increase in calls by 30 and must be equals for men and women. Most of the men
33 per cent, respectively and in Argentina emergency ventilate stress through anger, conflict and violence6.
calls for domestic violence cases have increased by 25 According to Marianne Hester, domestic violence goes
per cent since March 20 lockdown. Besides, increased whenever families spend more time together6. But in
cases of domestic violence and demand for emergency India 37 percent married women have faced spousal
shelters have also been reported from Canada, Germany, violence 10, whether she is working or not. The women
Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States.In already in abusive relationship may be more prone to
South Africa before the Covid-19 pandemic, domestic exposed to violence as their family member cope with
violence was already alarming. In the first week of additional stress. Women’s mobility and contact with
the lockdown, Police Minister Bheki Cele stated that their family and friends have been restricted due to
police had received more than 87,000 gender-based lockdown, physical and social distancing which may
complaints8. In the first week after the lockdown of provide support and protection from violence.In India
India, the NCW (National Commission of women) of context, women are the prime bearer of managing
India recorded more than a two-fold increase in domestic household chores and kids. In an ideal condition, more
violence and sexual assaults as well as three- fold rise in people in house would have been helpful to the women
police apathy towards crimes against women9. in managing household chores. But in contrary, most of
the Indian husbands are reluctant to share the burden of
Domestic violence is an apparent problem in India.
household and kids. And the workload have double up
Around 37.2 percent women who have ever been
due to absence of maid or other household helpers. The
married faced inter partner violence10. Further, out of the
additional pressure on women fuels the friction between
37.2 percent only 2 percent sought help from the police.
the couple and lead to domestic violence14.
Patriarchy is a socialorganisation of violence against
women in whole world. But, its intensity, the volume of8 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, July-September 2021, Vol. 12, No. 3
Several studies show that lower socioeconomic violence19. Education changes the socialisation process
sections run a higher risk factor tendency towards abuse and understanding of men towards equity, respect and
and violence during pandemic15. A history of exposure their acceptance of responsibility for their violence20.
to violence, low education levels, alcohol/drug abuse,
A study21attempted to find out the correlation
family violence and disposition to condonesare major
between IPV and physical health conditions among the
factors association with perpetration of violence16.
sample with diagnosed alcohol use disorders (AUDs).
Studies suggest that the factors most likely to amplify
The result showed odds of perpetrating IPV among
domestic violence are age of the women, poverty and
participants with a physical health condition were 2.29
unemployment, and alcohol and substance abuse17,18.
times larger than those among healthy participants.
The antecedent of Covid have thumped the lower
By considering 1445 Brazilian couples married or
strata people mostly in India. So, the domestic violence
cohabitating, 22 showed that homemaker women were
situation among the poor is important to evaluate.
more prone to violence. Education, alcohol consumption
Education is the solution to every social problem in and religion are other major cause of violence.
a society. Education substantially reduce the domestic
Figure 1: Conceptual Frameworkof the Study
The backdrop presented above not only explains the contour, have always received much less attention from
gravity of the situation, but also makes it evident that the all corners. It is important to assess the prevalence of
issue needs more attention and proper redressal. domestic violence in the hilly states of Uttarakhand at
the first place. Often, the culture and customs in the hills
The metro cities and other developed areas in India
tend to deviate from those observed in the plain areas.
have some basic facilities and access points for reporting
This makes it not only a curious case to be examined, but
cases of domestic violence and follow up procedures for
also may provide us with interesting observations about
the victims through government funded organizations
the unexplored areas.
or NGOs. However, the hilly areas being relatively less
populated, and less accessible because of its geographicIndian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, July-September 2021, Vol. 12, No. 3 9
The domestic violence complaints to National as judgmental, selective, or subjective sampling,
Commission for Women (NCW) rose to between 23 purposive sampling relies on the judgement of the
March and 1stApril. As complaints surged, the NCW researcher. When it comes to selecting the units the goal
announced a WhatsApp number to receive complaints, of purposive sampling is not to randomly select units
to be more accessible to women who find themselves from a population to create a sample with the intention
in abusive homes23. As per the data, a total of 727 of making generalisation.
cases relating to Domestic Violence were reported to
The Research Methodology adopted in this study
the Legal Services Authorities in total 28 states / UTs
is comprised of exploratory research design, which is
across the country for seeking legal aid and assistance.
based on qualitative research approach for primary data
The highest number of cases were reported in the State
collection and analysis. This study characteristically
of Uttarakhand (144) followed by Haryana (79), Delhi
used ‘Reflexivity’25 as a methodology for conducting
(63) as follows. The above report on NCW became
primary research. The increasingly popular concept of
upswing our ongoing research on domestic violence in
reflexivity is used in variety of ways and emphasizes that
Uttarakhand. There is a need of more robust data is still
“the researcher is part of the social world that is studied,
needed to define the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic,
and this calls for exploration and self-examination” and
and each independent risk factor, on the prevalence and
thus this study also would make an extensive usage
precipitation of IPV24.Therefore, this studies justify as it
of ‘a reflexive pragmatist approach’25.The analysis of
tapped the actual experience of women in Uttarakhand.
this work depends upon the major characteristics of
We aim to unpack the patterns of violence accounted
the respondents with regards to the language barriers,
and apply a multifaceted approach to delve into the
cultural uniqueness, male dominated social structure,
backgrounds of the victims.
complacent nature, emotional-social organizational
Methodology structure and so on would be done through qualitative
methodology.
There is an ongoing project on “Assessment of
domestic violence and formulation of its preventive Samples: We have selected 50 ever married women
measures in region of Uttarakhand” funded by ICSSR aged 15-49 by following purposive sampling. Plight of
to Dept. of management studies, IIT Roorkee. We had women would not differentiate with increase of sample
conducted several FGDs, in-depth interviews to assess women. The samples of the study represent a major
the domestic violence in three districts of Uttarakhand. section of a society.
After the onset of coronavirous, we became curious to
understand the situation of domestic violence during the Schedule:The schedule for the present study is mix
lockdown. We have conducted a follow-up survey on the of “open ended” and unstructured questionnaire.
surveyed women in Uttarakhand.The women in the age Techniques: The analysis for the present study is
group 15-49, who are ever married are sample for the mostly innarrative form.
paper. The respondents are from both region of Kuman
and Garhwal of Uttarakhand from different districts.Due Domestic violence is a sensitive issue and many
to the incidence of coronavirus, direct interview with women prefer to maintain silence about it. We have
the respondents were not feasible. We have conducted initially established a healthy general conversation
individual in-depth interview with the through telephone with them before asking about domestic violence. After
and online. Also, the unstructured schedulesare filled up establishing rap port, the topic of domestic violence
by google survey form. was initiated. The broad included are: the prevalence of
domestic violence by women before and after Covid19
Sampling Techniques: lockdown, the factors leading to domestic violence,
For the present study, we have used purposive physical and psychological implications of violence and
sampling represents the surveyed women their view point on solution of the issue.
under the project. It is a non-probability
sampling techniqueof different also known10 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, July-September 2021, Vol. 12, No. 3
Analysis: Domestic violence is a very subjective in nature.
Sometimes women are not opened to share the sensitive
Domestic violence is not a new experience for the
issues. So, I tried to extract the information indirectly
respondents. Most of the women have experienced
by asking “Have you heard in your family and friends
violence ever in their lifetime. From the interviews of
facing domestic violence during lockdown”. All
the key informants, it was highlighted that domestic
women have heard of somebody facing violence during
violence against women was common among women.
lockdown. It is very evident that, women are eventually
Background Characteristics facing domestic violence during lockdown.
It is very important to capture some background One woman should be voice of another in a family.
characteristics to understand its association with domestic We have asked whether “they have mother in law in
violence. Education and income are the major role play family” and “do you share your anxiety and sorrow with
in forming sustainability in life. All the participant in our mother in law”. Several women are reluctant to share
study are educated at least up to primary level. Most of their felling with mother in law” or any older lady in the
the husbands are engaged in casual work like,Hotelier, family.
businessmen etc.
Domestic Violence:
Covid Lock down and financial situation:
Three types of domestic violence are included in
As we already discussed, how lockdown disturbs this paper: Physical, Sexual and emotional.
the financial condition of among the people. We have
Physical violence: Did you husband ever pushed,
asked woman about their financial condition in post
shook, or had something thrown to you, Slapped,
Covid lock down. The working women have reported no
punched with fist or hit by something harmful, twisted
problem in financial disturbance during lock down. But
Arm or pulled your hair
the non-working women have reported major financial
problem during lockdown as their husbands are mostly Sexual Violence: Did your husband ever physically
casual workers. forced into unwanted sex, Forced into other unwanted
sexual acts.
A 35-yearhousewifesaid, “The lockdown affected
my financial status as private sector were closed during Emotional Violence: Did you husband ever
lockdown”. humiliated, insulted and verbally abuse?
Covid Lockdown and burden on women: Around, 60 percent of the women reported that they
faced either of violence at least once in their life by their
We have asked them about their extra burden in lock
husband. In terms of physical violence, all womenhave
down as school and offices are close. Women have faced
faced physical violence in their lifetime. Very few
many difficulties as all the members are in the home.
women mentioned being sexually abused by their
They have to always keep eye on the school going
husbands in their lifetime. The major concern witnessed
children due to closed school. They could not able to get
was of forced unwanted unprotected sex by the husbands
any rest during lockdown due to constant engagement.
ending in unintended pregnancy and abortions. Overall,
A 45 aged women replied “Aajkal manage many women were being victimised by their husbands
karnabohot difficult ho jatahai”. It is very difficult to physically, mentally and/or sexually in their lifetime
manage now a days. and, slapping appears to be the most common form of
violence experienced by women.
We have also asked them about the attitude of their
husband during lockdown. 20 women have reported Socio-economic characteristics always play a pivotal
theirhusband bad behaviour during lockdown, they later role in order to influence the occurrence of violence.
on address the financial stress is the major cause of this It is important to categorise of women experiencing
type of behaviour. violence by age, marital duration, education andIndian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, July-September 2021, Vol. 12, No. 3 11
occupation. The women in the age group of 31-35 are Case2:
exposed to maximum violence of all sorts compared to
Marital dispute, married for three years, one-year
other groups. In terms of marital duration, instances of
old child, wife left her husband’s home with her child
physical and sexual violence are consistently higher for
and staying with her parents for some time.
women married for more than 4 years. However, women
married for four years or less and 10 years or more are The couple had an arranged marriage, they were
found to have experienced more emotional violence. living in a joint family that included the in-laws and
one unmarried brother. The husband runs a small shop,
4.1 Domestic Violence and Covid Lock down:
the earning from the shop is meagre and the family is
The responses clearly address the increasing majorly supported by father-in-law’s pension. Husband
incidence of violence during lock down. Although very claimed that the wife harassed him mentally and forces
few have experienced the violence first during lock him to get his share from the parent’s property and live
down. Most of the women share their experience how someplace else, wife did not denied these allegations
husband ventilate their anger frustration on them during directly but expressed that she would be OK if the
lock down. Our research outcome is validating the NCW husband wishes to move out of the joint family but was
report on domestic violence. concerned that how will the husband manage to provide
for the family as his income was just for namesake.
Case 1:
Husband told the panel that he has video evidence of
The girl narrated the atrocities to her parents and the instances when the wife placed a knife on their
did not received full support from them initially, as the toddler’s neck warning him of consequences if he will
parents were also afraid of society’s reaction once the try to stop her while she left the home, when asked to
news is out. The victim was determined not to go back present the evidence before the panel the husband said
and got emotional support from her younger sisters to he is not carrying it as of now. During the entire session
report the instance. After knowing that a complaint has the panel members tried to convince the girl to go back
been made against them the in-laws and the husband with her husband but she held her ground by stating that
made attempts to bring her back but the girl’s fear can the husband does not have a suitable source of income to
be seen in her comment that she mentioned during provide for her and the child. There was never an act or
the counselling session, “agar us din mohalle wale attempt of physical abuse by the husband on her wife, but
nahinhotetohshayad yeh log mujhejaan se maar dete” from her statements it was evident that the husband did
“had it not been for the presence of neighbours that day, not want her to work and was also not earning sufficient
these people might have killed me”. Her determination money to provide for them, this could be categorised
to move out of the relationship was firm, the counsellor into economic abuse. The husband should not be blamed
gave her a chance to rethink over her decision to take for the entire situation, as the girl’s parents knew about
the complaint further by asking her that how she will the financial situation of the boy before marriage. It was
survive once her parents are not there to support her irresponsible of the parents marrying the girl despite
emotionally. To which she responded, “main mar knowing the income status of the boy. We learned that
jaungi per wapasnahinjaungi” “I will die but I will not the social pressure of marrying the girl as soon as she
go back there again” she gets terrified recounting the reaches the “marriageable age” and then “bear a child for
horrors that she had faced, this was the third session for the family” approach was a prime reason for the dispute,
the couple and during the entire exercise the husband the husband was also clueless as his family also took the
did not responded anything directly and his uncle who same approach with him. The husband was ready to take
was a practicing lawyer was responding in his behalf up any job to keep his wife and kids with him but the
in a rather intimidating way. The police officer and the wife didn’t saw any clarity or direction in her husband’s
legal expert might have sensed the same and assured plan of action and was perplexed herself to decide the
the girl that if she wishes to proceed further with their future course of action. The counsellor tried to convince
complaint, she will get legal assistance and protection the girl to talk to her husband and try to find a way
from police if required. out, the husband agreed but with a condition that they12 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, July-September 2021, Vol. 12, No. 3
should be allowed to talk alone without their parent’s of their expenses and used to order essential things for
intervention. They both went out for half an hour and them online, this again became a bone of contention
told the panel that they will look for probable options between the new couple and at times things went to such
and they asked for two weeks’ time before they reappear an extreme wherein the wife locked herself in a room
in front of the panel. and inflicted self-injuries and also attempted violence on
the husband.
Case3:
During the session the wife accused the husband
Marital dispute, married for one and half years, the
of forcing her to drink alcohol without her consent in
case was referred for counselling by the court
a family function, to which the police officer and the
Wife has filed a case in the court and seeks legal expert enquired and it was the revealed by the
separation, the counsellors in the initial counselling The wife herself that both of them are social drinkers and
match was fixed through a marriage portal, it was an she admitted she consensually drank the alcohol in the
inter-religion marriage, wife accused the husband of not said function. Husband accused the wife of cheating on
giving her enough freedom and a forced abortion while him and claimed that when he confronted the wife with
the husband accused the wife of mental harassment and proof of the incident, she pleaded sorry and confirmed
physical violence and according to his statements was that such things will not happen in future. As per the
not aware of the abortion and denied it. The husband husband, he wanted to give the relationship a fresh start,
worked in a metro city and found the girl via a leading forgetting all the bitter experience of the past but things
marriage portal, the boy was from Punjab and the girl were never normal and later he came to know that the
was from Uttarakhand after few interactions online wife had an abortion, which the wife claimed as a forced
their parents met and fixed the marriage. Girl had a abortion, the husband never accompanied her to the
graduate degree and the boy was a postgraduate in doctor where she had the abortion. The wife accused the
management and worked in Delhi, before marriage the husband of leading her to get the unborn child aborted by
boy lived in a paying guest accommodation and soon always telling her that currently the financial conditions
after the marriage the couple shifted in a new rented are not as strong where they can afford the responsibility
accommodation. When they shifted to a 1 BHK rented of being parents. The husband accepted that they had
accommodation, the husband called her mother from the financial condition and extending the family talks
Punjab to help them setup things as the wife has never but was not aware of the abortion till she got the child
been to Delhi or outside her hometown before and as he aborted.
used to work in night shifts he was concerned for the
We observed that education gives the girl confidence
safety or her wife in the new locality also. The mother-in-
to take a decision to report the case and pursue it, being
law was elderly and a sciatica patient, the couple didn’t
fully aware of the social consequences and the result
have sufficient furniture in their new home, a double
which may be stepping out of the marriage. Assessing
bed and a makeshift bed, as the husband used to return
the narratives of the females it was clear that in many
home by 3 AM the mother-in-law and the wife used to
caselacks support from family is observed, however,
sleep in the double bed and the husband used to take the
upon pursual of the case by the victim family also
makeshift bed upon his return from office. The trouble
supports in some cases but not initially. Not all cases that
started in the relationship as the wife started blaming the
appear before the panel for counselling are of domestic
mother-in-law for deliberately distancing the couple,
violence, some of them are of dispute and not all cases
after few instances of heated arguments between the
have a female victim, highlighting the importance of
couple the mother-in-law expressed her wish to return
making the domestic violence act gender neutral
back to Punjab and be with the boy’s father who was
dependent on wheelchair for most of his movements. Discussion
Things were going well after that between the couple,
The propagation of male supremacy in many
as the husband’s parents had limited earnings and the
cultures also further the problem for females in a society.
husband was their only child he often took care of some
These notions privilege the men with unaccountedIndian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, July-September 2021, Vol. 12, No. 3 13
anger, abuse, control, and dominance of anyone on Doing the measly chores, feeling disassociated from
the short end of the stick in distribution of power. In your identity tied to work are some of the psychosocial
any household it is commonplace to see women being factors which may act as a catalyst to morbidly violent
subjugated by the men in their lives, be it through father tendencies. Psychology today lists profile of an abuser
figures, older/younger brother, or husbands. This sets and controlling behavior, isolation, forced sex, rigidity
an exemplary norm for young girls who later might be towards gender roles and jealousy are the primary
dealing with abusive narcissistic husbands.From the markers.
unrestrained natural world to the sophisticated interiors
6. Way forward:
of a household, the reigns of domination are vested in the
hands of one powerful species- the Mankind. After its Covid19 has created an unprecedented situation
triumph over nature in ways of culture and technology, regards to everything most importantly to human relation
the second thing men like best to conquer is women. especially with response to family and institution of
marriage. This paper belongs to a detailed observation
Men have taken since the dawn on knowledge great
on the subject through the large and ongoing project
prestige in their work. The realm of work defines one’s
and is based on anintricate that the subject of domestic
identity and it is an implicit to earn extrinsic gratification
violence. India society is vast and deeply embodied in
through one’s work along with wages. Now that the
the social structure, definitely would have impacted
work has come to a halt, feelings of alienation and a
during the phase of where all the member bound to
loss of power and control runs a risk of diminishing
stay together. Logic suggest that when disaster of this
masculinity. The costs of upholding the customary
magnitude comes, threaten the life in general than
symbols of manhood have become flighty. Individualism
family become emotional strength for each other. But
and an isolation from domestic work which is one of
in contrarywe find togetherness is a burden for women.
the trademarks of men, are now endangered. With the
The findings are eye opener where the most important
added burden of a lack of household help the women
learning is the basis of emotional base of family became
have begun to seek assistance from other members of
liability than strength and becomes subject of violence
the family, and husbands are expected to partake as well.
by the male counterpart supported by elders and other
Beliefs especially finding their ground concepts family members. This may besuggested of new area of
such as family honor, preferential treatment of boys, research that suggest logic of economic independence
male privilege and entitlement, tepid sanctions to and total independence to choose to stay home or not.
mistreatment and harassment of one gender make it even The fabric of family itself a question. The last sentence
harder to conquer the battle against abuse and criminal may be sound erratic view but require future in depth
offences against women. Despite there being enough research.
social stigma around men victimization stemming from
Ethical Clearance- ICSSR, Govt. of India has given
the standards set by hegemonic toxic masculinity men
consent to study on this context and hence approval has
do suffer from violence simultaneously. But it doesn’t
been granted through project no. ICS-1215-MSD
come close to the extent of suffering inflicted of women.
Source of Funding- We would like to acknowledge
It positively forecasts criminal behavior based
ICSSR for the research and development support
on the antecedents like socio-economic challenges,
pathological individual behaviour by studying personal Conflict of Interest - nil
histories and biological factors, social ties such as relation
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