Nimbus cm2 Pulse BAND: Erythrocyte De-aggregation. Influencing Zeta Potential of Cell Membrane for Improved Gas Exchange - Nimbus Performance
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JM Global Research Nimbus cm2 Pulse BAND: Erythrocyte De-aggregation. Influencing Zeta Potential of Cell Membrane for Improved Gas Exchange. Dale C. Gledhill, Gregory Anderson D.P.M. and Kade T. Huntsman, M.D. Researchers Note: The basis and foundation of the science, principles and physiological assumptions cited herein are based upon the research articles, medical studies found at the conclusion of this paper and the data gathered as part of this research study. © Copyright 2018, Dale C. Gledhill. All rights reserved.
The erythrocyte, commonly referenced as a red blood cell (RBC), is by far the most
common formed element in the human body. A single drop of blood contains millions
of erythrocytes. The primary medically accepted functions of an erythrocyte is gas
exchange[1], to pick up inhaled oxygen molecules from the lungs and transport it to
the body’s tissues, and to pick up carbon dioxide waste at the tissues and transport it
to the lungs for exhalation. This article describes the physiological requirement and
need for free-suspended RBCs. A method to improve disaggregation of RBCs and the
potential impact RBC separation may have an impact on health and particularly athletic
performance.
ABSTRACT
Rouleaux RBC
Background: Aggregated and/or Rouleaux stacked RBCs
may have a direct impact upon health in general.
• Aggregated erythrocytes are defined a physiological
phenomenon that takes places in normal blood under
low-flow conditions or at stasis. The presence or increased
concentrations of acute phase proteins, particularly
fibrinogen, results in enhanced erythrocyte aggregation.
Surface properties of erythrocytes, such as surface Free-Suspended RBC
[2]
charge density or membrane zeta potential strongly
influence the extent and time course of aggregation. In
addition, only limited research has been pursued to access
the potential influence on health and performance.
• Rouleaux erythrocytes are stacks or linear aggregations[3]
of red blood cells (RBCs) which form partially because
of the unique discoid shape of the cells. The flat surface
of the RBCs provides a large surface area to make contact with and attract each
other primarily due to dissimilar membrane zeta potential[4]; thus forming a
rouleaux. This event often occurs when the plasma protein concentration is high,
which also increases the ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate,. This is a non-specific
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© Copyright 2018, Dale C. Gledhill. All rights reserved.
indicator of the presence of disease, a
common factor in diet deficiencies and
highly prevalent under inflammatory
conditions.
• Conversely, the presence of RBC
aggregation and rouleaux is a potential
cause[5] of disease because of the
restrictive flow of blood throughout the
body because capillaries can only accept
free flowing singular and independent
red blood cells. The aggregations, also
known as “clumping”, can form as
an allergic reaction or a response to
elevated fibrinogens effecting the cell membrane zeta potential.
• Free flow into micro-capillaries is dependent upon shear force when these
conditions are present[6].
Aim: To describe and demonstrate the rationale for assisting Free flow into
the human body’s ability to separate RBCs and a method to
assess the short and long term impact on athletic performance. micro-capillaries
is dependent upon
Method: Fifty highly skilled athletes participating in shear force when
sanctioned college athletics provided a live blood smear where
these conditions
a visual RBC condition was photographed and documented.
The recipient was then provided a Nimbus cm2 Pulse BAND[7], are present.
a small wrist device that generates a dynamic toroidal .030
gauss magnetic pulse. Each recipient was asked to wear the
device for a minimum of 8 hours per day. At a minimum of 21 days and a maximum
of 30 days, the recipients then provided a second live blood smear and again it was
photographically documented. The pre and post recipient smear photographs were
then visually compared and contrasted. In addition, an unstructured open ended
questions was posed regarding any personal physiological changes after the second
blood sample was obtained. There was no compensation provided to the athlete and the
testing program was under the supervision of the athletic training department.
Conclusion: This article describes the strategies, rationale, efforts and outcomes from
the evidence-based test as performed on the 50 selected athletes. The outcomes, as
demonstrated by visual documentation and interview, demonstrate the effectiveness
of a low intensity dynamic toroidal magnetic pulse on RBCs and initial physiological
effect. Study outcome warrants further research in creating additional methods of
measuring improved[8] performance in athletes with free-suspended RBCs or absence
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© Copyright 2018, Dale C. Gledhill. All rights reserved.
of aggregation or rouleaux, a common condition of athletes under intense physical
training and performance demands.
Background
The erythrocyte, commonly known as a red blood cell (RBC), is by far the most
common formed element in the human body[9]. The primary functions of erythrocytes
are to accept oxygen rich hemoglobin from the lungs and transport it to the body’s
tissues, organs, brain etc and to pick up carbon dioxide waste at the tissues and
transport it to the lungs for exhalation. Mature, circulating erythrocytes have few
internal cellular structural components. Lacking mitochondria, for example, they
rely solely on anaerobic respiration. This means that
they do not utilize any of the oxygen they are
transporting, so they can deliver it all to the
tissues, further demonstrating their potential
impact. They also lack endoplasmic
reticula and do not synthesize proteins.
Erythrocytes do, however, contain some
structural proteins that help the blood
cells maintain their unique structure and
enable them to change their shape to squeeze
through capillaries for oxygen delivery and
waste deletion at a controlled pace for optimal
efficiency.
Erythrocytes are biconcave discs with very shallow
centers. This shape optimizes the ratio of surface area to volume, facilitating gas
exchange. It also enables flexibility[10] to fold and bend as they move through narrow
capillaries. Erythrocytes are plump at their periphery and very thin in the center.
Since they lack most organelles, there is more interior space for the presence of the
hemoglobin molecules to maximize the transport of gases. The biconcave shape also
provides a greater surface area across which gas exchange can occur, relative to its
volume; a sphere of a similar diameter would have a lower surface area-to-volume ratio.
This unique shape, additionally demonstrates the intended efficiency of erythrocyte gas
exchange.
The numeric count and physiological condition of the erythrocyte will impact the
transport of gases, both oxygen and carbon dioxide. Athletic performance can be
limited or enhanced and dependent upon the count and condition of the erythrocyte.
Referencing the University of Minnesota School of Medicine, “What do normal red
blood cells look like[11] (in a live blood smear)? First, the cells are nicely spread across
the field. They are sometimes touching or even slightly overlapping, but they’re not all
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© Copyright 2018, Dale C. Gledhill. All rights reserved.
piled up on top of each other. There are occasional small empty spaces, but there are not
vast barren areas the size of several red cells”. The reference to a “normal” erythrocyte
clearly describes a free suspended erythrocyte with circumferal exposure allowing for
maximum surface area to uptake and dispose oxygen and carbon dioxide.
In the capillaries, the oxygen carried by the erythrocytes can diffuse into the plasma
and then through the capillary walls to reach the cells[12], whereas some of the carbon
dioxide produced by the cells as a waste product diffuses into the capillaries to be picked
up by the erythrocytes. Capillary beds are extremely narrow by design, slowing the
movement of the erythrocytes and providing maximum opportunity for gas exchange to
occur. The capillary diameter can be so minute that erythrocytes may have to fold in on
themselves to make their way through.
By design, their structural proteins are
flexible, allowing them to bend to a
surprising degree, then reshape when
they enter a wider vessel.
Each iron ion in the erythrocyte can
bind to one oxygen molecule. Each
hemoglobin molecule can transport
four oxygen molecules. An individual
erythrocyte may contain about 300
million hemoglobin molecules, and therefore can bind to and transport up to 1.2 billion
oxygen molecules. An adult male is estimated to have 33 trillion RBCs within his
circulatory system[13].
Changes in the quantity or separation of
RBCs can have significant effects on the
body’s ability to effectively deliver oxygen
to tissues. In addition, gas exchange of
oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) by
erythrocytes can be affected by ineffective
hemopoiesis as well as aggregation. A
balance of these conditions impact
erythrocyte gas exchange capabilities and
therefore performance.
Erythrocyte Creation: When hypoxemia or a low concentration of oxygen exists,
fibroblasts within the kidney secrete EPO, thereby increasing erythrocyte production
intending to restore oxygen levels with increased erythrocytes. Operating in a negative
response loop, as oxygen saturation rises, EPO secretion falls[14], thereby maintaining
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© Copyright 2018, Dale C. Gledhill. All rights reserved.
homeostasis. As an example, populations dwelling at
Improving gas exchange high elevations, with inherently lower levels of oxygen
efficiency seems a in the atmosphere, naturally maintain a hematocrit
higher than people living at sea level. Consequently,
promising method of
people traveling to high elevations may experience
developing a safe and symptoms of hypoxemia, such as fatigue, headache, and
effective method of shortness of breath, for a few days after their arrival.
As previously discussed, in response to the hypoxemia,
improved athletic and the kidneys secrete EPO to step up the production of
cognitive performance. erythrocytes until homeostasis is achieved once again.
Although staggering to consider, marrow can produce
up to 2 million cells per second to attempt homeostasis
of the fragile 120 day lifecycle of erythrocytes. This erythrocyte capacity, unless
[15]
manipulated by artificially doping, is maintained naturally by hematopoiesis. Therefore,
improving gas exchange efficiency
seems a promising method of Rouleaux Formation
developing a safe and effective
method of improved athletic and
cognitive performance.
Rouleaux Formation:
Erythrocytes often stack like a
roll of coins, forming a rouleaux.
When rouleaux formation is truly
present in blood, it is often caused
by an increase in cathodal proteins,
such as immunoglobulins and
fibrinogen. Red blood cells are Aggultination Formation
thought to form rouleaux because
they have decreased or imbalanced
negative charge (altered zeta
potential) on the membrane of the
erythrocyte, primarily a factor of
high levels of fibrinogen. This can be
a common finding in the blood of
healthy individuals, athletes or the
compromised. Rouleaux can also be
a marker[16] of underlying disease,
especially those with an autoimuume
disorder. Fibrinogen, thought to be the one of the main causes of altered RBC zeta
potential is a β-2 globulin, a reactantant value increase associated with inflammation.
In athletes that are involved with intense training and extended physical performance,
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© Copyright 2018, Dale C. Gledhill. All rights reserved.
potential for inflammation associated with these activities commonly produce added
proteins in the blood, creating rouleaux.
Agglutination versus rouleaux formation:
Agglutination can be distinguished from rouleaux by their characteristic appearance
on blood smears, wherein agglutination forms three-dimensional clusters, whereas
rouleaux forms stacks. This condition can also be caused by reduced zeta potential
of a RBC and from many of the same conditions as detailed in the rouleaux section
previously cited.
Blood Doping Dangers: The performance value of a high erythrocyte count has
been brought to the forefront of the medical community by the abuse, attempts and
achievements of professional and amateur athlete’s effort to enhance performance
by manipulating hematopoiesis. Blood doping has been
achieved by either infusing ones own red blood cells or Blood doping is
by administering the drug erythropoietin to artificially
increase red blood cell mass. Blood doping has shown associated with risks
to improve an athlete’s ability to perform in a maximal that can be serious
endurance exercise. Blood doping has also shown to reduce
physiologic strain during exercise in the heat and altitude.
and impair athletic
Conversely, blood doping is associated with risks that can performance.
be serious and impair athletic performance. These known
risks are exacerbated by lack of medical supervision, as
well as the imbalance created by dehydration and blood pressure. The medical risks
associated with blood doping[17] has been documented from many carefully controlled
research studies. The position of the American College of Sports Medicine is “that
any blood doping procedure used in an attempt to improve athletic performance is
unethical, unfair, and exposes the athlete to unwarranted and potentially serious health
risks”. The researchers involved in this study do not condone doping or any other
dangerous manipulative or chemical performance enhancements.
Study Premise
The research committee conducting the study has extensively reviewed the literature
from PubMed, Science Direct and multiple data bases that address erythrocyte
conditions, cause and effect, and potential effects on gas exchange based upon such
conditions. [see attached studies] This search yielded over 100 studies or articles
addressing the potential implications of erythrocyte condition as it relates to gas
exchange and therefore health and performance. The vast research supported the
committee’s hypothesis that regardless of a the physiological cause, if the zeta potential
of an erythrocyte (RBC) could be restored to a “like charge”, then Coulomb’s law[18], or
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© Copyright 2018, Dale C. Gledhill. All rights reserved.
Coulomb’s inverse-square law, of physics would induce
disaggregation or separation of erythrocytes. Coulomb’s
law states, “electrically charged particles will repel or
attract each other. The force of the interaction between
the charges is attractive if the charges have opposite
signs and repulsive if like-signed.” In summary and
premise;
Can a device assist the body in naturally separating
erythrocytes and safely free suspend single RBCs
in plasma to allow for maximum surface area for
optimum gas exchange, and to access capillaries capable of only single cell mass,
therefore safely improving physiological and athletic performance?
Test Device Delivering cm2
The Nimbus cm2 Pulse BAND is a wrist worn device that emits a unique toroidal
magnetic pulse that has shown via blood tests to influence the zeta potential of a
erythrocyte. The pulse is a dynamic toroidal .030 gauss magnetic pulse. The BAND
is designed to be worn between 8 and 12 hours per 24 hour cycle. The device emits a
micro pulse for seven minutes and then rests for twenty-three. The science of the cm2
Pulse BAND foundation is upon the scientific principle of Faraday’s law of induction
and Lenz’s law, which are basic laws of electromagnetism, predicting how a magnetic
field will interact and produce a current in the receiving conductor. It is similar to the
common technology being used today with wireless charging systems. In this case, an
erythrocyte is the receiving conductor upon which the dynamic field has been induced.
This is the phenomenon called electromagnetic induction. It is the fundamental
operating principle of all transformers and equally applies as designed, for influencing
erythrocyte membrane charge.
Study Method
The athletic training department from a select Division One collegiate school selected
50 of their top female and male athletes to participate in this investigative research
study. Participants were from the following programs: football, basketball, cross country,
volleyball and soccer. The research team was provided the athlete list and was unable to
accept or deny any of the recipients. The following was the research protocol for testing
of each athlete:
1. Blood draw area cleaned and disinfected.
2. Single lance to obtain a one-drop specimen direct to a glass slide.
3. Specimen covered with cover slide and 1 drop of oil applied on top of slide for ease
of scanning slide under a light field microscope.
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© Copyright 2018, Dale C. Gledhill. All rights reserved.
4. Specimen viewed 1,000 magnification. Olympus cx41 light field scope.
5. Specimen scanned for predominant erythrocyte condition
6. Photo of predominant condition documented.
7. Recipient issued a Nimbus cm2 BAND and provided operational instructions.
8. Recipient requested to use the BAND daily for a minimum 8 hours per day.
9. Recipient was then retested after a minimum of 14 days of BAND use, utilizing the
same specimen acquisition protocol and documentation.
10. Recipient was asked three exit questions after second blood test.
11. The recipient was allowed to keep the BAND and no further contact has been
initiated at the time of this writing.
12. There is additional new athlete testing with the same protocol as of the time of this
writing. Ongoing and additional testing results and data forthcoming in a follow-
up study to be published in 2019.
Follow-up Testing Statistics
Initial blood test and a BAND was issued to a total of
50 recipients. Of this treatment group, the following
statistical information of this group is as follows:
• 40 recipients returned for a follow-up blood test.
• 1 recipient damaged the BAND and had not used
the technology.
• 11 recipients were unable to return for their
follow-up blood test.
• 1 recipient had not used the band within four days
of the second test.
For qualifying purposes, the actual sample size of those that stated they met the test
criteria is thirty eight (38) total recipients.
Follow-up Blood Smear Results
All conditions of blood
sampling were identical
between the pre and post
events. When each study
recipient’s initial blood
smear was compared
visually side by side via a
high resolution photo with
the identical post BAND
blood smear photo, the
following observations
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© Copyright 2018, Dale C. Gledhill. All rights reserved.
became discernible and measurable:
• 38 of 38 compliant users showed distinguishable visual erythrocyte separation.
• 3 of 38 showed only fair separation or absence of rouleaux or aggregation.
• 35 of 38 showed clear measurable and distinguishable separation or absence of
rouleaux or aggregation.
• 0 of 38 showed no noticeable change in erythrocyte appearance.
• 35 of 38 showed results of a text book description and documentation on healthy
erythrocytes within a body.
Follow-up Open Ended Interview Results
Immediately upon completion of the second blood smear specimen, each recipient was
privately queried with the following open ended questions:
• How often did you wear the
BAND?
• How many hours per day
on average did you wear the
BAND?
• Have you noticed any changes
since using the BAND?
The following indicators were
conveyed. Although anecdotal,
the feedback was not controlled
and the information gleaned is
deemed genuine and unfiltered.
The following outlines a complete
feedback summary regarding question 3:
• 13 of the 38 recipients or 34% stated they had felt no noticeable difference within the
first two weeks of use.
• 25 of the 38 recipients or 66% stated they experienced at least one or more of the
following; improved energy, improved sleep, faster recovery and extended endurance
in the first two weeks of use.
• Improved energy and sleep were the two most frequent comments.
• 0 of 38 expressed a negative side effect.
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© Copyright 2018, Dale C. Gledhill. All rights reserved.Discussion
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first investigative study intended to understand
potential performance effects of separated or free suspended erythrocytes as defined
by hematology as normal or healthy condition or RBCs. For years the athletic
performance world has been plagued by the dangerous practice of blood doping in
an effort to improve gas exchange, therefore improved aerobic endurance, recovery
and performance. This practice has been deemed dangerous, unethical and banned
by most sports federations. Therefore, one is left to query is there a safe method of
improving erythrocyte gas exchange[19] by assisting the body’s natural ability to return
and maintain blood conditions that one would consider as, “healthy and normal blood”.
It is indisputable the impact RBCs have on gas exchange, therefore performance. Based
upon the initial testing outlined herein and positive health and performance impact,
further study and research is warranted.
This study has limitations. Firstly, it did not have control over the amount of active
BAND use time by each athlete. Verification was based only upon verbal confirmation.
Secondly, further study will be required to determine the optimal amount of time
required for erythrocyte separation. Thirdly, the long term benefits are still yet to be
determined. Fourth, the perceived or actual physiological changes are not quantifiable
at this stage, although visual improvements were significant and consistent enough to
warrant additional investigation.
The researcher notes that the improved levels of recovery, energy and sleep exceeded
expectations and validated the research hypothesis. Additional research and data will
be forthcoming.
Conclusion
This initial study was initiated after years of similar findings from hundreds of random
samples under similar testing parameters. This structured environment and study
confirmed to the research team with actual visual data that demonstrated that changing
erythrocyte zeta potential will improve RBC separation. Furthermore, the post test
feedback interview confirmed that an athletic and performance benefit, primarily
improved energy and endurance is directly affected with improved gas exchange, the
result of separated or non aggregated RBCs.
11
© Copyright 2018, Dale C. Gledhill. All rights reserved.Blood Sample Data
Before 1 After Before 2 After
Before 3 After Before 4 After
Before 5 After Before 6 After
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© Copyright 2018, Dale C. Gledhill. All rights reserved.Before 7 After Before 8 After
Before 9 After Before 10 After
Before 11 After Before 14 After
13
© Copyright 2018, Dale C. Gledhill. All rights reserved.Before 15 After Before 16 After
Before 17 After Before 18 After
Limited Use
Before 20 After Before 21 After
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© Copyright 2018, Dale C. Gledhill. All rights reserved.Before 22 After Before 24 After
Before 25 After Before 26 After
Before 27 After Before 28 After
15
© Copyright 2018, Dale C. Gledhill. All rights reserved.Before 30 After Before 31 After
Before 32 After Before 33 After
Before 34 After Before 35 After
16
© Copyright 2018, Dale C. Gledhill. All rights reserved.Before 37 After Before 38 After
Before 39 After Before 41 After
Before 43 After Before 44 After
17
© Copyright 2018, Dale C. Gledhill. All rights reserved.Before 45 After Before 46 After
Did not use.
Before 47 After Before 49 After
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