Lipoma in dogs: how common are they and what breeds are affected?
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CONTINUING EDUCATION I SMALL ANIMAL
Lipoma in dogs: how common are they
and what breeds are affected?
Lipomas are often clinically unremarkable but can be alarming to owners. Although
perceived as common in dogs, no studies have specifically investigated risk factors
associated with their occurrence. Here, Dan O’Neill MVB BSc (hons) GPCert (SAP)
GPCert (FelP) GPCert (Derm) GPCert (B&PS) MSc (VetEpi) FRCVS, pathobiology and
population sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, reviews a study, which explored
anonymised electronic patient records of dogs attending practices participating in
VetCompass to report the prevalence and risk factors for primary-care veterinary
diagnosis of lipoma
disorder of purebred dogs in the UK in an owner-reported
survey.6 Lipomas were the 12th most commonly reported
disorder in dogs in the south of England with a prevalence
of 3.5% reported from a sample of 3,884 dogs under primary
veterinary care.7 Fatty tumours were reported as the most
common tumour diagnosed by cytology in Dutch Golden
Retrievers.8 Lipomas were the most common benign tumour
(24%) identified in the Danish Cancer Registry9 and were the
second most common tumour recorded in insured dogs in the
UK with an incidence rate of 337 per 100,000 dogs per year.10
Despite the evidence showing relatively frequent occurrence
in dogs, there is very little published evidence on risk factors
for lipomas. Advancing age, overweight dogs and females
have been suggested as having increased risk.11 Dobermann
Pinscher and Labrador Retriever have also been reported as
predisposed breeds.12
Figure 1: Lipoma in a dog. Photo: Lynda Rutherford.
Primary-care veterinary clinical data is now recognised
as a valuable research resource that benefit from
Lipomas (Figure 1) are masses of mesenchymal origin, contemporaneous recording of medical records at the time
comprising of adipocytes.1-3 Although subcutaneous lipomas of the clinical event, and from the recording of cohort data
are often clinically asymptomatic4, they can cause deleterious over time and at a veterinary level of precision.13,14 This study
consequences for the patients and anxiety for the owners if aimed to fill the information gap on the epidemiology of
they become sizable or interfere with locomotion.1,4,5 Lipomas lipoma by estimating the prevalence of lipoma, and evaluating
of the dermis and subcutaneous tissues are reported to be demographic risk factors for lipoma in the dog population
common in older dogs1 and were the third most common under primary veterinary care in the UK.
Veterinary Ireland Journal I Volume 9 Number 4 213
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THE DATA their breed and sex within the overall study population. This
The VetCompass Programme harvests anonymised clinical variable allowed the effect of adult bodyweight to be assessed
record data that primary-care veterinary practices already within each breed/sex combination.
record15 for epidemiological research.7 Information collected The one-year period prevalence with 95% confidence
included patient demographic (species, breed, date of birth, intervals (CI) described the probability of evidence in the
sex, neuter status, colour, insurance status and bodyweight) clinical records that confirmed the presence of lipoma at any
and clinical information (free-form text clinical notes, VeNom time during the one-year 2013 study period. Multivariable
summary diagnosis terms16 and treatment, with relevant dates) logistic regression modelling was used to evaluate univariable
data fields. To date, 1,500 (30%) of UK vet practices collaborate associations between risk factors (purebred, breed, Kennel
within VetCompass, sharing clinical data on 10 million animals Club breed group, adult bodyweight, bodyweight relative
and making this the world’s largest university-based database to breed/sex mean, age, sex-neuter and insurance) and
of clinical heath records for companion animal research. diagnosis of lipoma during 2013. Statistical significance was
The study included dogs under veterinary care within the set at P< 0.05.
VetCompass database for a one-year period from January 1,
THE RESULTS
2013 to December 31, 2013. Dogs ‘under veterinary care’ were
The denominator population comprised 384,284 dogs under
defined as any dog with either at least one electronic patient
veterinary care at 215 clinics in the UK during 2013. A random
record (EPR) recorded from January 1 to December 31, 2013
sample of 36.5% of the dogs were checked to confirm
or, alternatively, at least one EPR both before and after 2013.
2,765 lipoma cases. After accounting for the subsampling
Case-inclusion criteria required that a final diagnosis of lipoma
protocol, the estimated one-year period prevalence for lipoma
(or synonym) was recorded in the EPR for a mass at any
diagnosis in dogs overall was 1.94% (95% CI: 1.87-2.01). The
body location that was present during the 2013 study period.
breeds with the highest lipoma prevalence were Weimaraner
Breed included individual breeds represented by over 4,000
(7.84%), Dobermann Pinscher (6.96%), German Pointer
dogs in the overall study or with ≥15 lipoma cases, a grouped
(5.23%), Springer Spaniel (5.19%), and Labrador Retriever
category of all remaining purebreds and a general grouping
(5.15%) (Figure 2).
of crossbred dogs. Sex-neuter described the status recorded
Dogs with lipoma had a median adult bodyweight of 26.00kg
at the final EPR. Insurance variable described whether a dog
(IQR: 16.80-35.20) compared with 16.50kg (IQR: 9.00-28.00)
was insured at any point during the study period. Age (years)
for non-cases. The median age dogs with lipoma was 10.02
was calculated for all dogs at the final date of the study period
years (IQR: 8.25-12.04) compared with 4.18 years (IQR: 1.80-
(December 31, 2013). Bodyweight relative to bree-mean
7.59) for non-cases. The most commonly affected breeds
variable characterised the adult bodyweight of individual dogs
were Labrador Retriever (545, 19.71% of all confirmed cases),
as either below or equal/above the mean adult bodyweight for
Figure 2: Lipoma prevalence in dog breeds in the UK
Pug
Chihuahua
Shih Tzu
Lhasa Apso
Yorkshire Terrier
German Shepherd Dog
Cavalier King Charles Spaniel
Bichon
Breed not recorded
West Highland White Terrier
Staffordshire Bull Terrier
Jack Russell Terrier
Other purebreds
Boxer
Border Terrier
Rottweiler
Crossbreed
Patterdale Terrier
Cocker Spaniel
Dalmatian
Miniature Schnauzer
Beagle
Golden Retriever
Border Collie
Cairn Terrier
Labrafor Retriever
Springer Spaniel
German Pointer
Dobermann Pinscher
Weimaraner
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
One-year period prevalence (%)
214 Veterinary Ireland Journal I Volume 9 Number 4
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Springer Spaniel (182, 6.58%), Cocker Spaniel (130,
Table 1: Final breed multivariable logistic regression model for risk factors associated with
4.70%) and Staffordshire Bull Terrier (116, 4.20%), diagnosis of lipoma in dogs attending primary-care veterinary practices in the VetCompass
along with crossbred dogs (757, 27.38%). Programme in the UK. *CI confidence interval.
After accounting for the effects of the other variables
evaluated, eight breeds showed increased odds of Variable Category Odds ratio 95% CI* P-value
lipoma compared with crossbred dogs. The breeds Breed Crossbreed 1.00 -
with the highest odds included the Dobermann
Pinscher (OR: 3.55), Weimaraner (OR: 3.16), Labrador Dobermann Pinscher 3.55 2.49-5.06 < 0.001
Retriever (OR: 2.19) and Springer Spaniel (OR: Weimaraner 3.16 2.26-4.42 < 0.001
2.15). There were 11 breeds with reduced odds of
lipoma compared with crossbreds. Individual dogs Labrador Retriever 2.19 1.96-2.46 < 0.001
with an adult bodyweight that was equal or higher Springer Spaniel 2.15 1.82-2.54 < 0.001
than their breed/sex mean had 1.96 times the
odds of lipoma compared with dogs that weighed Beagle 2.03 1.39-2.97 < 0.001
below their breed/sex mean. Advancing age was
German Pointer 2.03 1.27-3.25 0.003
strongly associated with increasing odds of lipoma.
Compared with dogs aged 3.0 toSMALL ANIMAL I CONTINUING EDUCATION
Dobermann Pinscher, Weimaraner, Labrador
Age (years)CONTINUING EDUCATION I SMALL ANIMAL
These protected breeds do not include a single Gundog Group osteosarcoma.30,35,36 There is little prior evidence on the effects
breed and have noticeably different body conformation to the of sex and neuter status on the risk of lipoma. The current
predisposed breeds, tending to be smaller in bodysize and study identified reduced risk of lipoma in entire females and
to have less pronounced proportional difference between entire males compared with neutered females and neutered
the thorax and abdomen. Further research the genetics of males, even after taking age into account. This could indicate
adipose, and differential fat function and accumulation across some protective effects of female and male sex hormones.
the predisposed and protected dog breeds identified in the However, post-neutering changes in fat distribution and
current study is warranted and may lead to substantial new decreased energy requirements have been demonstrated and
discovery of lipoma pathogenetic pathways. the effects of neutering on lipoma risk may be mediated by
Body condition score data were not available in the current obesity as a confounder rather than directly.37
study so no conclusive inference can be drawn from these Insured dogs had 1.78 times greater odds of lipoma diagnosis
results on associations between obesity and lipoma. However, compared with uninsured dogs. This association is likely to
data were available that characterised the adult bodyweight reflect increased diagnostic recognition mediated by owner
of individual dogs as either below or equal/above the mean and financial factors rather than any intrinsic increased
adult bodyweight for their breed and sex within the overall disease risk in insured dogs. Relaxation on financial
study population. This variable allowed the effect of low constraints to presentation for veterinary care, diagnostic
versus high adult bodyweight to be assessed after taking procedures and surgical management through insurance has
into account breed and sex. Among other reasons, a high similarly been shown to increase diagnostic probability in
bodyweight could reflect enhanced muscular mass, a large many other conditions.38-43
body frame or overweight/obesity. Dogs weighing at or above This study was limited by the use of externally recorded
the mean for their breed and sex had 1.97 times the odds of clinical data which may have led to some disease status
diagnosis with lipoma. This supports the study hypothesis misclassification. This study may have underrepresented
and suggests value in future exploration of lipoma association lipoma because true cases that were not presented for
with obesity/overweight since the latter is a modifiable risk veterinary care during 2013 were not included as cases.
factor. This approach is also supported by published evidence Alternatively, lipoma could be over-represented because the
of predisposition to obesity in some of the breeds that were study did not require laboratory confirmation of lipoma cases;
also identified with high odds of lipoma in the current study although the characteristic presenting phenotype of lipoma
including Cocker Spaniel24 and Labrador Retrievers.25 This study cases suggests that diagnosis based on clinical examination
also identified a substantial and strong trend towards increasing alone is likely to have a high positive predictive value.44
odds of lipoma as adult bodyweight increased. This may reflect
a true increase in odds of cellular metaplasia or neoplasia with CONCLUSIONS
increasing bodyweight. Osteosarcoma in dogs has similarly Lipoma is confirmed as a common clinical diagnosis with a
been linked to increasing bodyweight, although the biological one-year prevalence of 1.94%. Strong breed associations for
mechanisms may be different for the different neoplasms.26 both lipoma predisposition and protection were identified that
Advancing age has previously been identified as a risk factor can assist with breed health reforms as well as contributing
for neoplasia in general.26,27 It is possible that the same is true to the basic scientific understanding of lipoma development.
for risk of lipoma development. The current study reports the Heavier, older, neutered and insured dogs also had higher
median age of lipomas cases was 10.02 years compared with odds of diagnosis. Lipoma detection should be included as
the median age of 4.18 years for non-lipoma dogs. The odds a routine part of veterinary clinical exanimation, especially in
of lipoma also increased markedly as dogs aged, with dogs breeds identified as high-risk here.
aged nine-12 years having 17.52 times the odds compared with
dogs aged less than three years. There is a strong case to be
made that lipoma should be included as one of the accepted AUTHOR AND SOURCE
common diseases of aging in dogs. 28 Risk factors for lipoma This article is a summary of a fuller report: ‘O’Neill, DG,
development in people are reported to be similar to the Corah, CH, Church, DB, Brodbelt, DC and Rutherford,
findings of our study in dogs although there is also a paucity of L. (2018). Lipoma in dogs under primary veterinary care
literature on the occurrence of lipomas in people. In humans, in the UK: prevalence and breed associations. Canine
the incidence of lipomas is increased in patients with obesity, Genetics and Epidemiology, 5(1), 9. Available (open
hyperlipidemia, and diabetes mellitus.29 access) at https://cgejournal.biomedcentral.com/
The influences of sex hormones on tumour development articles/10.1186/s40575-018-0065-9
is complex; neuter status has been reported with differing
effects on different tumour types and to influence the risk
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READER QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. WHICH CELL TYPES COMPRISE LIPOMAS? 4) WHICH BREED HAD THE HIGHEST WITHIN-BREED
A. Adipocytes PREVALENCE OF LIPOMA?
B. Lymphocytes A. Weimaraner
C. Leucocytes B. Dobermann Pinscher
D. Kupffer cells C. German Pointer
E. Melanocytes D. Springer Spaniel
E. Labrador Retriever
2) THE CLINICAL RECORDS OF HOW MANY ANIMALS ARE
CURRENTLY WITHIN VETCOMPASS? 5) AFTER ACCOUNTING FOR OTHER FACTORS SUCH AS
A. 10,000 AGE, SEX, NEUTER, INSURANCE AND BODYWEIGHT,
B. 100,000 WHICH BREED HAD THE HIGHEST ODDS OF LIPOMA?
C. 1,000,000 A. Weimaraner
D. 10,000,000 B. Dobermann Pinscher
E. 100,000,000 C. German Pointer
D. Springer Spaniel
3) WHAT WAS THE OVERALL ONE-YEAR PERIOD E. Labrador Retriever
PREVALENCE FOR LIPOMA DIAGNOSIS IN DOGS?
A. 0.04%
0.94%
ANSWERS: 1A, 2D, 3C, 4A, 5B.
B.
C. 1.94%
D. 2.94%
E. 4.94%
Veterinary Ireland Journal I Volume 9 Number 4 219
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