Large-scale Methodology Installation of zero energy water purifier for safe drinking water application - AM0086
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CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM AM0086 Large-scale Methodology Installation of zero energy water purifier for safe drinking water application Version 02.0.0 Sectoral scope(s): 03
AM0086
Large-scale Methodology: Installation of zero energy water purifier for safe drinking water application
Version 02.0.0
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page
1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 4
2. SCOPE, APPLICABILITY, AND ENTRY INTO FORCE ...................... 4
2.1. Scope .......................................................................................... 4
2.2. Selected approach from paragraph 48 of the CDM modalities
and procedures ........................................................................... 4
2.3. Applicability ................................................................................. 4
2.4. Entry into force ............................................................................ 5
3. NORMATIVE REFERENCES ............................................................... 5
4. DEFINITIONS ....................................................................................... 6
5. BASELINE METHODOLOGY .............................................................. 7
5.1. Identification of the baseline scenario ......................................... 7
5.2. Additionality ................................................................................. 7
5.3. Project boundary ......................................................................... 8
5.4. Project emissions ........................................................................ 9
5.5. Baseline emissions...................................................................... 10
5.5.1. Step 1: Stratification of the consumers ............................ 11
5.5.2. In case households of different income levels are situated
in distinct areas ............................................................... 12
5.5.3. In case where distinct areas for households of each income
group cannot be identified ............................................... 12
5.6. Determination of DF .................................................................... 19
5.7. Determination of EFBL,q,p,i ............................................................ 20
5.8. Capping on the number of cleaning kits consumed (Nck,y)........... 21
5.9. Factor for psychological barrier (fpsy,q,p,i,y) .................................... 22
5.10. Factor of non-exhausted cleaning kits (fexh,q,p,i,y).......................... 22
5.11. Factor to account for non-drinking use of purified water
(fndw,q,p,i,y) ..................................................................................... 23
5.12. Factor related to net-to-gross ratio (0.95) .................................... 24
5.13. Leakage ...................................................................................... 24
5.14. Emission reductions .................................................................... 24
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5.15. Changes required for methodology implementation in 2nd
and 3rd crediting periods ............................................................. 25
5.16. Data and parameters not monitored ............................................ 25
6. MONITORING METHODOLOGY ......................................................... 26
6.1. Data and parameters monitored .................................................. 27
APPENDIX 1. ADDITIONAL GUIDANCE ON SURVEYS .............................. 32
APPENDIX 2. SAMPLE FORMAT FOR SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
FOR BASELINE SAMPLE GROUP (BSG) .......................................... 33
APPENDIX 3. SAMPLE FORMAT FOR THE SURVEY
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR PROJECT SAMPLE GROUP (PSG) ............. 38
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1. Introduction
1. The following table describes the key elements of the methodology:
Table 1. Methodology key elements
Typical projects Water purifiers and their consumable cleaning kits, both
of which do not utilize any energy for purifying the water
as per the applicable national standard for the safe
drinking water, are sold to consumers and used in a
specific geographical area
Type of GHG emissions Energy efficiency.
mitigation action Displacement of more GHG intensive
technology/technique used for the purification of water
2. Scope, applicability, and entry into force
2.1. Scope
2. This methodology applies to project activities in which point-of-use zero energy water
purifiers are sold to consumers in a specific geographical area (total project area).
2.2. Selected approach from paragraph 48 of the CDM modalities and
procedures
3. “Existing actual or historical emissions, as applicable”.
2.3. Applicability
4. The methodology is applicable under the following conditions:
(a) The zero energy water purifiers sold under the project activity produce safe
drinking water (SDW);
(b) The project participants either (a) purchase the zero energy water purifiers and
the cleaning kits from a manufacturer and only arrange for their sale in the host
country or (b) both manufacture and sell the zero energy water purifiers and
cleaning kits;
(c) The project participants sell the zero energy water purifiers and cleaning kits to
the consumers. If the manufacturer of the zero energy water purifiers and the
cleaning kits is not a project participant, a contractual agreement between the
manufacturer and the project participants shall ensure that the manufacturer
does not claim any CERs from producing zero energy water purifiers and
cleaning kits;
(d) Zero energy water purifiers, including those manufactured or sold by the project
participants or their competitors, should not have a market penetration of more
than one per cent (at an absolute uncertainty level of 1%) in each project
area (i) and each income group (q) (as defined below in Step 2 in the section of
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baseline emissions) prior to start date of the CDM project activity. This should
be verified by the project participants through a survey of the consumers in the
total project area. The survey may be conducted separately or together with the
survey of the baseline sample group. In the case the market penetration is
higher than one per cent in some project areas (i) or in some income groups (q),
these project areas or income groups should be excluded from the project
activity;1,2
(e) To provide SDW at all times the zero energy water purifiers should be installed
with an end of life indicator and auto switch off mechanism which is triggered
once the life of a cleaning kit is exhausted;
(f) Prior to the implementation of the project activity, a public distribution network of
safe drinking water does not exist within the total project area and safe drinking
water is produced by the consumers by only using point-of-use water purifiers. If
during the crediting period SDW is made available in (parts of) a project area (i)
through a public distribution network, this methodology cannot be applied
anymore to this project area from that point in time and the emission reductions
pertaining to this project area cannot be claimed from that point onwards. This
condition should be checked annually during the crediting period.
5. In addition, the applicability conditions included in the tools referred to above apply.
2.4. Entry into force
6. The date of entry into force of the revision is the date of the publication of the
EB 70 meeting report on 23 November 2012.
3. Normative references
7. This baseline and monitoring methodology is based on the following approved baseline
and monitoring methodologies and proposed new methodologies:
(a) "NM0280: Installation of zero energy water purifier in India" prepared by
Hindustan Unilever Limited & their Associate Consultants;
(b) "AM0046: Distribution of efficient light bulbs to households" prepared by
Perspectives Climate Change GmbH, Hamburg, Germany.
1
This methodology assumes that the baseline scenario is that the portfolio of technologies used to
produce SDW does not change significantly during the crediting period and that zero energy water
purifiers would not penetrate in the market in the absence of the CDM. This applicability conditions aims
to ensure that this a reasonable assumption: a very low market penetration at the start of the project
makes it more plausible that zero energy water purifiers would not gain a significant market share soon
in the absence of the project activity.
2
The project participants proposing a CDM project activity in a project area (i) subsequent to registration
of at least one CDM project activity by another project participants in the same project area should
submit a request for revision to this methodology for the determination of penetration of technology in
the baseline and the relevant benchmark to compare with.
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8. This methodology also refers to the latest approved versions of the following tools:
(a) "Tool to calculate project or leakage CO2 emissions from fossil fuel
combustion;"
(b) "Tool to calculate baseline, project and/or leakage emissions from electricity
consumption;"
(c) "Tool for the demonstration and assessment of additionality;"
(d) "Tool to calculate the emission factor for an electricity system;"
(e) "Assessment of the validity of the original/current baseline and update of the
baseline at the renewal of the crediting period."
9. For more information regarding the proposed new methodologies and the tools as well
as their consideration by the Executive Board (hereinafter referred to as the Board) of
the clean development mechanism (CDM) please refer to
.
4. Definitions
10. The definitions contained in the Glossary of CDM terms shall apply.
11. For the purpose of this methodology, the following definitions apply:
(a) Baseline sample group (BSG) - Group of consumers of safe drinking water in
the total project area which are surveyed once prior to the start of the project
activity and on 7th and 14th year in case of project activity has applied for
renewable crediting period to estimate baseline emissions;
(b) Boiled water - Water that conforms to safe drinking water as a result of boiling
the water for at least five minutes. The World Health Organisation (WHO)
guideline applicable to developing countries mentions a boiling time of at least
five minutes and up to 20 minutes;3
(c) Cleaning kit - The part of zero energy water purifiers which is responsible for
filtering and/or disinfecting the water. The cleaning kit has a definite life and has
to be replaced at the end of its life;
(d) Exhausted cleaning kits - The cleaning kits which have reached the end of
their life. The end-of-life indicator turns on when the cleaning kit is exhausted;
(e) Cleaning kit life - The life of the cleaning kit expressed in terms of the volume
of safe drinking water that can be produced by the kit;
(f) Consumer - Households that use safe drinking water. Commercial consumers
are not included in this definition;
3
.
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(g) Point of use water purifier - A water purifier which is used at the site of the
consumer of the water (i.e. the water purifier is used by the households which
consume the water);
(h) Project area i - Distinct geographical area in which zero energy water purifiers
are sold under the project activity. All project areas i together correspond to the
total project area;
(i) Project sample group (PSG) - Group of consumers of safe drinking water
which are monitored to estimate the project emissions. The consumers included
in this group participate in the project activity;
(j) Safe drinking water (SDW) - Water that conforms to drinking water quality
specified in relevant national microbiological quality standards of the host
country. In case a national standard is not available, the standards set by the
United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) or the World Health
Organization (WHO) should be referred to instead;
(k) Total project area - Total geographical area in which the zero energy water
purifiers are sold under the project activity;
(l) Zero energy water purifier - Equipment that has been certified for its capability
to provide the consumer with safe drinking water without the use of energy
(thermal or electrical). The zero energy water purifier should conform to the
requirements specified in the relevant standard (as per the definition of SDW).
5. Baseline methodology
5.1. Identification of the baseline scenario
12. The most plausible baseline scenario is identified through a sample survey conducted
with consumers in the total project area prior to the start of the project activity. The
survey determines which technologies and techniques are used to produce safe drinking
water. The baseline scenario is that the share of technologies, as observed historically
through the survey, will continue in the absence of the project activity.
5.2. Additionality
13. The project participants shall apply the latest version of the “Tool for the demonstration
and assessment of additionality” approved by the Board.
14. In applying Step 1 of the tool, the following alternatives for the project participants
should, inter alia, be considered:
(a) Project implementation not undertaken as a CDM project activity;
(b) Sale of water purifiers that require thermal or electrical energy for obtaining safe
drinking water. The list of technologies to be considered should at minimum
include the technologies implemented according to the BSG survey;
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(c) Sale of other zero energy water purifier technologies;
(d) No sale of water purifiers by the project participants. The consumers continue to
use their current water purifying technologies and/or purchase new water
purifiers from third parties.
15. In applying Step 2 of the tool, the investment analysis should include the costs for
manufacturing or purchasing, distribution and/or sale of zero energy water purifiers, if
applicable, including costs for raising awareness. The selling price of the zero energy
water purifiers used in the investment analysis shall be based on the cost supported by
consumers who consumed safe drinking water in the baseline. Barriers considered in
Step 3 of the tool may include the following market penetration barriers:
(a) Perception that water purified by zero energy water purifier may not be as safe
as their current water purification practice;
(b) Lack of awareness of consumers on zero energy water purifiers.
16. In applying Step 3 of the tool, the project participants, in demonstrating market
penetration barrier, should clearly state the arrangements through which they plan to
share the CDM benefits with the consumers of zero energy purifier.
5.3. Project boundary
17. The spatial extent of the project boundary encompasses the physical, geographical
location of each project area (i). The project boundary includes each zero energy water
purifier installed under the project activity. The distinct geographical boundary of each
project area (i) should be clearly documented in the CDM-PDD.
18. The project boundary also includes the facility or facilities where the zero energy water
purifiers and the cleaning kits are manufactured.
19. The greenhouse gases included in or excluded from the project boundary are shown in
Table 1.
Table 2. Emission sources included in or excluded from the project boundary
Source Gas Included Justification/Explanation
Emissions from CO2 Yes Major source of emissions
electricity/fossil fuels CH4 No Minor source of emissions
utilized for obtaining
Baseline
safe drinking water
displaced due to N2O No Minor source of emissions
project activity
Emissions from fossil CO2 Yes Major source of emissions
fuel or electricity CH4 No Minor source of emissions
consumed during the
activity
manufacturing of the
Project
purifiers and cleaning N2O No Minor source of emissions
kits
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5.4. Project emissions
20. Project emissions include CO2 emissions due to consumption of fossil fuels and
electricity in manufacturing of zero energy water purifiers and cleaning kits.
21. Project emissions are calculated as follows:
(a) If separate data on the fuel and electricity consumed for the purpose of
producing zero energy purifiers and cleaning kits is NOT available, project
emissions should be determined based on the total fossil fuel and electricity
consumption of the manufacturing facility, by applying the latest approved
version of the “Tool to calculate project or leakage CO2 emissions from fossil
fuel combustion” and the “Tool to calculate baseline, project and/or leakage
emissions from electricity consumption”. The process (j) in the “Tool to calculate
project or leakage CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion” then corresponds
to all fossil fuel combustion on-site for the purposes of the project activity;
(b) If separate data on the fuel and electricity consumed for the purpose of
producing zero energy purifiers and cleaning kits is available, the calculation of
project emissions is based on the number of purifiers and cleaning kits sold by
the project participants and emission factors per purifier and per cleaning, as
follows:
, , , , , , Equation (1)
Where:
= Project emissions in year y (t CO2)
, = Project emission factor (including fossil fuel and electricity) per
zero energy purifier in year y (t CO2/purifier)
, , = Number of zero energy water purifiers sold by project participants
, = Project emission factor (including fossil fuel and electricity) per
cleaning kit in year y (t CO/cleaning kit)
, , = Number of cleaning kits sold by project participants
22. The project emission factors (EFpu,y and EFck,y) for manufacturing of purifiers and
cleaning kits are determined as follows:
, , , , , , ,
, Equation (2)
, ,
and
, , , , , ,
, Equation (3)
, ,
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Where:
, = Project emission factor for zero energy purifier in year y
(t CO2/purifier)
, , , , = CO2 emissions from fossil fuels used for the production of
zero energy purifiers at the facility manufacturing the
purifiers in year y (t CO2)
, , , = CO2 emissions from electricity consumed for the
production of zero energy purifiers at the facility
manufacturing the purifiers in year y (t CO2)
, , = Number of zero energy water purifiers produced by the
facility manufacturing the purifiers in year y
(dimensionless)
, = Project emission factor for cleaning kit in year y
(t CO2/cleaning kit)
, , , = CO2 emissions from fossil fuels used for the production of
cleaning kits at the facility manufacturing the cleaning kits
in year y (t CO2)
, , , = CO2 emissions from electricity consumed for the production
of cleaning kits at the facility manufacturing the cleaning
kits in year y (t CO2)
, , = Number of cleaning kit produced by the facility
manufacturing the cleaning kits in year y (dimensionless)
23. PEFF,manufacturer,pu,y and PEFF,manufacturer,ck,y will be determined using the latest approved
version of “Tool to calculate project or leakage CO2 emissions from fossil fuel
combustion” where they correspond to parameter PEFC,j,y of the tool.
24. PEEL,manufacturer,pu,y and PEEL,manufacturer,ck,y are determined using the latest approved version
of the “Tool to calculate baseline, project and/or leakage emissions from electricity
consumption” where they correspond to parameter PEEC,y of the tool.
5.5. Baseline emissions
25. Baseline emissions include CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and electricity that would in
the absence of the project be utilized for obtaining safe drinking water. These emissions
depend on the type of water purifying technology used and how the technologies are
applied in practice. The baseline scenario is that the current practices and the mix of
technologies used prior to the implementation of the project activity would continue to be
applied. Accordingly, baseline emissions are calculated based on the weighted average
CO2 emissions of the water purifying technologies and techniques used prior to the
implementation of the project activity.
26. The baseline emissions are established by surveying a BSG of households. This
baseline survey is conducted once prior to the implementation of the project activity. For
project activities choosing renewable crediting period the survey should be conducted
also during 7th and 14th year of crediting period. It serves to collect data on the current
use of water purifying technologies. An example for a questionnaire for the survey of the
BSG is provided in appendix 2.
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27. In addition, a project sample group (PSG) is established, which is comprised of the
consumers of zero energy water purifiers and cleaning kits sold under CDM project. The
PSG is regularly surveyed during the crediting period. The PSG serves to collect data on
the use of the zero energy water purifiers and cleaning kits under the project activity.
28. Using the data from the surveys, the baseline emissions are then calculated based on:
(a) the amount of safe drinking water that is generated by the zero energy water purifiers
and cleaning kits used under the project activity; (b) a weighted average emission factor
for the CO2 emissions associated with obtaining safe drinking water in the baseline; and
(c) adjustment factors to account for indirect effects.
29. The baseline emissions are estimated through the following steps:
(a) Step 1: Stratification of the consumers;
(b) Step 2: Determination of the sample size of the survey to determine the
penetration of zero energy water purifier technology prior to the start of the
project activity;
(c) Step 3: Determination of the sample size of the BSG;
(d) Step 4: Determination of the sample size of the PSG;
(e) Step 5: Establishment of a sampling database and a sampling plan;
(f) Step 6: Implementation of the surveys;
(g) Step 7: Determination of the quantity of water purified per kit;
(h) Step 8: Determination of the specific fuel or electricity consumption of the
baseline purification technologies;
(i) Step 9: Calculation of baseline emissions.
5.5.1. Step 1: Stratification of the consumers
30. The households should be stratified with regard to the following three different levels:
(a) Level-1: Stratification of the households within the total project area into the
project areas (i) consisting of different geo-climatic zones in order to reflect
climatic effects on the consumption of water and hence use of water purifiers;
(b) Level-2: Stratification of the households in each project area (i) into an urban or
rural area (p);
(c) Level-3: Stratification of the households into household income groups (q) in
order to reflect the household income on the use of water purifiers.
5.5.1.1. Stratification of the households within the total project area into different
project areas (i)
31. The distinct geographical boundary of each project area (i) should be clearly
documented in the CDM-PDD. The minimum size of the project area (i) is a geographical
region with a population size of at least 100,000. There is no upper limit on the
population size of the project area (i). The project area could be a district, state or a
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region. The stratification into project areas should reflect different climatic conditions in
the host country, such as different geo-climatic zones. Any existing official climatic zones
can be used.4 Otherwise, meteorological and geographical data should be used to
distinguish geo-climatic zones.
5.5.1.2. Stratification of the households in each project area (i) into a rural or urban
segment (p)
32. This stratification can, for example, be done based on the relevant official maps.
5.5.1.3. Stratification of the households into different household income groups (q)
33. Depending upon the data availability in the host country one of the following methods
should be used for this stratification:5
5.5.2. In case households of different income levels are situated in distinct areas
34. This method can be used if there are distinctly identifiable residential areas for
households of each income level. Under this method, the urban and rural segments (p)
are further stratified into 3 sub-areas, that is areas with Low Income Group (LIG), Middle
Income Group (MIG) and High Income Group (HIG).
5.5.3. In case where distinct areas for households of each income group cannot be
identified
35. This method can also be used where the households of two or all three income levels
are situated in the same area. The following method of stratification should be followed:
(a) The individual households are surveyed and the information on income level is
collected;
(b) The income group (HIG, MIG or LIG), to which the household belongs, is
determined;
(c) The remaining number of houses to be surveyed for the specific income group
(as the sample size is determined for each income group) is recounted based
on the income level of the house surveyed. For example, the sample size for
HIG income group is 400 and the first house surveyed for income level in the
project area belongs to HIG, the remaining number of houses to be surveyed for
HIG is recounted as 399. The project segments (p) and income groups (q) are
to be determined in accordance with the method-1 above.
36. In the case where no data or only limited data is available on the income levels of
households, the project participants may also conduct a pre-survey to assess whether
4
Example: the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), India has released a climatic zone map of India which
is based on the geo-climatic conditions. India has been divided into five distinct zones, for an instance,
one of the zones is “hot and dry” which is characteristic of “high temperature, low humidity and rainfall,
intense solar radiation, a clear sky, hot winds during day and cold winds at night, sandy or rocky ground
with little vegetation, low underground water table and few sources of surface water”.
5
The project participants applying the methodology may submit a request for revision if the criteria of for
stratification of households based on their income level does not work for the country-specific situation.
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method (1) or (2) above can be applied or whether the income of households needs to
be surveyed. The pre-survey may also help in designing the main survey in method (2).
37. Data on household income used for the stratification may include: (a) information
collected from the survey; (b) government records (e.g. for tax purposes); (c) relevant
studies or publications on households income level, and/or (d) property prices as a proxy
for household income.
38. The stratification method applied by the project should be documented transparently in
the CDM-PDD, including the geographical boundaries of all project areas (i) and the
definitions, approaches and underlying assumptions used to distinguish rural and urban
areas (p) and income groups (q).
5.5.3.1. Step 2: Determination of the sample size of the survey to determine the
penetration of zero energy water purifier technology prior to the start of the
project activity
39. A survey should be carried out to determine the market penetration of zero energy water
purifier technology (sold by the project participants or their competitors) for each project
area (i), each segment (p) and each income group (q)).6 In case the market penetration
of zero water purifier technology is larger than one per cent in any of the income group
(q), the CDM project activity cannot be carried out in the specific income group (q) using
this methodology. This pre-survey can be conducted either separately or together with
the survey defined in the next step (Step 3).
40. The minimum sample size of the survey for each income group (q) of each segment (p)
in each project area (i) is determined by using the formula developed by Cochran
(1977)7 for large or infinite population as given below. This formula should be applied by
assuming x=0.01, y=0.99, z=1.96 (at 95 per cent confidence interval) and e1=0.01.
% Equation (4)
Where:
% = Number of consumers included in the survey for each income
group (q) of segment (p) in project area (i) to assess the
applicability condition that the zero energy purifier technology has
not a market penetration larger than one per cent prior to the
implementation of the project activity (Dimensionless)
x = Estimate of variance in the primary variables of interest in the
survey (value 0.01)
y = 1-x = 0.99
6
There could be maximum six strata to be surveyed in each project area (i) that is based upon HIG, MIG
and LIG income groups of urban and rural segments. Each stratum will be surveyed based on the
sample size determined for the same.
7
Cochran W.G., (1977), Sampling Techniques, 3rd Edition, New York: John Wiley & Sons.
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e1 = Precision level or acceptable margin of error (value 0.01)
z = z-value as the value of the standard variate at the given
confidence level, to be obtained from the z-distribution table
(value 1.96 at 95% confidence interval)
41. Note: A value of 380 should be used for n1%, which is the result of solving equation 4,
as all the variables to determine this sample size are known. Note that this refers to the
minimum number of households from which information should be collected. The project
participants may choose a larger sample size to account for households for which no
response can be collected.
5.5.3.2. Step 3: Determination of the sample size of the BSG
42. A survey of a BSG, separately for each income group (q)8 is required to be carried out to
find out to what extent each water purification technology is used by the consumers prior
to the implementation of the project activity. The minimum sample size of the BSG
(nq,p,i,BSG) for each income group (q), of rural or urban segment (p) in each project area
(i), is determined by using the equation 4. In this equation n1% should be replaced with
nq,p,i,BSG.
43. Note: Alternatively, a value of 380 should be used for nq,p,i,BSG which is the result of
solving equation 4, as all the variables to determine this sample size are known. Note
that this refers to the minimum number of households from which information should be
collected. The project participants may choose a larger sample size to account for
households for which no response can be collected.
8
There could be maximum six strata to be surveyed in each project area (i) that is based upon HIG, MIG
and LIG income groups of urban and rural segments. Each stratum will be surveyed based on the
sample size determined for the same.
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Figure 1. Sample Size of BSG
Total Project Area
Project Area (i)
Stratification of project area (i) using
stratification methods in step 3a
Rural segment (p)
Urban segment (p)
% population in each income groups
% population in each income groups (q) (q)
(HIG, MIG, LIG) in urban segment (HIG, MIG, LIG) in rural segment
Sample size of an income group (q) (nq, Sample size of an income group (q)
p,i,BSG) (nq, p,i,BSG)
5.5.3.3. Step 4: Determination of the sample size of the PSG
44. A survey of a PSG should be conducted among the households to which zero energy
water purifiers are sold. The population of consumers of zero energy purifiers should be
stratified as in the BSG. The sample size will be determined as per the Cochran formula
for a finite population as follows:9
, ,, Equation (5)
1
Where:
nq,p,i,PSG = Minimum number of zero energy water purifier consumers from
income group (q) of segment (p) in project area (i) to be included
in the PSG (Dimensionless)
N = Population size in individual income group (q) of segment (p) in
project area (i). The population will be restricted to the consumers
of zero energy water purifier and therefore would take into account
the growth in sales of purifier every year (Dimensionless)
e = Precision level or acceptable margin of error (five per cent or 0.05)
9
Kothari, C.P., Research Methodology: Methods & Techniques, 2nd Edition, New Age International
Publication, New Delhi.
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x = Estimate of variance in the primary variables of interest in the
survey taken as 0.5
y = 1-x = 0.5
z = Z-value as the value of the standard variate at the given
confidence level, to be obtained from the z-distribution table (use
1.96 as this is the value for 95 per cent confidence level)
45. Note: that this refers to the minimum number of households from which information
should be collected. The project participants may choose a larger sample size to account
for households for which no response can be collected.
5.5.3.4. Step 5: Establishment of sampling database and a sampling plan
46. A project activity implementation plan specifies the procedure for establishing and
documenting the project activity in the CDM-PDD, including inter alia, information on the
total number of project activity purifiers (npu,sold) and cleaning kits (nck,sold) that are
planned to be sold by the project activity in each project area (i) over the duration of the
crediting period.
47. Prior to the sale of purifiers and cleaning kits under the project activity, all households
included in the baseline sample group should be included in a database. The following
information10 should be sought in order to develop a monitoring system database
referred as Central Database System (CDS):
(a) A list of all project areas (i), segments (p) and income groups (q) including the
name or number of the project area;
(b) A list of consumers of SDW included in the BSG11 and list of consumers of zero
energy purifiers included in PSG including the information to identify the
consumer (name, address, applicable income group, segment and project
area);
(c) For each consumer included in the PSG, information on when the consumer
has been added to the PSG and information on when it has been removed (if
applicable);
(d) For consumers included in the BSG and PSG, the information according to
sample survey questionnaires included in Appendix 2 and Appendix 3
respectively should be collected. Any additional information can also be
collected on need basis;
(e) An extract of the database should be attached to the CDM-PDD and to each
monitoring report;
(f) The information should be available for crediting period plus two years.
10
Refer sample survey questionnaire formats for BSG and PSG in appendix 2 and appendix 3.
11
Maintained as separate information; but may not be part of CDS.
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5.5.3.5. Step 6: Implementation of the surveys
48. The BSG and PSG surveys are carried out by using the questionnaires as given in
appendix 2 and appendix 3 respectively to this methodology by visiting selected
households of each income group. The survey to determine the penetration of zero
energy water purifier technology prior to the start of the project activity may only include
questions (1) and (2) in the survey in appendix 2.
49. The following survey principles shall be applied for all surveys:
(a) For each income group (q) of segment (p) in project area (i), systematic random
sampling should be ensured. This should be done by selection of every kth
element from a sampling frame, where k, the sampling interval, would be
calculated as:
(i) k = population size (N) of income group/sample size (n) for income group;
(b) The starting point of sampling for survey is randomly selected;
(c) Only persons over age 15 are interviewed;
(d) The PSG survey shall be conducted once every year;
(e) For the PSG: in case any consumer stops using the purifier or starts using other
purification technique, this should be noted in the database and the consumer
should not be included in the PSG.
5.5.3.6. Step 7: Determination of the quantity of water purified per kit
50. The quantity of water purified per cleaning kit sold in year y, during its lifetime (Qck,y),
should be determined through measurements by an independent laboratory. The
CDM-PDD should transparently document the procedures and methods followed by the
laboratory. In case the quantity of water purified through the purifier is dependent on the
quality of the water, such as suspended solids and hardness, the laboratory should
determine Qck,y for the applicable range of different water qualities and the most
conservative value (i.e. the lowest value) should be adopted for the calculation
purposes. Qck,y will be monitored annually during the crediting period in order to take into
account the changing quality of water in year y and potential changes in the design of
the cleaning kits, including their water purifying capacity.
5.5.3.7. Step 8: Determination of the specific fuel or electricity consumption of the
baseline purification technologies/techniques
51. The emission factors (EFt) of the water purifying technology/technique (t) that provide
safe drinking water should be determined by independent laboratories. The emission
factors should be determined as follows:
(a) For a water purification technology/technique that requires combustion of a
fossil fuel, the CO2 emissions should be determined based on the measured
fuel consumption per m3 of purified water. The CO2 emissions from fossil fuel
consumption are determined as per the latest approved version of the “Tool to
calculate project or leakage CO2 emissions from fossil fuel consumption”;
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(b) For a water purification technology/technique that requires use of electricity, the
CO2 emissions should be determined based on the measured electricity
consumption per m3 of purified water. The CO2 emissions from electricity
consumption are determined as per the latest approved version of the “Tool to
calculate baseline, project and/or leakage emissions from electricity
consumption”, assuming for all consumers that electricity is purchased from the
grid (i.e. applying Scenario A in the tool);
(c) For a water purification technology/technique that requires use of other sources
of energy (e.g. biomass, solar energy), an emission factor of zero should be
used.
52. Following two options can be used to determine the EFt for the percentage of the
consumers under BSG, who do not use any water treatment or use a treatment which
does not provide the SDW:
(a) Use the most conservative emission factor from the technologies identified in
the correspondent income group (q) of segment (p) in project area (i);
(b) Use the weighted average emission factor of the technologies used by
households in the income group (q) of segment (p) in project area (i). Note that
this option can only be used if the number of households that produce safe
drinking water and that responded to the survey is equal to or larger than the
minimum sample size established in Step 3 above.
53. The water purifying technologies/techniques should be defined in a manner that
differences in the type or quantity of fuels/electricity consumed are appropriately
reflected. For example, if several types of electric devices are used, a sub-classification
of electric devices may be necessary to reflect differences in electricity consumption. In
case of boiling of water in a household utensil or boiling pan, the laboratory results
should be obtained for boiling of water for a maximum duration of five minutes. In the
case that several fuel types can be used in one device, the fuel type with the lowest CO2
emission factor should be used for calculating EFt. The EFt for each
technology/technique (t) should be determined once at the time of validation.
54. Each water purifying technology/technique should be described transparently in the
CDM-PDD, including its technical characteristics, the application practices, any
assumptions made in determining the fuel or electricity consumption, the measurement
methods applied and the measurement results.
55. For the purpose of laboratory level monitoring, any nationally accredited laboratory may
be chosen.
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5.5.3.8. Step 9: Calculation of baseline emissions
56. Baseline emissions are calculated as follows:
, 1 , , ,, , , , , , ,,
Equation (6)
, , ,, , , ,, 0.95
Where:
BEy = Baseline emissions in year y (t CO2)
= Quantity of water that can be purified through a cleaning kit, sold
Qck,y
in year y, during its lifetime (m3)
DF = Discount factor accounting for the consumers that already used
zero energy water purifiers (Dimensionless)
Nck,q,p,i,y = Number of cleaning kits consumed by consumers of income
group (q) of segment (p) in project area (i) in year y
(Dimensionless)
EFBL,q,p,i = Average baseline emission factor for generation of safe drinking
water by consumers belonging to income group (q), to segment (p)
and to project area (i) (t CO2/m3)
fpsy,q,p,i,y = Factor to account for psychological barriers of consumers
belonging to income group (q), to segment (p) and to project area
(i) in year y (Dimensionless)
fexh,q,p,i,y = Factor to account for non-exhausted cleaning kits of consumers
belonging to income group (q), to segment (p) and to project
area (i) in year y (Dimensionless)
fndw,q,p,i,y = Factor to account for non-drinking use of purified water of
consumers belonging to income group (q), to segment (p) and to
project area (i) in year y (Dimensionless)
0.95 = Factor related to net-to-gross ratio (Dimensionless)
5.6. Determination of DF
57. The Discount Factor (DF) should be determined based on the data collected from each
income group (q) in project area (i) either during the survey referred to in Step 2 above
or the BSG survey. The factor should be calculated using the following equation:
,
Equation (7)
, ,
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Where:
DF = Discount factor accounting for the consumers that already used
zero energy water purifiers
NBL,pu = Number of consumers in the total project area that already used
zero energy water purifiers
NPJ,pu,y = Number of consumers in the total project area that use zero
energy water purifiers, sold by the project participants, in year y
58. The survey determining NBL,pu should account for the following three possible cases:
(a) Zero energy purifiers are not used at all;
(b) Only zero energy water purifiers manufactured by project participants are
available in market;
(c) Zero energy water purifiers manufactured by project participants and their
competitors are available in market.
5.7. Determination of EFBL,q,p,i
59. The average baseline emission factor is determined separately for income group (q) of
segment (p) in project area (i). For example, in the case of three income groups (q), one
rural and one urban segment (p) and two project areas (i), 12 different emission factors
are determined. The emission factors are determined based on data collected from the
sample group and laboratory data on the emission factors of the different technologies to
produce safe drinking water. EFBL,q,p,i is determined as follows:
n BSG, q, p, i, t EFt
1
EFBL, q, p, i Equation (8)
n BSG, q, p, i i p q t
Where:
EFBL,q,p,i = Average baseline emission factor for generation of safe drinking
water by consumers of income group belonging to income group
(q), to segment (p) and to project area (i) (t CO2/m3)
nBSG,q,p,i = Number of consumers which are included in the BSG and belong
to income group (q), to segment (p) and to project area (i)
(Dimensionless)
nBSG,q,p,i,t = Number of consumers which are included in BSG and belong to
income group (q), to segment (p) and to project area (i) and use
water purifier technology/technique t (Dimensionless)
EFt = CO2 emission factor of water purifying technology/technique t
(t CO2/m3)
i = Project areas
p = Segments (urban, rural)
q = Income groups (HIG, MIG, LIG)
t = Water purifying technologies
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5.8. Capping on the number of cleaning kits consumed (Nck,y)
60. The implementation of the project activity could result in a “rebound effect”, that is water
consumption could increase as a result of reduced costs to purify the water. This effect
could potentially lead to an overestimation of baseline emissions and, as a
consequence, to an overestimation of emission reductions. In order to address the
rebound effect, the number of cleaning kits per consumer should be capped to the
average drinking water consumption per household per year, as follows:
(a) Obtain the average drinking water consumption per household per year
(Qavg,q,p,i) from the BSG survey, based on the household size and the quantity of
water consumed for drinking per person per day in the household;
(b) Obtain the laboratory results from Step 7 above on the volume of water purified
per cleaning kit (Qck,y);
(c) The ratio between the average volume of drinking water consumption per
household per year (Qavg,q,p,i) and the volume of water purified per cleaning kit
(Qck,y) provides the maximum number of cleaning kits required by the household
in a given year;
(d) Furthermore, deduct one cleaning kit from the calculated number of cleaning
kits for the first year of the crediting period. This is to further ensure
conservativeness and also because the last cleaning kit sold may still be in use
at the time of estimation of emission reduction for the year y.
61. The formulae for arriving at the cap on cleaning kit consumed is provided below:
, , ,, , , , ,, , , ,, , , , / , 1 Equation (9)
, , ,, , , , ,, , , ,, , , , / , Equation (10)
62. Equation 9 should be used for the first year of crediting period. From the 2nd year
onwards, Equation 10 should be applied.
Where:
Nck,q,p,i,y = Number of cleaning kits consumed by consumers of income
group (q) of segment (p) in project area (i) in year y
(Dimensionless)
Nck,sold,q,p,i,y = Number of cleaning kits collected from consumers of income
group (q) of segment (p) in project area (i) in year y (In case
collection of cleaning kits is undertaken for incineration as required
by the host country regulation) or number of cleaning kits sold in
year y ( in case collection is not undertaken) (Dimensionless)
nq,p,i,y = Number of households in the income group (q) of segment (p) in
project area (i) to which cleaning kits were sold by the project
participants in year y (Dimensionless)
Qavg,q,p,i = Average drinking water consumption of a household in the income
group (q) of segment (p) in project area (i) (m3/household)
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Qck,y = Quantity of water that can be purified through a cleaning kit, sold
in year y, during its lifetime (m3/kit)
63. Note: As proposed in the methodology, the emission reduction is calculated for the
number of cleaning kits actually consumed. The replaced or rectified cleaning kits should
be identifiable and should not be used for estimating baseline emissions.
5.9. Factor for psychological barrier (fpsy,q,p,i,y)
64. The use of zero energy water purifiers may face a psychological barrier: the consumers
may continue to apply the pre-project SDW treatment method in spite of installation of
zero energy water purifier. For example, water purified with a zero energy water purifier
may be re-boiled by the consumers. This effect should be captured as part of the survey
of the PSG and an adjustment factor (fpsy,q,p,i,y) should be determined for each income
group (q), segment (p) and project area (i) in year (y). The following equation is used to
estimate this factor:
, , ,,
, , ,, 1 Equation (11)
, , ,,
Where:
fpsy,q,p,i,y = Factor to account for psychological barriers of consumers
belonging to income group (q), to segment (p) and to project
area (i) in year y (Dimensionless)
Npsy,q,p,i,y = Number of cleaning kits in income group (q) of segment (p) in
project area (i) from which the purified water was re-boiled in
year y (Dimensionless)
Nck,q,p,i,y = Number of cleaning kits consumed by consumers of income group
(q) of segment (p) in project area (i) in year y. The following values
should be used depending upon the collection of kits:
(a) In case collection of cleaning kits is not done, it is the
number of cleaning kits consumed by consumers in income
group (q) of segment (p) in project area (i) in year y;
(b) In case collection of cleaning kits is done, it is the number
of cleaning kits consumed by consumers of income
group (q) of segment (p) in project area (i) in year y
5.10. Factor of non-exhausted cleaning kits (fexh,q,p,i,y)
65. Emission reduction should not be claimed for those cleaning kits which are not fully
exhausted. It might be possible that a cleaning kit has not reached the end of life and is
being replaced without having been fully used or not used at all. In case restrictive trade
policy exists in a country then, the number of non-exhausted cleaning kits would be
obtained by the project sample survey. While in cases where collection of cleaning kits
by the project participant is required as per the country regulation, the number of
exhausted cleaning kits would be based on the actual number of exhausted kits
collected by the representative of the project participants. The non-exhausted cleaning
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kits can be identified from the end-of-life indicator. The following equation is used to
estimate the factor of non-exhausted cleaning kits:
, , ,, 1 , , ,, 0.5 , , ,, Equation (12)
Where:
fexh,q,p,i,y = Factor to account for non-exhausted cleaning kits of consumers
belonging to income group (q), to segment (p) and to project
area (i) in year y (Dimensionless)
Nnon-exh,q,p,i,y = Number of non-exhausted cleaning kits by consumers of income
group (q) of segment (p) in project area (i) in year y
(Dimensionless)
Nck,q,p,i,y = Number of cleaning kits consumed by consumers of income
group (q) of segment (p) in project area (i) in year y
(Dimensionless)
0.5 = It is conservatively assumed that at least half the life of the non-
exhausted cleaning kit would have passed before the cleaning kit
was discarded. Hence the factor accounts for half the number of
the cleaning kits
5.11. Factor to account for non-drinking use of purified water (fndw,q,p,i,y)
66. Emission reductions should not be claimed for purified water that is used for non-drinking
purposes.12 The amount of water used for non-drinking purposes should be determined
from the PSG survey. Following equation is used to estimate this factor:
, , ,, 1 , , ,, , , ,, Equation (13)
, , ,, , , ,, Equation (14)
Where:
fndw,q,p,i,y = Factor to account for non-drinking use of purified water of
consumers belonging to income group (q), to segment (p) and to
project area (i) in year y (Dimensionless)
Nndw,q,p,i,y = Number of cleaning kits used for non-drinking purpose by
consumers in the income group (q) of segment (p) in project
area (i) in year y (Dimensionless)
Nck,q,p,i,y = Number of cleaning kits consumed by consumers of income
group (q) of segment (p) in project area (i) in year y
(Dimensionless)
12
The non-drinking purpose includes washing, bathing etc., however, may also include anything made for
drinking/eating purpose which leads to further energy consumption on purified water that is tea made
from boiling of purified water, or rice cooked using purified water.
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nx,q,p,i,y = Number of cleaning kits sold to household x in the income
group (q) of segment (p) in project area (i) in year y
(Dimensionless)
mf = Multiplication factor to discount the number of cleaning kits used
for non-drinking purposes (based on 365 days in one year)
(Dimensionless)
67. The multiplication factor (mf) to discount the number of cleaning kits used for non-
drinking purposes should be determined as follows:
(a) Use a default value of 0.1 if the household does not use purified water for non-
drinking purposes;
(b) Further subtract a default value of 0.0002 from 0.1 for each usage of water for
non-drinking purposes in a year. For example, if the household uses purified
water for non-drinking purposes, once in six months, there is two-times such
likely usage will be done and therefore 0.004 should be subtracted from 1. If
there is one such usage of water per week, the value of 0.104 should be
subtracted from 1 (based on 52 weeks in one year). If usage of water for non-
drinking purpose is once per day, the value of 0.73 should be subtracted from 1.
5.12. Factor related to net-to-gross ratio (0.95)
68. The fix value of 0.95 should be used for this factor. This factor indicates that about five
per cent of the consumers of zero energy purifiers would have used this technology
without CDM itself (free riders).
5.13. Leakage
69. No significant leakage is being envisaged in this methodology. If the purifier and
cleaning kit is bought from another country than the host country, then emissions related
to transportation should be accounted.
5.14. Emission reductions
70. Emission reductions are calculated as follows:
Equation (15)
Where:
ERy = Emission reductions in year y (t CO2e)
BEy = Baseline emissions in year y (t CO2e)
PEy = Project emissions in year y (t CO2)
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5.15. Changes required for methodology implementation in 2nd and 3rd crediting
periods
71. Consistent with guidance by the Board, project participants shall use the latest version of
the tool “Assessment of the validity of the original/current baseline and update of the
baseline at the renewal of the crediting period”.
5.16. Data and parameters not monitored
72. In addition to the parameters listed in the tables below, the provisions on data and
parameters not monitored in the tools referred to in this methodology apply.
Data / Parameter table 1.
Data / Parameter: Mf
Data unit: (Dimensionless)
Description: Multiplication factor to discount the number of cleaning kits
used for non-drinking purposes
Source of data: -
Measurement -
procedures (if any):
Any comment: -
Data / Parameter table 2.
Data / Parameter: Qavg,q,p,i
Data unit: m3/household
Description: Average drinking water consumption of a household in the
income group (q) of segment (p) in project area (i)
Source of data: Conservative of the values obtained from following sources:
(1) Available recent local, national or international studies;
(2) Past study conducted by the manufacturer of the zero
energy water purifier;
(3) Baseline Sample Group survey
Measurement Average number of people in a household in the income
procedures (if any): group (q) of segment (p) in project area (i) X average of water
consumed per person per household per day in the income
group (q) of segment (p) in project area (i) obtained from the
sources discussed above (most conservative value to be used
based on these sources X 365 days)
Any comment: This is used for capping the maximum water consumption of
households to be allowed to claim emission reduction
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Data / Parameter table 3.
Data / Parameter: EFt
Data unit: t CO2/m3
Description: CO2 emission factor of water purifying technology/technique t
(t CO2/m3)
Source of data: Laboratory monitoring of technology/technique t
Measurement Refer Step 8 of baseline emissions
procedures (if any):
Any comment: -
Data / Parameter table 4.
Data / Parameter: NBL,pu
Data unit: (Dimensionless)
Description: Number of consumers in the total project area that already
used zero energy water purifiers prior to the implementation of
the project activity
Source of data: To be determined using survey in Step 2 of section of baseline
emissions
Measurement -
procedures (if any):
Any comment: Project activities applying for renewable crediting period should
conduct the survey in 7th and 14th year. The zero energy
purifiers sold by project proponents under the CDM project
activity should not be considered during these surveys
6. Monitoring methodology
73. All data collected as part of monitoring should be archived electronically and be kept at
least for two years after the end of the last crediting period. All measurements should be
conducted with calibrated measurement equipment according to relevant industry
standards:
(a) Ex post collection of all data required for calculation of the grid emission factor
according to “Tool to calculate the emission factor for an electricity system”, in
case the grid electricity is used in manufacturing of purifiers and cleaning kits at
manufacturing facility;
(b) Ex post identification of the number of consumers that have received cleaning
kits from the project participants;
(c) Ex post collection of data on the number of cleaning kits sold. Data and
parameters monitored;
(d) All parameters required by tools referred in this methodology, although not
covered in the tables of data monitored;
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