Limitation des conflits d'usage et objectifs de développement des énergies renouvelables : quelle place pour les centrales PV au sol en France ?
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Limitation des conflits d’usage et objectifs de développement des énergies renouvelables : quelle place pour les centrales PV au sol en France ? DBER/SRER 25/05/2020
Sommaire
1. PV overview in France 3. PV deployments
a) General Framework a) Funding policy
b) PV capacities in France b) Deployment constraints
c) Wastelands valorization
2. LCOE
a) Residential PV 4. Conclusions
b) Utility-scale PV
c) International comparison
DBER/SRER 2 25/05/2020
1. PV overview in France DBER/SRER 3 25/05/2020
1. PV overview in France
a. General framework
General framework
Overview Political objectives
• Total connected capacities: 9.9 GWp (end of 2019) The PPE objectives has been recently updated:
• ~966 MWp PV capacities connected in 2019 • Greenhouse gas emissions : 277 MtCO2 in 2023, 227 MtCO2 in
2028 (drop of 14%/30% compared to 2016)
• ~7 GWp PV capacities in the waiting list
• Total connected capacities: 20.1 GWp in 2023, 35.1-44 GWp in
2028
Need of a significant acceleration: ~3 GWp PV connected
per year
Large scale deployment without land-use conflict and
minimizing the impact on the environment
Source: SDES, Observatoire de l'énergie solaire photovoltaïque
DBER/SRER 4 5/25/2020
1. PV overview in France
a. General framework
PV capacities in France (1)
Peak power connection
10000
The growth rate is about 1 GWp/year 9000
8000
Need to triple this rate for the next
Connected capacities (MW)
7000
decade 6000
5000
Ground-mounted PV installation:
4000
3000
• ~50% of connected capacity
2000
• Most competitive market with standard 1000
modules but larger land-use 0
• Environmental and biodiversity impacts 2010 2011 2012 2013 2104 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Total connected capacity utility-scale Rooftop
Source : Observatoire de l'énergie solaire photovoltaïque
DBER/SRER 5 25/05/2020
1. PV overview in France
b. PV capacities
PV capacities in France (2)
Waiting list
7007 MW
Cumulative power (MW)
The queue list has grown significantly in 2 years
The connection speed must increase according
to the planned growth in order to absorb it
With connection agreement signed Without connection agreement signed
Source : SDES d'après Enedis, RTE, EDF-SEI et la CRE
DBER/SRER 6 25/05/2020
1. PV overview in France
b. PV capacities
PV capacities in France (3)
Connected PV capacities by department at the end of 2019
(MW) Geographical distribution:
• Mean capacity connected: 98 MWp
• Max capacity connected: 767 MWp
• Higher development in the south of France
• Some areas underdeveloped, especially in the north
of France
• An area dependent funding policy could develop the
PV deployment in the north of France
Source : SDES d'après Enedis, RTE, EDF-SEI et la CRE
DBER/SRER 7 25/05/2020
PV LCOE DBER/SRER 8 25/05/2020
2. PV LCOE
a. Residential PV
PV LCOE
Residential Self-consumption
3 kW BIPV 3 kW Standard modules 9 kW BIPV 9 kW Standard modules
3 kW BIPV 3 kW Standard modules 9 kW BIPV 9 kW Standard modules
Feed-in tariff Electricity cost (subscription excluded)
Residential PV costs: Self-consumption PV:
• North France: LCOE higher than the FiT for 3 kW but lower • Competitive for 9kW installation all over France
for 9 kW installation • Cheaper than residential PV because no connecting fee
• South France: LCOE always lower than the FiT applied
Source : Coûts des énergies renouvelables et de récupération en France, ADEME
DBER/SRER 9 25/05/20202. PV LCOE
b. Utility-scale PV
PV LCOE in France
Utility-scale PV (put into service in 2019-2020) Utility-scale PV
• Utility-scale PV farms are competitive across France
• LCOE distribution due to irradiance (north vs south)
• LCOE are expected to drop continuously in the future
Source : Coûts des énergies renouvelables et de récupération en France, ADEME
DBER/SRER 10 25/05/20202. PV LCOE
c. International comparison
International comparison
Residential PV – international comparison Utility-scale PV – international comparison
Distributed PV:
• Larger capacity factor in France than in Germany but higher LCOE. Mainly due to a higher CAPEX value.
• Large amplitude is due to a combination of the CAPEX and the load factor
Utility-scale PV:
• Prices similar to Germany
Source : Coûts des énergies renouvelables et de récupération en France, ADEME
DBER/SRER 11 25/05/20203. PV deployments and environmental considerations DBER/SRER 12 25/05/2020
3. PV deployments and environmental considerations
a. Funding policy
Funding Policy
Around 80% of the peak power of new projects under instruction are supported through call for tenders
The winning criteria is mainly the costs, but the call for tenders includes a notation taking into account the LCA of the modules
(laminate modules without frame, junction box and cables)
This funding mechanism favors the deployment of ground-mounted utility-scale projects
ADEME is in favor of giving a larger weight to environmental and social criteria in selecting the best projects
The innovation call for tenders is related to innovative photovoltaic installations : 2 families
• Ground-mounted installations, peak power between 500 kWp to 5 MWp, including floating PV
• Buildings, agricultural hangars, parking canopies and agrivoltaic installations, peak power between 100 kWp and 3 MWp
PPA (Power Purchase Agreements) at market prices are appearing on the French market
• Agreements contracted for 176 MW (for 25 years in average)
DBER/SRER 13 25/05/20203. PV deployments and environmental considerations
a. Funding policy
Funding Policy
Feed-in tariff:
• ~ 20% of the cumulative peak power of new projects under instruction.
• Dedicated to building mounted systems and parking canopies for under 100 kWp.
Self-consumption:
• Individual: financed through a feed-in tariff
• Collective: Few projects (~25, early 2020). The legal framework is still moving
DBER/SRER 14 25/05/20203. PV deployments and environmental considerations
b. Deployment constraints
Deployment constraints
Constraints: Surface with reduced constraints:
• Land-use conflicts • Rooftop (potential: 364 GWp1)
• Regulation prevents PV installation on agricultural land • Wastelands (potential 49 GWp2)
• Protected natural area, air-field proximity, proximity with • Parking areas (potential 4 GWp2)
heritage area…
• Agrivoltaism
• Zero net artificialization policy
• Floating PV
• Impacts on soils and biodiversity
1 Mix électrique 100% renouvelable ? Analyses et optimisations, ADEME, 2015
2 Évaluation du gisement relatif aux zones délaissées et artificialisées propices à l'implantation de centrales photovoltaïques, ADEME, 2019
DBER/SRER 15 25/05/20203. PV deployments and environmental considerations
b. Deployment constraints
Impacts of ground-mounted PV farms on biodiversity
Impacts of ground-mounted PV farms: ADEME previous actions:
• Vegetation (shadowing, use of herbicides…) • Literature review on the impacts of renewable energies
(including PV) on biodiversity, sols and sceneries (to be
• Fauna (birds, insects, bats) published)
• Photovoltaic integration (PIESO) (to be published)
• Soils (erosion, soil sealing, land artificialization…)
ADEME actions in progress:
• Review of industrial practices with respect to environmental
issues : from production to recycling, in order to build an
environmentally acceptable roadmap for PV development
in France
• Participation to a study targeting operational REX on the
impacts of ground-based PV farms on soils and biodiversity
(Enerplan)
DBER/SRER 16 25/05/20203. PV deployments and environmental considerations
c. Wastelands valorization
Wastelands valorization
Wastelands + parkings PV potential (MWp)
Large potential identified : 53 GWp
5 main regions gather a large potential part
• Close from big urban areas
• North and North-East related to old industrial areas
74 out of 97 departments have potential > 100 MWp
Source: Évaluation du gisement relatif aux zones délaissées et artificialisées propices à l'implantation de centrales photovoltaïques, ADEME, 2019
DBER/SRER 17 25/05/20203. PV deployments and environmental considerations
c. Wastelands valorization
Wastelands valorization
80% of potential sites have power < 2,5 MWp
2/3 wastelands (92% of power potential) and 1/3
parking areas (8% of power potential)
Source: Évaluation du gisement relatif aux zones délaissées et artificialisées propices à l'implantation de centrales photovoltaïques, ADEME, 2019
DBER/SRER 18 25/05/20204. Conclusions Conclusions • PV has a strong development objective in the PPE, due to its economical competiveness and its large potential in France • Development policy towards lands without use-conflicts is privileged (wastelands, parking canopies, industrial rooftop) • Agrivoltaism could become significant in the medium term • ADEME is in favor of a large-scale development of building-related PV https://www.ademe.fr/evaluation-gisement-relatif-zones-delaissees-artificialisees-propices-a-limplantation-centrales-photovoltaiques https://www.ademe.fr/mix-electrique-100-renouvelable-analyses-optimisations https://www.ademe.fr/couts-energies-renouvelables-recuperation-france DBER/SRER 19 25/05/2020
Intitulé de la direction/service Contacts
Annexes
PV LCOE in France
Residential PV farm
Intitulé de la direction/service 22 25/05/2020PV LCOE in France
Utility-scale PV farm
Intitulé de la direction/service 23 25/05/2020Residential PV
Utility scale PV
Intitulé de la direction/service 24 25/05/2020METHODOLOGY and HYPOTHESIS
Introduction
Identify
wasteland and
parkings
Apply crippling
filters
Apply handicap
filter1. Titre de partie
a. Sous-titre de partie
PV deployment and territory
Intitulé de la direction/service 26 25/05/2020You can also read
